Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 11th 2017

30-June-2017

Classes from

11 July
 Table of Contests Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017

3 GLOBAL ISSUES 15 News Stream (CNN Host: Kristie

3 Terrorism Is An Elusive Concept Lu Stout)
Under International Law 20 Fareed Zakaria Gps (CNN Host: 40 URDU REPORTS &
4 Paris Climate Agreement: What Fareed Zakaria) TRANSCRIPTS 0f PROGRAMS
You Need To Know 25 Upfront Special: Is It Over For 40 JIRGA BY SALEEM SAAFI
Isil? (Aljazeera Host: Hassan 41 muhajireen Ki Barhti Hui Ta’dad
6 PAKISTAN’S EXTERNAL Mehdi) (Special Reports By Nida-E-Millat)
AFFAIRS 26 World Right Now With Hala
6 Pak-Afghan Relations: The Gorani (CNN Host: Hala Gorani) 42 WEEKLY INTERNATIONAL
Durand Line Issue
NEWS HIGHLIGHTS
11 PAKISTAN’S DOMESTIC 28 RESEARCH ARTICLES FOR 52 Cnbc Interview 0f Ali Shareef Al
AFFAIRS CSS ESSAY TOPICS Emadi Qatar Minister 0f Finance
11 The Dictator (Story Of Zia 28. The Concept 0f Human Rights
Regime) Author(S): Alison Dundes Renteln 49 BOOK REVIEWS
• The Retreat 0f Western Liberalism By
12 Use 0f Internet And Banned Edward Luce
Outfits In Pakistan 35 SOLVED PAST PAPERS • The Fate 0f The West By Bill Emmott
13 WEEKLY CURRENT 35 Solved Mcqs 0f Css Compulsory
AFFAIRS MCQS (20TH JUNE— Papers 2010
30TH JUNE) 37 Pms General Knowledge Paper 2005
38 Fpsc Assistant Director Federal
Government Organization (Intelligence
Bureau) Paper 2003
15 TRANSCRIPTS 0f TALK 39 Fpsc Paper 2013 For Inspector Asf
SHOWS (Airport Security Force)

Editorial
Current issue 0f the “Weekly Analysis” critically analyzes dominantly prevailing global issues like how terrorism is an elusive
concept under international law. Similarly, another global issue involved is the nature 0f “Paris Accord on Climate change” and
its importance for the world. Likewise, sections 0f Pakistan’s domestic and external affairs cover critical evaluation 0f “Durand
Line issue” and its role in history 0f Pak-Afghan relations, impacts 0f Zia regime on Pakistani society especially middle class and
use 0f internet and banned outfits in Pakistan.
Along with current affairs i.e. global issues, and Pakistan’s external and domestic affairs, weekly current affairs MCQs, transcripts
0f week’s best talk shows, research articles for CSS essay debating over pros and cons 0f War and solved past papers conducted by
FPSC and PPSC are also essential part 0f the ‘Weekly Analysis’ so that readers and candidates 0f competitive exams may enrich
their knowledge in order to succeed in achieving their academic and professional goals.

Mian Waqas Haider Patron-in-Chief

(Lecturer, GC University, Lahore) DR. SOBIA TAHIR
0345-4740019 Chairperson, Department of Philosophy
Mianwhaider@gmail.com & Interdisciplinary Studies
Government College University, Lahore

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0301-4361716 Rehman, Aisha Yousaf, & Javairia Naeem,
Kamishka Iftikhar

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 Global Issues
Global Issues
TERRORISM IS AN ELUSIVE
CONCEPT UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW.
O
ne must fully appreciate a
legitimate freedom movement,
but one also needs to
distinguish such movements from
terrorism. While terrorism is adequately
defined under domestic legislation it is
an elusive concept under international
law, where it is often invoked by states
as a pretext for advancing their own
strategic interests.
At the international level, therefore, the
terrorism narrative is primarily
controlled by states, where
disproportionate civilian harm by a
state’s use 0f lethal force can be justified
based on military necessity or collateral
damage. Some countries also misuse this
space to arbitrarily redefine civilians as
terrorists, combatants and fighters in
line with their own strategic or political
goals.
This ambiguity over what constitutes
terrorism under international law has
impacted the latter’s development,
despite the fact that specialised
monitoring bodies such as the United
Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee
exist and countless General Assembly
and Security Council resolutions
sanctioning international terrorism
have been passed.
There are currently 16 international
counterterrorism legal treaties in effect,
but all 0f them fail to define the entire
ambit 0f terrorism. They deal, instead,
with specific aspects 0f terrorism, such
as financing, bombings, offences against
diplomats, aerial hijackings, nuclear
sabotage, etc. Significantly, the
International Criminal Court lacks the
authority to punish acts 0f international
terrorism, as the Rome Statute failed to
mention it as a discrete offence, due
largely to the lack 0f a concrete and
globally accepted definition 0f terrorism
by states.
For similar reasons, a draft version 0f a
comprehensive UN Convention on
International Terrorism, which its Ad
Hoc Committee on Terrorism has been
working on since 2000, has yet to be
finalised. During this period, member
states have been unable to successfully
negotiate this instrument, despite the
fact that comprehensive and enforceable
UN Conventions exist on the issues 0f
torture and corruption.
Indeed, there has been historical
disagreement in the UN over how
exactly to define international
terrorism. While some states have
argued that acts against prohibited
targets should be defined as terrorism,
others have argued that the underlying
purpose 0f the action(s) taken is the
crucial determinant, identified by
examining the characteristics and
motives 0f the perpetrators.
Conversely, the right 0f self-
determination has historically been well
established under international law. It
was first recognised under Article 1(2)
and Article 55 0f the UN Charter and
was clearly affirmed under the UN
General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)
(1960), known as the Declaration on
Granting Independence to Colonial
Countries and People as well as under
G.A. Res. 2625(XXV) (1970), known as
the Declaration on Principles 0f
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
International Law concerning Friendly
Relations and Cooperation among
States. Both 0f these resolutions are now
considered binding customary
international law.
Significantly, Article 1(1) 0f both the
International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights state that “[a]ll peoples
have the right 0f self-determination. By
virtue 0f that right they freely determine
their political status and freely pursue
their economic, social and cultural
development.”
In the specific case 0f Kashmir,
numerous UN resolutions affirm this
inherent right 0f the Kashmiri people. In
1989, the UN passed a resolution that no
terrorist activity could be justified even
if it was committed during a freedom
struggle. Nonetheless, political
resistance — and even armed struggle —
is a completely legal action under
international law if required for
realising the right 0f self-determination,
and when compliant with the law 0f war
and occupation, because they clearly do
not equate with any form 0f
international terrorism.
It is blatantly clear that non-state actors
such as the militant Islamic State group
and the Taliban, who butcher civilians
and make them the primary objects 0f
their attacks in the name 0f their
political and religious objectives, are
committing acts 0f terrorism and pose a
serious threat to international peace and
security. This, however, should not
discount the fact that recognised
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 Global Issues
‘peoples’ like the Kashmiris and
Palestinians, who have a vested right 0f
self-determination under international
law and who continue to live under
belligerent occupation, cannot respond
through civil and political disobedience;
they even use legitimate force as a last
resort — the equivalent 0f the right to
self-defence that sovereign states enjoy
under international law.
PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT:
WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
P
resident Donald Trump
announced in June 2017 that
the United States will withdraw from
the Paris Climate Agreement.
Below is a look at the accord and what a
withdrawal would mean.
What is the Paris Climate
Agreement?
Nearly 200 nations, including the
United States under President Barack
Obama's administration, agreed in 2015
to voluntarily reduce their greenhouse
gas emissions in an effort to combat
climate change.
The countries each set their own
emissions targets, though these goals
are not legally binding.
A priority "is to strengthen the global
response to the threat 0f climate change
keeping a global temperature rise this
century well below 2 degrees Celsius
above pre-industrial levels and to
pursue efforts to limit the temperature
increase even further to 1.5 degrees
Celsius," according to the United
Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Developed nations are also
supposed to offer financial aid to
developing ones so they can move
toward cleaner energy sources, NBC
News reported.
What did the United States
pledge?
The U.S. pledged to lower its annual
greenhouse gas emissions in 2025
by 26 to 28 percent below 2005
levels, which would be a reduction
0f about 1.6 billion tons 0f annual
emissions.
The U.S. is the world's second-
largest emitter 0f carbon, while
China takes the top spot. Beijing,
however, has reaffirmed its
Pakistan’s role in this regard is also
significant: it must clearly distinguish
terrorism from the Kashmiri freedom
movement at the UN, and must
supplement this struggle by aggressively
raising the Kashmir issue at all viable
multilateral forums, legal or otherwise.
This is critical given the fact that India
has shown that it is more than willing to
work outside the bilateral ambit 0f the
commitment to meeting its targets
under the Paris accord, recently
canceling construction 0f about 100
coal-fired power plants and investing
billions in massive wind and solar
projects.
The Obama administration pledged as
much as $3 billion to less wealthy
nations by 2020, with the U.S. giving $1
billion, the New York Times reportedon
Wednesday.
Who hasn't signed the accord?
Nicaragua and Syria. They are the two
holdouts in the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change, which includes a total 0f 197
countries, Reuters reported.
What has been Trump's stance?
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Shimla Agreement when it suits its
purposes. The recent decision by India to
take Pakistan to the ICJ is a clear
example 0f India’s geostrategic policy.
The writer is former legal adviser to the
Ministry 0f Foreign Affairs, and law
faculty at Lums.
Published in Dawn, June 26th, 2017
Trump claimed before taking office that
climate change was a "hoax" created by
the Chinese to hurt the U.S. economy.
The assertion stands in defiance 0f
broad scientific consensus.
During his overseas trip in May,
European leaders pressed Trump to
keep the U.S. in the landmark
agreement. While at the G-7 Summit in
Taormina, Italy, Trump declined to join
fellow G-7 members Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan and the United
Kingdom in their pledge to uphold it.
How will a withdrawal happen?
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Administrator Scott Pruitt is part
0f a small team working out
withdrawal details, Axios reported on
Wednesday.
Who supported leaving the deal?
Pruitt and Trump's chief strategist Steve
Bannon supported an exit.
"It's a bad deal for America," Pruitt
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 Global Issues
told Fox and Friends in April.
Jared Kushner, the president's senior
adviser and son-in-law, generally
thinks the climate deal is bad, according
to the AP, but would like to find a way
to see if the U.S. emissions targets can
be changed.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch
McConnell, R-Ky., and 21 other
Republican senators sent Trump a letter
last week urging him to follow through
on his campaign pledge to pull out 0f
the climate accord.
Most 0f the senators who signed are
from states that depend on the
continued burning 0f coal, oil and gas.
"We applaud you for your ongoing
efforts to reduce overregulation in
America," the letter was quoted by
the New York Times as saying.
Twelve House Republicans have also
signed a letter which encouraged
leaving the deal, according to the
newspaper.
What has the response been to
withdrawal from the U.S.?
Trump is "choosing to put American
jobs and American consumers first"
with his announcement that the U.S.
will withdraw, Vice President Mike
Pence said
He praised Trump's leadership and said
Trump is "is choosing to put the
forgotten men and women 0f America
first." Abandoning the pact was one 0f
Trump's principal campaign pledges.
"Even in the absence 0f American
leadership; even as this Administration
joins a small handful 0f nations that
reject the future; I'm confident that our
states, cities, and businesses will step up
and do even more to lead the way, and
help protect for future generations the
one planet we've got," Obama said in a
statement on Thursday.
"Even in the absence 0f American
leadership; even as this Administration
joins a small handful 0f nations that
reject the future; I'm confident that our
states, cities, and businesses will step up
and do even more to lead the way, and
help protect for future generations the
one planet we've got," Obama said in a
statement on Thursday.
Five Nordic countries had written
Trump a last-minute letter which urged
him to "make the right decision" and
keep America signed onto the Paris
climate accord.
The leaders 0f Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Norway and Sweden said the
2015 Paris Agreement to reduce global
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
warming was a commitment "to our
children."
Before Trump's announcement, House
Democratic leader, Rep. Nancy Pelosi 0f
California, on Wednesday called the
president's expected decision "a
stunning abdication 0f American
leadership and a grave threat to our
planet's future."
The agreement "honors our collective
moral responsibility to leave future
generations with a planet that is clean,
healthy and sustainable," she said.
On Wednesday, the U.N.'s main Twitter
page quoted Secretary-General Antonio
Guterres as saying, "Climate change is
undeniable. Climate change is
unstoppable. Climate solutions provide
opportunities that are unmatchable."
The European Union and China will
reaffirm their commitment to the Paris
climate change accord this week
regardless 0f whether Trump pulls out
0f the pact, a senior European Union
official said. The EU and China are
expected to "spell out" how they plan to
meet their commitments to the accord at
talks in Brussels
.

