PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

MEETING 2 & SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION

WARMING UP
Find 10 mistakes in the following text.

Susan is a very popularity girl among her classmates. She has an outgoing personal and is friendly
and understanding. Because she has a lot of ideas and opinions of her own, she always listen to other
people's points of view and never tries to force her opinions on other people. Susan has been lived in
Birchdale Hall since the past two years. She always takes a leading role in organizing events and is
popular with all member of the dorm. She have a nice way of getting almost everyone to work with him
and would, I think, make a excellent student body president.

PRESENTATION
Study this explanation and compare the examples:

Present continuous (I am doing) Simple present (I do)

Use the present continuous to talk about something Use the simple present to talk about things in
that is happening at or close to the time of speaking: general or things that happen repeatedly:

I am doing I do

Past now future past now future

- The water is boiling. Could you turn it off,
please?
- Listen to those people. What language are
they speaking?
- "Where's Tom?" "He's playing tennis." (you
find a stranger in your room) What are you
doing here?
- Maria is in Canada for three months. She's
learning English.
Use the present continuous for a temporary
situation:
- I'm living with some friends until I can find
an apartment.
- Mary usually has a summer job, but she isn't
working this summer.
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
- Excuse me, do you speak English?
- Tom plays tennis every Saturday.
- What do you usually do on the weekend?
- What do you do? ( = What's your job?)
- Most people learn to swim when they
are children.
Use the simple present for a permanent situation:
- My parents live in Boston. They have been
there for 20 years.
- Jack doesn't work during the summer. He
always takes a long vacation.

practice 1
Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentences.
1. One of the students …
A. is swimming every day. B. are swimming now.
C. is swimming now. D. are swimming once a week.

2. Once a week one of the students …

A. visits our school library. B. visit our school library.
C. is visiting our school library. D. are visiting our school library.

3. Look! The cat …

A. attacks the snake. B. is attacks the snake.
C. attacking the snake. D. is attacking the snake.

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4. Mr. Sam … very often
A. don’t read book B. isn’t reading book C. doesn’t read book D. read book

5. … Bill in the bathroom? I hear someone …. there.

A. does – sings B. is – singing C. is – sings D. is – is singing

6. All birds …. to the west in summer season.

A. fly B. are flying C. flies D. doesn’t fly

7. The young writer …. a thriller novel at this moment.

A. writes B. is writing C. write D. aren’t writing

8. …. you …. something? You look so confused

A. Are – looking for B. Do – look for C. Is – looking for D. Does – look for

9. Bob and Bill …. their hair once a month.

A. cut B. are cutting C. cuts D. doesn’t cut

10. ... you ….. a new watch? I have never seen this one before.
A. Are – wearing B. Does – wear C. Are – wear D. Does – wear

11. I don’t’ like European foods. I never … European food.

A. eat B. eats C. am eating D. are eating

12. The boss …. a meeting twice in a week.

A. holds B. hold C. is holding D. are holding

13. It’s very quiet in the classroom. All students …. their task.
A. do B. does C. are doing D. doing

14. Mr. John … politics. He never …. news about politics.

A. doesn’t like – reads and watches B. don’t like – read and watch
C. doesn’t like – read and watches D. don’t like – reads and watches

15. My brother loves watching soccer, but he rarely … it

A. plays B. is playing C. playing D. play

practice 2
Change the verb in the bracket by using PRESENT CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. My sister … (buy) magazines often.
2. … father …. (sleep)? I hear someone’s snores in the bedroom.
3. Mother usually … (cook) fried rice for our breakfast.
4. At the moment everyone in my city … (watch) the soccer match between our city and our neighbor city
on TV.
5. In summer season all people in our village never … (wear) long sleeved shirt.
6. A: It is okay if I change the TV channel?
B: No problem. I … (not watch) it.
7. I live in Bandung, but to finish this project, I … (live) in Jakarta temporary.
8. I usually … (sleep) at nine, but at the moment, I … (do) my homework although it is already 10 pm.
9. …. Jeff … (use) the car? I don’t see it in our garage.
10. One of the boys … (study) in school library on Fridays.
11. All students … (not swim) because the pool water is very cold.
12. … you …. (speak) Spanish? I need an interpreter.
13. Right now John and Miguel … (speak) Spanish. I … (not understand) what they … (talk) about.
14. Brando is a professional soccer player. He … (practice) soccer 4 times a week.
15. People … (need) money to live.

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 ENRICHMENT

WARMING UP
Arrange the following disordered letters into the correct verbs. Then decide whether each verb is
added S (1), ES (2) or IES (3) when it is applied in simple present singular subjects (he, she, it)

Example:
L-P-E-S-E = SLEEP (1)

1. R-D-N-K-I (…) 6. A-W-E-R (…)

2. A-W-C-H-T (…) 7. S-Y-U-T-D (…)
3. Y-F-L (…) 8. A-T-E-H (…)
4. O-G (…) 9. E-S-E (…)
5. M-I-L-E-S (…) 10. W-S-A-H (…)

VOCABULARY
Read and understand the words and their definition below.

1. Temporary : not lasting, not permanent; impermanent.

2. Dream : sequence of mental images during sleep
3. Supervisors : people who supervise or have charge and direction of.
4. Company : a business enterprise
5. Pastries : any of various baked food made of dough or batter.
6. Invoices : an itemized statement of money owed for goods shipped or services rendered;
account; bill.
7. Vacation : a period of time devoted to rest, travel, or recreation
8. Clacking : sharp abrupt noise as if two objects hit together or may be repeated.
9. Brag : boasting, full of spirits.
10. Admire : feel admiration; to regard with wonder.

READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Put the words you have reviewed above in the gasps of the following text.
They send me to offices all over Manhattan. From nine to five I sit at desks and do my job. At the moment I
am typing lists, (1) ______________, addresses on envelopes, bills of lading. (2) ______________ tell me what to
do and talk to me only when I make mistakes.
The other office workers ignore me because I'm only (3) ______________, a temp they say, and I might
not even be here tomorrow. They send out for coffee and (4) ______________ and don't ask me if I have a
mouth in my head. Whenever anything unusual happens, it's an excuse for a party. I'm not invited to the
parties and I feel strange with my typewriter (5) ______________ away and everyone is having a good time.
I don't know how they can work in these offices day after day, year in, year out. I can't stop looking
at the clock and there are times that I think I'll just get up and walk away like the way I did at the insurance
(6) ______________.
The people in this offices do many things that I feel I am not ‘allowed’ to do. They go to the water
cooler, they go to the toilet, they walk from desk to desk and chat, they call from desk to desk on the tele-
phone, they (7) ______________ each other's clothes, hair, makeup and anytime someone loses a few pounds
on a diet. Office people (8) ______________ about their children, their wives, their husbands and they (9)
_____________ about the two-week (10) ______________.

practice 2
Before you read again the text and answer the questions about it, give your opinion about following
questions:
1. What profession do you dream to do in the future? Why?
2. What do you have to do to work professionally?

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Questions:
1. The word ‘they’ in ‘They send me to offices all over Manhattan” refers to …
2. How long does the writer work in a day? …
3. How many types of ‘sayings’ do the supervisors tell the writer in doing his work?
4. The word ‘they’ in sentence ‘a temp they say’ refers to …
5. What does the sentence ‘I have a mouth in my head’ mean?
6. The word ‘remarkable’ has similar meaning to the word … in the text.
7. In paragraph 2, The writer feels he is … with the situation he has.
8. Does the writer tell if he ever worked in another company before?
9. What company was it?
10. The definition ‘talk with to much pride’ defines the word … in the text.

practice 3
Underline the sentence that refers present continuous and simple present tense in the text and tell
what functions they refer to.

practice 4
Discuss the text above with your friends and your teacher.

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 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
MEETING 3 & PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION

WARMING UP
Match each question with its answer

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What was the tortoise doing on the A. You're too young to smoke.
motorway?
2. What did the big chimney say to the B. Really? I didn't even know they could knit.
little chimney? C. No, only once
3. What did the traffic light say to the
car? D. No, it's too high.
4. What's worse than finding a worm in E. I don't know. We can't understand a word he
an apple?
5. Do you know that it takes three sheep says.
to make a sweater? F. Finding half a worm.
6. What's the new baby's name?
7. You smell good. What have you got G. Don't look now, I'm changing.
on? H. Could be. Were you in Hastings in 1982.
8. Can you stand on your head?
9. Am I the first girl you ever kissed? I. Clean socks.
10. Do people fall off the Empire State J. About ten metres an hour.
Building often?

PRESENTATION
Study this explanation and compare the examples:

Simple Past Tense

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

The Simple past indicates than an activity or situ- PAST TENSE FORMULA
ation began and ended at a particular time in the
past.
(a) I walked to school everyday POSITIVE FORM (+):
(b) I bought a new car three days ago
Subject + V2 ( Second Form of Verb )
(c) She was a student in 2001
(d) She lived in Paris for ten years, but now he is
living in Rome
NEGATIVE FORM (-):
If a sentence sentence contains when and has the Subject + did not + V1 ( First Form of Verb )
simple past both clauses, the action in the “when
clause” happen first.
(e) I stood under a tree when it began to rain. QUESTION FORM (?):
1st : The rain began
Did + Subject + V1 ( First Form of Verb )
2nd : I stood under a tree
(f) When she heard a strange noise, she got up to
investigate
SHORT ANSWER FORM ( + / – ) :
YES / NO + Subject + did / did not (didn’t)

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 Past Continuous Tense

on progress
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Past Continuous Tense, also known as the past
progressive tense, refers to a continuing action
or state that was happening at some point in
the past.
The past continuous tense is formed by com-
bining the past tense of to be (i.e., was/were)
with verb’s present participle (-ing word).
(a) It was raining this morning.
(b) I was sitting in front of the garden
yesterday.
(c) They were watching movie here last week.
(d) Last year at this time, I was attending S + Was/Were + not + V1ing + object
school.
Sometimes, two actions occurred at the same
time, but one action began earlier and was in
progress when other action occurred.
(e) I was walking down the street when it began YES / NO + Subject + wa or were / wasn’t or
to rain.
1st : I was walking down the street
2nd : It began to rain
Past Continuous Tense is used in both parts
of sentence when two actions are in progress
simultaneously.
(g) While I was studying in one room of our
apartment, my roomate was having a party
in the other room.
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FORMULA
POSITIVE FORM:
S + Was/Were + Ving + object
NEGATIVE FORM:
INTERROGATIVE FORM:
Was/Were + S + VIng + object?
SHORT ANSWER FORM ( + / – ) :
weren’t

practice 1
1. My brother . . . . . when his friends came to his boarding house.
a. are studying b. is studying c. was studying d. were studying

