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The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine

ISSN: 1476-7058 (Print) 1476-4954 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ijmf20

Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants


identified as at risk

Johanna Stark, Burkhard Simma & Anya Blassnig-Ezeh

To cite this article: Johanna Stark, Burkhard Simma & Anya Blassnig-Ezeh (2019): Incidence of
hypoglycemia in newborn infants identified as at risk, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal
Medicine, DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1568985

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1568985

Published online: 27 Jan 2019.

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THE JOURNAL OF MATERNAL-FETAL & NEONATAL MEDICINE
https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1568985

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Incidence of hypoglycemia in newborn infants identified as at risk


Johanna Starka , Burkhard Simmab and Anya Blassnig-Ezehb
a
Krankenhaus Sankt Vinzenz Zams, Zams, Austria; bDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch,
Feldkirch, Austria

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY


Background: Temporary low plasma glucose concentrations are common in healthy newborns. Received 17 July 2018
Although there is no uniform definition of neonatal hypoglycemia, there is a consensus in the Accepted 9 January 2019
current literature that plasma glucose concentrations should be measured in infants at risk.
KEYWORDS
Known risk groups for transient neonatal hypoglycemia include infants of diabetic mothers
Diabetes; glucose; neonate;
(IDM), large (LGA) or small (SGA) for gestational age and late preterm (LPT) infants. risk-group; screening
Objectives: The aim of this retrospective trial was to determine the incidence of hypoglycemia
and the impact of the application of a 2011 revised guideline in respect of additional feeding or
i.v. glucose administration, admission to a neonatal ward and the number of blood sam-
ples taken.
Methods: During the period 1 January 2015 to 31 January 2016, the plasma glucose concentra-
tions of all infants at risk were determined. They were screened over a period of 24 hours or
until plasma glucose concentration was >45 mg/dL on three occasions. Hypoglycemia was
defined as a plasma glucose concentration <40 mg/dL, regardless of the age of the infant.
Results: One hundred and thirty-six (13.6%) out of 1017 newborns were identified as at-risk
patients, 119 (87.5%) of whom were included in the final data evaluation. Ten study participants
had more than one risk factor and 32 (26.9%) newborns (male:female ¼ 1.1:1) had a total of 40
hypoglycemic episodes. Three (9.4%) out of these 32 newborns had to be transferred to the
neonatal ward for i.v. glucose treatment. The mean number of blood samples taken
was 7.6 ± 2.4.
Conclusions: The incidence of hypoglycemia in the studied infants at risk was 27%, and 19.7
blood samples had to be taken to detect one episode of low glucose concentration. Neonatal
hypoglycemia can be recognized and avoided in time, which justifies the establishment of a
standardized plasma glucose measurement protocol in newborn infants at risk.

BRIEF RATIONALE
Following a considerable number of sources, it is recommended that infants at risk be identified,
low plasma glucose concentrations prevented and, if necessary, the affected neonates cared for.
Our data show that the risk group for neonatal hypoglycemia comprised about one-tenth of all
infants at our nursery and hypoglycemia occurred in one-fourth. These results are in accordance
with the recommendations to implement this protocol as a screening tool in neonates.

Introduction and asymptomatic hypoglycemia suffer from clinically


detected adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes [4,5].
Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common finding in new- Consequently, the clinical significance of temporary
borns and a treatable risk factor for long-term neuro- low-plasma glucose concentrations remains a continu-
logic impairment. At birth plasma glucose levels ing controversy, especially in newborns at risk, such as
immediately fall to the lowest values in the first hours infants of diabetic mothers (IDM), large or small for
of life and reach adult levels at two or three days of gestational age infants (LGA and SGA, respectively)
age [1,2]. and late preterms (LPTs) [6,7]. Following a consider-
Although there are established associations able number of sources, it is recommended that
between prolonged symptomatic neonatal hypogly- infants at risk be identified, low plasma glucose con-
cemia and poor long-term neurocognitive function [3], centrations prevented and, if necessary, the affected
it is unknown whether children with milder neonates cared for [8–12].

CONTACT Johanna Stark johanna.stark@hotmail.com Krankenhaus St. Vinzenz Zams, Sanatoriumstraße 43, Zams, Austria
ß 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
2 J. STARK ET AL.