Pakistan’s External Affairs

PAK-AFGHAN RELATIONS: THE DURAND LINE ISSUE

acceptability 0f the Durand Line agreement, signed between

Abstract British India and Afghanistan in 1893. The roots 0f the issue,

T
he Durand Line remains a contentious issue in Pak-
Afghan relations, since the birth 0f Pakistan in 1947.
The people and various governments 0f Afghanistan
have raised, from time to time, a number 0f questions on the
besides other factors, however, lie in lack 0f proper
information and misunderstanding 0f related documents.
Historical documents signed, ratified and endorsed by
successive Afghan regimes negate the claim that validity 0f
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 Pakistan’s External Affairs
agreement has expired. Research also proves the view 0f the
Line being an imposed border as dubious. International law
does not support the stand that the agreement is not
enforceable in post-British period. Promoting better
understanding 0f the issue among Afghan government, civil
society and people may lay the foundation 0f warm relations
between the two countries that both need. Pakistan
government should also try to address the genuine
apprehensions 0f Afghan brethren.
Afghanistan’s stability is, to a considerable extent, correlated
with the nature 0f its relations with neighboring Pakistan.
Afghanistan and its foreign allies are fully conscious 0f the fact
that, without sincere and multidimensional cooperation from
Pakistan, eradicating the Taliban and al-Qaeda from the
region would be unimaginable. On many occasions, the
Afghan leadership has accused its neighbor 0f harboring the
Taliban resistance; and encouraged the international
community to participate wholeheartedly in eliminating the
roots 0f terror in Pakistan. Each time Pakistan has responded
by rejecting the Afghan accusations. Khurshid Ahmad Kasuri,
Pakistan’s minister 0f foreign affairs, has pointedly asked his
Afghani counterpart, Dr. Spanta, about the reasons for the
accusations, saying: “Could you please figure out Pakistan’s
interest in deliberately destabilizing your country?” Since this
meeting with Dr. Spanta, Mr. Kasuri has referred to the
exchange at numerous international forums, as if his asking
the question simply ended the argument. In fact, the question
whether Pakistan has any motive in destabilizing Afghanistan,
in the current scenario or otherwise, is a serious and
important point that could be discussed in depth in terms 0f the
advantages and disadvantages for Pakistan 0f continued
instability in Afghanistan.
What is very clear is that relations between the two states have
been tinged with hostility ever since Pakistan became an
independent state in 1947. There are mainly two interrelated,
historical reasons for this: the problem 0f the “Durand Line” —
the shared but disputed border 0f the two countries; and
Afghan support for the “Pakhtoonistan” movement in
Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province (NWFP).
During the initial decades after Pakistan’s creation, the
Pakhtoonistan issue was the mainframe 0f Afghan foreign
policy. Indeed, many scholars hold that its fanatic support for
the Pakhtoonistan movement in Pakistan caused Afghanistan’s
economic and political dependence on the Union 0f Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR) in the 1950s-1980s, resulting in its
invasion in 1979.
In recent years, whenever the Durand issue has been raised,
the administration 0f Afghan President Karzai has avoided
comment, favoring a resolution 0f the issue through
parliament. President Hamid Karzai, in an interview to Radio
Liberty, has said that “The Afghan nation, and not Hamid
Karzai, would have to decide the issue 0f Durand Line.” In this
manner, Afghanistan successfully avoids reigniting a historical
conflict with Pakistan, while withholding acceptance 0f the
Durand Line as a valid international border. Notably,
referring the Durand Line issue to the Afghan parliament does
not guarantee a peaceful solution to the conflict. In 1949, the
Afghan parliament issued a resolution condemning the
covenants signed by Afghanistan and British India and
declaring the Durand Line a bogus and fictitious border.
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Although the country’s conditions have changed considerably
since then, it remains uncertain how the parliament would
view the issue today. It does seem, however, that,
notwithstanding the 1949 resolution by its parliament, the
Afghan government regards the Durand Line conflict as
unsolved: why else would Mr. Karzai refer it to the parliament
a second time?
According to some experts, continuing misapprehensions
about the Durand Line count amongst the issues that could
complicate dealings further in the already unfriendly and
mistrustful environment that characterizing the war on terror.
A major reason for the continuation 0f this conflict is the
ignorance and unawareness 0f some leaders as well as the
masses 0f both countries about the general aspects 0f the
original Durand Line agreement. Since this border conflict is a
very sensitive issue, it has not been discussed in full detail.
Although various governmental archives exist in Pakistan that
might shed light on it, including with the Ministry 0f Foreign
Affairs, many are classified; thus, much 0f the existing
information is inaccessible, even to researchers. The Afghan
constitution safeguards the right 0f access to information for
all its citizens. It, however, puts the condition that national
security and citizens’ rights are protected.
Another factor protracting the confusion regarding the
Durand line is the biased attitude 0f Afghan and Pakistani
writers on the subject, who tend to defend the stands 0f their
respective governments. These defensive stances, and the aims
0f proving predetermined results and conclusions, have
compelled writers to use secondary or tertiary documents and
resources in their research. It is rare to find any research
paper based on primary resources. In some cases, writers even
resort to presenting false information to prove their point 0f
view.
This article aims to facilitate understanding 0f the Durand
Line conflict in the light 0f primary sources related to the issue.
It focuses on the four key objections that Afghanistan has
historically raised against the Durand Line, i.e. that its validity
period has expired; that the agreements pertaining to it
collapsed when the British transferred powers to Pakistan;
that the agreements were forcibly imposed upon Afghanistan;
and that it is morally unjustifiable. It is hoped that this effort
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 Pakistan’s External Affairs
will help, in however a small way, in the building 0f
understanding and friendship between the two neighboring,
and culturally tied, countries.
The Validity Period 0f the Durand Line has Expired
The majority 0f the Afghan population upholds the belief that
the Durand Line agreement signed by British Foreign Minister
for India Sir Henry Mortimer Durand and Afghanistan’s King
Abdur Rahman Khan was meant to be valid only for 100 years
from the date 0f endorsement. If this were true, it would mean
that the agreement ended in 1993. This presumption is so
deeply engraved in the political psyche 0f the Afghan masses
that even some 0f the eminent figures in Afghan politics have
been unable to deny it. Nevertheless, neither the Afghan
government, nor the most active proponents 0f this view have
ever presented any overt instrument proving their claim. Nor
do we find, upon examining the relevant documents, i.e. the
Durand Line agreement and the rest 0f the documents ratified
until 1896 by the respective councils for determination and
demarcation 0f the British-Afghan border, any provision
restricting the term 0f the agreement to 100 years. It is indeed
a mystery how this opinion could spread across the country
without being questioned at all.
What is true, however, is that the validity 0f the Durand Line
agreement was initially restricted to the lifetimes 0f the
Afghan rulers who ratified it.
In this respect, the initial period 0f its validity was even
shorter than a hundred years.
(Afghan Amir Khan Abdul Rahman & Britisher Sir Mortimer Durand)
This restriction validity is not expressed in any provision 0f the
agreement. However, it is mentioned in some historical
instruments related to the Afghan-British relationship. These
tell us that, after the death 0f King Abdur Rahman Khan, the
British Viceroy Lord Curzon invited his son and successor,
King Habibullah Khan, to pay a visit to India and discuss
matters 0f bilateral interest with the British Indian authorities.
At that time, “bilateral interest” revolved around the existing
agreements between Afghanistan and India, specifically, the
issue 0f borders’ demarcation.
King Habibullah Khan was unwilling to undertake such a visit.
He said that his visit to British India is not required because he
was aware 0f the agreements ratified by his father [King
Abdur Rahman Khan] and would enforce these agreements.
The British India considered his response as unsatisfactory.
The Viceroy stressed the necessity 0f Habibullah Khan’s visit to
India, stating that the first ratification 0f the agreement was
restricted to the person 0f Abdur Rahman Khan, and the newly
enthroned king had to renew the agreement in order for it to
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
be enforceable. Thus, the British Indian authorities’ position
was that the Durand Line agreement was enforceable only
during Abdur Rahman Khan’s life and that the document had
lost its value after his death.
Subsequently, in order to compel the new Afghan king to pay
the visit, British India refused to fulfill the obligations created
by the Durand Line agreement, i.e. pay a sum 0f 1.8 million
rupees in Afghan aid and allow transit 0f military equipment
through Indian territory. Although King Habibullah Khan still
declined the invitation, he promised to welcome Sir Louis W.
Dane, the British Minister for India, on his visit to Kabul to
discuss matters 0f bilateral interest.
Sir Louis Dane arrived in Kabul in late 1904 with the draft 0f a
new agreement between the two states. King Habibullah
presented his own version 0f the agreement, which affirmed
and extended the previous agreements. Consequently, [lengthy
discussion on contents 0f the agreement] an agreement,
popularly known as the “Dane-Habibullah agreement,” was
signed between the two states on March 21, 1905. In it, the
British government agreed to resume the release 0f 1.8 million
rupees in aid, including the previous installments that had
been withheld, and permitted the transit 0f military equipment
to Afghanistan through India. Afghanistan’s commitment was
expressed in the following manner:
“His said Majesty [Habibullah Khan] does hereby agree to this
that, in the principles and in the matters 0f subsidiary
importance 0f the treaty regarding internal and external
affairs and 0f the engagements which His Highness, my late
father, …concluded and acted upon with the Exalted British
Government, I also have acted, am acting and will act upon the
same (Durand Line) agreement and compact, and I will not
contravene them in any dealings or in any promise.”
Thus, the Durand Line agreement, after losing its validity at
the death 0f King Abdur Rahman Khan, retrieved it in 1905
and continued to be operative until the third Anglo-Afghan
War in 1919.
Following the 1919 Anglo-Afghan war, a peace delegation
headed by Interior Minister Ali Ahmad Khan visited
Rawalpindi and signed a “peace agreement between Great
Britain and Afghanistan” on August 8, 1919. Through this
treaty, Great Britain recognized the independence 0f
Afghanistan — nevertheless, they called him the encroacher —
and some 0f the existing agreements, including payment 0f aid
to Afghanistan and the right 0f transit for military equipments
between the two states, were declared null and void. The
validity 0f the Durand Line, however, was protected through
article 5 0f the treaty, which stated:
“The Afghan Government accepts the Indo-Afghan frontier
accepted by the late Emir [Habibullah Khan].”
Thus, for the first time, recognition 0f the Durand Line by the
two states as an international border between Afghanistan
and British India was set free 0f any personal undertaking by
the kings, and both states agreed to it as a permanent border
between them.
However, the Rawalpindi agreement, as its title suggests, was
primarily intended for commencing peaceful ties between the
two states. Article 4 0f the agreement provided that if
Afghanistan acted in good faith, then, after a probation period
0f six months, Britain would send another delegation to
Afghanistan to negotiate the establishment 0f friendly political
6
 Pakistan’s External Affairs
relations on stronger foundations. Negotiations commenced
again and Sir Henry R. C. Dobbs visited Kabul in January 1921
as a special British envoy to Afghanistan. Eventually, another
agreement, titled “Agreement for establishment 0f friendly
commercial relations between Afghanistan and Great Britain,”
also called the Kabul Agreement, was concluded and signed by
Sir Dobbs and by Mahmood Tarzai, representing the
Government 0f Afghanistan, on November 22, 1921. The
ratified instruments were exchanged in a meeting convened in
Kabul on February 6, 1922 between representatives 0f both
states.
The Kabul Agreement 0f 1921 superseded the Rawalpindi
agreement 0f 1919, but recognized the Durand Line as an
international border 0f Afghanistan. It stated, in article 2:
“Respective parties recognize Indian-Afghan border as was
recognized by article 8 0f Rawalpindi agreement 1919”.
Article 14 0f the 1921 agreement rendered it liable to unilateral
renunciation by either 0f the parties anytime after the expiry
0f three years from the date 0f its ratification. However, the
Government 0f King Amanullah did not notify its annulment.
Moreover, the successor government 0f King Nadir Khan
exchanged a diplomatic instrument with the British
government on July 6, 1930. Paragraph II 0f this instrument
read as follows:
“In response [to your notification], I am proud to officially
confess that our position about both the agreements
[agreement 0f 1919 and trade agreement 0f June 1923] enjoy
complete validity and are enforceable with full force”.
According to some scholars, recognition 0f the international
border between Afghanistan and British India was co-related
with the independence 0f Afghanistan, which King Amanullah
Khan intended to secure by any means.
It is worth mentioning that a letter 0f Special Representative
0f Great Britain addressed to the Afghan foreign minister is
annexed to the original 1921 agreement which implies that
Afghan interest in the tribal situation across the Durand Line
is natural. Some scholars believe that the letter, at the very
least, provided an excuse for King Amanullah Khan to interfere
in across-border affairs.
It may be concluded that the period 0f the Durand Line
agreement was initially much shorter than a hundred years,
and that it was, however, extended, at least once by King
Habibullah Khan, twice by King Amanullah Khan, and once by
King Muhammad Nadir Khan. These extensions liberated the
agreement from any limitation to the life or throne 0f any king
and thus granted it permanence.
The Durand Line is an Imposed Border
A second major objection 0f the Afghan masses and some
scholars to the Durand Line is that it was imposed on the
country. Being an imposed agreement, it has no value for
present-day Afghanistan.
According to some Afghan historians, Great Britain coerced
Abdur Rahman Khan into signing the Durand Line agreement
through threats 0f war and economic blockade, and therefore
the king was neither allowed to call a Loya Jirga (Grand
Assembly), nor could he consult with or gain the confidence 0f
his state authorities. However, some foreign historians reject
this contention, and hold that the king consented to the
agreement wholeheartedly; due to the fact that British India
was in a state 0f successive advance towards Qandahar and
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Kabul through construction 0f railway lines and highways, yet
demarcation 0f border hindered or stopped that advance. In
addition, it is clear that King Abdur Rahman Khan consented
to the Durand Line agreement in consideration 0f increase in
British Afghan aid from 1.2 million to 1.8 million Indian
rupees. The details 0f this fact are enumerated in article 7 0f
the agreement itself.
Scholars who reject that the agreement was imposed also cite
entries from the diaries 0f King Abdur Rahman Khan in which
he proudly appraises the Durand Line agreement. Moreover,
according to some documentary evidences, King Abdur
Rahman Khan convened a gathering, apparently for his state
officials and the elders 0f Kabul, where he delivered a speech
describing the Durand Line agreement as one 0f the major
achievements 0f his era. At the end 0f his speech, a
memorandum was read out on behalf 0f the audience
approving the Durand Line agreement.However, Afghan
historians dismiss this gathering, the speech 0f the king and
approval 0f the audience as mere drama orchestrated by
design.Some also believe that the memoirs 0f the king in
respect 0f the Durand Line agreement are forged.
Whether or not the Durand line agreement was imposed on
Afghanistan is certainly an issue worth further discussion and
argument. However, while one may admit the contention to be
just and true, it remains insufficient to negate the status 0f the
Durand Line as an international border between Afghanistan
and Pakistan. This is due to two factors. Firstly, contrary to
popular opinion, the Durand Line agreement 0f 1893 is not the
sole point 0f reference in border evaluation. At least other four
agreements (of 1905, 1919, 1921 and 1930), which had the
consent 0f both sides, must be consulted. Clearly, Afghanistan
cannot claim that all 0f the later four agreements were
concluded in a coercive environment, especially the Kabul 1921
agreement for establishment 0f friendly commercial relations,
which it not only signed but ratified in 1922, and under which
instruments were exchanged by the representatives 0f both
states in Kabul.
Secondly, even a cursory look at the history 0f the political
establishment 0f different states shows that some external
pressure has existed in the demarcation 0f the borders 0f each
state. If we choose to regard external pressure as a basis for
declaring borders illegitimate, and thus give a unilateral right
to each party to oppose the status 0f its international border,
the current international regime for governing borders will
collapse, especially given the fact that numerous states wish to
extend their borders to bring more territories under their
control.
It is noteworthy that not a single state, including India and the
former Soviet Union, supported Afghanistan’s opposition to the
status 0f the Durand Line. Moreover, the international
community and international organizations, including the
USA, UK, United Nations (UN) and Islamic states recognize the
Durand Line as a permanent international border between
Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Durand Line Agreements Collapsed with British India
The collapse 0f British India in 1947 paved the way for Afghan
revolt against the legitimacy 0f the Durand Line. During a
meeting with the British Secretary 0f Foreign Affairs on July
31, 1947, Afghan Prime Minister Shah Mahmood Khan
declared that all agreements in respect 0f the Indo-Afghan
7
 Pakistan’s External Affairs
border had been concluded with British Indian authorities, and
therefore all 0f them would be null and void after British India
ceased to exist and power was handed over to the new state 0f
Pakistan. This official viewpoint 0f the Government 0f
Afghanistan was announced before August 14, 1947, the day
Pakistan attained independence.
Consequently, Afghanistan’s relations with Pakistan were
hostile since the latter’s birth as a Muslim state. As mentioned
earlier, Afghan foreign policy was based on denunciation 0f
the Durand Line and strict support 0f Pakhtoonistan. For
decades, the local media, Afghan consulates and embassies all
over the world strived systematically to disseminate this
official viewpoint.
However, international law does not support this stand 0f the
Afghan government. At the international level, issues
pertaining to succession 0f states are dealt with by the “Vienna
Convention on Succession 0f States in Respect 0f Treaties
(VCSSRT).” Article 11 0f VCSSRT explicitly states that
succession 0f states cannot impact (a) international border
agreed upon in result 0f an agreement, and (b) rights and
obligations concerning international border created through
an agreement. Thus, under this agreement, the cessation 0f
British India and birth 0f Pakistan as its successor in the
northwestern region 0f the Indian subcontinent does not affect
the legality 0f the border.
However, according to article 7 0f VCSSRT, the treaty is not
enforceable retrospectively. Now, VCSSRT was drafted in 1978
and did not enter into force until 1996, when the required
number 0f states announced its ratification. Thus, it came into
being several decades after Pakistan’s creation. Moreover,
Afghanistan is not a signatory to VCSSRT. These points raise
the question whether the international treaty applies to the
Durand Line issue.
As far as Afghanistan’s not being a signatory to the treaty is
concerned, it is immaterial whether the country announces its
succession or not. VCSSRT was ratified by a huge number 0f
states — including Pakistan — and achieved enforceability in
1996. Moreover, regarding issues that are beyond its scope, the
preamble to VCSSRT explicitly states that such issues will be
dealt with in accordance with customary international law.
Since customary international law is in any case a source 0f
international treaty law, the argument that Durand Line issue
predates the VCSSRT and is therefore out 0f its scope would
lead to the same results: international law does not support
Afghanistan’s stance that the Durand Line becomes invalid
after the creation 0f Pakistan.
If Afghanistan and Pakistan agree to take the Durand Line
dispute to the International Court 0f Justice (ICJ), it seems
impossible that the Afghan stand that the legitimacy 0f the
Durand Line lapsed after the succession 0f Pakistan could be
proved at any level.
Moral Acceptability
The Durand Line restricts the movement 0f local people who
have lived in the area for centuries, and who did not previously
face any obstacles in traveling to and from the areas now
separated by the Durand Line. Successive governments in
Afghanistan and some intellectuals denounce the Line because
it bars tribes 0f the same race, language and culture from
intermingling, and because, in their opinion, it has given rise
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
to disunity among tribes and families. In this sense, one might
say, they object to the Durand Line on moral grounds.
Contrary to the opinion 0f critics 0f the Durand Line, it cannot
be regarded as the sole factor responsible for disunity among
the local people. Indeed, tribes and families on both sides 0f the
Durand Line have engaged in rivalries for a long time.
Historically, the people 0f western Afghanistan have been
politically inclined towards Iran, while eastern races and
tribes have leaned towards India. (Events 0f the second half 0f
the eighteenth century comprise an exception and are beyond
the scope 0f this discussion.)
From an economic point 0f view, scholars are 0f the opinion
that the passage 0f the Durand Line through populated areas
0f the same race and culture is no coincidence. In fact, it
reflects that the geoeconomic situation 0f the region was taken
into account and essential diligence and care adopted. In
simple words, the Line was drawn so as to split up major
economic markets and ensure that both sides had their share.
Thus, Peshawar, Quetta, Kohat and Bannu were carved out for
the Indian side from Jalalabad, Qandahar, Ghazni and Kabul.
The credibility and accuracy 0f arguments delivered by
scholars for and against the Durand Line may be judged by the
reader himself.
If the decision is referred to international law, there seems
little chance that the Afghan government would receive
support for its “moral wrong theory.” According to customary
international law, two factors would have to be considered in
deciding whether the moral criticism 0f the Durand Line is
valid: firstly, Afghanistan’s historical and current approach
towards its borders with other states; and secondly, the
existence or otherwise 0f other international borders that are
similar to the Pak-Afghan border in that they pass through
populations 0f the same culture, language and race.
One may ask how these two factors are linked with
Afghanistan’s “moral” stand regarding the Durand Line. The
answer may be explored in the nature 0f the principles 0f
customary international law. This law is extracted from the
continuous, persistent and uniform behaviors 0f states in
respect 0f issues 0f the same kind over a period 0f time. Thus,
how Afghanistan views its borders with other states, and how
the majority 0f states with borders similar to Durand Line
behave would be considered legal norms or principles in the
light 0f which the credibility 0f Afghanistan’s moral criticism
0f the Durand Line may be measured.
Almost all Afghan borders were demarked in the second half 0f
the nineteenth century. Among them, the Durand Line is the
only border in respect 0f which the king 0f Afghanistan was
taken into confidence. The borders with Tsarist Russia and
China were determined through dialogue between Britain and
Russia; Afghanistan was not even allowed to take part in these
consultations. Similarly, the Afghan-Iran border was fixed
through dialogue between Iran and Britain.
Thus, when Afghanistan questions its border with Pakistan on
moral grounds, international customary law requires it to
implement the same criterion with respect to all 0f its other
borders as well. However, despite the fact that Afghanistan
was not even present when the destiny 0f its borders was
determined, it accepts these borders as legitimate. This
inconsistency weakens Afghanistan’s moral claim.
8
 Pakistan’s External Affairs
It is also important to note that Afghanistan’s northern
borders also divide and disunite a population 0f the same
language, culture and race. If the reasoning 0f former Afghan
governments is accepted, then the downfall 0f the Soviet Union
should have the same impact on these borders as the downfall
0f British India had on the Durand Line. Is Afghanistan ready
to adopt the same policy in respect 0f its borders with the
republics 0f Central Asia?
As far as the second factor, i.e. other states’ practice, is
concerned, there are numerous borders between states that
divide people 0f the same race, culture and language. If each
state started opposing its border based on the above claim and
demanded independence, or concatenation with the territory
0f its neighbor, or the contemporary international order would
collapse.
However, the fact is that Afghanistan has neither posed a
question regarding its northern borders, nor would those
states agree with the Afghan position and point 0f view.
Consequently, international customary law, derived from
states’ practice — including Afghanistan’s own practice in
respect 0f its northern borders — contradicts Afghanistan’s
stand on the Durand Line. The states’ general opinion favors
Pakistan over Afghanistan in this matter.
Conclusion
The Durand Line is the only Afghan border demarked through
bilateral understanding with its ex-neighbor, and yet the only
border that Afghanistan is not willing to recognize. Under
international law and the international legal regime,
Afghanistan’s objections to the Durand Line are unlikely to find