2. I met Carla when she ……… the road.

a. crosses b. cross c. is crossing d. was crossing

3. I ... (come) home while my sister ... (water) houseplants.

a. came, watered b. came, was watering c. was coming, watered d. coming, water

4. … Andra ... (drive) when you ... (call) him last night?
a. Was - driving, were calling b. Did - drive, called
c. Was - driving, called d. Are - driving, call

5. I ___________ about a yellow unicorn last night.

a. dreamed b. slept c. think d. dreaming

6. Anna ___________ to class yesterday because she was at the hospital.

a. didn't come b. didn't take c. didn't arrive d. was not coming

7. It was snowing last night. It ___________ so cold!

a. touched b. felt c. happened d. seemed

8. Lucy ___________ her mother's watch, so she bought a new one.

a. broke b. crashed c. forgot d. saw

9. We ___________ at the library for three hours yesterday.

a. learnt b. studied c. reviewed d. looked

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10. I ___________ an e-mail to the company but they never answered.
a. published b. read c. sent d. saw

11. The two cousins ___________ at the airport for the first time.
a. met b. welcomed c. saw d. meet

12. The dog ___________ in the middle of the kitchen floor, looking at the door.
a. put b. ran c. stood d. silent

13. _________ you study hard last night?

a. was b. are c. were d. did

14. _________ when the telephone rang?

a. Were you sleeping b. Did you sleep c. Were sleeping d. Was slept

15. Dave, when __________ the ESL Cafe on the Web?

a. were you begin b. began c. did you begin d. are you begin

practice 2
Complete the following sentence by using past tense or past continuous tense.
1. Last night Sam _____________________ (have) dinner when his phone _____________________ (ring).
2. We couldn’t play outside because it _____________________ (rain) yesterday
3. He __________ (not come) to my party 2 days ago.
4. Angela _____________________ (not watch) TV last night.
5. While we _____________________ (do) our tasks this morning, some of our friends _____________________
(play) game on their smartphones.
6. John _____________________ (not want) to go to the museum last week.
7. Frank _____________________ (not study) well last semester, so he _____________________ (not pass) the
test.
8. _____________________ you go to work yesterday?
9. __________ the manager _____________________ (deliver) a presentation when suddenly one of the
employees _____________________ (ask) him a question?
10. A: What _____________________ you say?
B: I didn't say anything.
11. I and my firends _____________________ (watch) a movie in this Cineplex yesterday.
12. She _________ (shop) in that market a day ago.
13. At 10 am yesterday I and my friends _____________________ (discuss) about a difficult math problem.
14. _________ you _____________________ (understand) what our teacher explained just now?
15. When I heard Brad _____________________ (brag) about himself in front of many people, I
_____________________ (leave) him.

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 ENRICHMENT

VOCABULARY
Match the words or phrases in column A to their meanings in column B

No Column A Column B
1. […..] rulers A. Indicating how heavy
2. […..] rafts B. The people of Egypt
3. […..] floated C. Continue to exist
4. […..] the Greeks D. Floating mass of fallen trees, vegetation, ice, or other materials
5. […..] remain E. Rest or move on or near the surface of liquid without sinking
6. […..] weighting F. A unit of land area
7. […..] exactly G. The people of Greece
8. […..] Egyptians H. Cylinders that rotate and are used devices to move, flatten, or spread something
9. […..] made of I. People exercising governments or dominion
10. […..] rollers J. Without discrepancy
11. […..] sloping K. created from this basic materials
12. […..] acres L. Having a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another

READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Put the words you have reviewed above in the gasps of the following text.

The Puzzle of the Pyramids

When (1) ___________ reached Egypt long ago, they found many stone buildings. They named the
buildings pyramids. The Greeks did not know how the people of Egypt had built these big pyramids. And
we still do not know (2) ___________ how.
The people of Egypt believed in life after death. (3) ____________ put things a person might need in
this after-life near the body. The bodies of (4) ___________ were placed inside the pyramids.
The Great Pyramid was built for King Cheops (ke' ops). It was 482 feet high and covered more than 13 (5)
_______ of land. It was (6) ___________ 2,300,000 pieces of stone, each (7) ___________ about 5,000 pounds.
How did the people move such big stones? Perhaps they (8) ___________ them down the river on (9)
___________. They may have put the stones on (10) ___________. People could have pulled the stones up
(11) ___________ roads to the sides of the pyramids. The stones fit together so well that a knife cannot be
pushed between them.
Century after century, winds blow yellow sand around the pyra¬mids. Rulers have come and gone.
Everything seems to change ex¬cept the pyramids. They (12) ___________ a 5,000-year-old puzzle.

practice 2
Answer the questions based on the passage in Practice 1
1. What is the topic of the passage?
A. How the Greece found the pyramids B. How the Egyptians built the pyramids
C. The mystery of the pyramids D. Why pyramids are unchanged

2. According to the passage, the Great Pyramids were …

A. made for a Greece ruler
B. enormous
C. poorly designed
D. people must have pulled the stones up sloping roads

3. These statements are true according to the passage, EXCEPT …

A. The people of Egypt believed in the life after death B. King Cheops was a ruler of Egypt
C. The pyramids remain unchange D. The winds and yellow sand changed them

4. The word “big” in the sentence “How did the people move such big stones?” can be best replaced by …
A. Long B. Huge C. Tall D. Fat
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5. Where in the passage does the author describe the possibilities of how they pyramids were built?
A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 3 D. Paragraph 4

6. The pronoun “they“ in they named the buildings pyramids in paragraph 1 refers to …
A. The Egyptians B. The Greece
C. The pyramids D. The people who built the pyramids

7. Which of these statements are TRUE according to the passage

A. The Greece believed in the life after death
B. The Greece knew how the Egyptians built the pyramids
C. The process of the pyramids building is finally revealed
D. The process of the pyramids building remains unknown

8. The word “rulers” in the sentence Rulers have come and gone. can be best replaced by …
A. The kings B. The presidents C. The line makers D. The police

9. The pronoun “they“ in they remain a 5,000-year-old puzzle refers to …

A. The rulers B. The kings C. The pyramids D. The Greece

10. It can be inferred from the passage that the pyramids

A. were built by the Greece B. were tiny yet very strong
C. were built through a predictable mechanism D. were built through a mysterious mechanism

practice 3
Decide whether these following sentences use the correct tense. Put a [C] if they are correct, and [I]
if they are incorrect.
1. Tina and her friend was reading the book when you phoned them. […..]
2. My brother and I were playing tennis last night at 10.30 pm. […..]
3. Jane and John watched TV last weekend. […..]
4. When the lecturer entered the class, the students were chatting loudly. […..]
5. She was watching TV while her brother played the toys. […..]
6. My little sister slept when our parents just came from their holiday. […..]
7. My brothers were watching TV when I came to his house. […..]
8. Mary met her husband in Florida in 2017 and they got married last year. […..]
9. The Smiths flew to Australia and spending a week there. […..]
10. The police were on duty when they caught a bank robber running into his van. […..]

practice 3
Change the verbs into Past Simple or Past Continuous

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 MEETING 4 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE & FUTURE TENSE

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
WARMING UP
Change the verb into PAST PARTICIPLE and put them into the crosswords
ACROSS DOWN
1
2. light 1. get
4. stand 2 2. leave
3
5. fly 3. make
7. rise 4. show
4
13. choose 6. drink
16. wear 5 6 7. ride
18. be 8 9 8. see
10 11 7
20. write 14 15 16 9. hang
17 13
21. take 10. do
18 19
23. speak 18 11. tear
20
24. teach 12. cost
22 21
25. think 23 14. hide
26. sell 24 15. sleep
25
28. bite 27 26 16. wake
29. eat 28 17. forget
28 29
30. come 30 18. bring
31. go 19. break
32
32. sing 32 22. catch
33. ring 23. steal
33
27. say
28. begin
32. swim

PRESENTATION

FORMS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT

Statement: have/has + past participle (a) I have finished my work.
(b) Jim has eaten lunch.
Contraction (a) I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/ They’ve eaten lunch.
pronoun + have = ’ve (b) She’s/He’s eaten lunch.
pronoun + has = ’s (c) It’s been cold for the last three days.
Negative: have/has + not + past participle (a) I have not (haven’t) finished my work.
Negative contraction (b) Ann has not (hasn’t) eaten lunch.
have + not = haven’t
has + not = hasn’t
Question: have/has + subject + past participle (a) Have you finished your work?
(b) Has Jim eaten lunch?
(c) How long have you lived here?

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT PERFECT
• The present perfect expresses the idea that
something happened (or never happened) before
now, an unspecified time in the past. The exact
time it happened is not important.
• The adverbs ever, never, already, yet, still, and just
are frequently used with the present perfect.
• The present perfect also expresses the repetition of
an activity before now. The exact time of each
repetition is not important.
• So far is frequently used with the present perfect.
• The present perfect, when used with for or since,
also expresses a situation that began in the past
and continues to the present.
• The difference between since and for:
- since + a particular time
- for + a duration of time
(a) They have moved into a new apartment.
(b) Have you ever visited Mexico?
(c) I have already seen that movie.
(d) Jack hasn’t seen it yet.
(e) Alex feels bad. He has heard some bad news.
(a) We have had four tests so far this semester.
(b) I have written my wife a letter every other day
for the last two weeks.
(c) I have flown on airplane many times.
(a) I have been here since seven o’clock.
(b) I have had this same pair of shoes for three
years.
(c) I have met many people since I came here in
June.

FUTURE TENSE
WARMING UP
Find 10 mistakes in the following text.