Recently, the American Academy of Paediatrics Procedures


(AAP) [9] published a guideline for screening and
All infants were breast or formula fed in the first
management of hypoglycemia in newborns at risk.
hour after birth and plasma glucose concentrations
This guideline recommends taking a first blood
were measured 30 min thereafter. If glucose was
sample 30 min after the first feed and within 1 h after
<25 mg/dL, feeding had to be repeated immediately
delivery. All further measurements should be done and the glucose value was rechecked 1 h later. If glu-
every 3–4 h right before feeding. If plasma glucose cose values stayed <25 mg/dL i.v. glucose treatment
concentration falls below 25 mg/dL in the first hour of was started. Below 40 mg/dL, the consulting pediatri-
life or below 40 mg/dL thereafter, additional feeding cian decided whether i.v. glucose was to be adminis-
or i.v. glucose is recommended. The target glucose to tered or feeding repeated. Further plasma glucose
be achieved is defined as 45 mg/dL. Monitoring dur- monitoring was performed every 2–3 h, before feeds.
ation should be 12 h for IDM and LGA infants, and Between 4 and 24 h of age, i.v. glucose administra-
24 h for SGA and LPT infants. tion was necessary if glucose values were twice con-
secutively below 35 mg/dL, despite repeated feeding.
Hypothesis Symptomatic infants and infants with recurrent plasma
glucose concentrations <40 mg/dL were admitted to
The purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to the neonatal ward for i.v. glucose infusion.
define the incidence of hypoglycemia in newborns Capillary blood samples were taken by nursing staff
identified as being at risk and the consequences of via heel-/finger-pricking and analyzed immediately. In
screening in respect to numbers of blood samples order to enhance comparability, all plasma glucose
taken, additional feeding or i.v. glucose administration concentrations were measured with a uniform blood
and leading to admission to the neonatal ward. gas analyzer, Bayer Contour XTV (Bayer Vital GmbH,
R

Leverkusen, Germany), using the glucose-oxidase


Materials and methods method. This device calibrates results to plasma and
displays them as plasma values. It can read hematocrit
Study design and participants values between 0 and 70% and is therefore authorized
In this observational, anonymized and retrospective for neonatal blood samples.
study, we implemented the 2011 guidelines published We defined an episode of hypoglycemia as one or
by the AAP [9]. In light of the results of a previous more consecutive plasma glucose concentrations
investigation at our institution [13], we partially rede- of less than 40 mg/dL, independently of age. The
duration of a hypoglycemic episode was defined as
fined the at-risk groups and adapted the treatment
the time from the first measured plasma glucose
regimen. We restricted the definitions for LGA and
<40 mg/dL to the first measured plasma glucose
SGA infants to infants with birth weights greater than
>40 mg/dL. Recurrent hypoglycemia was defined as a
the 97th percentile and smaller than the third percent-
further episode of hypoglycemia after successful treat-
ile. We screened all infants for 24 h or until there were
ment within 24 h. Plasma glucose concentrations
at least three glucose concentrations of 45 mg/dL.
<25 mg/dL within the first 4 h after birth and plasma
Eligible participants were recruited from all
glucose concentrations of <35 mg/dL between 4 and
infants born between 1 January 2015 and 31 January
24 h of age were classified as severe hypoglycemia.
2016 (13 months) at the Academic Hospital,
The study was approved by the local ethics com-
Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Austria. Newborns were mittee (Ethikkommission des Landes Vorarlberg, EK-2-
enrolled in the study if they were identified as being 1/2016-14).
at risk: IDM (type 1 or 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes
or impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy), LPTs
(34 þ 0/7 to 36 þ 6/7-week gestation), small (birth- Statistical analysis
weight <3rd percentile) or large (birthweight >97th Customized birth weight percentiles were calculated
percentile) for gestational age infants. Exclusion crite- using a growth calculator (www.peditools.org/fen-
ria were met if infants had to be admitted to the neo- ton2013). We calculated data using Excel 2016
natal ward because of a disease other than (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). The analysis was performed
hypoglycemia or if infants suffered from serious con- with IBM SPS Statistics 23 (IBM Corporation, Armonk,
genital malformations (e.g. congenital heart defect, North Castle, NY). Data were presented as numbers
cleft lip, and/or palate) or terminal conditions. (percentage), means (SD) or medians (range) and
THE JOURNAL OF MATERNAL-FETAL & NEONATAL MEDICINE 3