any significant support.
Among the factors responsible for expansion 0f the dispute on
the Durand Line is the lack 0f information available to the
common Afghan. Afghan intellectuals and scholars have
tended to blindly support the policy 0f former governments,
unaware 0f whether or not it is rational. According to some
scholars, Afghan governments have adopted this policy
deliberately, to indulge the masses with an imaginary enemy
and divert their attention from internal issues. Consequently,
due to trust and confidence 0f people in their leaders,
intellectuals and media besides the extension 0f the Durand
Line issue; they have inferred that the Agreement is free from
any legal and moral justification. Thus, even if it desires
friendly relations with Pakistan, the Afghan leadership is
unable to take any steps in this direction owing to public
opposition.
In fact, this hesitation to diverge from the traditional
acrimonious stance against Pakistan is discernable in all
spheres 0f leadership in Afghanistan, whether the leaders
represent the Afghan government, civil society or the public. It
seems as if each 0f these elements 0f Afghan society has
immured itself within a tight circle 0f thought, afraid 0f
condemnation from the other two elements if they violate the
circle by demanding a peaceful and realistic solution 0f the
issue. What is certain, meanwhile, are the negative
implications 0f the unstable relationship with Pakistan, which
may be observed in different spheres 0f life in Afghanistan.
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
If Afghanistan sincerely intends to improve its relations with
Pakistan, it will have to break these circles. The least it could
do is make the thus-far confidential instruments relating to the
Durand Line public to help people to understand the real
situation. Later on, Afghanistan could open a chapter 0f
understanding with Pakistan in a relatively friendly
environment that is free 0f irresponsible statements and lack
0f information leading to public pressure and finally reach a
permanent solution to the Durand Line issue.
Obviously, continuation 0f tense relations between
Afghanistan and Pakistan will not favor either country.
Besides, both 0f them wish to enjoy peaceful and friendly
relations. As far as, Afghanistan’s national interests are
concerned, provisions exist in each agreement relating to the
Pak-Afghan border that favors Afghanistan. For example, each
agreement obligated British India to allow transit 0f goods
from its ports through its territory to Afghanistan. It is
imperative that Afghanistan understand that such a
permission for transit through another state is not, as it seems
to believe, a right but an incentive: according to international
law, under the principle 0f sovereignty, every state exercises
complete authority over its resources, natural or otherwise,
and every act challenging the sovereignty 0f a state is illegal
and condemnable. The present strategy 0f Afghanistan to
secure more concessions from Pakistan such as transit trade,
considering the same as its “rights”, seems to be less effective.
It would be better for the country to improve its relations with
Pakistan to a level where Pakistan’s national interests,
particularly economic, converge with those 0f Afghanistan.
Notably, it is not just the Durand Line issue that needs to be
solved to normalize relations between Pakistan and
Afghanistan. In the decades since the Soviet invasion 0f
Afghanistan, the interests 0f Pakistan’s foreign policy in that
country have expanded further than the former Pakistani
leadership could even have imagined. On the other hand,
solution 0f the issue never means that an iron wall has been
established between both the countries as to divide the alike-
cultured masses. To create such an iron wall would neither
be possible in the current age, nor in accordance with
Afghanistan’s regional economic programs 0f Afghanistan.
Even though it is not the sole source 0f contention, however,
efforts for the resolution 0f the Durand Line issue could lay the
foundation for establishing a peaceful and brotherly
environment between the two states leading to more stable
relations between them.
In the required efforts to resolve the Durand Line issue, it is
obvious that the parliament 0f Afghanistan would be the
proper forum for discussing and deciding, as for all other
matters 0f national importance.
What is even more important in this context, however, is that
the people’s representatives know the complete facts 0f the
issue before it is taken to the parliament’s floor. Failure to
apprise the Afghan leaders and people 0f the facts would once
again mean irresponsible statements from all quarters,
including the Afghan parliament, and a bleak future for
relations with Pakistan. (Source: Ahmad Shayeq Qaseem,
published by Institute 0f Policy Research Islamabad)
9
 Pakistan’s Domestic Affairs
THE DICTATOR
(STORY 0f ZIA REGIME)
T
his year marks Pakistan’s 70th year 0f existence. It
will also mark another milestone though not as joyous
as the country’s birthday: the 40th anniversary 0f
Pakistan’s longest and most controversial dictatorship.
On July 5, 1977, Gen Zia, after toppling a civilian set-up,
appeared on TV to deliver a long speech. A few weeks later he
was back on TV to talk about the initial pious policies he had
implemented. During this speech, he suddenly cut away from
his written speech, looked up into the camera and claimed that
he knows why most people have stopped watching Pakistan
Television (PTV): “Mujhay pata hai loag ab PTV kyun nahi
daikhtay. Chirryan jo urr gain [I know why some people have
stopped watching PTV now. All the birds have flown].”
At once a list was drawn by the new Information
Ministry banning a number 0f actors, actresses, producers and
playwrights from appearing on PTV. The list also contained
names 0f certain Pakistani films, songs and PTV plays that
were not allowed a rerun because they were either labelled
as ‘obscene’ and ‘vulgar’ or ‘politically subversive.’
Gen Zia sowed the seeds that have now begun to sprout
For example, songs like Naheed Akhtar’s Tuturu Turu Tara
Tara and Alamgir’s Daikha Na Tha were judged to be ‘obscene,’
while plays such as
Shaukat
Siddiqui’s Khuda Ki
Basti (God’s Colony, a
1974 play based on
Siddiqui’s novel about
poverty and crime in
Karachi’s slums) were
not allowed a rerun
because the new
censor board thought
the play glorified
socialism, an ideology that the new regime saw as ‘atheistic’.
The ministry 0f information also ordered the destruction 0f all
recorded speeches 0f former prime minister Z. A. Bhutto from
the PTV archives and video library. It also disallowed the usage
0f the words ‘jamhooriat’ (democracy) and ‘socialism’ in
plays, talk shows and news bulletins on PTV and Radio
Pakistan.
Most urban middle and lower-middle-class Pakistanis began
adjusting to the changing cultural and political paradigm,
largely depoliticising themselves in the process. Perhaps this
was a defence mechanism to ward off questions 0f social
morality in an era 0f outward exhibition 0f religious piety and
a behind-the-scenes materialism. Stark social and political
fissures began to emerge within these classes.
After a decade 0f populism and ideological tussles 0f the
1970s, urban Pakistan saw itself embracing a form 0f anarcho-
capitalism enjoined (and justified) by a convoluted strain 0f
puritanical faith. The contradictions were consciously
repressed, with much 0f urban society preferring pragmatism
to deal with the changing scenario, convincing itself that its
material survival now depended on its active engagement with
the emerging zeitgeist, no matter how contradictory it might
have seemed to the society’s old middle-class sensibilities.
The era 0f populist, social and political extroversion had finally
come to a close, giving way to a need to hide one’s political and
social self in an era 0f sweeping religious propagation and
reactive legislation that was directly opposed to Ayub Khan’s
modernist impulses and Bhutto’s populist bearings. This can be
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
located in how the Pakistani society responded to a curious
episode which unfolded in 1979.
In July 1979, America’s National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (Nasa) announced that its ‘Skylab’ satellite
that had been orbiting the planet since 1973 had developed
a fault and was expected to fall over earth. Nasa was not
sure exactly where it will crash, but experts believed that
the burly satellite was likely to fall either over Australia or
over the Indian subcontinent. Though the same experts
also stated that the satellite would start to burn after
entering the earth’s atmosphere and most probably end up
in the sea, the story took a life 0f its own in Pakistan.
The state-owned PTV started to run regular bulletins on
the latest whereabouts 0f Skylab, usually read by Azhar
Lodhi, a newscaster who would go on to become a
ubiquitous presence on PTV across the Zia
years. Lodhi would maintain a sombre tone in the bulletins
and then start to punctuate them with equally sombre
pleas for prayers.
Suddenly, most Pakistanis, who till then had taken the
affair lightly, now began applying apocalyptic overtones
while speaking (to PTV and newsmen) about the event.
Many, including members 0f the urban middle-classes,
even went to the
extent 0f
wondering whether the fall 0f Skylab (on Pakistan) may
announce the beginning 0f Qayamat or the Day 0f
Judgment Skylab eventually fell on July 12 over the ocean
and the deserts 0f Australia and the episode was quickly
forgotten. The apocalyptic outlook that it had triggered in
society, however, lingered and worked in favour 0f the
Zia dictatorship. Pakistani society — especially the urban
middle-classes — became even more stoic and introverted
in the face 0f the rapid political, social and cultural
changes that had begun to take shape from 1977 onwards.
When General Zia toppled the Bhutto regime in July 1977,
he had promised to hold fresh elections within 90 days.
Instead, he went on to rule the country as a military
dictator for 11 years. Zia began to wipe away the political
and societal imprints 0f the Ayub and Bhutto regimes and
introduced a number 0f draconian laws (in the name 0f
faith) and changes in Pakistani society.
Zia’s dictatorship was showered with millions 0f dollars
and riyals by the United States and Saudi Arabia who
wanted him to turn Pakistan into a launching pad for an
insurgency against Soviet forces in Afghanistan (he
eventually complied).
The economic boom Pakistan experienced under Zia ran
parallel to the mushrooming 0f anarcho-capitalism and a
two-fold growth in institutional corruption
and crime. Between 1977 and 1983, his regime also faced
10
 Pakistan’s Domestic Affairs
multiple movements led by left-leaning and progressive political
parties.
By the mid-1980s, the violence triggered by these movements
was dwarfed by vicious conflicts between various ethnic groups.
It was also in the mid-1980s that the extremist and sectarian
organisations formed by the state to fuel the
mujahideen insurgency in Afghanistan began to turn inwards.
USE 0f INTERNET AND BANNED OUTFITS IN
PAKISTAN
T
echnology, particularly the growing use 0f
internet is one 0f the important strategic factor
which is now being utilized by terrorists organizations for
many purposes. A wide range 0f purposes served through
internet by terrorists organizations includes recruitment,
propaganda, training, financing and acts 0f terrorism. Beside
the many benefits 0f internet, it is also used to facilitate
communication within terrorists organizations. For
communication, either between terrorists groups or their
contact with the society at large, social media is used as a tool
by proscribed organizations in Pakistan.
Proscribed organizations in Pakistan are promoting tactics 0f
propaganda which is tailored to appeal to vulnerable and
marginalized groups in the society. The process 0f
recruitment through Facebook or social media becomes very
easy when they target the individual's sentiments 0f injustice,
lawlessness, corruption and humiliation. Other than this,
demographic compulsions such as age and gender are also
exploited in this regard.
Social media differs from traditional and conventional media
in many aspects, such as interactivity, reach, frequency,
usability, immediacy and permanence. Terrorists most
important purposes online are radicalization and recruitment
0f vulnerable target audience. They develop a list 0f potential
recruits and sympathizers by going through the profiles 0f
individuals on social media such as Facebook, WhatsApp and
Instagram. In Pakistan, there are over 44 million users 0f
social media. Out 0f this amount, 30 million users are active
on Facebook only. All these users are only one click away
from anyone who wants to search them.
According to a recent report by Dawn News, the proscribed
organizations in Pakistan are active on Facebook and well-
connected with its followers. According to the Ministry 0f
Interior, there are total 64 banned outfits in Pakistan. Out 0f
these 64, 41 proscribed organizations are active on Facebook.
These organizations are a mix 0f sectarian organizations,
global terrorists organizations and separatists groups
working in Baluchistan.
The active 41 banned outfits on Facebook have over 700
Facebook pages and groups. Around 160,000 users have liked
the pages 0f these banned outfits which draws attention
towards the weak deradicalization strategy in the country. A
study conducted by Dawn reveals that during examination 0f
the accounts, some user profiles linked to banned outfits on
Facebook indicates open support 0f sectarian and extremist
ideology. Some 0f these Facebook pages and groups claim
WEEKLY CURRENT AFFAIRS
MCQS
(May 8th June – 20th June)
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
They would go on to become a major issue for Pakistan in
the coming decades.
By the time 0f Zia’s demise in 1988, Pakistani society stood
considerably transformed. Interestingly, all that was
sowed during this period would not come into full fruition
till after Zia’s demise. These seeds would begin to sprout
events and effects from which the country is yet to recover
that they are "official" representatives 0f these outfits, while it
seems that some 0f them are run by members and supporters
0f these groups.
Proscribed organizations in Pakistan are targeting youth in
educational institutions through Facebook. The radical
segments 0f these religious organizations and self-radicalized
individuals are a source 0f recruitment for international
terrorists organizations as well. Shahbaz Taseer, the son 0f
former governor 0f Punjab who was released from Taliban's
custody in 2016 was abducted by young engineering students
on behalf 0f a terrorists group. Similarly, in an operation
carried out by counterterrorism department in Lahore, a
female terror suspect was arrested who was later identified
as MBBS student recruited and radicalized by ISIS operatives
in Punjab. The whole group was arrested as they were
planning to carry out an attack on Easter.
It is shocking to explore that the biggest outfit on the
Facebook in terms 0f size is Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat (ASJW)
with around 200 pages, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz
(JSMM) with 160 pages, Sipah-eSahaba (SSP) with 148 and
Sipah-E-Muhammad with 45 pages respectively. Most 0f
these groups glorify their existing leaders or those killed in the
past and some 0f them also campaign for the release 0f their
arrested leaders and activists. Many 0f these groups have
pages with the names 0f their respective districts, which
means that these organizations are active in our rural areas
which is a soft breeding ground 0f terrorism and extremism
because 0f marginalization.
The phenomenon 0f spreading the radicalized ideologies
through social media is at a very minuscule level in Pakistan,
but needs to be nipped with iron hands before it can further
damage the society. The Interior Minister has directed
concerned officials to evolve such a system in consultation
with Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), so that
there should not be a curb on freedom 0f expression and at the
same time no one could misuse this right.5 The total blackout
0f terrorists on media, destroying 0f communication system
0f terrorist organizations and banning 0f hate material and
propaganda to promote sectarianism, extremism and
intolerance were among the main points 0f the National
Action Plan launched in January 2015, and which directly or
indirectly involve social media. The steps taken by the
government in handling these particular issues seems to be in
the shades 0f grey. It is imperative that the government set its
targets focusing on the centre 0f the problem rather than
making cosmetic changes, which will end up in achieving
nothing
11
 Weekly Current Affairs MCQs
1. During his recent official visit to Turkey, Pak Army Chief,
Qamar Javed Bajwa, has been awarded the: Legion 0f Merit
Award (by Turkey)
2. Pakistan has launched fencing and construction work along
Durand line which is …..Long? 2430 km
3. Durand line was demarcated in: November 1893
(between the Afghan Amir Khan Abdul Rahman &
Britisher Sir Mortimer Durand)
4. China has announced that CPEC will connect India, China, &
Myanmar through the? Sea
5. Seoul is the capital of: South Korea (Repulic 0f Korea)
6. Current Chairman 0f NADRA is: Usman Mobin
7. Who has recently become Saudi Arabia’s new Crown
Prince,(instead 0f Muhammad bin Nayef)? Muhammad bin
Salman (who has also played role 0f Saudi Arabia’s defence
minister)
8. Currently appointed US State Department spokesperson is?
Heather Nauert
9. .Pakistan’s former PM Benzir Bhutto’s 64th birth anniversary
has been celebrated on? 21st June Current UAE President is?
Khalifa Zayed bin Al-Nahyan
10. Operation zarb-e-Azb was started on 15 June 2014,
but when Operation Raddul-fassad, which is currently active,
was started on? 22 Feberuary 2017
11. Name 0f American student, who spent 17 months 0f
detainment in North Korea (he was accused 0f scratching a
banner 0f political party there and was sentenced to 15 years
for hard labour in jail): Otto Warmbier (he was returned to
America in state 0f coma)
12. Current CEO ICC is: Dave Richardson (who
recently showed consideration for
13. Secretary General 0f ECO is: Halil Ibrahimi from
Turkey (ECO headquarters in Tehran)
14. Current opposition party in Turkey is? Republican
People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi or HCP—a Kemalist
and social-democratic party which is the oldest political party
in Turkey)
15. Tirana is the capital of: Albania, (a county on
Southeastern Europe’s Balkan Peninsula)
16. According to his current confession, Kulbushan
Jadhav, under his fictitious name, Hussain Mubarak Patel, has
been running a company? Kaminda Trading Company (in
Chahbahar)
17. Current chief 0f Indian intelligence agency, RAW
(Research & Analysis Wing) is: Anil Dhasmana
18. Current Chief Justice 0f Lahore High Court is? Syed
Mansoor Ali Shah
19. Lockheed Martin (an American global aerospace
company) and Indian company,Tata Advanced Systems Ltd
has agreed to jointly build: F16-Block 70
20. Iran’s current ambassador to Pakistan is: Mehdi
Hunar Dost
21. Current Russian Defence minister is: Sergey
Shoigu (whose plane was recently‘buzzed’ by NATO’s Jet over
the Baltic Sea)
22. Which three Baltic countries are called Baltic States?
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuani
23. Pakistan’s current high commissioner (ambassador)
to India is: Abdul Basit
24. Pakistan’s current Foreign Office Spokesperson is:
Nafees Zakaria
25. Current PM 0f Iraq is? Haider Al-Abadi
26. Current President 0f Iraq is: Fuad Masum
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
27. Acting Saudi ambassador to Pakistan is: Marwan
bin Radwan Mirdad (who recently denied 0f Pakistan’s role
in solving Gulf Crisis)
28. Deputy Attorney General 0f Pakistan has resigned
recently; his name is? Abdul Rasheed Awan
29. In U.S senate, U.S top senators (Ted Poe and Rick
Nolan) have introduced a bill in order to cancel Pakistan’s
MNNA (Major Non-NATO Ally) status. When this status 0f
Major Non-NATO ally was granted to Pakistan by George W.
Bush? 2004
30. Knesset is the name 0f Parliament of: Israel
31. How many conditions have been set by four Arab
states (Bahrain, UAE, Egypt & Saudi Arab) for lifting sanctions
against Qatar? 13 Conditions
32. List 0f 13 conditions or demands: (1) End ties with
Iran (2) with terrorist organizations (3) Shut down
Turkey’s military bases and operations in Qatar (4) Stop
funding opponents 0f Saudi allies and (5) stop granting
them citizenship and (6) submit all their details to Saudi
allies (7) Hand over wanted persons or fugitives to
Saudia & its allies (8) Show conformity to Saudi-led
agreement 2014 (9) Pay for loss 0f life & property caused
by Qatar’s policies (10) Shut down Al-Jazeera news network
and (11) all news outlets i.e. Rassd, Aarabi21, Al-arabi Al
Jadeed & Middle East Eye etc (12) Accept these demands
within 10 days (13) Allow Audit & be monitored quarterly
by Saudia & its allies
33. When and why is Youm-ul-Quds (or Jerusalem Day)
observed? On Last Friday 0f Ramadan (Jummatul Wida)
for solidarity and support to Palestine against Israel & Zionism
34. U.S has decided to hand over 22 new drones to India,
which are named as? Predator “Guardian” Drones or UAV
(Technically, its name is: MQ-9 Reaper)
35. Who is founder father 0f drones or UAV (Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles)? Abraham Karem (Iraqi-born Jew)
36. Knesset is the name 0f Parliament of: Israel
37. Current Foreign minister 0f UAE is? Anwar
Gargash
38. Which is the largest city 0f FATA (Federally
Administered Tribal Area)? Parachinar (Capital 0f Kurram
Agency—Where recently deadly suicide bomb blasts killed
dozens 0f people)
39. How many dollars will be spent by Pakistan and
China for energy and infrastructure projects under CPEC
framework? 57 Billion
40. First Pakistan-owned wind power project has started
operation to produced: 49.5 Mega watt (It was developed by
Sachal Energy Development PVT
41. FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football
Association) World Cup 2018 will be hosted by? Russia
42. Recently, in Pakistan, a first ever third-gender
passport has been issued to a transgender activist, named as ?
Farzana Riaz
43. Pakistan issued identity cards to third gender for first
time in: 2009
44. Currently launched lightest ever satellite is: Kalam
Sat (developed by 18-year old Indian student, Riffath Sharook,
from Tamil Nadu)
45. In Islamic lunar calendar, Shawwal is numbered as?
10th month
46. Shawwal means: “to carry or to lift” So named
because a female camel normally would be carrying a fetus at
this time 0f year.
47. To what term an ICJ judge is elected by UN General
Assembly and UN Security Council? 9 years
48. Total number 0f ICJ judges is? 15
49. NDS (National Directorate 0f Security) is intelligence
agency of: Afghanistan (NDS was previously known as
KHAD)
12
 Weekly Current Affairs MCQs Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
50. Which new ransomware has recently been used in 75. Which institution 0f Pakistan has conducted census:
cyber attacks onmore than 200 organizations all around the Pakistan Bureau 0f Statistics (PBS)
world? Petya
51. Nouakchott is the capital of: Mauritania
52. Who is current Canadian Prime Minister? Justin 76. Palestinian President, Mahmood Abbas, (who
Trudeau (who currently wished Eid Mubaarak in Urdu on a recently grieved over Bahawalpur Oil Tanker incident) belongs
social media stunt) to Party: Fatah
53. The title 0f Executive Order 13769 (issued by US 77. UNO has declared the decade 2008-2017: Second
president Donald Trump) is: “Protecting the Nation from Decade for Eradication 0f Poverty
Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States” 78. Acting Defence Minister 0f Afghanistan is? Tariq
54. Current US Secretary 0f State is: Rex Tillerson Shah Bahrami (Major Gen.)
55. Zagreb is capital of: Croatia (While its currency is 79. Which six nations are included in the executive order
Kuna) against 90-days travel ban by US? Iran, Libya, Somalia,
Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.
56. Who is current president 0f ICJ? Ronny Abraham
80. According to U.S. criteria for visa applicants from six
(France)
Muslim nations, only those people are allowed to enter U.S who
57. In 2016, Syria remained deadliest country (50, 000
have : close family relationship (parent, spouse, child, adult
casualties). Which country did remain second deadliest?
son or daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law or sibling,
Mexico (23,000)
including step-siblings and other step-family relations) and
58. Current White House spokesman (Press Secretary)
formal business ties to U.S ( while grandparents, fiancés,
is? Sean Michael Spicer
brother-in0-laws or sister-in-law, uncles, or aunts and other
59. Which Kashmiri rebel leader has been designated as
extended family member are not allowed)
global terrorist by US State Department (as a result 0f Modi’s
81. Astana is the capital of: Kazakhstan (its currency
visit to U.S): Salahuddin (real name is Mohammad Yusuf
is: Tenge)
Shah)
82. On 30th June, birthday anniversary 0f world-
60. Kashmir’s largest indigenous rebel group (which is
renowned Pakistani Artist (Painter, Calligrapher, & Muralist)
currently fighting Indian rule) is: Hizbul Mujahideen
has been celebrated. His name is? Syed Sadequain Ahmed
61. Current US ambassador to UN is? Nikki Haley
Naqvi
62. Qatar's current Foreign Minister is: Sheikh
83. Chief Statistician (chief census commissioner)
Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
Pakistan is? Asif Bajwa
63. India’s current Defence Minister & Finance Minister
84. FPCCI stands for: Federation 0f Pakistan
(also minister 0f corporate affairs in cabinet 0f India) is: Arun
Chambers 0f Commerce and Industry
Jaitley
85. Acting Army Chief 0f Afghanistan is? Gen. Sharif
64. Current deputy chairman 0f Planning Commission 0f
Yaftai
Pakistan is: Ahsan Iqbal (PM Nawaz is Chairman)
86. Current German Foreign Minister is: Sigmar
65. Russian & India has decided to hold first tri-Services
Gabriel (who recently called for Ukraine and Russian-backed
exercises, which are named as: Indra 2017
separatists in eastern Ukraine to extend ceasefire)
66. 175th Death anniversary 0f Ranjit Singh has been
87. Recently, who won 100 meters race at Golden Spike
commemorated on: 27th June
final? Usain Bolt (currently world’s fastest human) who
67. Capital 0f Venezuela is: Caracas (While its currency
belongs to Jamaica
is Bolivar)
88. Dushanbe is the capital 0f : Tajikistan
68. First Pakistani woman to make highest runs in world
89. Current Minister for National Food Security and
cup matches is: Naheeda Khan (79 runs)
Research: Sikandar Hayat Bosan
69. Total members 0f NSG are: 48
90. Currently, record tampering by SECP (Securities and
70. Current chairman 0f NSG (Nuclear Supplier Group)
Exchange Commission 0f Pakistan) to protect Sharfi’s Chaudhry
is? Benno Laggner (2017-2018) from Switzerland
Sugar Mills has been proven. Who is the chairman 0f SECP?
71. Current Secretary General 0f Amnesty International
Zafar Hijazi
is? Salil Shetty (India)
91. In diplomacy and international relations, the
72. According to new ICC T20 international ranking,
negotiation, which is conducted by a mediator who travels back
which bowler ranks No. 1? Imad Wasim, (Pakistan's spinning
and forth between two countries (which are reluctant to hold a
all-rounder)
direct discussion) and talks to their leaders in order to bring
73. According to new ICC T20 international ranking,
about agreement or to prevent a war, is called? Shuttle
which batman ranks No. 1? Kohli (India)
Diplomacy
74. Phnom Penh is the capital of: Cambodia (its
currency is: Riel)