In some street there is a two-way street for cars, but others are one-way streets. Streets goes across
rivers on bridges which span them. Pedestrians walk on the pavement; whenever they want to cross
they had better used zebra-crossings or they will got into trouble with the police. Drivers must stopped
their cars at once whenever they seen people on pedestrian crossings, so as to gave them right of way.
Trafic in cities is controled by means of traffic lights and by policeman in order to prevent traffic jams or
congestion.

WILL vs. BE GOING TO

To express a prediction: Use either will or be going to
• When the speaker is making a prediction (a
statement about something s/he thinks will be
true or will occur in the future), either will or be
going to is possible.
To express a prior plan: use only be going to
• When the speaker is expressing a prior plan
(something the speaker intends to do in the
future because in the past s/he made a plan or
decision to do it), only be going to is used.
To express willingness: use only will
• Will is used to express a decision the speaker
makes at the moment of speaking.
(a) According to the weather report, it will be
cloudy tomorrow.
(b) According to the weather report, it is going to
be cloudy tomorrow.
(c) Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!
(d) Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself.
(a) A: Why did you buy this paint?
B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
(b) A: I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of
taking the bus to work. He’s going to buy a
car. That’s what he told me.
(a) A: the phone’s ringing
B: I’ll get it.
(b) A: I don’t understand this problem.
B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you.

practice 1
We have reviewed 6 tenses (present continuous, simple present, simple past, past continuous, present perfect
and future tense). Now, change the verb in the bracket by the tenses you have reviewed.
1. My sister _______________ (drink) a cup of coffee yesterday morning.
2. Since 2003 I _______________ (live) in Bandung.
3. Twice in a year John _______________ (buy) new watches.
4. At 2 pm yesterday I and my friends _______________ (watch) a new movie in cinema.
5. At the moment all the employees _______________ (not do) their tasks because they _______________ (have) lunch in
our office cafeteria.
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6. _____ the teacher _______________ (give) you some homework last week?
7. _____ you _______________ (post) my letter yet?
8. _____ you _______________ (hit) Mr. Jim’s car when you _______________ (drive) while _______________ (read) on your
smartphone?
9. When Brando _______________ (think) hard how to solve the math problem, he accidentally _______________ (found)
the way to finish it in his math book.
10. We have decided to buy a new car. We _______________ (buy) a family car.
11. Only one student _______________ (attend) the Monday flag ceremony regularly.
12. Most people often _______________ (believe) hoaxes directly without checking whether they are true or not.
13. Mr. Brian _______________ (not believe) in ghost.
14. Sam _______________ (not work) because his office room is closed.
15. A: _____ Ali _______________ (drink) coffee?
B: No, he _______________ (not).
16. Durian _______________ (smell) very tasteful for most Indonesian, but most western foreigners _______________ (not
like) it.
17. Mr. Denis _______________ (love) old songs.
18. So far this week I _______________ (write) ten letters.
19. A: My smartphone is running out battery.
D: Don’t worry. I _______________ (lend) you my charger.
20. In 2030 many people _______________ (have) flying car.

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 ENRICHMENT

WARMING UP
Answer and discuss the following questions with your teacher and friends.
a. A sport you have never done?
b. A local attraction you have never visited?
c. A food you have never eaten?
d. A person you have never met?
e. Something you have never been able to understand?
VOCABULARY
Read the words and their examples. Try to find each of their meanings.
1. Production line : Factory system; a line of machines and workers in a factory.
a. I don’t pretend to understand precisely how it operates, thought I watched its development and set
up a production line for it.
b. Several firms in Japan have made a new production line for smart car.
c. She works on the production line at the local factory.

2. Invented : something that has not existed before; be the originator of

a. He invented an improved form of the steam engine .
b. I did not have to invent any tales about my past.
c. James Watt did not invent the steam engine but he greatly improved it.

3. Equipment : the necessary items for a particular purpose; tools; materials

a. The director of photography came early to set up his equipment.
b. Our equipment were carried back by plane.
c. All the kitchen equipment will be replaced soon.

4. Unemployment : dismissal from job or responsibility.

a. Unemployment is caused by the exactions of the capitalist class.
b. The number of youth unemployment is staggering.
c. The head office hopes that unemployment rates will decrease.

5. Manufacturing : production; the business of producing goods in large numbers.

a. They are manufacturing computer sets in this factory.
b. The company manufactures motorcycle around three hundred per day.
c. The cars were manufactured in Japan.

6. Workshops: a room;group of rooms;place for work.

a. Dilan has worked for more than 8 hours in the workshop
b. I learned Photography at a workshop two days ago.
c. Smoking is prohibited in workshop area.

7. Taken over : gaining of control; an act of assuming control of something.

a. If you take over this firm you will get control of it.
b. She will take over the task when her partner is away.
c. The new mayor take over several private industries.

8. Quality : the standard or the degree of excellence of something.

a. The prices of this shoes are expensive, but the quality of the shoes is very low.
b. Market research has described to public that the most important thing is quality, not just low prices.
c. The quality of the book is determined by the writing.

9. Look after : take care of; protect; guard

a. My mom stays at home to look after my little sister.
b. She wanted someone to look after the place at night-time.
c. My brother went on vacation. So I had to look after his pet.

10. Factories : a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured.

a. The factory produces a lot of ammunitions.
b. Abi had a great product idea, but he could not find a local factory to make his product.
c. Ary left campus at 5 p.m and went to work as a machinist in a garment factory.

13
READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Complete the missing gaps in the text below by using the words you and teacher have discussed in
the vocabulary acquisition.

ROBOTS VS WORKERS

Robots have become a common sight in Japanese factories. It is estimated that as many as sixty
percent of Japanese (1) .................... firms now have industrial robots or other computer (2) ................ Ac-
cording to the Japan industrial Robot Association, at least 100,000 robots have been placed on production
lines in Japan. There are more robots in Japan than in the rest of the world. The robots in Japanese (3)
............... are mostly of one type-faceless bodiless, one-arm robots. Most do the work of the shoulder, elbow,
wrist, and finger of a human. Although the simple industrial robot was (4) ............... and first developed in
the United States, American factories have been slow to use them. However, American scientists have been
busy developing more humanlike robots which can work in homes an offices.
What are the effects of using so many faceless, bodiless, one-arm robots in Japanese factories? It
is clear that there are many advantages. Robots have (5) ....................... many of the hot, dirty, dangerous,
tiring, and boring jobs on the production line, especially in car factories. Secondly, robots are small, strong,
and easy to use and (6) ......................... and are quite cheap. They also work faster and better than humans.
They make fewer mistakes and the (7) .............. of their work is better. It is easy to see, therefore, the
advantages of using industrial robots.
But what about the disadvantages? The main one is (8) ............... It is estimated that at least 50,000
workers in Japan have been replaced by robots. Most of these workers are old an middle-aged men and
young women. Although some workers have moved into other jobs in the factory such as sales or comput-
er programming, many workers now spend their time in unimportant positions on the (9) ................., like
pushing buttons on robots. Event though the unemplyoment problem will grow it is clear that robots will
continue to be used, not only in large car factories but also in smaller factories and (10) ................ all over
Japan. As Professor Ichiro Kato of Waseda University says: ‘Now robots are working out of sight, in factories,
but by the year 2000 they will be everywhere, in shops, in homes, working in full view. By the year 2000
we can expect the robot population of Japan to be something like ten million-about one robot for every ten
human beings.’

practice 2
Read again the text and choose the best answer for the following questions.
1. The text above would probably be given in which of the following courses?
A. Science B. Art C. Enginering D. Literature
2. Which of the following best describes american robot factories?
A. Humanoid-looking B. Type-faceless C. Bodiless D. One-arm robots

14
3. Which of the following are not the advantages of using robots in Japanese factories?
A. They are rather cheap. B. They are work faster than human.
C. They are rarely make mistakes. D. They are huge and easy to use.
4. What point is the speaker trying to make about the development of the industrial robots?
A. Many countries are busy developing robots that can work in homes and office.
B. Robots have taken over many of the hot, dirty, dangerous, tiring, and boring job on the production
line.
C. Many workers have been replaced by robots and became unemployment.
D. Despite the disadvantages of robots’ usage, it is clear that robots will continue to be used.

practice 3
Identify which structure in every sentence is not correct

5. The participants of the seminar has already been in the hall.

A B C D

6. All of the the teacher are invited to attend the annual meeting next week.
A B C D

7. The world is teeming with people who has found that to be the case whether
A B C
they have passed examinations or not.
D

8. The regency has allocate $221,300 from its regional budget for the program since last year.
A B C D

9. I would have expect some discussion in the management discussion and analysis of how this has had
A B C D

a positive impact on these banks’operating results.

10. The labor condition will remaining poor mainly due to the relatively low hikes from our percent to
A B C

fifteen percent in monthly minimum wages.

D

SPEAKING ACTIVITY
Socializing
1. Look at the blank diary below. Write a list of seven different places, for example cinema, gym, campus,
library, etc.
2. Make a plan to go to those different places everyday with different friends.
3. In your plan, you should not go to more than one place or out with more than one person on any day/
night.
4. When you have finished making up your plans, mingle around with the class. Ask and invite your
friends to go or do things with you.
5. Fill up your diaries with the arragnments you can have with different friends.
6. When you have filled up your diaries, show your social programs to your friends.

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY

15
 MEETING 6 PAST PERFECT TENSE

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
WARMING UP
Find 10 mistakes in the following text.
Last night, Dane and Emily dancing in a competition. They danced a salsa dance. They has practiced for 6
months before they dance in the competition. They are very good.

Dane and Emily's friends is in the audience. Before that night, they had never see Dane and Emily dance.
In fact, Dane and Emily has never danced in front of anyone before the competition.

After everyone have danced, the judges announced the winners. Dane and Emily win! They were the best
dancers in the competition. Emily say she had never practiced so hard before! She was glad they had
practiced a lot.

Study this explanation and compare the examples:

Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect is used to emphasize that one past event occurred earlier than another past event. This tense
is only used when the contrast in timing is important to our understanding of the relationship of the two
events, for example, the effect of the earlier event on the later event.