quartile. Comparisons between two groups were Six (5%) infants at-risk showed severe hypogly-
performed using the two-sample T test. We analyzed cemia: four LPT, one IDM, one IDM þ LGA (Table 1).
variables between more groups using the v2 test. Half of those severe episodes were determined within
A p value <.05 was considered statistically significant. 9.75 h (range 0.5–14) and three-quarters (Q0,75) were
measured <13 h after birth. Six (5%) infants had recur-
rent episodes: three LPT, one IDM, one IDM þ LGA,
Results
and one LPT þ SGA (Table 1).
During the study period of 13 months, 1017 infants Half of the hypoglycemic episodes occurred before
were eligible, of whom 136 (13.4%) of them were 140 min after birth (range: 41–1820 min) (Figure 1),
defined as at-risk infants and enrolled: 46 were IDM, and 26/32 (81%) were observed within the first three
51 LPT, seven LGA, 10 SGA, and two were not relat- measurements after birth. In three LPT infants, the first
able to a specific risk group due to incomplete docu- hypoglycemic episode was detected after 12 h and in
mentation. An additional 17 infants belonged to two one SGA infant after 24 h. One IDM infant had three
at-risk groups and three infants had three risk factors. episodes, of which the last one was detected
We excluded 13 infants, who were admitted to the after 12 h.
neonatal ward (LPT n ¼ 13) and four infants who had Plasma glucose values of all 119 study participants
insufficient documentation. As a result, the study within the first 12 h (60.15 ± 9.75) were significantly
population consisted of 119 out of 136 (87.5%) of the lower than those between 12 and <24 h (63.4 ± 9.1,
136 infants at risk. Recruitment was between 78 and p ¼ .0005), however not those 24 h
100% in all at-risk groups, except the group where (63.9 ± 11.2, p ¼ .6237).
newborns belonged to three risk factors (33%). Hypoglycemic infants had a significant mean lower
Of the 119 study participants, 32 (27%) infants birth weight as compared to nonhypoglycemic infants
showed 40 episodes of hypoglycemia with a total of (2758 ± 640 g versus 3168 ± 724 g, p ¼ .006) and
46 low plasma glucose readings; 17 of the affected altogether, hypoglycemic infants were of lower gesta-
infants were male and 15 were female. The incidence tional age than were nonhypoglycemic infants
was similar in all at-risk groups. Multiple risk factors (37.0 ± 1.8 versus 38.3 ± 2.0 weeks, p ¼ .003).
altered the incidence of hypoglycemia significantly. We found no significant differences in plasma glu-
Of the 102 infants with one risk factor 22 (22%) and of cose concentrations between boys and girls. Our
the 17 infants with more risk factors, 10 (59%) became results showed no further correlation between plasma
hypoglycemic (p ¼ .001) (Table 1). glucose concentration and umbilical cord pH, Apgar
Overall, three (2.5%) of the 119 babies were admit- scores at 1, 5, or 10 min and being an infant of type 1
ted to the neonatal ward for i.v. glucose treatment; or 2 diabetic mother or a mother with gestational dia-
one was noted to be jittery when hypoglycemic and betes or impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy.
two according to the protocol.
In all 119 participating newborns, the initial plasma
glucose measurement was performed at a median
Discussion
(range) age of 97 (13–699) min after birth with a In this study, we investigated the incidence of low
median (range) first plasma glucose level of 54 plasma glucose values (<40 mg/dL) in newborns at
(17–113) mg/dL. The median (range) number of taken risk, which made up 27% (32/119) of the cohort.
blood samples taken from each study participant was Implementing our protocol, only three (2.5%) out of
seven (3–23). 119 newborns at risk or three (9.5%) of 32 with a

Table 1. Demographic analysis.


All infants IDM LPT LGA SGA Multiple risk factors
Number of study participants, n 119 46 40 7 9 17
Hypoglycemia, n (%) 32 (27) 5 (11) 13 (33) 1 (14) 3 (33) 10 (59)
Severe hypoglycemia, n (%) 6 (5) 1 (2) 4 (10) 0 0 1 (6)
Recurrent hypoglycemia, n (%) 6 (5) 1 (2) 3 (8) 0 0 2 (12)
Hypoglycemic episodes, n 40 7 16 1 3 13
No. of hypoglycemic episodes per infant 1 (1–3) 1 (1–3) 1 (1–2) 1 1 1 (1–3)
Duration of hypoglycemic episodes, h 1 (0.25–6.5) 1 (1–2) 1 (0.5–6.5) 0.25 1.2 (1–1.4) 1.25 (1–3)
Mean age at first hypoglycemic episode, h 2.3 (0.6–30.3) 3.95 (1.7–6.3) 5.4 (0.7–14.0) 1.8 9.9 (1.2–30.3) 1.5 (0.6–10.6)
First hypoglycemic value, mg/dL 34 (17–39) 34.6 (31–38) 33.6 (17–37) 27 37.3 (36–39) 34.6 (29–38)
IDM: infants of diabetic mothers; LPT: late preterm; LGA: large for gestational age infants; SGA: small for gestational age infants.
Data are mean (range) and n (%).
4 J. STARK ET AL.

Figure 1. Graphic illustration of the first hypoglycemic episode in dependence on age (min), plasma glucose concentration
(mg/dL), and risk factors (IDM, LPT, LGA, SGA, multiple risk factors).

hypoglycemic episode had to be transferred to the studies are difficult to compare as the incidence of
neonatal ward for i.v. glucose treatment and further hypoglycemic episodes depends on the determined
observation. This means that the majority of hypogly- threshold as well as on the frequency of measure-
cemic infants can be treated successfully according to ments. In our cohort, neonatal hypoglycemia was
the protocol and can remain in the nursery. observed in roughly equal numbers as previously
In the present study, each participant underwent a reported [8,15,16]: 32 (27%) affected infants out of 119
mean number of 7.6 ± 2.4 blood measurements. were at risk (Table 1).
Overall, 119 infants had a total of 907 blood samples If we recalculate the data from this study with the
taken, meaning that about 20 plasma glucose meas- recommended threshold from the German [12], the
urements were necessary to detect one episode of Swiss [11], and the AAP [9] guidelines, namely
hypoglycemia. This shows a considerably improved <45 mg/dL instead of <40 mg/dL, the incidence in our
outcome as compared to our previous study [13]. cohort would rise from 27 to 43% (51/119). Harris
Although the incidence of hypoglycemia was not et al. [14] used <47 mg/dL as a threshold, which gave
affected by the reason for being at risk, infants with an incidence of 51% or exactly the same proportion as
more risk factors were more likely to become hypogly- if we had used this threshold in our patients.
cemic, which stands in contrast to the study by Harris
et al. [14].
Duration of monitoring
Current guidelines [9,10,17] recommend that IDM and
Incidence
LGA infants be screened for a shorter period of time,
Although at-risk groups are similarly defined in all namely 12 h [9,10], and LPT and SGA infants for up to
published guidelines [8–12], results from different either 24 h [9] or 36 h [10]. To simplify the handling of
THE JOURNAL OF MATERNAL-FETAL & NEONATAL MEDICINE 5