TRANSCRIPTS 0f TALK SHOWS

NEWS STREAM
(CNN HOST: KRISTIE LU STOUT)
This transcript covers: China's President Arrives as we approach the 20th anniversary 0f the handover to
for First Visit in Hong Kong; Trump's Travel Ban China. Now, China's president arrives for his first trip to
Goes Into Effect; Battle for Mosul Moves into Final Hong Kong. And restates his commitment to one country,
Stage. two systems. The principle that gives the city more
KRISTIE LU STOUT,HOST: Welcome to News Stream. autonomy and freedom than the rest 0f China. And days
I'm Kristie LU STOUT live at the Hong Kong harbor front before she takes office to sit down with the next chief
13
 Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows
executive to ask Carrie Lam whether she will stand up for the
people 0f Hong Kong to Beijing.
Also today, we will mark another notable anniversary. We'll
look at the impact 0f the iPhone 10 years after it first went on
sale.
In a landmark visit to Hong Kong, Chinese President Xi
Jinping is underscoring his commitment to one country, two
systems. On July 1, the city marks 20 years since Britain
handed over the territory to China. But the mood here in
Hong Kong is divided. While huge banners welcome
hang over the highway, protests have been planned. But it is
doubtful that the protesters will actually be able to get close to
the Chinese president. He used to spend very little time
anywhere near the public. And across the harbor behind me,
one 0f the city's most vibrant districts - - Wanchai -- is on
partial lockdown.
This is the Chinese president's first official visit to Hong Kong.
In his five years as the leader 0f China, Xi Jinping has visited
nearly every corner 0f the globe. He has been to the United
States, Venezuela, Tanzania, and yet this is the first time he
has visited Hong Kong as president.
In 2014, he even made a trip next door visiting China's other
special administrative region: the former Portuguese colony
0f Macao.
Now, Ivan WATSON is now speaking to people on the
streets. He joins us now. And Ivan, Xi Jinping finally here in
Hong Kong, his first visit since becoming president 0f China.
How has he been received?
IVAN WATSON, CNN INTERNATIONAL
CORRESPONDENT: Well, here in this part 0f Hong Kong
we're with pretty much an unofficial welcoming party for
the Chinese leader, Kristie. As you can see, people lining the
streets here with the flag 0f Hong Kong and 0f course the flag
0f China as well. And playing patriotic tunes as well.
I asked one woman why she likes Xi Jinping. She said, I'm
Chinese, so 0f course I like the Chinese leader.
Now, not everybody in Hong Kong feels that way. If you, just
in my kind 0f informal survey 0f many Hong Kongers, when
I've asked people, hey, how do you feel on this 20th
anniversary 0f the handover, how do you feel about the visit
0f the Chinese leader, almost everybody I've spoken to outside
0f crowds like this has kind 0f shrugged their shoulders with
ambivalence, if not some degree 0f ill-will.
Now, where could that be coming from? I think part 0f it may
be due to demographics. If you look at a poll that came out
earlier this year, it said that among 18 to 29 year olds, only 3
percent 0f them identified themselves as Chinese, versus about
10 years before that when that number was around 40
percent.
So, something is happening among some young people 0f this
city, 0f this former British colony, who do not feel a direct
connection to Mainland
China that many 0f the people here and across the street feel.
These people, 0f course, standing out in the heat and the
humidity to try to welcome the Chinese leader -- Kristie.
LU STOUT: Ivan, I wanted to ask you about the extent 0f the
security lockdown in the city. Just how much 0f Wanchai, the
central district, some would argue the heat 0f Hong Kong has
been blocked off from the public during this visit.
WATSON: Well, OK, I'm going to ask Mark to pan around to
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
show some 0f the police over here. This is just a fraction 0f the
police presence here, which according to local newspaper
reports, numbers around 11,000 police deployed.
So, in the streets around this central part 0f Hong Kong, there
is a massive police presence, barriers as well that closed down
some major coastal arteries, and part 0f the concern here is
clearly to keep any possible signs 0f dissent under control.
Now, last night we saw a small group 0f demonstrators hold
a protest in Golden Bauhinia Square, and they were detained
after several hours by police and are still in detention. There
are plans for protests from some 0f the opposition groups
who are very worried about what they see as the erosion 0f
democratic freedoms in this city. But for now we're not seeing
any signs 0f that, instead what we're seeing are these kind 0f
carefully organized and very polite and obedient shows 0f
respect and admiration for the Chinese leader Xi Jinping.
0LU STOUT: Xi Jinping is here in Hong Kong. He arrived
today. And he's here to mark 20 years since the handover, or
the return, as its known in China, 0f Hong Kong to Beijing,
also to witness the swearing in ceremony 0f the new leader.
Could you tell us more about what's on his agenda for the next
few days? What will Xi Jinping do tomorrow?
WATSON: Well, I mean, part 0f why he's here is because
there is a handover 0f the city government here. So, the
former chief executive, the top official in Hong Kong CY
Leung, is handing off to Carrie Lam who is the chief executive-
elect.
There will also be a review 0f the People's Liberation Army
barracks here. And his wife, for example, visited a
kindergarten here in Hong Kong.
Now, in his arrival remarks at the airport, Xi Jinping said
that this is a very important anniversary for the entire
country. And he also invoked one country, two systems. Why
is that so important? Well, Hong Kong is not like any other
city in China, it's a specially administered region and it enjoys
a certain degree 0f autonomy. And it is inherited some 0f the
democratic freedoms 0f the former British colonial system
that you don't see in other parts 0f China.
This is the only city in China where people can stage freely
protests against the government where there is more or less a
free press that can criticize the government without fear 0f
censorship and part 0f why there is some ambivalence and
criticism, certainly from opposition groups, is the perception
that Beijing is increasingly meddling in the autonomy and
freedoms that this city enjoys that were supposed to be
preserved in Hong Kong for a period 0f some 50 years --
Kristie.
LU STOUT: Ivan WATSON reporting live on this very
highly symbolic visit 0f Xi Jinping in Hong Kong. Thank you,
Ivan.
Now, one 0f Hong Kong's biggest concerns is that when its
new chief executive, Carrie Lam, is sworn in, that she will
enact Article 23, a controversial national security law.
Activists worry that the law could criminalize criticism 0f the
government. And it is a sensitive topic because the people 0f
Hong Kong enjoy rights not possible in Mainland China, like
the freedom to protest. A plan to introduce the law in 2003
triggered one 0f the biggest protests in Hong Kong history.
Organizers said half a million people showed up, and it forced
the government to delay plans to pass it. But there are serious
14
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows
concerns that it could return to the table.
Last week, I sat down with incoming chief executive Carrie
Lam. And I asked whether Article 23 is a priority for her.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
CARRIE LAM, HONG KONG CHIEF EXECUTIVE-
ELECT: I think this is nothing wrong. All the countries need
to protect their country and protect their countrymen.
As far as my position is concerned, I said that 0f course this is
a constitutional duty, and we all want national security. But
having gone through the last exercise, which has created such
a major controversy in Hong Kong, my duty as the chief
executive is to create conditions conducive to restarting this
process.
LU STOUT: But with Article 23, would you be able to
guarantee freedom 0f speech in Hong Kong, especially groups
that are openly critical 0f Beijing?
LAM: I have to, because that freedom and human rights and
so on also enshrined in the basic law. To do one thing in
accordance with the basic law, but then running the risk 0f
bridging another provision in the basic law is not something
that I would go for.
LU STOUT: So, you would guarantee the freedom 0f speech,
freedom 0f assembly of, let's say, localists, people who want
independence from China.
LAM: At the end 0f the day, in drafting a legislation, we have
to ensure that while protecting the country and national
security, we could still
safeguard and uphold all those personal freedoms and rights
that have been guaranteed in the basic law.
LU STOUT: Will you be the leader who will go to Beijing and
say, this is what the people 0f Hong Kong want and we can do
it. LAM: Oh, definitely, because I -- I will be this most
important bridge 0f the China communication between the
Hong Kong special administrative region and the Central
People's Government and to perform this row as a bridge.
I have to be honest, I have to tell the central authorities to
feelings and sentiments 0f Hong Kong people. And if there are
things that I feel that they are things that we could handle,
and they are totally in line with the provisions in a basic law,
then Hong Kong should be given a free hand.
LU STOUT: And Beijing will listen to you?
LAM: Well, I hope so. So far, I think the leaders have been
very supportive and have placed trust -- it may because, as
you know, although I was elected by the election committee, I
had to be appointed by the central people's government.
LU STOUT: A question about the youth 0f Hong Kong, or
one survey saying up to 60 percent 0f Hong Kongers want to
leave because 0f brain drain. How can you convince them to
stay?
LAM: I want to give them hope. So, one 0f my tasks in
providing more opportunities to young people is to young
people is to diversify Hong Kong's economy.
Another sort 0f cause for grievances, 0f course, are high
property prices.
LU STOUT: Yeah, and property prices are certainly very,
very high in Hong Kong. I mean, I saw something online, it
was for half a million U.S. dollar apartment and what it gets
you is a tiny space you can barely park your car into it.
LAM: That's quite beyond affordability 0f many 0f the
households.
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
LU STOUT: Is that a failure 0f the government that it's
gotten to this point?
LAM: Well, in a way you can say yes, because as a result 0f
the Asian financial crisis and all these major drop in property
prices, a lot 0f private equity -- negative equity cases for those
who had to mortgage the government in those days have
repositioned the housing policy, and has ceased for awhile the
production 0f land to meet the housing needs.
In this term 0f the government, under the leadership 0f the
incumbent chief executive we are trying to catch up. But
there's still quite a lot 0f catching up work to do.
LU SOTUT: In the eyes 0f Hong Kongers, and I just used the
term Hong Kongers -- many people here call themselves Hong
Kongers. They don't call themselves Chinese. Do you feel that
that's a positive defining characteristic 0f Hong Kong or could
that cause a greater rift between China and Hong Kong.
LAM: I don't think that it's a major problem, because, well,
just like my parents came from Shanghai, so when I was
young people called me a Shanghainese. So -- but that doesn't
mean that we are not Chinese, that doesn't mean that we don't
have that sense 0f national spirit and national pride and so on
LU STOUT: Carrie Lam, do you consider yourself a Hong
Konger first?
LAM: It's not a matter 0f first or second, I am a Hong Kong
person -- I'm a Chinese person living -- growing up and going
to contribute to Hong Kong's continued success.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
LU STOUT: That was part 0f my conversation with the
incoming Hong Kong chief executive Carrie Lam. And we will
have much more on the anniversary 0f the handover
throughout the show today.
Now, turning now to the U.S. where parts 0f Donald Trump's
controversial travel ban are about to take effect. The
controversial order had been stalled in the courts for months,
but earlier this week the U.S. Supreme Court took action,
allowing it to be partially implemented.
Now, CNN U.S. justice reporter Laura KELLY: joins me now.
She's on the story for us. And Laura, the U.S. travel ban
begins today, is it going to cause more travel chaos for
airplane travelers?
LAURA KELLY: , CNN JUSTICE CORRESPONDENT:
Well, the travel chaos remains to be seen, Kristie, but after
months 0f winding its way through the courts, portions 0f the
president's revised travel ban will go into effect later today in
the U.S.
This, 0f course, after the Supreme Court ruled and upheld
parts 0f the ban earlier this week finding that people from six
Muslim majority countries must prove a so-called bona fide
connection to a person or entity living in the U.S.
And this morning, we're learning more from sources about
how exactly the U.S. government is defining these key
relationships.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
KELLY: : The Trump administration issuing new guidelines
for visa applicants from six Muslim majority countries
impacted by President Trump's travel ban. A senior
administration official telling CNN that applicants must
prove their relationship with a parent, spouse, child, son-in-
law, daughter-in-law, or a sibling already in the U.S. to be
eligible.
15
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Other extended family members including grandparents and SHANE PATTON, VICTORIA DEPUTY POLICE
eastern fiances, left off the list. Any applicant unable to COMMISSIONER: Today, Victoria police have charged
demonstrate this close relationship traveling from those six Cardinal George PELL with historical sexual assault
countries will be banned for 90 days. The State Department offenses. Cardinal PELL has been charged on summons,
criteria sent to all embassies and consulates late Wednesday, and he's required to appear at the Melbourne magistrate's
also applies to all refugees currently awaiting approval for court on the 18th 0f July.
admission to the U.S. Visas that have already approved will Cardinal PELL is facing multiple charges in respect to
not be revoked, but immigration advocates worry that we historic sexual offenses, and there are multiple complainants.
could see chaos again at airports, like these protests in COREN: Cardinal PELL is one 0f Pope Francis's top
January when the president's first travel ban went into effect. advisers. As the secretariat 0f the economy, he is in charge 0f
This as the U.S. agency tightens aviation security for overseas the Vatican's finances.
airports with direct flights to the U.S. He was also hand-picked to sit on the pope's eight member
JOHN KELLY, HOMELAND SECURITY SECRETARY: advisory council, set up to address issues, including sexual
We cannot play international whack-a-mole with each new abuse within the church.
threat. Reading a statement from The Vatican just hours after the
KELLY: : Homeland Security Secretary John Kelly charges were laid, Cardinal PELL says he has endured a
announcing new measures that will include greater scrutiny relentless character assassination and that he is innocent.
0f passengers, canines that detect explosive, and enhanced CARIDINAL GEORGE PELL: I'm looking forward, finally,
screening 0f electronic devices. The DHS choosing not to to having my day in court. I'm innocent 0f these charges. They
implement an all-out laptop ban but leaving the option on the are false. The whole idea 0f sexual abuse is abhorrent to me.
table. COREN: Last year, Cardinal PELL refused to return to
KELLY: Make no mistake, our enemies are constantly Australia to testify before a royal commission into the
finding new methods for disguising explosive, recruiting church's mishandling 0f sexual abuse.
insiders, and hijacking aircraft. PELL: I regret that I didn't do more at that stage.
KELLY: : Secretary Kelly warning that there will be COREN: Instead, he gave four days 0f testimony from a hotel
consequences if airlines refuse to comply. in Rome, his doctors claiming he was too ill to fly. Survivors
KELLY: Those who choose not to cooperate could be subject or sexual abuse at the hands 0f clergy overseen by PELL
to other restrictions, including a ban on electronic devices on were angered by his answers that they felt showed a lack 0f
aircraft, or even a suspension 0f their flights into the United understanding and empathy.
States. This will be a monumental test for Pope Francis who, up until
(END VIDEOTAPE) now, has stood by the cardinal.
KELLY: : Now, Secretary Kelly refused to detail all 0f the new There is no extradition treaty between Australia and the
requirements for security reasons, noting that the screening Vatican, however the pope has given Cardinal PELL a leave
guidelines 0f absence to return to Australia to defend himself.
will be both seen and unseen here, and phased in over time. Anna COREN, CNN, Hong Kong.
The travel ban, guidelines, on the other hand, will go into (END VIDEOTAPE)
effect later today in the U.S., Kristie. LU STOUT: Now, Hong Kong is filled with passionate
LU STOUT: Yeah, it all begins today. Laura KELLY: political activists. And up next, meet one 0f the city's political
reporting live for us. Thank you, Laura. veterans. She directly challenged British Prime Minister
And now to the Vatican where top adviser to Pope Francis is Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s to oppose handing Hong
denying allegations that he committed sexual assault. Kong over to China.
Cardinal George PELL is facing charges in his home LU STOUT: Welcome back. You're watching News Stream
country 0f Australia. And police have not released specific live from Hong Kong's harbor front as we approach the 20th
details, but do confirm that there are multiple complainants. anniversary 0f the handover to China.
PELL will return to Australia for his court appearance next Emily Lau is a former journalist and a political veteran 0f
month. He says the very idea 0f sexual abuse is abhorrent to Hong Kong. In 1984, she famously challenged British Prime
him. Minister Margaret Thatcher on her plan to cede Hong Kong
In the past, PELL has also denied covering up any abuse to China. Now in this clip from CNN's On China, I asked
committed by a priest when he served as the archbishop 0f whether Hong Kongers felt the handover was decided by
Melbourne. Anna COREN has more. people who did not represent them.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
ANNA COREN, CNN INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENT: EMILY LAU, FORMER JOURNALIST: Well, there's no
For decades, allegations 0f covering up sexual abuse within doubt about that. Everybody knew it, because the negotiations
the Australian Catholic Church had dogged on our future were just between the British and the Chinese,
him, but it never stopped George PELL from rising through secret negotiations in which the Hong Kong people play no
the ranks to become one 0f The Vatican's most powerful. part.
But now the 76-year-old Cardinal himself has been charged And we could not play any part, because there were no
with multiple sexual assault offenses, the result 0f a two-year elections, so it's very sad.
investigation, sending shockwaves through the Vatican and And that's why I blame the British. They ran Hong Kong for
around the world, police offering few details. one-and-a-half centuries. All along, they refused to allow

16
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Hong Kong to have elections, because if we did our Un, but at the same time, saying a pre-emptive strike is still
representatives would say, wait, come on, we will have a say. on the table. Experts say President Moon needs to make a
LU STOUT: There were those declassified documents that personal connection with his U.S. counterpart.
came out a couple 0f years ago that showed that Margaret JOHN DELURY, YONSEI UNIVERSITY: My sense from
Thatcher seemed that she was more the South Korean side is they're more focused on the
concerned with economic and financial stability 0f Hong interpersonal dimension and trying to get a good summit,
Kong than the fate 0f who would be soon to be former colonial trying to get a read 0f Donald Trump as I think all world
subjects. leaders are.
LAU: All along the Hong Kong people knew that to the British HANCOCKS: The shared problem 0f North Koreas nuclear
government, all they care about is trade, economic activities, and missile program provides some common ground.
and the well-being 0f Hong Kong people are 0f secondary JOEL WITT, 38NORTH: You also have to somehow figure
importance. out how to inject into the mix a discussion 0f the substance
But -- but having said that, I think what we enjoy right now, because the challenges facing us from North Korea can't be
the freedoms, the rule 0f law, independence 0f the judiciary, put off.
that we still have -- some people are saying it's being badly HANCOCKS: And then there's THAAD, the U.S. missile
undermined, which is also true, but these are all British defense system, being deployed to South Korea, which many
legacy, that's why. simply don't want, including, in the past, President Moon,
And these things which set Hong Kong apart from Mainland although he's since softened his tone. (SHOUTING)
China, because people there do not enjoy the freedoms that we HANCOCKS: A recent protest outside the U.S. embassy had
enjoy. And we have a fearlessly independent judiciary. And a distinct anti- American tone.
many people still have faith in the rule 0f law, and in our UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (SPEAKING FOREIGN
judges. LANGUAGE)
But you can't say the same thing about Mainland China. And I HANCOCKS: This protester says, "I want President Moon to
speak as someone who has not been allowed to travel to tell President Trump that THAAD it is not beneficial for the
Mainland China for more than two decades, you know, for peace 0f South Korea and people are furious about being
some time in the legislative council that I used to belong, at controlled by the U.S."
least seven or eight members have been banned by the A recent Pew Research Center survey found a sharp fall in
Beijing government for more than 20 years. confidence in the United States since President Trump took
So, there is one country, two systems, because I'm allowed power. And that's being felt particularly acutely here in South
here, but not allowed in the Mainland. Korea from 88 percent who felt confident at the end 0f
(END VIDEOTAPE) President Obama's term to just 17 percent under
LU STOUT: That was part 0f my conversation with Hong President Trump.
Kong Democratic Party chairwoman Emily Lau. And stay Paula HANCOCKS, CNN, Seoul.
tuned for more on this week's On China as the people 0f Hong (END VIDEOTAPE)
Kong tell us their hopes and their fears about the city's future. LU STOUT: Now, the battle against ISIS in Mosul is
It airs this Friday at 5:30 p.m. in Hong Kong, 10:30 a.m. in beginning to enter its final stages. We'll bring you the latest
London, only on CNN. from inside the city.
North Korea is expected to dominate talks when Donald (HEADLINES)
Trump meets the South Korean president in a few hours. They LU STOUT: Now, the battle to recapture Mosul from ISIS is
both want to end Pyongyang's nuclear program, but have moving into its final stages. Iraqi troops say that they're on
very different ideas about how to get there. Paula the verge 0f driving out the last 0f the terrorist forces from
HANCOCKS has the latest from Seoul. the city.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) Nick Paton WALSH takes us to the heart 0f the fight.
(SHOUTING) (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
PAUAL HANCOCKS, CNN INTERNATIONAL NICK PATON WALSH, CNN SENIOR INTERNATIONAL
CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): North Korean athletes CORRESPONDENT (voice-over): The end is near for ISIS.
showcase their taekwondo skills in South Korea, a You can just feel it. And normal life is springing back out 0f
sporting connection where others are lacking. South Korea these pancaked buildings. Yet, turn one corner in Mosul
President Moon Jae-in wants to change that, meeting the towards its old city and the nihilism 0f the very final chapter
sportsman at the taekwondo world championship last in this war emerges.
weekend and the North Korean member 0f the International Liberation leads little life behind. Bodies still where they fell in
Olympics Committee. He calls for a joint North and South the scorching heat.
Korean team at the upcoming Olympics. "I want to feel those Senior commanders take us in in the calm before their final
emotions again," he said, "that I felt when the world cheered, storm to wipe ISIS off the map. (on camera): And how many
as athletes from North and South Korea marched together more days do you think ISIS have in Mosul and in Iraq?
during the 2000 Sydney Olympics." UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Some days.
A clear pro-engagement stance ahead 0f the summit with U.S. WALSH: Three, four? (voice-over): Brigadier General Asadi
President Donald Trump. (ph) beckons us on to see their prize. These are the last
Mr. Trump has made contradictory statements on North rooftops ISIS own in Mosul, barely hundreds 0f meters to go
Korea, saying he would be willing to meet leader, Kim Jong- now. In the distant left, the river bank marking where ISIS's

17
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
world ends. Among those sent to train Abu Sayyaf, al Qaeda member and
And in the dust, the ruins 0f the sacred al-Nuri Mosque. ISIS 9/11 mastermind Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.
blew it up, rather than let it to be captured. A terrifying omen WATSON: What kind 0f things did these men teach you?
for civilians held underground as human shields here. ABU JIHAD : They provided us with their experience in
(on camera): Well, that mosque has always been a distant Afghanistan. How to conduct ambush and what are the things
target for Iraqi forces, and now, they literally are able to see needed during warfare.
it from neighboring rooftops. WATSON: Did you use the islands and boats to smuggle
(voice-over): U.S. trained Major Salam (ph) took us into people and money and weapons?
Mosul eight months ago, and now he's here to see the end. (on ABU JIHAD : Yes. It was very easy for us by using the
camera): We're at the beginning. And now, we're at the end 0f process 0f speed boats that we have they can easily transport
it all. firearms and money very easily.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Yes. WATSON: How much money would be on a boat?
WALSH: So, what are we seeing on the screen? ABU JIHAD : Millions.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: This digital camera that we try to This has never happened before, that militant groups in the
recon the enemy, where are they located, and we try to find Philppines have come together.
where are the civilians also. (TEXT): ABU JIHAD was arrested and jailed in 2002. He
Nobody is sure exactly how many civilians there are. They has since renounced violence.
located in so many different houses. Many families in one WATSON: Do you feel any guilt about your time with the
house. militant groups?
WALSH: Are you getting enough help from the Americans ABU JIHAD : Yes. Yes. I resented having joined this kind 0f
now? Because when we first met eight months you... organization, having known people who brought this
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: More than enough. I am so happy destruction.
for all the support from Australian side, from American side. (END VIDEOTAPE)
WALSH: There is the occasional stench 0f death here from LU STOUT: Welcome back. All week, we are live in Victoria
the bodies 0f ISIS fighters like this one below me here left Harbor to mark the 20th anniversary 0f the handover 0f
behind and also at times an eerie silence when the gunfire Hong Kong to China, but we'd also like to mark another
subsides. significant anniversary. Now, 10 years ago today the iPhone
But it's in these dense streets that you can really feel how hard went on sale. It wasn't the first smartphone, but it was the
the fight against ISIS has been in these final moments, but first truly successful one and kick started a revolution in
also, too, how many few meters they are away from kicking mobile computing.
the terrorist group out 0f Mosul, but also out 0f Iraq entirely. Now, think 0f all the things that are now possible because 0f
(voice-over): Nick Paton WALSH, CNN, Mosul, Iraq. smartphones: enormous businesses like Uber have emerged.
(END VIDEOTAPE) While the rapid development 0f mobile technology has lead to
LU STOUT: Now, ISIS maybe losing ground in Iraq, but advances in other electronics like drones and virtual reality.
appears to be gaining a foothold in the Philippines. Now, But one analyst says one 0f the most impressive facts 0f the
government forces there are fighting ISIS-linked militants in iPhone is something it's missing: malware. Security analyst
the city 0f Marawi. Ivan WATSON spoke exclusively with the Mikka Hypponen said this on Twitter, quote, "the iPhone is 10
former extremist about why he left a group that is now years old today. After 10 years, not a single serious malware
aligned with ISIS. case. It's not just luck, we need to congratulate Apple on this,"
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) unquote.
WATSON: What was the attraction in those days to join an Now, one 0f the curious things about the iPhone is that it
armed militant group? didn't start out a phone at all. Now Brian Merchant wrote The
ABU JIHAD , FORMER JIHADIST: To us it was a noble One Device. It's a book that traces the origins 0f the iPhone.
obligation to take part in jihad. And he explains how the project began at Apple.
(TEXT): ABU JIHAD is from the Philippines Island 0f (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
Basilan. For more than a decade, he was a member 0f Abu BRIAN MERCHANT, AUTHOR: Long before there was
Sayyaf, the Philippines' most notorious extremist group. any mention 0f an iPhone, or any desire for Apple to build a
WATSON: What was the justification at that time for killing phone, the core principles 0f the iPhone started coming
people? together deep in an abandoned user testing lab inside Apple's
ABU JIHAD : At first we thought that the organization is for HQ in Cupertino.
religious purpose. It is for the propagation 0f Islamic So, it began as just this freewheeling series 0f experiments
teachings. It is to establish the sharia. We never thought that that designers, engineers, and programmers were really just
the group would resort to kidnappings, bombings and many trying to figure out this core question, and that's how do we
other atrocities. want to use our devices now that computers are getting
(TEXT): Over the past quarter century, Abu Sayyaf faster, the internet is getting better, media is getting richer,
kidnapped scores 0f people. The militants ransomed what are we going to want to do with all this stuff besides just
(inaudilbe) some victims. Some were (inaudible). click on it and use a keyboard.
ABU JIHAD : Especially at the start 0f the group, the So, these guys really thinking hard about what the future is.
foreign connection, foreign support is very important. And to them it looked an awful look like the future was going
(TEXT): Abu Sayyaf allied itself with al Qaeda in the 1990s. to be direct manipulation, that's just reaching out and