She had cleaned the house I came home

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

Subject + had + Past Participle (V3)

1. She had cleaned the house, before I came home.

2. Joko had stopped at an ATM before he took his friends for lunch.
3. After Aviani worked for 8 hours, she went home to meet her husband, Mr. Firman.

practice 1

Choose the correct answers for the following sentences. Use the correct form of Past Perfect Tense.
1. I was sure that I _____ her before.
a. had b. seen c. had seen d. saw
2. When Jaka ____ at school, he realized he _____ his textbook.
a. had arrived, forgot b. arrived, had forgotten
c. forgot, had arrived d. had forgotten, arrived
3. If only we _____ the truth about him.
a. were knowing b. had known c. knew d. have known
4. I needed to know what _____ to my dog.
a. has happened b. happen c. happened d. had happened
5. Where _____ when I saw you?
a. have you been b. had you been c. did you beend. d. are you been
6. Ucup _____ sushi before he ____ to Japan.
a. never ate, had come b. came, had never eaten
c. had come, never ate d. had never eaten, came
7. ______ there before we went together?
a. have you gone b. has you gone c. had you gone d. are you gone

16
8. When Vero _____ washing the dishes, she _____ the TV on.
a. finished, had turned c. had finished, turned
b. turned, had finished d. had turned, finished
9. When we went to Garut, my friend _____ a lot about the city because he _____ there many times.
a. was, had known c. knew, had been
b. had known, was d. had been, knew
10. The film _____ by the time we got to the cinema.
a. had start b. had started c. has started d. started
11. Anky left the restaurant after she _____ eating.
a. finished b. had finished c. has finished d. was finished
12. Budi went to bed after he _____ off the TV.
a. switched b. has switched c. switch d. had switched.
13. It was a very difficult movie, but I _____ it because I _____ the book.
a. had understood, read c. had read, understood
b. read, had understood d. understood, had read
14. After the children had _____ doing their homework, the whole family watched TV.
a. ended b. finished c. ends d. finishes
15. If only I _____ him few months earlier.
a. meeted b. had meet c. had metd. had meeten

practice 2
Change the verbs in bracket into its correct form.
1. He __________ (not/be) to Ciwidey before 1997.
2. When Abuk __________ (go) out to play, he __________ (do/already) his chores.
3. When I __________ (meet) Marsha at eleven 0’clock, she ________ (have/not) breakfast yet.
4. __________ (you/eat) anything before you __________ (go) to the theatre?
5. The waiter __________ (bring) a drink that I __________ (not/order).
6. __________ (they/study) English before they __________ (go) to the USA?
7. When we __________ (come) home, Bugi __________ (not/paint) the ceiling yet.
8. My phone __________ (not work) because I _________ (charge) it.
9. Why __________ (not) you __________ (want) to watch the film? __________ (you/see) it before?
10. __________ (he/phone) Luna before he __________ (go) to see her in Lembang?
11. She _______ (bake) a lot before she _______ (open) her shop.
12. __________ (why/they/have) dinner before they __________ (come) to the party?
13. Ali _______ (save) a lot of money before he _______ (buy) the house.
14. Deni __________ (answer) my question although I __________ (ask/not) him.
15. We __________ (lose) the match because we __________ (not practice) the days before.

17
 ENRICHMENT
WARMING UP
The word in capitals at the end of each of the following sentences can be used to form a word
that fits suitably in the blank space. Fill in each blank this way.

Example:
During the War, there was a great SHORTAGE of sugar, coffee and other goods. 0. SHORT

1. My uncle's got a very interesting _______________ He's a television announcer. 1. OCCUPY

2. I don't think guns are _______________ toys for young children.
3. I sometimes wonder whether the world would not have been a better place 2. SUIT
without the _______________ of television. 3. INVENT
4. It is almost _______________ for young people leaving school today to get a job.
5. Many people still refuse to believe that smoking is _______________ 4. POSSIBLE
6. Bjorn Borg is probably the most _______________ tennis player of all time. 5. HARM
7. I was kept _______________ last night by the noise from a party in the flat
above. 6. SUCCESS
8. Elizabeth Taylor won an Oscar for her _______________ in "Who's afraid of 7. WAKE
Virginia Woolf '"
9. Many people think it is very _______________ whether a cure will be found for 8. PERFORM
cancer before the year 2000. 9. DOUBT
10. My wife is _______________ of spiders.
11 Although the painting looked like a genuine Picasso, the _______________ 10. TERROR
was definitely a fake. 11. SIGN
12 When I.B. M. advertised for a new Production Manager, they received over
fifty _______________ for the job. 12. APPLY
13. He's so nice. It's a _______________ working for him. 13. PLEASE
14. You shouldn’t have mentioned death. You know how _______________
Charles is about that sort of thing. 14. SENSE
15. It is becoming _______________ difficult to find a job nowadyas. 15. INCREASE

READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Fill the gasps using suitable word in the square below.

fare fool tram vendor curious noise

square mad upset above upper terrible

`Love hit me when I was twelve. I was still in shorts but little hairs were starting to grow on my (1) _________
lip. A young girl, Lucy, lived in the flat (2) ________ours. She was pretty with lovely, brown hair and perfect
teeth. One day, after I had saved my pocket money for some time, I invited Lucy to go to a variety show with
me. I only had seventy cents but I had worked it all out: two tickets for the theatre, fifty cents, and four tram
tickets, twenty cents.
It was January and it had snowed earlier that day so we took the (3) ______. Lucy looked charming
and I looked handsome as we got off in Times (4) _______. Unfortunately, a candy (5) __________ was standing
outside the theatre. I hadn't thought about that. Lucy saw her favorite coconut candy and asked for it. Like
a (6) ____________, I bought it for ten cents.
We were miles away from the stage and the (7) _________ of Lucy eating her candy was louder than
the actors' voices. During the performance, Lucy ate every single bit of the candy. On the way out, I was a bit
(8) ________ about the candy. But then I realized I only had enough money for one ticket back home. Today
I feel (9) ________ about this, but remember, I was only twelve, it was very cold and Lucy had eaten all the
candy. I turned to her and said, "Lucy, when we left home, I had seventy cents, enough for the tickets and
the tram (10) ______. I hadn't planned on candy. I didn't want candy. You wanted candy and you had all the
candy. I have every right to go home by tram and leave you to walk. But, you know I'm (11) ______ about
you. So I'm going to give you a fair chance. I'm going to toss this coin. If it's heads, you get to ride home. If
it's tails, I ride home." It was tails. For some (12) _______ reason, Lucy never spoke to me again. What had I
done wrong?'

18
practice 2
Explain the following words related to the text above:
1. Twelve 2. Lucy 3. Pocket money 4. Seventy cents 5. January
6. Coconut candy 7. Ten cents 8. Tram 9. Coin 10. Tails

practice 3
Now, underline the PAST PERFECT TENSE in the text.

19
 MEETING 10 PASSIVE VOCE 1

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
WARMING UP
“Bananas”
One student comes to the front of the class to be “it” and ready to answer questions from anyone with only
one noun as the answer. Give him/her a noun (for example "Bananas") and that student (he/she) has
to answer without smiling or laughing, no matter what the question, is “Bananas”. The rest of the class,
one by one taking turns asking for his/her informations (starting with who, what, where, when, why, and
how). For example,
Questioner : What is your mother’s name?
He/She : “Bananas”.
If “it” cannot answer without smiling even laughing, he/she is out and the questioner who asked the win-
ning question is now “it”.

Definition and Characteristics of Passive Voice

(voice= a form or set of forms of verb showing the relation of the subject to the action)

The passive voice is used when speaker/author wants to emphasize the action of object rather than
subject. This means that subject is either less important than the action itself or that speaker/author
doesn’t know who or what the subject is.

Sentence illustration
Passive : Rajaampat is known for its excellent views.
Active : [Many people] know Rajaampat for its excellent views.
Passive : Twenty students are selected for the science olympiad.
Active : [Institute] selects twenty students for science olympiad.

Forming the passive voice

Forming the passive must refer to active tenses structure. Each tense in English has its own passive voice
which is created by using a form of auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past participle verb). It must be remembered
that 'not' as a negative marker after auxuliary verb. Interrogative begins with the auxiliary verb as marker
for 'yes' or 'no' quetion. Question word formation ('what', 'how', etc.) is at beginning of interrogative before
auxiliary verb.
One of the steps equalizes the active structure to passive voice in Present Tense:

- Present Simple

Active : Subject + V1 (present verb)

Passive: Auxiliary verb to be (is, am, are) + V3 (past participle verb)

Formation steps:

Aktive : Laboratory assitants observe this material.

Subject (agent) V1 Object
present simple structure
step 1

Passive : This material is observed by laboratory assistants

Subjective V1 Objective (agent)_
present simple structure
step 2
aux. to be V3
passive structure

20
- Present Continuous

Active : Subject + auxiliary verb to be (is, am, are) + Ving (present progresive verb)
Passive : Auxiliary verb to be (is, am, are) + being + V3 (past participle)

Formation steps:

Aktive : Lamiang Sahabu is showing several cases.

Subject (agent) aux. to be Ving Object
present simple structure step1

Passive : Several cases are being shown by Lamiang Sahabu

Subjective aux. to be Ving Objective (agent)
present simple structure
step2
aux. to be V3
passive structure

Note:
- When the speaker/author knows who the subject is or the subject is important to know, then it has a
role as agent and add particel ‘by’ before.
- Several verbs have no object (no one to “receive” the action), cannot be put into the passive. They are:
arrive, come, die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur sleep, etc.
- Certain verbs, such as know, believe, understand, hit, catch, etc. cannot be formed into continuous
tense because they do not have the clarity of event time, when it starts and finishes, so it cannot also be
in form of passive voice.