an at any rate time-consuming and complex screening Due to the lacking evidence on chosen arbitrary
process, we used the same study protocol for all blood glucose concentration, thresholds defining neo-
infants at risk and monitored them for a period natal hypoglycemia are difficult and will remain an
of 24 h. open discussion.
Nevertheless, we observed half of the hypoglycemic The 2017 published CHYLD study by McKinlay et al.
episodes within 2 h and 20 min after birth and most of [5] demonstrates the necessity to determine optimal
the episodes within the first few hours of life. screening and intervention thresholds as the poor
Following the AAP guidelines [9], our results show neurologic outcome and asymptomatic neonatal hypo-
that only two out of 40 hypoglycemic episodes would glycemia has been put into context.
have been missed. This confirms the recommendation
to discontinue the duration of monitoring depending
Summary
on the at-risk group.
In summary, our data show that the risk group for
neonatal hypoglycemia comprised 12% of all infants
Severe, recurrent, and long lasting at our nursery and hypoglycemia occurs in one-fourth
hypoglycemic episodes (27%) of this cohort of newborns. Although each
Of the hypoglycemic infants, 19% (6/32) had severe infant received an average of seven blood samples,
hypoglycemia and we observed these episodes up to the number of samples needed to detect one episode
14 h after birth. Another 19% suffered from recurrent of hypoglycemia was 20. Almost all infants with hypo-
hypoglycemic episodes. Two such infants – both LPT – glycemia, more than 80%, were able to stay at the
had severe as well as recurrent episodes. In accord- nursery due to the protocol.
ance with these results, Harris et al. [14] also showed Even though these results are in accordance with
in a comparable study of 514 newborns, that approxi- the recommendations to implement this protocol as a
mately one-fifth of the infants with hypoglycemia screening tool in newborn infants, we recommend fur-
showed severe and one-fifth recurrent low plasma ther adjustment regarding the at risk groups.
glucose concentrations.
In the present study, half of the hypoglycemic Acknowledgments
episodes lasted for 1 h and one-tenth for 3 h or even
There exists no financial support or other benefits from com-
longer. It is likely that these results are over- or
mercial sources for the work reported on this manuscript.
perhaps underestimated, since intermittent plasma
glucose monitoring, which is recommended by most
of the guidelines [9–12], is difficult and not precise. Disclosure statement
These findings may be important as severe, recur- No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
rent and long-lasting neonatal hypoglycemia has been
linked with poor neurologic outcome [5,18–22].
ORCID
Johanna Stark http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6223-7957
Limitations and implications Burkhard Simma http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6965-2125
Anya Blassnig-Ezeh http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-2375
The most important limitation of this study is the
retrospective and observational study design. Due to
the retrospective study design, unfortunately, parents
from affected neonates have not been asked for References
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Insidensi Hipoglikemi Pada Anak Baru Lahir yang
Diidentifikasi Sebagai Resiko
ABSTRAK

Latar belakang: Konsentrasi glukosa plasma rendah sementara adalah umum pada bayi baru lahir
yang sehat. Meskipun tidak ada definisi seragam dari hipoglikemia neonatal, ada konsensus dalam
literatur saat ini bahwa konsentrasi glukosa plasma harus diukur pada bayi yang berisiko.
Kelompok risiko yang diketahui untuk hipoglikemia neonatal transien termasuk bayi dari ibu
diabetik (IDM), besar (LGA) atau kecil (SGA) untuk usia kehamilan dan bayi prematur terlambat
(LPT).

Tujuan: Tujuan dari uji retrospektif ini adalah untuk menentukan kejadian hipoglikemia dan
dampak penerapan pedoman revisi 2011 sehubungan dengan pemberian makan tambahan atau i.v.
pemberian glukosa, masuk ke bangsal neonatal dan jumlah sampel darah yang diambil.

Metode: Selama periode 1 Januari 2015 hingga 31 Januari 2016, konsentrasi glukosa plasma dari
semua bayi yang berisiko ditentukan. Mereka disaring selama 24 jam atau sampai konsentrasi
glukosa plasma> 45 mg / dL pada tiga kesempatan. Hipoglikemia dulu didefinisikan sebagai
konsentrasi glukosa plasma <40 mg / dL, terlepas dari usia bayi.

Hasil: Seratus tiga puluh enam (13,6%) dari 1017 bayi baru lahir diidentifikasi sebagai pasien
berisiko, 119 (87,5%) di antaranya dilibatkan dalam evaluasi data akhir. Sepuluh peserta penelitian
memiliki lebih dari satu faktor risiko dan 32 (26,9%) bayi baru lahir (pria: wanita ¼ 1,1: 1)
memiliki total 40 episode hipoglikemik. Tiga (9,4%) dari 32 bayi baru lahir ini harus dipindahkan
ke bangsal neonatal untuk i.v. pengobatan glukosa. Jumlah rata-rata sampel darah yang diambil
adalah 7,6 ± 2,4.