18
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
touching data, touching pictures. And Around The World. I'm Fareed Zakaria.
END VIDEO CLIP
LU STOUT: Apple has now sold over 1 billion iPhones, that (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
MAYOR RAHM EMANUEL, Chicago: They've Made Some
makes it the most successful phone 0f all-time. But the
Choices That I Think Will Now Have Consequences That Are
smartphone fills so many roles that analyst Horace Sideo (ph) Not Just Immediate But Long Term.
argues that it's much more than that. It is also the best-selling (END VIDEO CLIP)
camera 0f all-time, the best selling video screen, and the best-
selling computer. ZAKARIA: Also, The Urgent Issue That Both The President
But its impact can be seen in a farm more simple way: just And Rahm Emanuel Are Warning About. America's
take a moment to look around you right now. Now chances Crumbling Infrastructure.
And What Is The Future 0f Conservatism In The Trump Era?
are someone nearby is staring down at their smartphone.
Will The World 0f Ronald Reagan Ever Return?
Now, let's end the show by returning to the anniversary 0f the
handover. In this city with a population 0f more than 7 (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
million, being a Hong Konger Ronald Reagan, 40th President 0f The United States: I Pledge
means a lot 0f things to a lot 0f people. And today, we hear To You A Government That Will Not Only Work Well But
from outspoken local politician James Tien. Wisely.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) (END VIDEO CLIP)
JAMES TIEN, POLITICIAN: There's no such word as a
ZAKARIA: The Always Sharp David BROOKS Weighs In.
Hong Konger, but I would say that I'm Chinese, but I will Finally, A Windswept Island In The Middle 0f The Pacific. It
always add on that I'm a Chinese from Hong Kong. Should Be A Paradise. Instead, It's A Dump. Literally. And It's
I'm James Tien. I was the chairman 0f the pro-business All Our Fault. I'll Explain.
liberal party in the legislative counsel 0f Hong Kong. But First Here's My Take. While We've Been Focused On The
I think the one thing that's really special that Hong Kong is a Results 0f Special Elections, The Ups And Downs 0f The
Russia Investigation, And President Trump's Latest Tweets,
place that east meets west. We're somewhat different in
Under The Radar A Broad And Significant Shift In American
ideology and living behavior versus the Chinese from the Foreign Policy Appears To Be Under Way.
mainland. Put Simply, The U.S. Is Stumbling Its Way Into Another
Basically, Hong Kong is the capitalistic society, why mainland Decade 0f War In The Greater Middle East. Donald Trump
is socialistic society. We are part 0f China. We're not Came Into Office With A Refreshing Skepticism About
independent. America's Policy Toward The Region.
On the election 0f our leader, I think the best way forward is
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
that Beijing identifies two or three candidates that they trust
Donald Trump, President 0f The United States: Everybody
and they believe in and let the Hong Kong citizen people, we That's Touched The Middle East, They've Gotten Bogged
vote for either one 0f them 0f their choice, because currently Down.
we're not quite there yet, is that basically Beijing decides on (END VIDEO CLIP)
someone that they prefer and it's not up to the 5 million ZAKARIA: But Trump Also Sees Himself As A Tough Guy.
people, it's up to 1,200 member election committee. They
decide. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
Trump: I Would Bomb The Shit Out 0f Them.
I hope the next five years we have a chief executive that's more
(END VIDEO CLIP)
democratic camp, more friendly with the people in the media,
and put Hong Kong back on the right footing. ZAKARIA: Now That He's In The White House And Has
(END VIDEOTAPE) Surrounded Himself With An Array 0f Generals, His Macho
All week, we are live from Hong KOng's harbor front as we Instinct Seems To Have Triumphed. The Administration Has
countdown to the 20th anniversary 0f the handover to China. Ramped Up Its Military Operations Across The Greater
Middle East.
Earlier today, you heard from the next chief executive 0f the
But What Is The Underlying Strategy?
Chinese special administrative region 0f Hong Kong. In The Fight Against Isis, U.S. Forces Have Been Aggressively
Tomorrow hear from the last governor 0f the British Initiating Attacks Resulting In Sharp Rises In Civilian Deaths
crown colony 0f Hong Kong, Chris Patton. In Iraq And Syria. And In A Dramatic Escalation This Week,
Well, that's all for News Stream today. World Sport with The U.S. Shot Down A Syrian Warplane Putting Washington
Riannon Jones is next. On A Collision Course With Syria And Its Ally, Russia.
END Worst Yet, It Is Unclear How This Belligerence Towards The
Assad Regime Will Achieve The Sole Stated Mission 0f

FAREED
America's Involvement In Syria, To Defeat Isis. Logically, If
Assad Gets Weaker, His Main Opposition Forces, Various
Militant Islamist Groups Including Isis, Will Get Stronger.
Compounding The Incoherence, The Administration

ZAKARIA GPS (By CNN Host Fareed Zakaria)

Explained That While It Had Attacked Assad's Forces, It Was
Not Fighting The Assad Regime And The Downing Was
Simply An Act 0f Collective Self-Defense.
A Few More Such Acts 0f Self-Defense, An American Combat
This transcript covers:Discussion 0f Dealing with Troops Could Find Themselves On The Ground In The Middle
North Korea; The Future 0f U.S. Political Right. 0f The Syrian Civil War. In Afghanistan, Trump Has
FAREED ZAKARIA, CNN Host: This Is Gps, The Global Delegated The Details 0f A Mini Surge 0f 4,000 More Troops
Public Square. Welcome To All 0f You In The United States
19
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
To Defense Secretary James Mattis And Other Senior Military The White House But A Few Have Never Actually Been There.
Leaders. And While I -- You Focused On Me From President Obama, I
But Let's Remember, The United States Has Been In Was Senior Adviser To President Clinton. But You Also Had
Afghanistan For 16 Years. It Has Had Several Surges In Other Members 0f Tom Donilon, National Security Stuff, Ron
Troop Numbers. It Has Spent Almost A Trillion Dollars On Klain, Who Is Vice President Biden's Chief 0f Staff, Was In The
That Country. And Yet Mattis Acknowledges That The U.S. Is White House Before. You Had A Number 0f People Who've
Not Winning. Been There That Had The Experience 0f The Rhythm 0f A
What Will An Additional 4,000 Troops Achieve That Over White House And Knowing How To Constantly Weigh Policy
100,000 Troops Could Not? Against Politics Against The Public Relations.
In Yemen, With Washington's Latest Arms Sales To Saudi And That's The Kind 0f Three-Dimensional Chess You Have
Arabia, The U.S. Is Further Fueling The Saudi's Proxy War To Do. And I Would Just Say They've Made Some Choices
Against Iran. A War That Has Led The Kingdom Into A De That I Think Will Now Have Consequence That Are Not Just
Facto Alliance With Al Qaeda In Yemen. The New Saudi Immediate But Long Term. And They Need Some Victories.
Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman Seems Likely To And I Keep Emphasizing That, You Know, Victories Beget
Persist In This Conflict Even Though It Has Resulted In A Victories, Losses Beget Losses. And I Think That They've Made
Humanitarian Catastrophe. A Child In Yemen Is Dying From Some Mistakes That Exacerbated Already A Troubling Fragile
Preventable Causes Every 10 Minutes According To Unicef Coalition And Political Position 0f A President.
And The Poorest Country In The Arab World Has Been ZAKARIA: So What Is A White House Like In A Situation
Turned Into A Wasteland In Which Terror Groups Will Like This? You Saw The Clinton White House During The
Compete For Decades To Come. Impeachment Process. Is It A Kind 0f Bunker Mentality? Is It
A Siege Mentality? What Do You Think Is Going -- Is It
In Almost Every Situation American Forces Are Involved In, Possible For People To Just Execute Policy And To Plan Policy,
The Solutions Are More Political Than Military. Everything Or Is The Investigation Taking Over Everything?
Military Has Been Tried. This Has Become Especially True In EMANUEL: Well, If Anybody Tells You The Investigation
Places Like Syria And Afghanistan When Many Regional Doesn't Kind 0f Permeate, They're Not Being Honest With
Powers Have Major Interests. Military Force Without A You. You Have To Fight It, But It Doesn't Mean You're Going
Strategy And A Deeply Engaged Political And Diplomatic To Succeed. But You Have To Fight It. And What That Means
Process Is Destined To Fail. Perhaps Even To Produce A Series Is You Have To Set Up A Separate Communication, Separate
0f Unintended Consequences. Legal, Separate Kind 0f Congressional And Outreach. And
Think About The Last Decade And A Half. During The Then A Total White House Operation.
Campaign, Donald Trump Seemed To Be Genuinely Reflective Now I Think, If You Go Back, We Did A Pretty Good Job
About America's Role In The Middle East. Under The Ken Star Investigation With President Clinton. But
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) If We Sit There And High-Fived Each Other And Said, Oh, We
Trump: This Is Not Usually Me Talking, Ok. Kept It Chinese Wall, That's Not Honest. It's Just Too
Unidentified Male: Yes. Dominant A Factor. It's Very Hard To Keep An Investigation
Trump: Because I'm Very Proactive. 0f The Presidency And The People In The White House
Unidentified Male: Right. Separate From Day-To-Day Operations. Very Hard. But It Is
Trump: As You Probably Know. What You Have To Do.
Unidentified Male: I Know. ZAKARIA: Do You Understand The Sort 0f Bannon Strategy,
Trump: But I Would Sit Back And Let's See What's Going On. Which Seems To Be Go For Your Base Because You'll Always
(END VIDEO CLIP) Have Them, These Guys Are The Center, They'll Never Come
ZAKARIA: Yes. After 16 Years 0f Continuous Warfare, To You And -- You Know, That's The Theory. It Has Begat At
Hundreds 0f Thousands Dead, Trillions 0f Dollars Spent And 36 Percent Approval Rating. So It Seems To Me It Doesn't
Greater Regional Instability, Somebody In Washington Needs Work. But What Do You Think?
To Ask Before The Next Bombing, Before The Next EMANUEL: Well, You May -- Well, You Have To Separate
Deployment, What Is Going On? This. There Are Different Needs From Congressional To Local
For More Go To Cnn.Com/Fareed And Read My "Washington Party Officials Versus Your Statewides. It May Work For
Post" Column This Week. And Let's Get Started. President Trump. But It Does Not Work For The Rest 0f The
Rahm EMANUEL Knows Just How Tough It Is To Enter The Republicans. And His Relationship With His Voters May Not
White House On Inauguration Day And Try To Set Up A Be Transferrable. We're Going To Find Out Some Stuff Pretty
President's Agenda. He Did It. EMANUEL Was President Soon About As It Relates To Other Congressional Races, Other
Obama's First Chief 0f Staff. And When He Walked Into The Elections In Both New Jersey And Virginia For Governor, Et
White House On January 20th, 2009, He Had The Huge Cetera.
Additional Challenge That The American Economy Was See, What Their Strategy Is Pretty Straightforward. Get Their
Imploding With The Worst Global Recession Since The 1980s, Voters And Keep Them On Amphetamines, Highly Charged.
Perhaps Since The 1930s, Already Under Way. I'm Not Sure Where The Battlegrounds For Congress Are, The
So How Would He Grade The First Five Months 0f The Battlegrounds Are For The Statehouses. That's Going To Be
Current Resident 0f 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, His Chief 0f An Electoral Strategy For Success Up And Down The
Staff, The Rest 0f Administration? Republican Ticket. And I Think It's Not Just A Strategy,
Joining Me Is The Mayor 0f Chicago, Rahm EMANUEL. So, There's Policy Decisions That Are Slowly But Surely
Rahm, When You're Watching Them, What Do You Think? Alienating Persuadable Voters.
EMANUEL: Thank God I'm Mayor 0f The City 0f Chicago. And I Think Basically, As Far Out As You Really Can See Now,
Well, I Mean, Here's What I Would Say, Fareed, Is I Used To Which I Don't Think You Can, This Election In 2018 Will Be A
Tell President Clinton This, Which Is, If We Knew In The First Referendum On Trump. Democrats Are Going To Say, We're
Year 0f The First Term What We Knew By The First Year 0f Going To Be A Check On This President, A Checkmate, And
The Second Term, We'd All Be Geniuses. The Republicans -- And We're Going To Accuse Republicans 0f
Nobody Is Really, Ever, Ever, Ever Ready. The Only Thing Being A Blank Check. And That's Basically It.
That Prepares You Is The Campaign. But You Have A ZAKARIA: So Explain Something To Me. A Puzzle I've Had
President That Never Held Office And Basically Everybody In With President Trump Is --

20
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
ZAKARIA: Why Wouldn't He When He Came Into Office Month. After All, The Week Just Happened To Coincide With
Have Done What He Said He Was Going To Do Throughout The Most Anticipated Testimony Since Watergate. Jim
The Campaign, Announce The Creation 0f Make America Comey's.
Great Bonds, 40 Years, 50, 30, Whatever You Want To Call Trump Announced That America Deserves The Best
Them. Infrastructure In The World And Said In His Most Trumpian
EMANUEL: Yes. Manner.
ZAKARIA: Raise Money At The Lowest Rates Really You're (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
Ever Going To See And Actually Build Infrastructure, Putting Trump: It's Time To Rebuild Our Country To Bring Back Our
People To Work, Putting His Base To Work. Jobs, To Restore Our Dreams, And Yes, It's Time Finally To
EMANUEL: Yes. Put America First.
ZAKARIA: Why Has He Not Done That? (END VIDEO CLIP)
EMANUEL: Fareed, I'll Give You One Up On That, If I Can. ZAKARIA: In Calling Attention To America's Infrastructure
Think About His Presidency And The Trajectory 0f This Problems, President Trump Finds Himself With Some Strange
Presidency. Had He Started On The One Area That Was Bedfellows Like My Guest, Chicago Mayor Rahm
Bipartisan Rather Than The One Area Like Health Care EMANUEL.
Which Was Going To Be Polarization, He'd Have Democrats So What Do You Think 0f Trump's Plan?
In A Position, We'd Have To Either Decide To Cooperate And EMANUEL: Well, I Don't Know It. The One Thing That Came
Therefore Our Base Would Be Angry Or Work With Him On Out 0f It Is Somewhat The Privatization 0f The Aviation
Building Something? System. I Fundamentally Believed You're Not Going To Get
His Entire Presidency Would Be Focused On The One Thing From Here To There, A 21st Century Transportation System
He Pledged, Which Is Jobs. He Decided To Do The Exact For A 21st Century Economy Without Money.
Opposite, Which Is To Go To A Set 0f Policies On Health Care
That Would Be Divisive And Would Be Unproductive. And As I'm Open To Public And Private. We've Done Some 0f That.
Somebody Who's Worked On Health Care, It Was Going To Be But It Doesn't Replace Public. I'm For An Increase In The Gas
A Cul-De-Sac. And That's Exactly What's Happened. Tax. It's Real Money For Real Problems That Will Solve Real
Politically And Economically And It's Wrong. So My View Is, Problems. 1994 Was The Last Time We Actually Increases The
He Made Both A Political And A Policy Blunder 0f The First Country's Gas Tax And We Did Index It To Inflation.
Order, Which Is What Rookies Make When They Come Right If You Ask President Clinton, He Would Tell You That Was A
Out 0f The Box. ZAKARIA: And Do You Think That It Was Mistake. So A Lesson When I Became Mayor, We Raised The
Because He Listened To People Like Paul Ryan And Mitch Water Rate Over A Four- Year Window And Then Indexed It
Mcconnell Who Said This Is What The Republicans Want? To Inflation. I Don't Want Another Mayor Or City Council To
EMANUEL: Yes. I Think A Lot 0f People -- I Don't Know. I Handle That Politics. It's $4.9 Billion Over A 10-Year Window,
Only Know What I Read. So I Don't Know The -- I Know -- 900 Miles 0f Water Pipe, 670 Miles 0f Sewer Pipe, Two
The One Thing I Do Know Is What You Read Is 10 Percent Largest Water Filtration Plants In The United States And
Usually 0f The Ice Above The Water Level. You Don't Know Pumping Stations Will Be Totally Rebuilt. And Then It's
Everything Below. You Know, But The End 0f The Day, You Indexed So The Work Continues.
Know, The President Makes The Call. He Can Listen To All ZAKARIA: Rahm, You Have Found A Way To Make
The Advice, But There's Only One Guy That Makes The Call. Chicago's Infrastructure Great Again Without Much Help
Had He Started On Infrastructure, One, It Would Have Been From The Federal Government. Explain How.
Good For The Economy. Two, It Would Had Been Bipartisan. EMANUEL: Some Yes, Some No. On The Airports, Basically
And Three, He Would Have Been Focused On His Core When We're Done With Our New Runway System, O'hare Will
Message, Which Was Jobs. Have Added Midway's Capacity. And We Did That With
The Talk About Health Care Vis-A-Vis His Base, I Think, Federal Help.
Misread What His Base Wanted. I Think It's Actually A Total ZAKARIA: Two New Runways?
Misreading 0f The Republican Base. He Actually Changed The EMANUEL: Yes. Two New Runways. But When The System
Republican Base And The Republicans In Congress Aren't Up Is Complete, We're The Only City In The United States That
To Speed With What His Base Is. And That's A Political Basically Built A Third Airport In The Last Decade Because
Analysis, But It's Actually, If You Look At The History -- We're Adding Midway's Capacity To O'hare. That's How You
ZAKARIA: And Your Point Is His Base Is Actually -- Have To Look At That.
EMANUEL: More Jobs Focused, More America Focused. ZAKARIA: And An Express Train Line To The Airport.
ZAKARIA: And Working Class Anxious About Health Care, EMANUEL: We're Now Exploring That And Will Be Actually
Not Really Interested In The Ideological Debate About Working On Our Rfp Exactly On That. Our Mass Transit
Repealing Obamacare. System Were -- Half The Track Will Be New By 2019. A Third
EMANUEL: Yes. Totally Misreading, I Think, What The Base -- About 40 Individual Stations Will Be Totally New. Every
Is. And Therefore -- But He Made That Call. And I Think Railcar By 2019 Will Be Totally New Or Rebuilt. We Have 4g,
There's Still Fundamentally A Dire Need And A Desire, Both A The First System Completely, The First Mass Transit System
Dire Need And A Desire, To Build A 21st Century With 4g On It. We've Done That With Local, State And Federal
Transportation System For A 21st Century Economy. Resources.
You Can See Places That Are Succeeding, That Are Investing ZAKARIA: How Do You Think --
In The Future, And You Can See People That Aren't Investing EMANUEL: But The School Modernization, We're Doing
And What's Happening To Their Economy. That Alone As A City.
ZAKARIA: But It Will Cost Money? ZAKARIA: And You Point Out, This Is -- This Means Lots 0f
EMANUEL: Totally. I Mean, You Can't Get -- It Cost Money Jobs For People In Chicago.
To Build It, It's Going To Cost Money To Build The Future. EMANUEL: We Did About 60 -- If You Do It Over A Four-
ZAKARIA: Back In A Moment. Much More To Discuss With Year Window This Next Leg It's Around 50,000 To 60,000
Rahm EMANUEL, Including How He Is Making Chicago's Construction Jobs, All Building Trade Jobs In The First Four
Infrastructure Great Again In America's Third Largest City. Years And It's Also A Similar Kind 0f 52,000 Jobs.
ZAKARIA: You Would Be Forgiven If You've Missed Entirely We Are Now Last April Was Our Lowest Unemployment Rate
The President's Infrastructure Week At The Beginning 0f The In April In The History 0f The City 0f Chicago. And I'll Give