Most writing instructors and editors recommend against using the passive voice, when possible. Reason
for this is that the writing is clearer and less complicated, example: Now the civil engineers are developing
an anti-earthquake bridge construction. If it’s a long sentence and the speaker knows who the subject is, so
it’s better to use passive voice: Now an anti-earthquake bridge construction is being developed.
The passive is often used to report something or to state a fact, examples: Cipularang is closed due to a
serious road accident; A lot of corn is grown in Madura.
practice 1
Choose options a, b, c, d, or e, which are considered correct
1. Active: He finds the key word. 4. Cars ... the mechanic. e. being repaired
Passive : ... is found by .... a. is repairing
a. He –the key word b. is being repaired by 7. It ... that the painting is a
b. The key word – he c. are being repaired by fake.
c. The key – him d. are repairing a. is believing
d. Word – him e. are being repaire by b. believed being
e. The key word – him c. is being believed
5. VW cars ... Germany and the d. believes is being
2. Active: They are reading e-mails. Czech Republic. e. is believed
Passive: ... are being read .... a. are made in
a. E-mails – by them b. is making by 8. Active: Andrea Hirata writes
b. They – e-mails c. is making for Laskar Pelangi.
c. E-mails – they d. are making Passive: ....
d. E-mails – by they e. are made a. Is Andrea Hirata written by
e. They – by e-mails Laskar Pelangi?
3. French ... in Egypt. 6. I'll have to go to Itenas by bus b. Is Laskar Pelangi written by
a. are not spoke as my car .... Andrea Hirata?
b. speak a. is repairing c. Andrea Hirata is written by
c. is spoke b. being repaire Laskar Pelangi
d. are speaking c. is being repaired d. Is Laskar Pelangi written by
e. is not spoken d. are being repaired Andrea Hirata
21
 e. Andrea Hirata is written by Laskar Pelangi? 12. Present Simple: A new shopping mall is built in
Bandung.
9. Passive : I am not overshadowed Present Continuous: ....
by feeling of doubt. a. Is a new shopping mall in Bandung being
Active : Feeling of doubt .... built?
a. does not overshadow by me b. Bandung is being built by a new shopping
b. aren’t being overshadowed by me mall
c. do not overshadow me c. Is Bandung being built in a new shopping
d. does not overshadow me mall?
e. is not being overshadowed by me d. Bandung is being built in a new shopping
mall
10. Active: They don't speak English in this shop. e. Is a new shopping mall by Bandung being
Passive : .... built?
a. English is not spoken in this shop
b. This shop is not spoken in English 13. Active: Why does she give him a box?
c. They are not spoken in this shop Passive: Why is ....
d. English is not spoken this shop a. she given a box?
e. This shop and they are not spoken b. she given him?
c. he given a box?
11. People A : ...? d. a box given to her?
People B : Mathematics and language are e. given a box?
studied as a means of scientific
thinking. 14. Tom is always ... stop talking in class.
a. Who is studied by mathematics and a. laughed at
language? b. scolded by
b. Are mathematics and language studied by c. loved by
scientists? d. told to
c. Are mathematics and language thought by e. held to
means of scientific thinking?
d. Why are mathematics and language 15. These books ... being ... by all the students.
studied? a. is – write
e. Are the means of scientific thinking studied b. are – write
by mathematics and language? c. is – read
d. is – written
e. are – read

practice 2 practice 4
Fill in gasps with the appropriate present or pro- Rewrite sentences in active or passive voice.
gressive verb 1. Is the accident being handled by the police?
1. Bingo ... played in Britain (be) _______________________________________________
2. The thiefs are ... by the police (catch) 2. One of the professors heads a college.
3. We ... told a joke by the teacher (be) _______________________________________________
4. ... the note ... now? (be – write) 3. They develop an environmentally friendly type of
5. Sometimes, the present ... to her by her co- washing powder.
worker (be – not – give) _______________________________________________
4. Why is the first underground railway opened by
practice 3 her?
Make correct passive phrases. Mind the tenses _______________________________________________
in brackets.
1. films / to watch (Present Simple)
____________________________________
2. books / to write (Present Continuous)
____________________________________
3. the posters / be/ not/ to make (Present
Continuous)
____________________________________
4. be/ English / to speak/? (Present Simple)
____________________________________
5. computer games / to buy/I (Present Simple)
________________________________
6. the soundtrack of a movie/ add/ after/ the
filming/ finish (Present Simple ).
________________________________

22
 ENRICHMENT
WARMING UP
What’s it made of?
Use the words in the box to complete the sentences.

GLASS METAL RUBBER STONE ROPE

BRICK PAPER PLASTIC ICE WOOL

1. Books are made of __________ 6. Icebergs are made of __________

2. The Eiffel Tower is made of __________ 7. Jumpers are made of __________
3. Children toys are made of __________ 8. Walls are made of __________
4. Pyramids are made of __________ 9. Swings on trees are made of __________
5. Tires are made of __________ 10. Bottles are made of __________

READING COMPREHENSION
Vocabulary for reading comprehension.

1. Remains (V/N) :
a. That person has not changed at all. He remains the same.
b. Because of the war, only remains of building are left in Syria.
2. Sticky (Adj) :
a. I cannot remove the sticky stickers from my car’s windows.
3. Substance (N) :
a. Liquid Nitrogen is a very dangerous substance.
4. Fuel(s) (N/V) :
a. My car stopped because it ran out of fuel.
b. 10 liters of gasoline will be enough to fuel my car.
5. Drill(s) (N/V) :
a. To make a hole on the wall, he needs a drill.
b. He is going to drill a hole on the wall.
6. Offshore (Adj) :
a. After working offshore for three months, he can meet his family again.
7. Chemicals (N) :
a. Dangerous chemicals are used in many health products.
8. Fertilizer (N) :
a. The soil needs some fertilizer if you want to grow plants.
9. Shortage (N) :
a. In Yemen, people are dying because of food shortage.
10. Supply(lies) (N/V) :
a. Before winter comes, animals always prepare to have a supply of food.
b. Parents always supply their children with everything they need.
Fill in the gaps below by changing the verbs into active or passive forms.

What is oil? Oil 1._______ (form) from the remains of tiny plants and animals which fell to the bottom of the
sea millions of years ago. As time passed, mud and rock 2.______ (bury) the remains of these plants and
animals, pressing down on them with great pressure. The pressure, heat from inside the earth and
bacteria, which fed on the remains of the plants and animals, caused a chemical change to take place.
The result was oil. Often the oil 3.______ (remain) deep inside the earth, but sometimes it came up to the
surface of the earth as a thick, sticky black substance.
Man has known of oil for thousands of years but its importance as a fuel 4._____________ (not,
discover) until the nineteenth century. First a method of getting the oil up from deep inside the earth
5.________ (need). In the middle of the nineteenth century an American called Edwin Drake 6._______ (find)
that oil could be brought up to the surface of the earth using a drill. Drilling a hole in the earth to find
water was common at that time, so Drake 7.________ (decide) to build a drill to find oil. He drilled the first
oil well in Pennsylvania, USA in 1859 and found oil 21 meters beneath the surface. Soon men in
different countries around the world began to drill for oil. Oil 8._________ (find) in Russia, Turkey, and Per-
sia. In 1922 large amounts of oil 9.__________ (find) in Venezuela, a country in South America. In 1932 oil
10.__________ (find) in the Middle East, in Bahrain and Kuwait. Huge amounts of oil 11.______________

23
(find) since then, and there are important oil fields in and around the islands of Indonesia. In 1972
Indonesian oil production first passed 1 million barrels a day. In 1981 Indonesian oil exports earned U.S.
$18,686,892,000 — over 70% of total exports that year. With improved offshore drilling methods,
Indonesia continues to be the largest producer in South East Asia.
Oil is now 12.______ (use) as a fuel for transportation and for industry. In addition, hundreds of
useful chemicals 13.________ (make) from oil. These chemicals 14._________ (use) to make such things as
plastic, cloth and fertilizer. Today oil is being 15.______ (use) more quickly than new supplies of oil can be
found. There is a shortage of oil, so the price of oil and things made from oil increases every year.
Governments all over the world are searching for different fuels which could be used to heat, light and cool
our homes and which could be used in cars, trucks, trains and other forms of transportation when the
world’s supplies of oil are finished.
practice 1
Answer the following questions based on the text above.
1. What is the best title for this passage?
A. The Process of Forming Oil C. The Sources of Oil in Different Countries
B. The Benefits of Oil Today D. Oil as a Non-Renewable Natural Resource

2. According to the passage, oil …

A. formed tiny plants and animals
B. remained outside the earth
C. rose to the surface of the earth as a sticky black substance
D. fell to the bottom of the sea billions of years ago

3. The word ‘remained’ in line 5 could be best be replaced by:

A. stayed B. died C. came out D. drilled

4. The pronoun ‘it’ in line 5 refers to:

A. Pressure B.Bacteria C. earth D. oil

5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about oil?

A. For thousands of years, man has known of oil.
B. The first oil drilling was in the early nineteenth century.
C. Indonesia is the largest oil producer in South East Asia.
D. Oil is used not only as a fuel.

6. It can be inferred from the passage that before the nineteenth century…
A. oil was not important C. men had not known about oil
B. there was no oil D. people had already drilled oil

7. Vocabulary context in nquestion:

Contoh: The word ‘earned’ in line 5 could be best be replaced by:
A. Spent B. Received C. used D. paid

8. Where in the passage does the author explain about how to obtain oil
A. Line 1-4 B. Line 9-11 C. Line 14-15 D. Line 20-21

9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the use of oil?

A. for train station and for industry B. to make cloth and fertilizer
C. to heat, light and cool our homes D. to be used in cars or trucks

10. It can be inferred from the passage that today…

A. oil is made from important chemicals
B. oil is depleting
C. there is still enough oil for years to come
D. a new source of fuel has been found

24
 MEETING 11 PASSIVE VOCE 2

WARMING UP
THE PASSIVE II
(Past Simple Tense, Present Perfect Tense and Present Future Tense)
Activity : List what things that are normally done at the places below. Use the Passive in Present Simple
Tense.

1. Meals are served. 1. Diseaseas are diagnosed by

doctors.
2. Food is eaten.
2.
3. ______________________ 3.
4. ______________________ 4.
5. ______________________ 5.

1. Animals are fed by zoo 1. Food is cooked.

keepers. 2.
2. 3.
3. 4.
4. 5.
5.

GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
The activity (above) reviews the passive forms in Simple Present Tense and in this section, the passive forms
in Past Simple Tense, Present Perfect Tense , and Present Future are discussed.

The Passive

Meaning
The subject of any sentence is what is the most the important thing in our minds as we speak and the pas-
sive form is used when the object is the most important things in our minds.