Kesimpulan: Kejadian hipoglikemia pada bayi yang diteliti berisiko adalah 27%, dan 19,7 sampel
darah harus diambil untuk mendeteksi satu episode konsentrasi glukosa rendah. Hipoglikemia
neonatal dapat dikenali dan dihindari pada waktunya, yang membenarkan pembentukan protokol
pengukuran glukosa plasma standar pada bayi baru lahir yang berisiko

1
Pendahuluan untuk skrining dan manajemen hipoglikemia
pada bayi baru lahir yang berisiko. Pedoman
Hipoglikemia neonatal merupakan temuan
ini merekomendasikan pengambilan sampel
umum pada bayi baru lahir dan faktor risiko
darah pertama 30 menit setelah pemberian
yang dapat diobati untuk gangguan
pertama dan dalam 1 jam setelah melahirkan.
neurologis jangka panjang. Saat lahir, kadar
Semua pengukuran lebih lanjut harus
glukosa plasma langsung turun ke nilai
dilakukan setiap 3-4 jam tepat sebelum
terendah pada jam-jam pertama kehidupan
menyusui. Jika konsentrasi glukosa plasma
dan mencapai tingkat dewasa pada usia dua
[1,2] turun di bawah 25 mg / dL pada jam pertama
atau tiga hari . Meskipun ada hubungan
kehidupan atau di bawah 40 mg / dL
yang kuat antara hipoglikemia neonatal
setelahnya, pemberian makan tambahan atau
simptomatis yang berkepanjangan dan fungsi
[3] i.v. glukosa direkomendasikan. Target
neurokognitif jangka panjang yang buruk ,
tidak diketahui apakah anak-anak dengan glukosa yang ingin dicapai didefinisikan
sebagai 45 mg / dL. Durasi pemantauan harus
hipoglikemia yang lebih ringan dan
12 jam untuk bayi IDM dan LGA, dan 24 jam
asimptomatik menderita dari hasil
untuk bayi SGA dan LPT.
perkembangan saraf yang merugikan yang
[4,5]
terdeteksi secara klinis . Akibatnya, Hipotesa
signifikansi klinis dari konsentrasi glukosa Tujuan dari penelitian kohort
plasma rendah sementara tetap menjadi retrospektif ini adalah untuk menentukan
kontroversi yang berkelanjutan, terutama kejadian hipoglikemia pada bayi baru lahir
pada bayi baru lahir yang berisiko, seperti
yang teridentifikasi berisiko dan konsekuensi
bayi dari ibu diabetik (IDM), besar atau kecil skrining sehubungan dengan jumlah sampel
untuk bayi usia kehamilan (LGA dan SGA, darah yang diambil, pemberian makanan
masing-masing) dan preterm lanjut (LPTs) tambahan atau i.v. administrasi glukosa dan
[6,7]
. Mengikuti sejumlah besar sumber, mengarah ke rawat inap neonatal.
direkomendasikan agar bayi yang berisiko
diidentifikasi, konsentrasi glukosa plasma
yang rendah dicegah dan, jika perlu, neonatus
yang terpengaruh dirawat [8-12]

Baru-baru ini, American Academy of


[9]
Paediatrics (AAP) menerbitkan pedoman
2
Material Dan Metode Cacat jantung bawaan, bibir sumbing, dan /
atau langit-langit) atau kondisi terminal.
Desain studi dan peserta
Prosedur
Dalam penelitian observasional,
anonim dan retrospektif ini, kami Semua bayi diberi ASI atau susu
menerapkan pedoman 2011 yang formula pada jam pertama setelah kelahiran
[9]
diterbitkan oleh AAP . Mengingat hasil dan konsentrasi glukosa plasma diukur 30
penyelidikan sebelumnya di lembaga kami menit setelahnya. Jika glukosa <25 mg / dL,
[13]
, kami mendefinisikan ulang sebagian pemberian makan harus diulang segera dan
kelompok berisiko dan menyesuaikan nilai glukosa diperiksa kembali 1 jam
rejimen pengobatan. Kami membatasi kemudian. Jika nilai glukosa tetap <25 mg
definisi untuk bayi LGA dan SGA untuk / dL i.v. pengobatan glukosa dimulai. Di
bayi dengan berat lahir lebih besar dari bawah 40 mg / dL, dokter spesialis anak
persentil ke-97 dan lebih kecil dari persentil memutuskan apakah i.v. glukosa harus
ketiga. Kami memeriksa semua bayi selama diberikan atau makan berulang.
24 jam atau sampai ada setidaknya tiga Pemantauan glukosa plasma lebih lanjut
konsentrasi glukosa 45 mg / dL. Peserta dilakukan setiap 2-3 jam, sebelum
yang memenuhi syarat direkrut dari semua menyusui. Berusia antara 4 dan 24 jam,
bayi yang lahir antara 1 Januari 2015 dan yaitu pemberian glukosa diperlukan jika
31 Januari 2016 (13 bulan) di Rumah Sakit nilai glukosa dua kali berturut-turut di
Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Austria. bawah 35 mg / dL, meskipun pemberian
Bayi baru lahir terdaftar dalam penelitian makan berulang. Bayi simptomatik dan
ini jika mereka teridentifikasi berisiko: bayi dengan konsentrasi glukosa plasma
IDM (diabetes tipe 1 atau 2, diabetes berulang <40 mg / dL dirawat di bangsal
gestasional atau gangguan toleransi glukosa neonatal untuk i.v. infus glukosa. Sampel
dalam kehamilan), LPT (34 þ 0/7 hingga 36 darah kapiler diambil oleh staf perawat
þ 6/7 minggu kehamilan) , kecil (berat lahir melalui tumit-jari-tusukan dan dianalisis
<persentil ke-3) atau besar (berat lahir> segera. Untuk meningkatkan
persentil ke-97) untuk bayi usia kehamilan. keterbandingan, semua konsentrasi glukosa
Kriteria eksklusi dipenuhi jika bayi harus plasma diukur dengan penganalisa gas
dirawat di bangsal neonatal karena penyakit darah yang seragam, Bayer Contour XTVR
selain hipoglikemia atau jika bayi (Bayer Vital GmbH, Leverkusen, Jerman),
menderita cacat bawaan yang serius (mis. menggunakan metode glukosa-oksidase.
Perangkat ini mengkalibrasi hasil ke