21
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows
You Other Data Points. Five Years In A Row, Number One
City In Corporate Relocations In The United States 0f
America. Five Years In A Row, The Number One City For
Direct Foreign Investment In The United States 0f America.
And My Most Important As It Relates To This. Every Year For
The Last Five Years, The City 0f Chicago's Economy Grew
Faster Than The United States, Faster Than New York And
Faster Than D.C. That's (Inaudible) Economist. And I Do
Believe Our Investments In Our Transportation System In
Capital Has Created A Foundation For Greater And Faster
Economic Growth Than The Country As A Whole.
ZAKARIA: Rahm EMANUEL, Pleasure To Have You On, As
Always.
EMANUEL: Thank You.
ZAKARIA: Next On Gps, who can possibly tame Kim
Jong-un and his North Korean regime? Is It Donald
Trump Or China Or Anybody? We'll Tell You When We Come
Back.
ZAKARIA: On Monday, American Student Otto Warmbier
Died Just Days After Being Released From 17 Months 0f
Custody In North Korea. In Response, President Trump
Tweeted, "The U.S. Once Again Condemns The Brutality 0f
The North Korean Regime As We Mourn Its Latest Victim."
And Then, "While I Greatly Appreciate The Efforts 0f
President Xi And China To Help With North Korea, It Has Not
Worked Out. At Least I Know China Tried."
We'll Try To Get To The Bottom 0f What Trump Meant And
Whether There Is Anything He Can Do About This Rogue
Regime.
Joining Me Now Are Joseph CIRINCIONE, The President 0f
The Ploughshares Fund, And Victor Cha Who Is Korea Chair
0f The Center For Strategic And International Studies.
Welcome, Gentlemen.
JOSEPH CIRINCIONE, PRESIDENT,
PLOUGHSHARES FUND: Pleasure To Be Here.
VICTOR CHA, DIRECTOR 0f ASIAN STUDIES,
GEORGETOWN SCHOOL 0f FOREIGN STUDIES:
Pleasure To Be With You.
ZAKARIA: Victor, A Lot 0f People Argue That, While We
Think That North Korea Is Under Brutal Sanctions, The Most
Sanctioned Regime In The World And Therefore There Isn't
Much More One Can Do About It, There Are A Number 0f
People Who Say, When You Look At It Closely And You Look
At The Actual Enforcement 0f Sanctions, We Could Turn The
Screws A Lot More Tightly On North Korea. Do You Agree?
CHA: Yes. Fareed, I Think That's Right. When You Compare
The Sanctions Regime That Was Against -- That Against
North Korea, There Really Is No Comparison. The Sanctions
Against Iran Were Much More Comprehensive.
In The Case 0f North Korea, A Very Important Player In A
Sanctions Regime Is Going To Be China Because 85 Percent 0f
North Korea's External Trade Is With China. So We Can Do
Other Things On The Margins Trying To Impose Sanctions
For Human Rights Violations And Other Sorts 0f Things. But
The Key Player Really There Is China. And China --
ZAKARIA: Do You Think That Donald Trump Was Accurate
In Saying That The Chinese Tried But Weren't Able To
Succeed? Because, You Know, A Lot 0f People Feel The
Chinese Always Promise They're Going To Crack Down This
Time And At The End 0f The Day They Never Really Do. It's A
Tangled Set 0f Reasons. It's An Old Treaty Ally. They Worry
About The Consequences 0f Destabilizing But They Never
Push That Hard.
CHA: Yes. Unfortunately I Think That's Right. China Is The
Key Player. But They Will Not Put Enough Pressure On The
Regime For Fear That It's Going To Collapse. China Has Said
That They Will Impose A Call Ban On North Korea. They
Don't Appear To Be Living Up To That Promise To Stop Coal
Imports From North Korea. Commercial Satellite Imagery 0f
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
The North Korean Country Shows That There's Infrastructure
And Construction Projects Taking Place Which Don't Look
Like What You Would Expect From A Regime That Is Feeling
The Pinch 0f Worldwide Sanctions.
So China Is Not Doing What It Should Be Doing In Terms 0f
This. There Are Many Reasons As You Said As To Why That's
The Case. And That Is Perhaps Why President Trump Tweeted
What He Did.
ZAKARIA: Joe, You Have A Kind 0f Wholly Different View
0f An Alternate Path To Getting North Korea Denuclearized.
Why Don't You Lay It Out?
CIRINCIONE: Sure. You Can Get China To Do More And
They Can Do More, And You Can Put More Sanctions On
North Korea And We Should Do That. But Sanctions Alone
Are Never Going To Solve Your Problem. No Country In
History Has Ever Been Coerced Into Compliance Or Collapse
Over A Nuclear Weapons-Related Sanctions Regime. But Lots
0f Countries Have Been Convinced To Give Up Their Nuclear
Weapons. And This Is The Missing Element. The Chinese Are
Willing To Do More But They Want To Know What Is The
United States Going To Do. Are You Willing To Enter Into
Talks With North Korea, For Example?
There Are Four Countries That Are Key To Solving This
Problem -- Obviously The United States And North Korea, But
Also South Korea And China. Right Now, You Have The
Chinese, The South Koreans And Even The North Koreans
Singing Notes From The Same Song. They Are Willing To Talk
About A Freeze On North Korean Capabilities, Not The
Elimination. What Do The North Koreans Want? They Want
Security Assurances From The United States. They Want That
Manifested In A Freeze On U.S. And South Korean Joint
Military Exercises On Their Border. The Question Is, Is The
U.S. Willing To Do That?
ZAKARIA: Victor, I'm Going To -- I'm Going To Assume
You're Going To Say We Tried That In 2005; They Made A
Kind 0f Offer During The Clinton Years And It Didn't Work?
Cha: Yeah, They -- The North Koreans Have Been Given, On
Numerous Occasions, Security Assurances, Even Negative
Security Assurance In The Six-Party Talks, Which The United
States Said On Paper That We Will Not Attack North Korea
With Nuclear Or Conventional Weapons.
You Know, I'm All In Favor 0f A Freeze As Well. I Do Believe
That The North Koreans, The Chinese And The South Koreans
Are Moving Towards A Position Where The United States
Needs To Stop Our Military Exercises With The South Koreans
In Return For A Freeze. I Don't Think That That's A
Particularly Good Deal. Those Exercises Are Purely Defensive.
And Readiness -- If There's Ever A Need For Readiness
Anywhere In The World, It's Going To Be On The Korean
Peninsula, Given All 0f North Korean Provocations.
You Know, Maybe There Are Other Ways To Get To A Freeze.
But To Give Up Military Exercises For That Would Be Giving
A Lot More On The Part 0f The United States Than We've
Given In The Past For A Lot Less Than What We've Gotten In
The Past. And I Don't Think That's A Good Negotiation.
ZAKARIA: Joe, What Do You Say To Those Who Say, "We've
Tried This In The Clinton Years; Bush Made An Offer; The
North Koreans Never Quite Agree Or Comply"?
CIRINCIONE: Well, Victor Is Absolutely Right. There Are
Very Sound Reasons Why We Do Those Joint Exercises. And
This Would Be Painful For Us To Give It Up. That's Right. But
If You're Not Going To Give That Up, Then What Are You
Going To Give Up? And This Is -- Really, The Core 0f The
Problem Right Now Isn't Actually North Korean
Intransigence. They're Willing To Talk. It's The Fact That We
Don't Have A North Korea Policy. We Tried To Outsource It
To China, Thinking That They Were Going To Solve It For Us.
That Was Always A Pipe Dream.
So What Is Our Policy? It Is Incoherent Right Now. The South
22
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Koreans Don't Know And The Chinese Don't Know; The To Read, A Short Book Called "The Structure 0f Scientific
Japanese Don't Know. The Administration Is Running On Revolutions" By Thomas Kuhn. And He Said What Happens
Fumes, And Partially It's Because They Haven't Brought The In Science -- But It's Also True In Politics -- Is You Get A
People In Who Could Do The Job. They Haven't Appointed Paradigm; You Get A Way 0f Looking At The World,
People In The State Department Who Know What They're Reaganism. That Was A Paradigm. It Works For A Little
Doing, Who Can Do This. While And Then Slowly It Detaches From Reality And It's
Look, There's One Person On The Show Right Now Who Hollow, But Nobody Knows It. Somebody Comes Along,
Would Be An Excellent Assistant Secretary 0f State To Help Punctures It And It Collapses.
Solve This Problem. And It Ain't Me. And That's What Trump Did To Reaganism. But Then You Get
ZAKARIA: Well, On That Note 0f Recommendation, Which This Period 0f Chaos, Where People Really Haven't Released
We Hope President Trump Is Listening To, We're Going To The Old Paradigm But They Haven't -- Don't Know What The
Have To End This Now. New One Is. And Then You Get A Period 0f Competition 0f
Victor Cha, Joe, Pleasure To Have You On. Paradigms.
CIRINCIONE: Thank You Fareed. And So, In The Republican Party, You're Going To Get A
Cha: Thank You. Libertarian Paradigm; You're Going To Get A Paleo-
Up Next, is the conservatism 0f Ronald Reagan dead Conservative Pat Buchanan Paradigm. You're Going To Get A
and gone forever? Whole Bunch 0f Different Ones And They Will Fight It Out.
David BROOKS Weighs In On The Future 0f The Right In And If I Had To Bet, I Would Like An Alexander Hamilton,
The Wake 0f Donald Trump. Open Trade, Lot 0f Immigration, Lot 0f Economic Dynamism.
ZAKARIA: Ronald Reagan: In The Minds 0f Many On The But Frankly, When I Look At The Polls, There Are Not A Lot 0f
Right, He Will Forever Be The King 0f Conservatism, His People Who Want What I Want. The Steve Bannons 0f The
Presidency The High Point 0f That Movement. World -- That's Where A Lot 0f The People Are. If You --
So What Does Donald Trump's Presidency Represent? Where They're Older; They're Economically Disadvantaged, And
Does Conservatism Go From Here? Where Does The They Want A National Conservatism That Will Protect Them.
Republican Party Go From Here? ZAKARIA: And If That Is What They Want, The Party, You
Early In The Week, I Had The Opportunity To Talk To A Man Think, Will -- Will Fold. Because, To Me, What's Been Really
Who Thinks A Lot About These Issues, The New York Times Interesting To Watch Is Conservative Intellectuals Have, By
Columnist David BROOKS. And Large, Particularly The More Prominent Ones Like You,
(Begin Videotape) Have Stuck True To Their Ideas And Ideals And, You Know,
ZAKARIA: David BROOKS, Pleasure To Have You On. Been Very Critical 0f Trump. I Think Somebody Like George
BROOKS: Good To Be With You. ZAKARIA: When You Will Essentially Got Fired From Fox For That Reason.
Look At Trump And The Way He's Been Governing, The BROOKS: Yeah, Right.
Things He's Passed, It's, Kind Of, A Hodgepodge 0f Some ZAKARIA: But The Republican Politicians Have Not. They
Things That Seem Hardcore Republican Economic Agenda, Have All Caved And, In Some Way Or The Other, Have
The Repeal 0f Obamacare. Some 0f It Is The Trade Accommodated Themselves To Trump?
Protectionism He's Always Promised. Is There A New BROOKS: Yeah. And Either Those 0f Us In The Intellectual
Conservatism Developing? Class Are High-Bound And Rigid And We're Stuck With Our
BROOKS: No, I Don't Think So, Not -- Not In This Ideas And We're Not Reflecting Reality, Or The Politicians Are
Administration. I Think We Saw Glimmers 0f It In The Craven And They Just Don't Want To Lose Their Jobs, So
Campaign. And What Trump Understood But A Lot 0f Us They'll Go Wherever The People Are. And That's Basically
Didn't Understand, What Debate We Were Having, We Grew Where They Are.
Up In The Debate 0f Big Government Versus Small I Think One 0f The Things We've Learned And Trump Has
Government, Whether You Wanted To Use Government To Demonstrated Is That Parties Are Not That Ideological.
Enhance Equality, As Democrats Did, Or Reduce Government Trump Ran Against A Lot 0f Republican Positions And
To Enhance Freedom, As Republicans Did. But In The Republicans Signed On.
Campaign, Trump Said "That's Not Our Debate." As Many What Parties Are These Days Are Cultural Signifiers, Social
People, Including You, Have Said, It's Open-Closed. It's Identity Markers And Just Teams. And People Think, "What
Between Those Who Feel The Headwinds 0f Globalization Team Has People Like Me On It? What Fits My Social
Blasting In Their Faces And They Want Closed Borders, Identity?"
Closed Trade, Security, And Those Who Feel It's Pushing At A Lot 0f People Looked Around; A Lot 0f Suburban Women In
Their Backs, And They Want Open Trade, Open Opportunity Missouri Looked Around And Said "Sarah Palin, She's, Kind
And Open Social Mores. Of, Like Me." And Whether Sarah Palin Believed In High Tax
And He Identified That We're Having A New Debate Now. Rates Or Low Tax Rates Or Health Insurance Markets Or
And What's Central To His Administration Is He Hasn't Some Other Health Care Policy, That's Not What They Were
Delivered On That. Thinking About. They Were Thinking About, "Who's Like Me?"
And That's Because There Are Not A Lot 0f Trumpians In The And For A Lot 0f People In The Republican Party, Which Is
World 0f Policy. And So He Hasn't Exactly Helped The People Older, Whiter And Less Educated At The Core, Trump Was
Who Got Him Into Office. He's Staffed His Administration, To Like That.
The Extent It Is Staffed, With People Who Basically Believed ZAKARIA: Does That Tell You That They Will Be Loyal To
In The Reagan Bargain 0f 1984, Which Is, You Know, Cut Tax Him To The End, If There -- If These Investigations Go -- Go
Rates, Reduce Government Regulation. And So I Think He Badly For The President?
Opened The Door For A New Kind 0f Conservatism But Has BROOKS: Yeah, Pretty Much. One 0f The Things I Think
Not Fulfilled It. That's For Somebody In The Future. We've Learned In Spades Over The Last 20 Years Is That We
ZAKARIA: So Where Do Republicans Go? In The Political Class Get Super-Excited About Scandal, And
When You Look At Republican Congressmen, Politicians, We Think, "Oh, It's About To Tear That Person Down." But,
Have They Looked At That Campaign And Said, "We Need To Time And Time Again, When You Actually Go Out To Districts
Become More Populist Conservatives"? Is That Where The Where People Are Voting, It's, Sort Of, Just A Noise In The
Party Is Heading? Background, And They're Voting The Things That They Care
BROOKS: Yeah, There Was A Book That Was Really Useful About, Their Economics, The Health Care, Their Education,

23
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Or They Like The Person. projecting power owing to the group’s decline.
And So, In My Conversations With Trump Voters, The
Scandals Just Don't Come Up. They Think -- Always, Kind Of, "There might be this inverse relationship between how poorly
A Buffoon Or Whatever, But At Least He's Still Basically ISIS is doing on the ground, and the fact that they’re on the
Trying To Say The Right Things. And So I Don't Think It Will run, and the need for them to project power elsewhere," says
Have Any Difference (Ph). Bloom. "This is a way where they remain relevant and give
ZAKARIA: And Is Part 0f Trump's Support That That -- You the illusion that they are still powerful and still in control."
Know, That Core 35 Percent Or So 0f The Country
Strengthened Every Time The Media Criticizes Him? For former Turkish counterterrorism police chief Ahmet
BROOKS: Yeah... Yayla, support for the group transcends territorial control.
ZAKARIA: Because The Last Thing They Want To Do Is To "They have a solid ideology when it comes to reaching out to
Give You The Satisfaction... their supporters and the people who support them
BROOKS: Correct. ideologically," says Yayla, who is also a fellow at the
ZAKARIA: ... 0f Having Been Right About Donald Trump? International Center for the Study 0f Violent Extremism.
BROOKS: Correct. Yeah, One 0f The Things We Learned
About The Class Structure In This Country Is That People In "So, it doesn’t matter from their perspective whether they’re
The Lower Middle Class Or People In The Working Class Or losing or not."
People Who Voted For Trump Don't Mind Billionaires; They
Do Not Mind Rich People. What They Mind Are Bossy
Professionals, Teachers, Lawyers, Journalists Who Seem To
Want To Tell Them What To Do Or Seem To Want To Tell
Them How To Act.
WORLD RIGHT
And If You Had To Pick The Classic Epitome 0f That Person
Who Most Offends Them, That Would Be Hillary Clinton. And
So She Was Exactly The Wrong Person.
NOW WITH
And So I Find Them Remarkably Stable In Their Support.
There's Been Some Seepage Around The Edge For Donald
Trump, But So Far It's Just Seepage.
HALA GORANI
(By CNN Host: Hala Gorani)
ZAKARIA: David BROOKS, Pleasure To Have You On.
BROOKS: Thank You. This transcripts covers: Cyberattacks Hit Companies,
Thanks To All 0f You For Being Part 0f My Program This Governments; U.S. Pushes for
Week. I Will See You Next Week.

UPFRONT
Diplomatic Solution on Qatar Crisis; U.S. Releases
Annual Trafficking Report.

SPECIAL: IS IT
HALA GORANI, CNN ANCHOR: Hello, Everyone. Good
Evening. I'm Hala Gorani. We Start Tonight With Breaking
News, A Wave 0f Cyberattack Hitting Government