Examples:

The Active

Tenses Subject Verb Object

1. Past simple 1.My grandfather built this house .
2. Present Perfect 2.Shinta has fed the cat.
3. Present Future 3.My sister will clean the floor.

The Passive

Tenses Subject Verb Agent

1. Past simple this house . was built by grandfather
2. Present Perfect the cat. has been fed by Shinta
3. Present Future the floor. will c lean by my sister

25
THE FORM OF PASSIVE VOICE :

PRESENT : IS, AM , ARE

PAST : WAS, WERE
VERB BE + VERB BE
PERFECT : BEEN
FUTRUE/MODALS : BE

Forming the passive (Past Simple Tense)

(+) The email was sent last week. (+) All of theports were written by Tommy.
(-) The email was not sent yesterday. (-) All of the report were not written by Tim.
(?) Was the email sent last week ? (?) Were all of he report written by Tommy?
Yes, it was/ No, It was not. Yes, they were/ No, they were not.

Forming the passive ( Present Perfect Tense)

(+) The thieves have been caught . (+) The meeting has been planned by Sally.
(-) The thieves have not been caught. (-) The meeting has not been planned by Sella
(?) Have they been caught ? (?) Has the meeting been planned Sally?
Yes, they have/ No, they have not Yes, it has/ No, it has not.

Forming the passive (Present Future Tense)

(+) The result of job interview will be announced the day afer tomorrow.
(-) The result of ob interview will not be announced tomorrow.
(?) will the result of interview be announced tomorrow?
Yes, it will / No it will not.

(+) My house is going to be renovated next week.

(-) My house is not going to be renovated tomorrow.
(?) Is your house going to be renovated tomorrow?
Yes, it is/ No, It is not.

practice 1
1. Choose the correct answer.
1. This problem ... by my uncle yesterday.
A. was solved B.will be solved C. is solved D.solves
2. My mother did not write this book. It ... by my mother.
A. will not be written B. was not written C. is not written D. has not been written
3. The bill ... by Katie.
A. has been paid B. have been paid C. were paid D. paid
4. Many things ... in this house.
A. is said B. are said C. they say D. they are said
5. The truth .... soon.
A. reveal B. be revealed C. will be revealed D. were revealed
6. The money ... by the thieves if you leave it there.
A. was stolen B. has been stolen C. will be stolen D. is stolen
7. The new products .... by the manufacturer.
A. withdrawn B. was withdrawn C. has been drawn D. were withdrawn
8. She .... the package.
A. has been opened B. was opened C. opened D. will be opened
9. We .... the English quizzes four times in this semester.
A. have done B. will do C. will be done D. were done.
10. The goal ... by the Centre-Forward.
A. was scored B. scored C. have been scored D. were scored.
11. I ... the movie several times.
A. have watched B. have been watched C. will be watched D. will watch
12. All the questions ... correctly by one of test takers.
A. answered B. were answered C. has been answered D. have answered

26
13. They are going to celebrate their wedding anniversary next month. The passive is ... .
A. Their wedding anniversary are going to celebrate next month.
B. Their wedding anniversary is going to celebrate next month.
C. Their wedding anniversary are going to be celebrated next month.
D. Their wedding anniversary is going to be celebrated next month.
14. Did Brian do the homework ? . The passive form is ...
A. Is the homework done by Brian? B. Are the homework done by Brian?
C. Was the homework done by Brian? D. Were the homework done by Brian?
15. Where did she park the car?. The passive form is ...
A. Where was the car park by her? B. Where was the car parked by her?
C. Where the car was parked by her? D. Where she parked the car?

practice 2
Put the verb in brackets ( ) in the correct form, active or passive.
Here is the local news for Friday, January 14th.
Last night in Cowford many tress (1) were blown (blow) down in the storm. One tree (2) fell (fall) across the
main road into Cowford. It (3) ___________________(take) away by the fire service during the night. Heavy rain
also (4)____________________ (cause) problems on the roads. Some roads (5)________________________(cover)
by half a metre of water. Many motorists (6) ________________ (leave) their cars and (7) __________________
(walk) home.

Yesterday evening, a black BMW (8)_____________________(steal) from outside the home of Mr. Steve White. Mr
White (9) ___________________ (telephone) the police . Later that evening, the car (10) ________________________
(see) in the High Street by Mr. White’s wife, Lucy. It was outside the Five Points Hotel. The keys were in the
car, so she (11)_________________ ( drive) it home ! The police (12) ___________________(look) for a careless
thief.

practice 3
Laura is writing to a friend. This is part of her letter.
Someone broke into our house at the weekend. The burglar took some jewellery. But luckily he didn't do
any damage. A very nice young police officer interviewed me. Detectives found some fingerprints, and the
police computer identified the burglar. Police have arrested a man and is going to question him soon. But
they haven't found the jewellery

Now complete the passive sentences in this conversation. Use a phrase with “by” only if it adds information.

Laura : Our house (1) _________________ (break) into at the weekend

Melly : Oh no!
Laura : Some jewellery (2)_____________________________. But luckily no damage (3) _____________________
_____________.
Melly: Did the police come and see you?
Laura : Yes, they did. I (4) ________________________________.
Melly: I don't suppose they know who did it.
Laura : Well, amazingly they do. Some (5)_____________________________________,
and the (6) __________________________________. A man (7) _______________________________and (8)
____________________.
Melly : Wonderful.
Laura : There's only one problem. The (9)___________________________________.

27
 ENRICHMENT
WARMING UP
Match the beginnings of the sentences to the correct endings.
1. Dinner ... a. ... have been hurt in a car accident.
2. Two people ... b. ... has been elected.
3. A new president ... c. ... have been opened in the past year.
4. A new species of frog ... d. ... has been increased again.
5. The price of a bus ticket ... e. ... has already been served.
6. Three new schools ... f. ... has been damaged by acid rain.
7. A new type of microchip ... g. ... has been discovered.
8. The statue ... h. ... has been invented.
READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Fill the missing gasps by using the most suitable words.
Thousands of people (1) _____________ killed yesterday when (2) _____________ earthquake near Sumatra
caused a massive 'tsunami'. The entire coastal area of the Bay of Bengal was affected as buildings and
whole villages were destroyed (3) _____________ the huge waves. The exact number of casualties cannot (4)
_____________ confirmed,' said a government official, 'but thousands more (5) _____________ been injured.'
(6) _____________ earthquake registered 8.9 on the Richter scale. By yesterday afternoon, over 60,000 dead
bodies had been found and much higher figures are (7) _____________ predicted. There are fears that many
others will be left homeless.
Aid is going (8) _____________ be sent by many countries and rescue teams (9) _____________ Europe are being
flown in tomorrow.
Most of the buildings on the coast are said to be in ruins. The problems were being made worse (10)
_____________ lots of hospitals were badly damaged. The area is not often threatened by tsunamis.

practice 2
Fill each of the missing gasps with one word from the text.
1. Big _______________ can destroy a small island.
2. A celebrity’s bad action can attract _______________ attention.
3. There are many modern _______________ in the coast of Pangandaran beach now.
4. I don’t know the _______________ specification of the new Samsung smartphone.
5. The new _______________ will build many shelters and open millions of vacancies.
6. My brother has _______________ a famous university in our hometown.
7. The well known celebrity was _______________ because of heart attack.
8. The winning of Brazil national soccer team against Indonesian national soccer team has been
_______________.
9. Among all _______________, their children use drugs is the worst one for the parents.
10. The rich and well-known soccer player will build some new _______________ for the poor people in his
hometown.

practice 3
Questions:
1. Find the passive voice on the text above and underline it
2. Write down the irregular verbs and regular verbs based on the above text

SPEAKING
Say the passive voice for the following sentences.

1. We have decided our future 7. We have done our work. 12. Sue has designed some new
2. Did John write a poem? 8. So many presents will buildings for the government.
3. I haven’t understood the surprise her. 13. We will deliver your parcel as
lesson explained by the 9. They didn’t let him go soon as possible.
teacher. 10. Have you known John who 14. We'll cut the grass by a hand
4. Did she send the letter? lives next to your apartment? mower.
5. I did not tell them 11. They won’t polish the 15. Has the president asked the
6. She sang a song wooden floor. ministers to work better?

28
 MEETING 12 Adjective Clause 1: Clauses with who/which

WARMING UP
Guess who they are!

Iqbal Ramadhan Steven Spielberdg Alessia Carra Adamas Belva

1. She is the woman who won the best new artist award at the 2018 Grammys.
2. He is the man who founded the Alibaba Group.
3. She is the woman who has been dubbed the Queen of All Media.
4. He is the man who directed Jurassic Park in 1993.
5. She is the woman who sang the 2018 Asian Games official theme song.
6. He is the man who played the leading role in Dilan 1990 and its sequel.
7. She is a Korean girl group member who is referred to as the Thailand Princess.
8. He is the man who cofounded ruangguru.com with Iman Usman.

Adamas Belva

Jack Ma Lisa Black Pink Oprah Winfrey Via Vallen

Study the explanation about adjective clause.

A: “I met a girl.”
Can you tell which girl the speaker means? It’s hard to tell, isn’t it? How about this
A: “I met a beautiful girl.”
This time, you can tell which girl the speaker means. It is not a smart girl, not even an ugly girl but a
beautiful girl. How can it be? It is because the adjective the speaker uses that makes the difference.
smart girl
Adj. N

This phrase is also consisted of two words: 1) smart, and 2) girl. This time, we have the same noun, that is
girl but different adjective, that is smart. We can conclude that the word beautiful and smart both have
the same function, that is to modify a Noun. Further, adjective makes the Noun they modify has different
meaning. For example:
A: “I met a beautiful girl last night.”
A: “I met a smart girl last night.”
Can you tell whether A talked about the same or different girl? Why do you think so?
Now, please look at the example.
a girl who won the beauty pageant last year
N Adj. Clause

29
In this example, the Noun girl is also modified by an adjective. However, this time the adjective is in form of
clause and comes after the Noun. This adjective clause has the same function as adjective word, that is to
tell which person or thing the speaker means.
What is clause? Clause is part of a sentence which has Subject and Predicate.