3
plasma dan menampilkannya sebagai nilai (persentase), berarti (SD) atau median
plasma. Ia dapat membaca nilai hematokrit (kisaran) dan kuartil. Perbandingan antara
antara 0 dan 70% dan karenanya diizinkan dua kelompok dilakukan dengan
untuk sampel darah neonatal. Kami menggunakan uji T dua sampel. Kami
mendefinisikan episode hipoglikemia menganalisis variabel antara lebih banyak
sebagai satu atau lebih konsentrasi glukosa kelompok menggunakan uji v2. Nilai p
plasma berturut-turut kurang dari 40 mg / <0,05 dianggap signifikan secara statistik.
dL, terlepas dari usia. Durasi episode Hasil
hipoglikemik didefinisikan sebagai waktu
Selama periode penelitian 13 bulan,
dari glukosa plasma pertama yang diukur
1017 bayi memenuhi syarat, di antaranya
<40 mg / dL hingga glukosa plasma
136 (13,4%) dari mereka didefinisikan
pertama yang diukur> 40 mg / dL.
sebagai bayi berisiko dan terdaftar: 46
Hipoglikemia berulang didefinisikan
adalah IDM, 51 LPT, tujuh LGA, 10 SGA,
sebagai episode lebih lanjut dari
dan dua tidak berhubungan. ke kelompok
hipoglikemia setelah pengobatan yang
risiko tertentu karena dokumentasi tidak
berhasil dalam 24 jam. Konsentrasi glukosa
lengkap. 17 bayi tambahan milik dua
plasma <25 mg / dL dalam 4 jam pertama
kelompok berisiko dan tiga bayi memiliki
setelah kelahiran dan konsentrasi glukosa
tiga faktor risiko. Kami mengecualikan 13
plasma <35 mg / dL antara 4 dan 24 jam
bayi, yang dirawat di bangsal neonatal
usia diklasifikasikan sebagai hipoglikemia
(LPT n ¼ 13) dan empat bayi yang
berat. Penelitian ini disetujui oleh komite
memiliki
etika lokal (Ethikkommission des Landes
Vorarlberg, EK-2- 1 / 2016-14). dokumentasi tidak cukup.
Akibatnya, populasi penelitian terdiri dari
Analisis statistik
119 dari 136 (87,5%) dari 136 bayi yang
Persentil berat lahir khusus dapat berisiko. Rekrutmen adalah antara 78 dan
dihitung menggunakan kalkulator
100% pada semua kelompok berisiko,
pertumbuhan kecuali kelompok di mana bayi baru lahir
(www.peditools.org/fenton2013). Kami termasuk dalam tiga faktor risiko (33%).
menghitung data menggunakan Excel 2016 Dari 119 peserta penelitian, 32 (27%) bayi
(Microsoft, Redmond, WA). Analisis menunjukkan 40 episode hipoglikemia
dilakukan dengan IBM SPS Statistics 23 dengan total 46 pembacaan glukosa plasma
(IBM Corporation, Armonk, North Castle,
yang rendah; 17 dari bayi yang terkena
NY). Data disajikan sebagai angka adalah laki-laki dan 15 adalah perempuan.