OVER FOR ISIL?
( By Aljazeera host: Hassan Mehdi)
Here is the crux 0f the program that covers: whether ISIL can
be defeated, where their support comes from and how to stop
them.
In 2015 the Islamic State 0f Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)
reportedly controlled nearly 300,000 square kilometres 0f
territory between Iraq and Syria, even describing it as a
"caliphate".
Now, the brutal group has mostly been driven out 0f their
Iraqi stronghold 0f Mosul, and its Syrian capital 0f Raqqa is
under siege.
Is ISIL close to being defeated?
"Not just yet; the campaign against ISIS is going very well ...
but it still controls lots 0f areas in Iraq and Syria," says
Hassan Hassan, a senior fellow at the Tahrir Institute for
Middle East Policy. "ISIS is losing but nobody is winning
against it ... three years later we still don't understand the
ISIS ideology."
"People are missing the point here ...this is an ideological
challenge, and that is more important than anything else,"
says Iraqi parliament member Mowaffak al-Rubaie, also a
former Iraqi national security adviser. "They’re on the run,
but this is not the end 0f it."
For Georgia State University professor and author 0f Dying
to Kill: The Allure 0f Suicide Terrorism, Mia Bloom, ISIL’s
increasing global visibility is more likely an attempt at
Institutions And Businesses All Around The World Possibly
Where You Are Watching This Program From.
The Hacks Have Targeted International Energy, Shipping,
Communications Companies Along With Government
Computers In Ukraine. Nina Dos Santos Has The Very Latest
For Us. What Is Happening? This Is Still Unfolding, Right?
NINA DOS SANTOS, CNN MONEY EUROPE EDITOR:
It Is. (Inaudible) What We Are Talking About Is According To
Kaspersky Labs Is One 0f The Internet Security Specialist
That Is Looking Into This Is That About 2,000 Computers
Seemed To Have Been Infected By This Malicious Software,
Malware, If You Like, In At Least A Dozen Countries.
Other Cybersecurity Experts Say That 80 Companies Around
The World Have Been Affected By The (Inaudible). The
Numbers Are Growing Obviously As The States United States
Trading Day Continues To Get Underway. We Are Starting
To Hear That U.S. Companies Are Getting Affected As Well.
It Seems To Have Started At 2 P.M. Local Time In Ukraine.
That's Where We Saw The First Eruptions 0f This With
Transport Networks, Power Networks, Government
Ministries, Banks All Saying That They Are Being Buffeted By
A Big Cyberattack.
Even The Chernobyl Nuclear Site Has To See -- Send Its
Scientists In, In Person To Measure Levels 0f Radiation
Because Their Computers Weren't Working. That Gives You
An Idea 0f How Confusing The Situation Is And How
Dangerous It Is.
24
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows
Hala, It's Now Spread It Seems Well Beyond Countries Like
Ukraine, Russia, The Russian Oil And Gas Company Said
That It Was Buffeted By What It Called A Massive Attack
Earlier Today. It Managed To Repel That Because It Had
Backup Systems In Place.
And We've Seen The Danish Shipping Company, Maersk, Be
Affected As Well As (Inaudible) --
GORANI: This Is Really A Paralyzing Situation For These
Companies, For Government Institutions, I Mean, It Makes
Work -- The Workflow Extremely Difficult.
Dos Santos: Well, Let's Take, For Instance, Wpp, That Is
Another Company I Was Coming To. It's A Firm That Has
More Than A Hundred Thousand Staff Around The World. It's
Operating In Almost Every Country Around The World With
Agencies.
Its Own Website Was Taken Down And As You Can See This Is
The Picture Here Where It Said That They Are Having Issues
On Their Website. They Had Then Went On To Issue A Twitter
Alert Saying That They Were Confirming That They Had Been
Attacked By The Cyberattack And Taking The Necessary
Measures.
Now We Understand In The Last Couple 0f Hours, Pfizer, The
Big U.S. Drugs Giant Was Also Been Rocked By This. It Seems
To Be Spreading. The Question Is, Hala, What Is It?
Well, It Seems To Be Something Similar To The "Want To Cry"
Virus That You Remember Disabled Computers In 150
Countries Over A Month Ago Including Parts 0f The -- In The
U.K.
GORANI: Absolutely. And Nina, We Are Actually Get To That
With Our Next Guest. Thanks For Explaining The Story To Us
Because This Is An Unfolding Situation Sort Affecting Many
Countries Around The World Starting In Ukraine And
Spreading.
Let's Get More On This Global Chaos. Mark Rasch Spent Nine
Years With The U.S. Justice Department Prosecuting
Computer Crimes. He Is A Former Forensic Computer
Analyst. So, First 0f All How Does This Spread, This
Malware?
MARK RASCH, FORMER U.S. JUSTICE
DEPARTMENT Prosecutor: The Typical Malware Is Going
Spread Through A Phishing Attack. So They Will Send An E-
Mail Out To Individuals Within The Affected Companies,
Somebody Will Click On The Link That Will Install Malicious
Code, And Then It Will Use Some Kind 0f Worm To Propagate
Within The Company To Spread To As Many Computers As It
Can.
GORANI: And What's The Impact On The Computers, On
The Systems?
RASCH: So What Happens Is When You Get Infected, Your
Computer Will Shut Down And Reboot. The Way This
Particular Piece 0f Malware Works Is It Will Reboot And You
Will See A Screen Saying All Your Files Are Encrypted, And
You Have To Pay Money In Order -- What's Called
"Ransomware."
You Have Pay Them I Think $300 For This Particular One In
Order For Them To Send You An Unlock Key So You Can
Unlock The Data. So Some 0f Those --
GORANI: So These Companies That Have Been Attacked Are
Going To Have Pay A Ransom To Unlock Their Computers?
RASCH: Well, They May Have To Pay A Ransom Or They
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
May Have To Restore The Data From A Backup. But This One
Is Particularly Nasty Because It Does Not Just Lock The Data,
It Locks The Computer Itself. So All The Operating Systems
And Files, And Software. So You Have To Rebuild The
Computer From Scratch And Put All The Data Back Onto It.
GORANI: How Do You Stop It From Spreading?
RASCH: Well, There Is Some Normal Hygiene That You Are
Supposed To Do About "Ransomware" And About Anti-
Phishing And Things Like That. Not Clicking On Links. There
Are Lots 0f Things Companies Can Do To Try To Prevent It
From Spreading, But If They Had Done That, They Wouldn't
Have Gotten Infected In The First Place.
GORANI: But We Are Seeing It Spread Quite Quickly
Starting In Ukraine Just A Few Hours Ago And Now Hitting
Big Companies Like Wpp In The U.K.?
RASCH: It Looks Like These Are Opportunistic Infections. In
Other Words, The Malware Is Trying To Break Into Any
System It Can And Then From There To Any System It Is
Connected To. It Does Not Seem To Be Targeting Any
Particular Country Or Any Particular Industry. Just
Wherever It Can Get In, It Will Shut It Down.
GORANI: It's Not Political Basically.
RASCH: It Does Not Look That Way Right Now.
GORANI: What About Ordinary People What Should They
Be Aware Of?
RASCH: Well, The Most Important Thing Is Take All 0f The
Ordinary Precautions, Which Are To Have An Up-To-Date
Operating System, An Up-To-Date Browser, Install The Latest
And Greatest Anti-Malware And Anti- Phishing And The
Antivirus That You Can Get.
But The Other Good Thing To Do Is To Take All Your Critical
Data, All Your Critical Files And Back Them Up And Restore
Them Somewhere Where You Can Get Access To Them. That
Way, Even If Your Computer Attacked, You Haven't Lost All
Your Data.
GORANI: You Mentioned Paying The Ransom, How Does A
Cybercriminal Collect Ransom Money And Remain
Anonymous?
RASCH: Well, Typically, What They'll Use Is They'll Use A
Virtual Currency. The Most Common One Is Bitcoin And What
They Will Do Is They Will Have You Transfer Bitcoin, A
Certain Amount 0f Money In Bitcon To Their Bitcoin Wallet
Then They'll Transfer From One Wallet To Another
To Another To Sort 0f Hide Their Identity And Be Off With
The Money.
GORANI: Now Ordinary People Watching In The Country
The Fact That How Might They Be Impacted? I Mean, This Is
Really In Terms 0f -- I Don't Know, Maersk, For Instance, The
Shipping Company, Might Have Issues With Shipments, Wpp,
I Do Not Know How That Might Impact People. But
Government Institutions, For Instance As Well Might Be
Paralyzed By Something Like This.
RASCH: Well, A Lot 0f These Companies Will Have What's
Called "Disaster Recovery" In Business Continuation Plans
Which Make Them More Resilient To These Kind 0f Attacks,
But Even Those Require You To Be Able To Restore Your Data
Within A Reasonable Period 0f Time.
So Even If You Are Down Only For Three Hours, Five Hours
Or A Day, A Major Down From Three, Five Hours Or A Day.
So There Is Still A Massive Amount 0f Disruption.
25
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
GORANI: Right. This Is Happening More And More Often It Once, In Fact, It Passes.
Seems. Mark RASCH, Thanks Very Much. As I Mentioned This Is The World Right Now. Among The Worst Offenders
That The Top There, Spent Nine Years With The U.S. Justice For human trafficking Is How The U.S. Is Describing
China In A New Report. What Does It Mean, Though, For
Department Prosecuting Some 0f These Computer Crimes.
Relations Between The Two Countries? We're In Washington,
Thanks So Much For Joining Us. We Appreciate It. Live, Next.
RASCH: Thank You. GORANI: How Do You End Modern Day Slavery? It's A Big
GORANI: Right Now In Washington, The U.S. Secretary 0f Question.
State Rex Tillerson Is Meeting With His Qatari Counterpart. Earlier, The U.S. State Department Released An Annual
The Meeting Is Significant As It Comes In The Middle 0f The Human Trafficking Report. This One This Year Was Heavily
One 0f The Worst Diplomatic Disputes The Middle East Has Critical 0f China. It Was Named As One 0f The World's Worst
Seen. Offenders. It Was Downgraded To The Lowest Tier They
The Gulf Nation Is Facing A List 0f Demands And The Boycott Have, Alongside Iran, Russia, And Syria.
Imposed By Many 0f Its Neighbors. Many People Say These U.S. Secretary 0f State Rex Tillerson Has Strong Words For
Demands Are Unrealistic. Qatar Is Never Going To Abide By Beijing, Saying It Has Not Taken Serious Steps To End Its
Them. Own Complicity In Trafficking. But He Said He Was Hopeful,
Tillerson Is Urging Dialogue Between Both Sides 0f The Rift. Though, Nonetheless.
After All, Both Sides Are U.S. Allies. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
Let's Go To Abu Dhabi. Nic Robertson Is There. REX TILLERSON, UNITED STATES SECRETARY 0f
All Right. Let's Talk A Little Bit About, I Mean, How Far Is A STATE: Human Trafficking Is As Old As Humankind.
Resolution? How Likely Is A Resolution To This Dispute Regrettably, It's Been With Us For Centuries And Centuries.
Between The Gulf Countries And Qatar? But In The Expression 0f This Act, As I Read That One Line To
Nic Robertson, CNN International Diplomatic EDITOR: Yes. You, It Is Our Hope That The 21st Century Will Be The Last
What the Gulf countries are asking for really seems to be beyond Century 0f Human Trafficking. And That's What We Are All
what Qatar has given any indication that it's about to give in to. Committed To.
I think, you know, when look at some 0f the demands -- like (END VIDEO CLIP)
shutting down their television station, Al Jazeera, like severing GORANI: All Right. Well, There's, You Know, More Than 85
ties with Iran with whom they share a massive natural gas oil Years To Go In This Century, So Hopefully That Effort Will Be
field 0f their coast, some 0f those demands -- and we've heard Fruitful. Linda KINKADE Is There At The State Department
Turkey's response to the demand that Turkey's military base
With More.
that's being constructed inside Qatar should be shut down as
So Why China This Year? Why Was It Downgraded,
well.
Those demands seem very, very steep. Officials we've talked to, According To The State Department?
whether in the United Arab Emirates or what we've heard from Linda KINKADE , CNN Correspondent: Well, 187 Countries,
the Saudi Foreign Minister recently, these are very clear Hala, Were Ranked In This Report, And China Was A Key
demands. They've come out 0f a sense that Qatar has been Focus. And It's Quite Surprising, You Know, The Fact That
backing groups like ISIS, like Hezbollah, like al Qaeda, like the President Trump Has Had Warmer Relations With President
Muslim Brotherhood. And the demands is from their regional Xi.
allies, that that should be stopped and those connections should But Today, The U.S. State Department Said In Its Report That
be terminated. China Has Failed To Curb State Sponsored Forced Labor. And
These are very, very stiff demands. I think the short answer to It Concluded That China, It Has Failed To Meet The Minimum
your question is, in the deadline, it was given 10 days which is the Requirements To End Human Trafficking. Well, China
Sunday or Monday coming up right now. That is just way too Immediately Responded, Calling The Report Irresponsible,
short to believe that anyone can broker any kind 0f compromise, And Saying It's Doing Everything It Can To Fight Human
you know, from what is very, very serious face off right now. Trafficking.
GORANI: All right. And briefly, the U.S., well, it's doing what it As You've Also Seen In The Features Ivanka Trump, The First
can right now. Rex Tillerson is trying. You would think the Daughter And Presidential Adviser, Attended Today, She Has
Saudis would listen to the United State at this stage if the U.S. Made This Issue A Key Priority For Her. As You'll Remember,
tells them to try to come up with some sort 0f a compromise, but
She Attended A Listening Session At The White House Earlier
not in this case. Why not?
This Year With Some Key Advocates. And She
ROBERTSON: You know, Saudi Arabia is going through a
change. The region is going through a change. I mean, we're Also Accompanied President Trump In His First Foreign Visit
talking very big picture change here. Where, In Rome, She Met With Survivors 0f Human
But, you know, Saudi Arabia is emerging as a bigger, stronger, Trafficking.
bolder player on the international stage and on the regional And Today, She Helped To Honor Eight Heroes Who've
stage, and it's making clear its feelings. And certainly, that is Helped To End Human Trafficking. This Is What She Had To
absolutely causing ripples here. Say About Why This Issue Is Personal For Her.
Rex Tillerson is expected to meet with the Kuwaiti Information (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
Minister and other Kuwaiti officials later this evening. There'll be Ivanka Trump, Adviser To President Donald Trump: As A
a meeting. Mother, This Is Much More Than A Policy Priority. It Is A
There'll be a dinner. The Kuwaitis are sort 0f the go-between Clarion Calls To Action In Defense 0f The Vulnerable, The
between the Gulf States and Qatar in this dispute. Abused, And The Exploited.
But, you know, it's a very, very deep hole right now. Both sides (END VIDEO CLIP)
seem boxed in by a deadline by these very serious full-on KINKADE : Now, Hala, The State Department Also
demands. You know, the diplomatic rift here shouldn't be Announced A New Initiative To End Modern Day Slavery.
underestimated. Already, They Have Allocated $50 Billion To It. They're
And It Does Come Down, Fundamentally, To A Changing Hoping To Raise $1.5 Billion To Go To Wars Future
View 0f What The Power Balance Should Be On The Region. Prosecutions, Prevention, And Protection 0f Victims -- Hala.
And That Seems Most Strongly Embodied By Saudi Arabia GORANI: Thank You. Linda KINKADE Is At The State
And The Emirates Right Now. Department.
GORANI: Nic Robertson, Thanks Very Much. We'll See What (By Editorial Team, Weekly Analysis)
Happens When That 10-Day Deadline As It Approaches And
26
 CNN & Al-jazeera Talk Shows
RESEARCH ARTICLES FOR CSS ESSAY TOPICS
THE CONCEPT 0f HUMAN
RIGHTS
Author(s): Alison Dundes Renteln
Source: Anthropos, Bd. 83, H. 4./6. (1988), pp. 343
Many People Regard The Development 0f Human Rights Law
As One 0f The Greatest Accomplishments 0f The Twentieth
Century. However, Human Rights Did Not Begin With Law Or
The United Nations. Through-Out Human History Societies
Have Developed Systems 0f Justice And Propriety That Sought
The Welfare 0f Society As A Whole. References To Justice,
Fairness And Humanity Are Common To All World Religions:
Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism And Islam. However,
Formal Principles Usually Differ From Common Practice.
Until The Eighteenth Century No Society, Civilisation Or
Culture, In Either The Western Or Non-Western World, Had A
Widely Endorsed Practice Or Vision 0f Inalienable Human
Rights.
Documents asserting individual rights, such as the Magna
Carta (1215), the English Bill 0f Rights (1689) the French
Declaration on the Rights 0f Man and Citizen (1789) and the
US Constitution and Bill 0f Right (1791) are the written
precursors to many 0f today’s human rights instruments. Yet
most 0f these influential landmarks excluded women, many
minorities and members 0f certain social, religious, economic
and political groups. None reflects the fundamental concept
that everyone is entitled to certain rights solely by virtue 0f
their humanity.
Other Important Historical Antecedents 0f Human Rights Lie
In Nineteenth Century Efforts To Prohibit The Slave Trade
And To Limit The Horrors 0f War.
For example, the Geneva Conventions established bases 0f
international humanitarian law, which covers the way that
wars should be fought and the protection 0f individuals during
armed conflict. They specifically protect people who do not
take part in the fight-ing and those who can no longer fight
(e.g. wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners 0f
war).
Concern over the protection 0f certain vulnerable groups was
raised by the League 0f Nations at the end 0f the First World
War. For example, the International Labour Organisation
(ILO, originally a body 0f the League 0f Nations and now a
UN agency) established many important conventions setting
stan-dards to protect working people, such as the Minimum
Age Convention (1919), the Forced Labour Con-vention (1930)
and the Forty-hour Week Convention (1935).
Although the international human rights framework builds on
these earlier documents, it is principally based on United
Nations documents.
Alison Dundes Renteln, Studies In History And Literature
(Radcliffe College, Harvard Univ., B. A. 1981), Jurisprudence
(London School 0f Economics), And Jurisprudence And Social
Policy (Univ. 0f California, Berkeley, Ph. D.). Her Fields 0f
Specialization Include Constitutional Law, International Law,
And Legal Theory. 1986-1987 Acting Director 0f The Law And
Society Program At The Univ. 0f California, Santa Barbara;
Since 1987 Asst. Prof, In The Political Science Dept. 0f The
Univ. 0f S. California.
The NATURE 0f RIGHTS
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
There are almost as many theories 0f rights as there are rights
theorists. It is sometimes said that the only true rights are
legal rights (Bentham in Bowring [ed.] 1843/11:501; 111:221;
Hart 1973:171-201). Other scholars argue for a broader view
0f rights which would encompass moral rights as well. For the
purposes 0f explaining the general character 0f rights, it will
not be necessary to distinguish between them. As is typical in
the history 0f philosophy, what was once a simple notion is
often tranformed into a much more complicated structure.
While this is sometimes useful (and indeed necessary) for
certain concepts, it can obfuscate the essential features 0f an
idea. Rights theories exemplify this tendency 0f rejecting more
simple accounts in favor 0f more complex normative
structures (Martin and Nickel 1980: 165). Some 0f the so-
called simple characterizations 0f rights, however, do capture
the essence 0f a right.
For many philosophical writers, a right is treated
synonymously with a claim (Feinberg 1973: 64-66). The
"Oxford English Dictionary" defines a right as a "justifiable
claim, on legal or moral grounds, to have or obtain something,
or to act in a certain way." A leading proponent 0f this view is
Joel Feinberg: "To have a right is to have a claim to something
and against someone, the recognition 0f which is called for by
legal rules or, in the case 0f moral rights, by the principles 0f
an enlightened conscience.” conscience" (1980: 159-160). What
distinguishes a right from a demand is that it is justified,
either by appeal to pre-existing legal rules or to morality. Thus
a right is a valid claim. McCloskey (1976) prefers to define a
right as an entitlement rather than a claim. The view that
rights can be explained as legitimate or reasonable claims is
mistaken, according to McCloskey, because it is based on the
premise that rights "... are and must always be rights against
some other person or persons" (1976: 100). He rejects the duty
definition as well: "What is common to all rights is not some
duty or duty relationship but an entitlement" (1976: 104).
Whereas the previous characterizations attempt to isolate a
single concept underlying the notion 0f a right, a competing
school 0f thought seeks to encompass all rights within a
complex normative apparatus. Wesley Hohfeld's classic work,
"Fundamental Legal Conceptions" (1964), laid the foundation
for much subsequent philosophical exegesis. He asserted that
rights could be understood as belonging to one 0f four
categories: claim, liberty, power, and immunity.3 Hohfeld's
analysis had been used, among other things, to refute the
logical correlativity doctrine. His framework has been
adopted and extended by a number 0f philosophers (e.g.,
Wellman 1985 and Flathman 1976).
In contrast to these normative theories are functionalist
accounts 0f rights, the most famous 0f which is that 0f Ronald
Dworkin (1977; see also Scheingold 1974). According to this
view, what is distinctive about rights is that they function as
trumps over collective goals. This would seem to require that
rights be individuated in order to distinguish them from what
one might call "collective rights" (see Dinstein 1976, Garet
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 Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
1983, Van Dyke 1980). 3 For cross-cultural research, Hohfeld's
intricate typology may have limited applicability. S. F. Moore
advises legal anthropologists to read Hohfeld and then "...
cheerfully do without him" [!] (Moore 1969: 343).
RIGHTS AND DUTIES
The view that rights and duties are correlative used to be the
dominant one among philosophers (Lyons 1970: 45; Martin
and Nickel 1980: 165). The principal idea is that to say that A
has a right to X, is to say that B has a duty to insure that A
can, in fact, obtain X. But further, to say that C has a duty to D
with respect to E, is to say that D has a right to E vis-a-vis C.
Many rights theorists, including Feinberg, Lyons, Martin and
Nickel, and McCloskey, take varying stances against this
position. Most 0f the arguments are based on the four
Hohfeldian categories.
Lyons, for instance, contends that one set 0f rights, ''active
rights" (rights to do things), do not fit the pattern 0f
correlativity (Lyons 1970: 48). The first example he offers
involves the right 0f free speech. Alvin speaks to a crowd from
a soap box, decrying United States military involvement in
Vietnam. During the course 0f pontificating, he is assaulted by
private citizens and removed from his platform. For Lyons, the
question is whether Alvin's right to free speech (or the specific
right to address the crowd) is "... equivalent to the assertion 0f
correlative obligations incumbent on others" (1970: 50).
Lyons wants to say that Alvin's right to free speech does not
correspond to any duty: "The constitutional right 0f free
speech is independent of, for example, the obligation not to
assault that was breached by those who silenced Alvin" (1970:
51).
According to Lyons, the listeners may be under a duty not to
attack Alvin, but not under a duty to respect his free speech.
But he goes on to conclude that Alvin's right does not
correspond to any duty on the part 0f Congress either: "These
Constitutional rights exemplify what some jurists call
'immunities' for to assert them is to say that protected areas 0f
speech cannot be taken away. Alvin's constitutional right has a
conceptual correlative: but it is not an obligation; it is a
legislative 'disability,' the assertion 0f which says that
Congress is not empowered to enact certain laws" (1970: 51).
The second example offered by Lyons is the right 0f a
California motorist to turn right on a red light. Lyons tries to
show that there is no clear duty associated with this right. But
in fact he undermines his argument: "... it seems more
plausible to say that this right imposes obligations on law
enforcement officials not to interfere with one's making a right
turn (when allowed by the conditions 0f the right)" (1970: 55).
He refuses, though, to concede the point: "A policeman may
admittedly be under an obligation not to stop or disturb a
private citizen without cause - but can we say that that
obligation is 'correlative' with my right to make a right turn
on a red light in California?" (1970: 55).
The crux 0f the argument against the logical correlativity
doctrine seems to derive from the Hohfeldian interpretation 0f
an immunity right, the correlative 0f which is a disability.
According to Hohfeldian scholars, disabilities are associated
with the absence 0f obligations. I would argue that this
distinction is merely semantic. It is not simply that Congress is
not empowered to enact legislation which restricts freedom 0f
speech, but, also, that Congress is under an obligation not to
enact such legislation, for to do so would violate the right.
Furthermore, one could argue that there is a duty which
"stands to" the right 0f freedom 0f speech ". . . just as
Bernard's obligation to pay Alvin correlates with Alvin's right"
in Lyons' paradigmatic example (1970: 50).
The duty is that 0f the judiciary to protect the right to freedom
0f speech. I maintain that in every case in which Hohfeldian
language is used, a correlative duty may always be found.5
McCloskey proposes another type 0f counterexample to the
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
rights implies duties thesis, namely that 0f the conscientious
objector (1976: 104).
He asserts that the right to be a conscientious objector
corresponds to no duty on the part 0f others. His argument
revolves around a reformulation 0f the conflict between the
individual and the state in terms 0f rights language rather
than duty language: 'Thus to assert that he has a right here is
distinct from claiming that others have a duty to leave him
free from interference. One can, with very good sense, assert
that the state has a right to punish him for doing that to which
he has a moral right" (1976: 104).
But if a right to be a conscientious objector is actually
recognized as a valid moral right, then it stands to reason that
the state has a duty not to interfere. The argument is part 0f a
larger attempt by McCloskey to eliminate claim language in
favor 0f entitlement language, but this program is
unpersuasive.6 5 See also Brandt 1959: 434; Braybrooke 1972;
Singer 1972; Hudson and Husak 1980; and Waldron (ed.)
1984: 11. 6 McCloskey's formulation has been criticized