S P
a girl who won the beauty pageant last year
N Adj. Clause

Look at this complete sentence:

S P
I know the girl who won the beauty pageant last year
S P O

In this sentence, the adjective clause who won the beauty pageant last year modifies the noun the girl
functioned as the Object of the main sentence.

Study the different example:

S P
The girl who won the beauty pageant last year is my sister.
S P C
In the second sentence, the adjective clause who won the beauty pageant last year modifies the noun the
girl functioned as the Subject of the main sentence. It is clear that adjective clause can be placed anywhere
in the sentence as long as there is a Noun to modify.
Remember, when the adjective clause uses present tense or to be present (am, is, are) and past (was, were),
the predicate of the adjective clause should concord with the noun the adjective clause modifies.
Look at the examples to see what this means.

He always falls for a girl who loves reading Shakespeare novels.

He ate the apples which were bought by her mother.

In this chapter we will discuss two connectors that can be used to create adjective clause. Those are who
and which. Look at the examples to see the difference between the two.

the woman who is wearing red dress the cat which is eating the salty fish
person thing

Note that who and which discussed in this chapter are not question words, but connectors served as the
subject of adjective clause.
Look at the examples to see the difference.

The baby who has been kissed by me is crying so loudly.

Connector/subject

Who has been kissed by me?

Question word

30
practice 1
USE WHO OR WHICH!
1. I met the woman …………………… wrote that sold out novel.
2. A movie …………………… is starred by popular actors or actresses invites a lot viewers.
3. He is not the man …………………… robbed the bank.
4. My mom has bought a house …………………… is located near Pangandaran beach.
5. Did you just throw away the bag …………………… was designed by Louis Vuitton?

practice 2
COMBINE THE CLAUSES TO MAKE SENTENCE. DO AS EXAMPLES.
Example: She is the woman.
The woman followed me home yesterday.
-----------> She is the woman who followed me home yesterday.

1. I like the cat.

The cat has black spots on its tail.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
2. The children are watching the movie.
The movie didn’t win the best movie of the year award.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The boy is loved by Nina.
The boy loves me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. The foreigner is from USA.
The foreigner speaks Bahasa Indonesia fluently.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The children ran away from home.
The children had been neglected by their parents.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

practice 3
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WITH WHO/WHICH AS THE CONNECTOR.
1. I don’t like the neighbor ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The bags ………………………………………………………………………… cost Rp 5.000.000 each.
3. He is going to buy the cellphone ……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The English teacher ………………………………………………………………… gives us quizzes every week.
5. Unfortunately my best friend and I are hitting on this same girl ……………………………………………………..

practice 4
CHOOSE THE WORD/GROUP OF WORDS THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE!
1. I don’t remember the boy …………………… helped me cross the road the other day.
A. which B. who C. is who D. which is
2. The chair …………………… fixed by my father has blue legs.
A. which was B. was who C. who D. was which
3. My brother brought …………………… should be handled with care.
A. a package B. a package which C. which a package D. which
4. …………………… cheated at the middle test was expelled from the class.
A. My classmate who had B. My classmate
C. Who did my classmate D. My classmates had
5. The teacher asked us to make a WA group …………………… us connect to each other.
A. which B. which could help
C. which can D. helped
6. She is engaged to a man who ……………………
A. is he B. sell jewelries for living
C. having expensive yacht D. loves her dearly
7. A book …………………… the book of the year award.
A. which is dubbed B. which had captivated many readers won
C. which won D. had captivated many readers which won
8. The couple keep their pets which have …………………… in their back yard.
A. been bought from foreign countries B. bought from foreign countries
C. from foreign countries D. from foreign countries bought

31
9. It is not the room which …………………… the travel agent.
A. offered B. was offered by C. offering is D. offers in

10. I will be by the theater ……………………

A. which showing the Pygmalion play B. shows the Pygmalion play
C. play which shows Pygmalion D. which is showing the Pygmalion play

32
 ENRICHMENT
WARMING UP
Match the words in column A to their meanings in column B. You may open your dictionary.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. [……] display A. to ward something off, or keep something away
2. [……] emit B. to make something visible or available for others to see
3. [……] exhibition C. to burn or shine unsteadily
4. [……] flicker D. the creation of a three-dimensional work of art, especially by
5. [……] gust carving, modeling, or casting
6. [……] pecu¬liar E. unusual, strange, or unconventional
7. [……] repel F. fiery particle; a small piece of a burning substance thrown off in
8. [……] sculpture combustion or produced in friction
9. [……] spark G. an object similar in shape to a ball
10. [……] sphere H. a sudden powerful rush of wind
I. a public display, usually for a limited period, of a collection of
works of art or objects of special interest

READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Read the text carefully and fill in the blanks with the words from warming up session.
Modern sculpture rarely surprises us anymore. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums
is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern
[1]_____________ on [2]___________ in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings
and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so-called ' modern' pieces have been on display for nearly
fifty years.
In spite of this, some people—including myself—were surprised by a recent [3]____________ of modern sculp-
ture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the exhibits.
Some of them are dangerous!' The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms
that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a [4]___________ of wind are quite familiar to
everybody. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires
attached to metal spheres. The [5]____________ had been magnetized and attracted or [6]___________ each
other all the time. In the center of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained colored
lights. These lights [7]___________ continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. [8]___________ were
[9]___________ from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhi-
bition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These [10]___________ forms not only seemed designed to shock
people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well!

practice 2
Answer the questions based on the article above.
1. What is the topic of this passage?
A. Strange forms stand in gardens B. Modern sculpture on display in public places
C. Modern sculpture in Modern Art D. Electric Currents in Modern Art
2. According to the passage, the modern art…
A. rarely surprises us anymore B. have been on display for nearly 50 years
C. can only be seen in museums is mistaken D. were pieces of moving sculpture
3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the modern art?
A. A modern art is a modern sculpture
B. Strange forms stand in gardens, and out¬side buildings and shops
C. Modern pieces have been on display for nearly fifty years
D. Strange forms stand outside buildings and shops
4. It can be inferred from the passage that the writer...
A. takes no interest in art and fails to notice examples of modern sculpture
B. was surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture
C. has got quite used to the modern art
D. has been interested in modern art in nearly fifty years
5. The word ‘mistaken’ in line 2 could be best replaced by:
A. impossible B. wrong C. empty D. unwise

33
6. Where in the passage does the author define the words ‘were surprised by a recent exhibition?
A. Line 5-6 B. Line 7-9 C. Line 14-15 D. Line 17-18
7. The pronoun ‘them’ in paragraph 1 refers to:
A.
strange forms B. people
C.
gardens D. examples of modern sculpture
8. The pronoun ‘them’ in paragraph 2 refers to:
A. some people and the writer B. the art galleries
C. the exhibits D. some people
9. The word ‘spheres’ could be best replaced by:
A. round B. circle C. roundabout D. globes
10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about a recent exhibition of modern sculpture?
A. We were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture
B. There was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!'
C. The objects on the ceiling were pieces of moving sculpture.
D. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time

practice 3
Combine each of the following pairs of simple sentences into one complex sentence containing an
adjective clause.
1. The theft was committed last night. The police has caught the man.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2. He had several plans for making money quickly. All of them have failed.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
3. The landlord was proud of his strength. He despised the weakness of his tenants.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
4. Paul was an old gentleman. He was my travelling companion.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
5. A fox once met a crane. The fox had never seen a crane before.
_____________________________________________________________________________.
practice 4
Directions: Combine two sentences together to make one sentence. You can use "who" or "that/
which" to put the clauses together. Do it orally.
Example: The student is a very nice person. / She comes from Japan.
The student who comes from Japan is a very nice person.

1. We sent a package to our relatives. They live in Iowa.

2. The woman works as a cashier. She sits next to me in class.
3. That's the book. Everyone is reading it.
4. We bought some trees. Our neighbor told us they were on sale.
5. The car has a bad engine. I bought it last month.
6. I lived in an apartment building. It had a very slow elevator.
7. You should see a doctor. He can help you with your back problems.
8. The tornado was extremely powerful. It hit Minnesota.
9. We saw the woman at the grocery store. She lives next door to us.
10. My wife returned the pants. They were too big for me.

34
 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (Relative Clause) II
MEETING 13
WARMING UP
Across:
1 a person who delivers mail
5 something people use to take pictures
7 a thing that people use to cut wood
8 a scientist who studies space
9 a place where people drive
10 the time of day when people eat dinner
11 a time when people go to the beach
13 a person who cooks food
14 a person who does experiments
15 a place where people picnic
20 the time of day just after the sun sets
21 the time of day when the stars come out
22 a place where people buy tools
25 a place where people sit
27 a person who fixes teeth
29 a place next to a road where people walk
33 a time when kids wear costumes
34 a place where people watch movies
35 a place where camels live
36 something people use to clean up leaves
(Whom and Whose)
Down:
1 a thing that people use to find where they are
2 a person who explores space
3 a thing that people use to draw straight lines
4 someone who teaches
5 an animal that give us milk
6 a time when people give chocolate
7 something that people use to weigh things
12 the time of day when people have breakfast
13 a thing that people use to find north
15 a thing that people use to sew
16 someone who cleans building
17 something that people use to paint
19 someone who puts out fires
21 a thing that you wear on your neck
23 a person who has joined the army
24 an insect that makes honey
26 a person who plays sports
27 the time of day when the sun rises
28 a person who assists a doctor
29 a thing that people use to dig
30 a time when snow falls to the ground
31 a thing that people wear on their heads
32 a place where people grow crops
35
Look at this example sentence:

The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

relative clause
A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or
thing) the speaker means:
a. The woman who lives next door ……… (‘who lives next door’ tells us which woman)
b. People who live in London …… (‘who live in London’ tells us what kind of people)

The most common adjective clause (relative pronoun) are who, whom, whose, which, that. The adjective
clause or relative pronoun we use depends on what we are referring to and the type of relative clause.
The information in these clauses is not essential. It tells us more about someone or something, but it does
not help us to identify them or it.
Compare:
1. Elephants that love mice are very unusual. (This tells us which elephants we are talking about).
2. Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found in zoos.
(This gives us some extra information about elephants - we are talking about all elephants, not just one
type or group).
3. John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren. (We know who John's mother is, and he only
has one. The important information is the number of grandchildren, but the fact that she lives in
Scotland might be followed with the words "by the way" - it is additional information).