4
Kejadiannya serupa pada semua kelompok (81%) diamati dalam tiga pengukuran
berisiko. Berbagai faktor risiko mengubah pertama setelah lahir. Pada tiga bayi LPT,
kejadian hipoglikemia secara signifikan. episode hipoglikemik pertama terdeteksi
Dari 102 bayi dengan satu faktor risiko 22 setelah 12 jam dan masuk satu bayi SGA
(22%) dan dari 17 bayi dengan lebih setelah 24 jam. Satu bayi IDM memiliki
banyak faktor risiko, 10 (59%) menjadi tiga episode, yang mana yang terakhir
hipoglikemik (p = 0,001) (Tabel 1). Secara terdeteksi setelah 12 jam.
keseluruhan, tiga (2,5%) dari 119 bayi Nilai glukosa plasma dari semua
dirawat di bangsal neonatal untuk i.v. 119 peserta penelitian dalam 12 jam
pengobatan glukosa; satu tercatat gelisah pertama (60,15 ± 9,75) secara signifikan
ketika hipoglikemik dan dua menurut lebih rendah dibandingkan antara 12 dan
protokol. Dalam semua 119 bayi baru lahir <24 jam (63,4 ± 9,1, p ¼ .0005), namun
yang berpartisipasi, pengukuran glukosa tidak 24 jam (63,9 ± 11,2, p ¼ .6237). Bayi
plasma awal dilakukan pada median hipoglikemik memiliki berat lahir rata-rata
(kisaran) usia 97 (13-699) menit setelah yang lebih rendah secara signifikan
lahir dengan median (kisaran) kadar dibandingkan dengan bayi yang tidak
glukosa plasma pertama 54 (17-113) mg / hipoglikemik (2758 ± 640 g versus 3168 ±
dL . Median (kisaran) jumlah sampel darah 724 g, p = 0,006) dan secara keseluruhan,
yang diambil yang diambil dari masing- bayi hipoglikemik memiliki usia kehamilan
masing peserta penelitian adalah tujuh (3– lebih rendah daripada bayi non
23). hipoglikemik (37,0 ± 1,8 berbanding 38,3 ±
Enam (5%) bayi berisiko 2,0 minggu, p ¼ .003).
menunjukkan hipoglikemia berat: empat Kami tidak menemukan perbedaan
LPT, satu IDM, satu IDM þ LGA (Tabel 1). yang signifikan dalam konsentrasi glukosa
Setengah dari episode parah ditentukan plasma antara anak laki-laki dan
dalam 9,75 jam (kisaran 0,5-14) dan tiga
perempuan. Hasil kami menunjukkan tidak
perempat (Q0,75) diukur <13 jam setelah ada korelasi lebih lanjut antara konsentrasi
lahir. Enam (5%) bayi memiliki episode glukosa plasma dan pH tali pusat, skor
berulang: tiga LPT, satu IDM, satu IDM þ Apgar pada 1, 5, atau 10 menit dan menjadi
LGA, dan satu LPT þ SGA (Tabel 1).
Setengah dari episode hipoglikemik terjadi
sebelum 140 menit setelah lahir (kisaran:
41-1820 menit) (Gambar 1), dan 26/32

5
bayi dari ibu diabetes tipe 1 atau 2 atau ibu jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan
[13]
dengan diabetes kehamilan atau gangguan penelitian kami sebelumnya . Meskipun
toleransi glukosa dalam kehamilan. kejadian hipoglikemia tidak dipengaruhi
oleh alasan untuk berisiko, bayi dengan
Diskusi
lebih banyak faktor risiko lebih cenderung
Dalam penelitian ini, kami
menjadi hipoglikemik, yang berbeda
menyelidiki insiden nilai glukosa plasma
dengan penelitian oleh Harris dkk. [14]
rendah (<40 mg / dL) pada bayi baru lahir
yang berisiko, yang merupakan 27% Insidensi

(32/119) dari kohort. Menerapkan protokol Meskipun kelompok berisiko


kami, hanya tiga (2,5%) dari 119 bayi baru didefinisikan dengan cara yang sama dalam
lahir yang berisiko atau tiga (9,5%) dari 32 semua pedoman yang diterbitkan [8-12], hasil
dengan episode hipoglikemik harus dari berbagai penelitian sulit untuk
dipindahkan ke bangsal neonatal untuk i.v. dibandingkan karena kejadian episode
pengobatan glukosa dan observasi lebih hipoglikemik tergantung pada ambang
lanjut. Ini berarti bahwa mayoritas bayi batas yang ditentukan serta pada frekuensi
hipoglikemik dapat diobati dengan sukses pengukuran. Dalam kohort kami,
sesuai dengan protokol dan dapat tetap hipoglikemia neonatal diamati dalam
berada di kamar bayi. jumlah yang kira-kira sama seperti yang
[8,15,16]
Dalam penelitian ini, setiap peserta dilaporkan sebelumnya : 32 (27%)
bayi yang terkena dari 119 yang berisiko
menjalani jumlah rata-rata 7,6 ± 2,4
(Tabel 1). Jika kita menghitung ulang data
pengukuran darah. Secara keseluruhan, 119
dari penelitian ini dengan ambang yang
bayi memiliki total 907 sampel darah
diambil, yang berarti bahwa sekitar 20
pengukuran glukosa plasma diperlukan
untuk mendeteksi satu episode
hipoglikemia. Ini menunjukkan hasil yang

6
[12] [10]
direkomendasikan dari Jerman , Swiss . Untuk menyederhanakan penanganan
[11] [9]
, dan pedoman AAP , yaitu <45 mg / pada setiap proses penyaringan yang
dL bukan <40 mg / dL, kejadian di kohort memakan waktu dan rumit, kami
kami akan meningkat dari 27 menjadi 43% menggunakan protokol penelitian yang
(51/119). Harris dkk [14] menggunakan <47 sama untuk semua bayi yang berisiko dan
mg / dL sebagai ambang batas, yang memantaunya selama 24 jam. Namun
memberikan insiden 51% atau proporsi demikian, kami mengamati setengah dari
yang sama persis seperti jika kami telah episode hipoglikemik dalam 2 jam dan 20
menggunakan ambang batas ini pada pasien menit setelah kelahiran dan sebagian besar
kami. episode dalam beberapa jam pertama
[9]
kehidupan. Mengikuti pedoman AAP ,
Durasi pemantauan
hasil kami menunjukkan bahwa hanya dua
[9,10,17]
Pedoman saat ini
dari 40 episode hipoglikemik yang
merekomendasikan agar bayi IDM dan
terlewatkan. Ini mengkonfirmasi
LGA diskrining untuk periode waktu yang
rekomendasi untuk menghentikan durasi
[9,10]
lebih singkat, yaitu 12 jam , dan bayi
pemantauan tergantung pada kelompok
LPT dan SGA hingga 24 jam [9] atau 36 jam
berisiko.

7
Episode hipoglikemik berat, berulang, desain penelitian retrospektif, sayangnya,
dan lama orang tua dari neonatus yang terkena belum
diminta otorisasi untuk menyelidiki hasil
Dari bayi hipoglikemik, 19% (6/32)
neurologis setelah waktu yang ditentukan.
memiliki hipoglikemia berat dan kami
Selain itu, populasi penelitian kecil hanya
mengamati episode ini hingga 14 jam
memiliki signifikansi yang terbatas.
setelah lahir. 19% lainnya menderita
Membandingkan tingkat deteksi dan
episode hipoglikemik berulang. Dua bayi
jumlah neonatus yang teridentifikasi
tersebut - keduanya LPT - memiliki episode
berisiko, masih terlalu banyak pengukuran
yang parah dan berulang. Sesuai dengan
glukosa darah. Untuk jaminan kualitas
hasil ini, Harris dkk. [14] juga menunjukkan
lebih lanjut, kelompok berisiko harus
dalam studi yang sebanding dari 514 bayi
disesuaikan kembali sesuai dengan
baru lahir, bahwa sekitar seperlima dari
bayi dengan hipoglikemia menunjukkan hasilnya. Karena kurangnya bukti pada
konsentrasi glukosa darah yang dipilih
konsentrasi glukosa plasma rendah yang
sewenang-wenang, ambang batas yang
parah dan seperlima berulang.
mendefinisikan hipoglikemia neonatal sulit
Dalam penelitian ini, setengah dari
dan akan tetap menjadi diskusi terbuka.
episode hipoglikemik berlangsung selama 1
Studi CHYLD tahun 2017 yang diterbitkan
jam dan sepersepuluh selama 3 jam atau [5]
oleh McKinlay dkk. menunjukkan
bahkan lebih lama. Sangat mungkin bahwa
perlunya menentukan yang optimal batas
hasil ini berlebihan atau mungkin terlalu
skrining dan intervensi sebagai hasil
rendah, karena pemantauan glukosa plasma
neurologis yang buruk dan hipoglikemia
intermiten, yang direkomendasikan oleh
neonatal tanpa gejala telah dimasukkan ke
[9-12]
sebagian besar pedoman , sulit dan
dalam konteks.
tidak tepat. Temuan ini mungkin penting
Ringkasan
karena hipoglikemia neonatal yang berat,
berulang dan berlangsung lama telah Singkatnya, data kami
dikaitkan dengan hasil neurologis yang menunjukkan bahwa kelompok risiko
buruk [5,18-22] untuk hipoglikemia neonatal terdiri 12%
dari semua bayi di kamar bayi kami dan
Keterbatasan dan implikasi
hipoglikemia terjadi pada seperempat
Keterbatasan yang paling penting
(27%) dari kohort bayi baru lahir ini.
dari penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian
Meskipun setiap bayi menerima rata-rata
retrospektif dan observasional. Karena
tujuh sampel darah, jumlah sampel yang

8
diperlukan untuk mendeteksi satu episode
hipoglikemia adalah 20. Hampir semua
bayi dengan hipoglikemia, lebih dari 80%,
mampu tinggal di kamar bayi karena
protokol.

Meskipun hasil ini sesuai dengan


rekomendasi untuk menerapkan protokol
ini sebagai alat skrining pada bayi baru
lahir, kami merekomendasikan
penyesuaian lebih lanjut mengenai
kelompok berisiko.

9
Journal Reading

INSIDENSI HIPOGLIKEMI PADA ANAK BARU


LAHIR YANG DIIDENTIFIKASI SEBAGAI
RESIKO

Oleh :

Muhammad Fadhil 1840312412

Preseptor:
dr. Rusdi, SpA(K)

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS


BAGIAN IlMU KESEHATAN ANAK
RUSP DR. M. DJAMIL PADANG
2019

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