who people and sometimes pet animals

which animals and things
that people, animals and things; informal
whose possessive meaning; for people and animals usually; sometimes for things in formal
situations
whom people in formal styles or in writing; often with a preposition; rarely in conversation;
used instead of who if who is the object
no relative pronoun when the relative pronoun defines the object of the clause

A. WHO VS. WHOM

Who has two other forms, the object form whom and the possessive form whose.
Who and whom are used mainly for people. However, these pronouns can also be used to refer to animals that are men-
tioned by name and seen as persons.
Examples:
a. The witnesses whom I interviewed gave conflicting evidence.
b. The vacuum scared our cat Scooter, who was sleeping on the rug.
We use whom in formal styles or in writing to refer to people when the person is the object of the verb. It is much more
common in writing than in speaking:
The response of those managers whom I have consulted has been very positive and we are looking forward to meeting
together. (‘whom’ refers to those managers and is the object of consulted in the relative clause)
1. Use who if the pronoun is the subject of the verb in the dependent clause.
● The people who just boarded the plane are in a rock band.
(The pronoun is subject of the verb boarded.)
2. Use whom if the pronoun is the object of the verb in the dependent clause.
● The cousin whom we met at the family reunion is coming to visit.
(The pronoun is object of the verb met.)
3. Use whom if the pronoun is the object of a preposition in the dependent clause.
● The agent with whom I spoke was able to help me.
(The pronoun is object of the preposition with.)

B. WHOSE
Whose can be used for people, animals or things. Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out.
It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
a. The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
b. The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
c. The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
We usually use whose as a relative pronoun to indicate possession by people and animals. In more formal styles we can
also use it for things.

36
We use whose before nouns instead of a possessive expression (my, your, his, her, its, our, their, x’s) in defining and
non-defining clauses:
d. He’s marrying a girl whose family don’t seem to like him. (The family of the girl he’s marrying don’t seem to like him.)
e. There was me and there was Kate, whose party it was, and then there were two other people. (It was Kate’s party.)
f. It is a rambling Tudor house, whose sitting room looks out over a wonderful walled garden. (The sitting room of the
house looks out over)

C. THAT VS. WHICH

That and which are used to start two different types of adjective clauses, called essential and non-essential clauses.
1. Essential clauses
That always indicates a clause that is essential to the meaning of the sentence because it defines or identifies the
noun it refers to. An essential clause does not take a comma before it.
a. Ali wore the shoes that she bought in Italy.
(What shoes? The ones that she bought in Italy. The clause identifies the shoes.)
Which may also be used to introduce an essential clause.
b. Ali wore the shoes which she bought in Italy.

2. Non-essential clauses
Which is used in a non-essential clause modifying an animal or a thing. A non-essential clause is one that gives second-
ary, non-essential information about a noun that is already fully identified. A non-essential clause is separated from its
noun with a comma:
Ali wore her best leather shoes, which she bought in Italy.
(What shoes? Her best leather ones. The clause is not needed to identify the shoes, so it is non-essential.)

D. TIPS
If in doubt, reword the clause to see which personal pronoun you need: he/him, she/her, etc. Then replace that pronoun
with who or whom, using the following rule:
1. Use WHO for he, she, they, we:
The people who just boarded the plane are in a rock band.
(Reword: They just boarded the plane—so use who.)
2. Use WHOM for him, her, them, us:
The cousin whom we met at the family reunion is coming to visit.
(Reword: We met him at the family reunion—so use whom.)
The agent with whom I spoke was able to help me.
(Reword: I spoke with her—so use whom.)

E. WHERE TO PUT THE PREPOSTITION IN A RELATIVE CLAUSE

There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and the relative pronoun is the object of the preposition. This means that
the preposition can sometimes be omitted.
1. The preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause:
Is that the man (who) you arrived with?
Do you know the girl (that) John is talking to?
2. In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun
cannot be omitted:
The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
It is a society to which many important people belong.

However, this is unusual in spoken English.

Examples:
a. The jungle the elephant lived in was full of strange and unusual animals.
b. He was very fond of the mouse that he lived with.
c. The tree under which they had their home was the largest and oldest in the jungle.
d. In the middle of the jungle was a river that all the animals went to every day.
e. It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to swim.

practice 1
Combine these sentences by using who, whom, whose or which!
1. She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete)
2. They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby)
3. I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia)
4. The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly)
5. We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father)
6. I dropped a glass (the glass was new)
7. She loves books (the books have happy endings)
8. They live in a city (the city is in the north of England)
9. The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper)
10. The girl works in a bank (the girl is from India)

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practice 2
Fill in the gasps by using who, whom, whose or which!
1. He bought all the tools ________ are required to fix his old car.
2. This is the doctor ___________ helped Sara recover from her illness.
3. This is the girl ___________ he fell in love with in Madrid.
4. She managed to pass the exam in spite of all the difficulties ________ didn't surprise people who knew her.
5. Is this the umbrella _____________ you lost?
6. He is the doctor __________ I will see this afternoon.
7. John is the boy ____________ father is a painter.
8. She is the girl _________ I saw at the party last night.
9. The student ___________ lent you this book, speaks Italian.
10. The children __________ played in the snow had fallen during the night.

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 ENRICHMENT
VOCABULARY ACQUISITION
Read the words and their examples. Try to find each of their meanings.
1. Remain: continue to exist, especially after other similar people or things have ceased to do so; be left over
or outstanding after others or other parts have been completed, used, or dealt with.
(a) A cloister is all that remains of the monastery.
(b) A more intractable problem remains.
2. Midst: the middle part or point.
(a) He left his flat in the midst of a rainstorm.
(b) Then suddenly it could be observed that Maisie was in the crowd's midst
3. Span: the full extent of something from end to end; the amount of space that something covers.
(a) A warehouse with a clear span of 28 feet.
(b) Her mouth seemed to spread the entire span of her head.
4. Suspended: temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect; hang (something) from some
where; (of solid particles) be dispersed throughout the bulk of a fluid.
(a) Work on the dam was suspended.
(b) The light was suspended from the ceiling.
(c) The paste contains collagen suspended in a salt solution.
5. Estimated: roughly calculate or judge the value, number, quantity, or extent of.
(a) The aim is to estimate the effects of macroeconomic policy on the economy.
(b) Much interior and exterior repair work has to be done, at a cost yet to be estimated.
6. Immensity: the extremely large size, scale, or extent of something.
(a) I have no illusions about the immensity of this task.
(b) There is no disguising either the immensity of the political moment, or the vast complexities of the
choice facing us.
7. Enormous: very large in size, quantity, or extent.
(a) They realise the keys don't fit and leap back as the door is forced by an enormous policeman.
(b) He handed me crisp sheets and led us to a simple whitewashed room with two chairs and an
enormous bed.
8. Drawl: a slow, lazy way of speaking or an accent with prolonged vowel sounds.
(a) He said this in a lazy drawl, enjoying the sight of her pink face as it turned red.
(b) The 61-year-old mother of five and grandmother of seven is soft-spoken, with a pleasing drawl
9. Agreeable: quite enjoyable and pleasurable; pleasant; willing to agree to something.
(a) A cheerful and agreeable companion.
(b) They were agreeable to its publication’
10. Packed: fill (a suitcase or bag) with clothes and other items needed for travel; cram a large number of
things into.
(a) I packed a bag and left.
(b) It was a large room, packed with beds jammed side by side.

READING COMPREHENSION
practice 1
Read the following text and fill the missing gasps by using the words that have already mentioned
before.
The Greatest Bridge in the World

Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbor in 1524 and named it
Angouleme. He described it as 'a very (1) ___________ situation, located within two small hills in the (2)
___________ of which flowed a great river. Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explor-
er, his name will prob¬ably (3) ___________ immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the
world was named after him.
The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a
(4) ___________ of 4260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account
by its designer. Two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on immense underwater
platforms made of steel and concrete.
The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone tool sixteen months to build.
Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from
which the bridge has been (5) ___________. Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It has
been (6) ___________ that if the bridge were (7) ___________ with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of
its total capacity. However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite
its (8) ___________, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an (9) ___________
object (10) ___________ as faintly as possible'.

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Read again the text and answer the questions about it by using complete answer.

1. Who is Verrazano?
2. What is Angouleme?
3. What did he do in 1524?
4. How did he describe the New York Harbor?
5. In what year did the greatest bridge name after Verrazano?
6. Who designed the bridge that joins Brooklyn to Staten Island?
7. The word ‘they’ in line 11 refers to?
8. The word ‘elegant’ line 16 has similar meaning to the word?
9. The word ‘it’ in line 7 refers to?
10. The word ‘considered’ in line 3 has similar meaning to the word?

SPEAKING
Complete the missing gasps in the dialogue by using you own idea.

John : Hi Brenda! (1) _____________ are you?

Brenda : I am fine. How (2) _____________ you?
John : Not so good. I (3) _____________ my new power bank yesterday.
Brenda : I am sorry to hear that. I saw it on your desk yesterday afternoon (4) _____________ the
office was closed.
John : Really?
Brenda : Yes, I did. The power bank (5) _____________ you saw to me and David last week, didn’t
you?
John : That’s right. David? Who is he?
Brenda : David is my supervisor. The (6) _____________ who said that your power bank was the
expensive one.
John : Owh yes. I remember now. John is (7) _____________ one who always brings big brown
leather bag, isn’t he?
Brenda : Yes, he is. He is also the one (8) _____________ everybody likes in our office because of his
generosity. By the way, why don’t you (9) _____________ our office security officers. I believe
they can help you.
John : Security officers (10) _____________ room is outside our office? Can they know who took my
power bank?
Brenda : Sure. (11) _____________ have access to all CCTV in our office. They (12) _____________ know
the person who took it.
John : Great idea! Thank you Brenda.
Brenda : You are welcome. I hope you get your power bank back soon.

Find out a partner and practice the dialogue with your partner.

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