elsewhere as being ". . . not particularly illuminating or
informative" (Martin and Nickel 1980: 170).
Philosophers have also challenged the logical correlativity
doctrine by asserting the existence 0f duties without
corresponding rights. Feinberg, for instance, says that duties
0f charity which ". . . require us to contribute to one or another
0f a large number 0f eligible recipients, no one 0f which can
claim our contribution from us as his due" (1970: 244), shows
the absence 0f a correlative right.
Hart (1979) and others contend that while we have duties not
to mistreat animals and babies, nevertheless, they have no
rights against us (in part because they are not moral agents -
see Lamont 1950: 93). Still others have claimed that the duty
to rescue has no correlative right (Bedau 1968). It is even
sometimes suggested that the man in André Malraux's novel,
"La Condition Humaine" (1946), felt he had a duty to give his
supply 0f poison to his fellow prisoners, though they had no
right to it (Acton 1950: 108).
There are at least two objections which can be raised to
arguments 0f the kind advanced by the above philosophers.
The first is that, in the cases where we would agree that there
are such duties, there is also a corresponding right. If society
recognizes duties to be kind to animals and babies, for
instance, then, indeed, those entities could be said to have
rights.
The second is that, in those cases in which we are hesitant to
assert the existence 0f a right, it is because the attribution 0f
the duty seems dubious. Unfortunately, many persons do not
recognize duties 0f charity, for example, perhaps because such
duties give rise to something resembling economic rights. The
reluctance 0f theorists to acknowledge the existence 0f rights
corresponding to duties held by others, may stem from the
fear that to do so would cheapen rights language by a
proliferation 0f less significant rights (Hart 1979).
But the problem does not lie in the correlation; it rests in the
absence 0f some mechanism for justifying the assertion 0f
particular rights/duties. I take the view that rights and duties
are flip sides 0f the same coin.8 Brandt has said that the
Hart's argument against babies as right-holders follows a
discussion 0f third-party rights. He observes that simply
difference between a right and a duty is similar to the
difference between the active and passive voice (1959: 434).
While this observation is not a new theory 0f rights, Waldron
regards the simple association 0f a duty to a right as capable
0f forming the basis for a "more satisfactory" account than
some 0f the more elaborate ones: "Thus the right 0f free
speech, for example, is understood in terms 0f recognition that
an individual's interest in self-expression is a sufficient ground
for holding other individuals and agencies to be under duties
0f various sorts rather than in terms 0f the detail 0f the duties
themselves" (1984: 11).
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 Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
The importance 0f demonstrating the logical correlativity 0f
rights and duties does not lie so much in any explanatory
power it has for Western rights theories, but rather in the
flexibility it affords the formulation 0f international human
rights standards. Correlativity is crucial because it means that
the framing 0f moral claims in terms other than rights is not
necessarily problematic. The recognition 0f an obligation may
well signify the presence 0f an implicit right. The misleading
separation 0f rights from duties has led philosophers to make
distinctions between right-based, duty-based, and goal-based
theories (Dworkin 1977: 169-173).
It is noteworthy that Kant's famous duty-based theory has
been employed as a basis for theories 0f rights (Waldron 1984:
13). This suggests that just because a moral theory is couched
in the language 0f duty does not imply that it cannot be a
vehicle for the advancement 0f rights. Mackie (1978) goes so
far as to argue that any moral theory is necessarily right
based, even if rights can only be identified as implicit.
OBSERVATIONS ON RIGHTS
In this section I seek to enlarge the scope 0f the notion 0f a
right. Traditional rights theorists have constructed a
framework which is unduly restrictive.
An examination 0f some 0f the common classifications reveals
several artificial distinctions. The removal 0f these conceptual
obstacles should facilitate the formulation 0f a broader and
more accurate concept 0f human rights.
a) The doctrine 0f Moral Correlativity
The idea that to hold rights one must be capable 0f and willing
to perform duties, is known as the doctrine 0f moral
correlativity (Feinberg 1973: 61-62). It is sometimes asserted
that a right, in order to be a right, must be unconditional. But
this is demonstrably false. Consider the case 0f the prisoner,
some 0f whose rights are suspended because he has not
fulfilled his duties (Feinberg 1973: 62). Here we would agree
that it is appropriate to make rights contingent on duties. One
could go so far as to argue that, for adults at least, all rights
are contingent on duties. Even the right to life, for example,
could be said to be contingent on the duty to respect other
lives. On the other hand, if babies and animals have rights,
then they have them irrespective 0f their capacity to perform
duties. So the doctrine 0f moral correlativity appears to be
contingent. As a consequence, societies in which rights depend
on the performance 0f duties can still be said to have rights.
b) Positive versus Negative
Philosophers have traditionally divided rights into two
categories: positive and negative. If a citizen has a right to
freedom 0f speech, for example, then the state has a duty 0f
non-interference. This so-called negative right allegedly
imposes no burdensome or costly duty upon the state. The
standard view 0f the positive right holds that welfare rights
require extensive governmental action. It is worth pointing
out that the views above are those 0f Western philosophers
who are sympathetic to civil and political rights but not to
economic rights. Therefore, the positive/negative rights
classification simply reflects the values 0f the political culture
in which the philosophers live. The allegation that positive
rights demand elaborate state action has been criticized by
philosophers such as Sidney Hook (1970) and Henry Shue
(1980).
In "Basic Rights" Shue challenges the premise that only
positive rights require a vast expenditure 0f funds. Opponents
0f positive rights might argue, for example, that providing a
food stamp program would involve a costly and unwieldy
bureaucratic network. The right to food thus appears to be an
expensive right. But some 0f the 'negative' rights, for instance,
the right to a trial by jury, certainly necessitate the existence
0f an elaborate (and expensive) criminal justice apparatus.
The maintenance 0f civil and political rights depends on the
existence 0f police, 9 Some might argue that the prisoner is not
deprived 0f rights but only privileges. But among the most
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
fundamental rights is (supposedly) the right to liberty (Hart
1979).
This reappraisal suggests that the emphasis placed on
particular rights is a matter 0f political preference rather than
simple economic calculations.
c) Legal versus Moral
A second distinction that is often drawn is that between moral
and legal rights. Legal positivists claim that a right exists only
if it is enforceable. Legal rights which exist by virtue 0f
legislative enactment, common law, and so on, are, therefore,
the only type 0f rights possible.10 Other theorists, such as
natural law/rights theorists, hold that moral rights are prior
to and independent 0f legal rights. The distinction can be quite
crucial when, for example, a legal system makes no provision
for a particular right. The argument that the system should be
modified to incorporate the right will be fortified by the
demonstrated existence 0f a moral right. Without moral rights
it would be considerably more difficult to bring about changes
in law. The validity 0f legal rights can be based partly on the
extent to which they correspond to moral rights.11
d) Individual versus Group
In the Western political tradition, only individual adult moral
agents have been accorded the privilege 0f holding rights. But
there is nothing inherent in the notion 0f a right which
logically requires this restriction. Nonetheless, some
Westerners deny the existence 0f group rights, and their
reluctance to grant such rights may stem from a fear that such
rights are merely expressions 0f utilitarian goals. Since one 0f
the main purposes 0f rights is to limit the arbitrary exercise 0f
governmental power, utilitarian goals masquerading as
group rights would perhaps seriously undermine the power 0f
rights as trumps.
Not all group rights, however, need be opposed to individuals'
rights, e.g., the right to selfdetermination. The United Nations
has, in fact, 10 0f course, it is still possible to identify a legal
right even if it is not enforced. 11 0f course, other factors are
relevant, such as whether or not the legal right was
promulgated according to correct procedure. Ultimately,
however, the content 0f the right should resonate with prior
moral rights if it is to be regarded as legitimate within the
society in question. recognized community rights, the rights 0f
peoples, and the rights 0f groups, in addition to the rights 0f
individuals (Ramcharan 1983: 278).
The Advantage 0f Admitting Group Rights Is That There May
Be Certain Rights Which People Ought To Be Able To Claim,
Which Cannot Be Easily Expressed In Individualistic Terms.
One Could Make The Case, For Example, That Some 0f The
Rights Articulated In The "African Charter On Human And
Peoples' Rights," Specifically Articles 19-24, Which Pertain To
Colonialism, Require The Language 0f Group Rights Rather
Than Individual Rights (Anonymous 1983).4. Human Rights
And The
PRESUMPTION 0f UNIVERSALITY
The emergence 0f rights in political thought is generally
regarded as a new development. There are those who
maintain that rights did not exist in ancient civilizations and
those who argue that rights are not to be found in non-
Western moral systems. Any historical study 0f rights reveals
how hazy the philosophical charting 0f the evolution 0f rights
has been. Based on what little evidence is presented, it is
astonishing that anyone should offer decisive conclusions
about the role 0f rights in other epochs and cultures.
The absence 0f any consideration 0f moral notions
comparable to rights makes the presumed universality 0f
human rights dubious at best. If we are to save human rights
from the charge 0f cultural imperialism, which I believe is
possible, then it is necessary to reinforce their underpinnings.
In the remainder 0f this article I identify some 0f the
weaknesses in the foundations 0f human rights, as put
forward by (mostly Western) philosophers.
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a) Definitions
The classic definition 0f a human right is a right which is
universal and held by all persons: "A human right by
definition is a universal moral right, something which all men,
everywhere, at all times ought to have, something 0f which no
one may be deprived without a grave affront to justice,
something which is owing to every human being simply
because he is human" (Cranston 1973: 36). One 0f the
definitions cited most often is that 0f Wasserstrom (1979). Any
true human right, it is said, must satisfy at least four
requirements: "First, it must be possessed by all human
beings, as well as only by human beings. Second, because it is
the same right that all human beings possess, it must be
possessed equally by all human beings. Third, because human
rights are possessed by all human beings, we can rule out as
possible candidates any 0f those rights which one might have
in virtue 0f occupying any particular status or relationship,
such as that 0f parent, president, or promisee. And fourth, if
there are any human rights, they have the additional
characteristic 0f being assertable, in a manner 0f speaking,
'against the whole world'" (1979: 50).
As one can see from the definitions, human rights are
presumed to be universal in character. This would not in itself
be problematic (indeed it is desirable), except that the
philosophical foundations are never adequately demonstrated.
The failure to ground human rights, as will be discussed
below, has much to do with their historical antecedents, in
particular natural law and natural rights, with which human
rights are assumed by many philosophers to be synonymous
(Donnelly 1985: 10; Pappu 1969: 44; Wasserstrom 1979). b)
Traditional Western Sources For many centuries natural law
played a dominant role in Western political theory. Natural
law was considered to be the standard against which all other
laws were to be judged. To contest the injustice 0f a man-made
law, one could appeal to the higher authority 0f God or
natural law (Sophocles 1974). Eventually natural law evolved
into natural rights, which are considered to be the modern
manifestations 0f natural law. The change reflected a shift in
emphasis from society to the individual. Whereas natural law
provided a basis for curbing excessive state power, natural
rights offered a means by which an individual could press
claims against the government.
Natural law/rights theorists have asserted the existence 0f
specific rights such as the right to liberty (Hart 1979), the right
to life (McCloskey 1975), the right to self-preservation
(Hobbes), the right to property (Locke), the right to freedom
from torture (Nickel 1982), and the right to participate
(Stackhouse 1984). Because they take the validity 0f the rights
to be a self-evident proposition, there has traditionally been
little room for debate. One might expect to encounter
difficulties when various proponents defend different and
sometimes conflicting rights based solely on the claim that the
rights are self-evident.
Surprisingly, philosophers have not welcomed discussions 0f
competing moralities, largely because they take their own
values to be obviously correct. Strangely enough, Waldron
notes that natural rights ". . . seemed peculiarly vulnerable to
ethical skepticism" but concludes that "... it would be wrong to
suggest that the discussion 0f human rights has been seriously
impeded by these difficulties" (1984: 3).
Though the contemporary notion 0f human rights may be the
offspring 0f natural rights, there are, nonetheless, differences
between them. The most important 0f these is the extent 0f the
moral universe to which they lay claim. Whereas natural
rights were not widely contested because they were asserted in
a universe 0f shared values, human rights have been highly
controversial. Consider Locke's assertion 0f the natural right
to property, the validity 0f which was taken for granted in
England, but which might require argumentation in some
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
socialist countries (to say the least). The presumption 0f
universality no longer serves "universal" rights well.
In the past, attempts to ground human rights were not
successful. The best known and most celebrated efforts
employed the vague concepts 0f human nature and rationality
to establish particular rights. It could be argued that it is
nonsensical to separate the two insofar as rationality is, in
some regions, regarded as integral to human nature. Other
conceptual devices which have provided tentative bases for
human rights include: the ability to use language, reciprocity,
the capacity to conform to moral requirements, self-motivated
activity, self -consciousness, and purposive agency (Husak
1984: 128).
Increasingly, justification for human rights is coming to
depend less on human nature and rationality and more on the
concepts 0f basic human needs and human dignity. These
strategies, however, are subject to the same weaknesses as
their predecessors. How theorists derive specific human rights
from needs or dignity remains entirely obscure. Just as some
philosophers began to challenge the assumption that human
nature could give rise to specific human rights (Blackstone
1968:624), others (e.g., Donnelly 1985: 28-30) question the
ability 0f basic needs theorists to delineate in the abstract
those needs which should give content to the idea 0f human
rights. Presumably, adherents to this approach would not
advocate the establishment 0f rights based on all needs.
Someone must decide what needs are truly basic, and
inasmuch as different judges will perceive different needs as
taking highest priority, this approach does not circumvent the
challenge 0f diversity.
The problem with all 0f these approaches which aim at
anchoring human rights by another concept is that they
cannot demonstrate their necessary connection to human
rights. The interpretation 0f basic needs, for example, falls
prey to the same hermeneutical weakness 0f natural law/
rights. There is no way to prove the validity 0f any particular
interpretation because no procedure is established by which
the legitimacy 0f particular human rights can be judged.
Indeed, there is some consensus among philosophers that up
until the present, all attempts to provide solid philosophical
foundations for human rights have failed (e.g., Feinberg 1973:
90).
In the absence 0f a satisfactory grounding for human rights,
theorists are compelled to fall back upon mere assertions as to
the self-evident nature 0f particular human rights. In view 0f
the diversity 0f moral systems in the world, it is difficult to
understand why the presumption 0f universality could endure
so long without being seriously questioned. The answer lies in
the psychological predisposition 0f human beings to
generalize from their own perspective. Western philosophers
in particular seem to be prone to projecting their moral
categories on others. As a consequence, the presumption 0f
universality is deeply ingrained in Western moral philosophy.
c) "Everyone Thinks the Same"
Two 0f the best known examples 0f these tendencies are
Immanuel Kant and John Rawls (1971). Their conceptual
devices, the categorical imperative and the original position,
respectively, presuppose the existence 0f a set 0f universal
moral principles. Many philosophers employ Kantian notions
as a vehicle to advance human rights. As Feinberg has
observed, however, the claims that human beings are "ends in
themselves" or "sacred" or "of infinite value" are themselves in
need 0f a foundation (1973: 92). Kantian moral theory
assumes the existence 0f a single pattern 0f moral reasoning.
The abstract rational process is presumed to bear a single and
universal result, irrespective 0f cultural differences.
The device 0f the original position developed by John Rawls
(1971) provides another illustration 0f the universalistic
premise. The idea is that individuals behind the "veil 0f
ignorance," stripped 0f their identity, will select principles 0f
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 Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
justice by which society should operate. One could make a
strong case that the contractarian scenario which Rawls has
devised is rigged. For example, Rawls requires that persons in
the original position be risk-averse and not be envious. By
imposing constraints such as these, Rawls insures that
individuals in the original position will agree to the principles
he advocates. Thus, the device provides an ex post facto
justification for his own personal moral convictions.
It is plausible that individuals from the same culture might
agree to the same principles. Americans conceivably would
designate Rawls' principles as their own. But if one transposes
the scenario 0f the original position to an international setting
(Beitz 1979), it becomes doubtful whether all the participants
will acquiesce. The presupposition is that individuals stripped
0f their cultural and political heritage would be pure rational
beings and would thus dutifully select liberal democratic
principles 0f justice. The premise that individuals could
negotiate for fundamental principles in the absence 0f culture
is quite fantastic. And this is precisely the root 0f the problem:
underlying the presumption 0f universality is the belief that all
peoples think in a similar fashion.
The most remarkable example 0f a scholar assuming that
there is a single correct pattern 0f moral reasoning can be
found in the work 0f Lawrence Kohlberg. His stage theory 0f
moral development is perhaps the most blatantly
universalistic moral theory one could imagine. Those surveyed
who did not reason according to preconceived styles were
considered to have retarded powers 0f moral reasoning.
Among other things, his work has been challenged as failing to
take into account gender differences (Gilligan 1982). Its cross-
cultural validity is still hotly debated. But the astounding
nature 0f Kohlberg's presumption 0f universality is typified by
his conclusions in an article about capital punishment
(Kohlberg) Elfenbein 1975). On his view, reaching the highest
stage 0f moral development entails rejection 0f the death
penalty. Even though Kohlberg never reveals his own
convictions, it seems clear that these conclusions may reflect
his own values. Kohlberg's moral theory represents a classic
example 0f the fallacies which accompany the presumption 0f
universality. Needless to say, in the event one disagrees with
Kohlberg, e.g., on the defensibility 0f the death penalty, one's
abilities in moral reasoning are called into question. This kind
0f thinking typifies the universalist position, namely that
alternative patterns 0f thought are dismissed from the outset.
d) Problems with International Human Rights
Documents
Instead 0f facing the reality 0f moral diversity from the
beginning, those who participated in drafting international
human rights standards avoided the issue. To circumvent
fundamental disagreement, the individuals involved took the
tack 0f including a wide range 0f rights in the Universal
Declaration 0f Human Rights. To have some understanding 0f
the nature 0f the problems which international human rights
have encountered, it is necessary to review briefly the
universal rights set forth in some 0f the main international
human rights instruments.
As should be clear by now, it is only within a universe 0f
shared values that the presumption 0f universality encounters
no difficulties. Various international human rights
instruments have remained controversial, however, precisely
because they contain values which are not shared on a
worldwide basis. Several provisions from the Universal
Declaration 0f Human Rights should demonstrate the extent
to which the presumed universality 0f some human rights
provisions is called into question.
Article 17 provides that "Everyone has the right to own
property alone as well as in association with others" and that
"no one shall be arbitrarily deprived 0f his property." The
value underlying this standard is hardly universal. One
commentator refers to the problem with Article 17 as one 0f
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
cultural imperialism because it "... seeks to impose free
enterprise and capitalism on the rest 0f the world" (Zvobgo
1979: 95). Another human rights analyst rejects the
universality 0f Article 17 (1): "The community ideology does
not admit 0f private property, except in consumer goods"
(Sinhá 1978: 144).
Some 0f the articles concerning elections reflect a preference
for a particular kind 0f political system. Articles 18, 19, and 20
provide for rights to freedom 0f thought, religion, and
association. Article 21 guarantees the right to participate in
government, equal access to public service, and free elections.
In Article 21 (3) the ideological basis 0f the human right
standard is made manifest: "The will 0f the people shall be the
basis 0f the authority 0f government: this will shall be
expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by
universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote
or by equivalent free voting procedures." While these articles
clearly embody the preferred set 0f political devices 0f
Western liberal democratic regimes, the provisions may not be
universally accepted. From the Third World perspective,
Article 21 seeks to "universalize Western-style elections"
(Zvobgo 1979: 95), which are obviously not universal:
"Monarchies, dictatorships, single-party rules, or single-
candidate elections are not non-existent in today's world"
(Sinha 1978: 144).
Of course, one cannot infer from the existence 0f these political
regimes that the people themselves prefer them to
Westernstyle democracies. But it is ethnocentric to assume
that Western electoral procedures are unanimously favored.
It is not only in the political realm that human rights seem not
to be expressions 0f universal values. Some 0f the rights
concerned with social life may also be unrepresentative 0f the
entire world. For instance, Article 16 provides for the right to
marry and to found a family. Article 16 (2) stipulates that
marriages shall be entered into only with the free and full
consent 0f the intending spouses. And finally, Article 16 (3)
specifies that the family is the natural and fundamental unit 0f
society, and is entitled to protection by society and the state. It
is not clear if the fundamental unit is the nuclear family or
whether the Article might allow for the kinship group instead.
The phraseology suggests that only the immediate family can
be understood to be the basic unit, which would appear to be
insensitive to the many societies which have different patterns
0f social organization. The provision guaranteeing voluntary
choice 0f marriage partners runs counter to the practice 0f
arranged marriages, which is an integral part 0f many value
systems 0f the world. Even the first clause holding that there is
a right to marry and found a family may be problematic when
one considers that there have been many restrictions on the
right to marry and procreate, which were at one time
regarded as moral by Americans, e.g. compulsory
sterilization, prohibition 0f homosexual marriages, and anti-
miscegenation laws.
Some believe that the reason why many 0f the values in the
Universal Declaration 0f Human Rights appear to be Western
is that the Third World did not participate in great numbers
when it was drafted. Zvobgo (1979: 95) maintains that, were
the Declaration to be debated again in the General Assembly,
the final draft would differ significantly from what was
adopted in 1948. Others, while acknowledging that the United
Nations human rights debate took place at a time when the
great majority 0f Third World nations were still under
colonial rule, still maintain that the contribution 0f the Third
World was "by no means negligible" (Alston 1983: 61; 1987:
59-60). Among the most active participants were Chile, China,
Cuba, India, Lebanon, and Panama. At the General Assembly
in 1948, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Afghanistan, the Philippines,
Thailand, India, and Pakistan, as well as all 0f the Central and
Latin American States were among the 48 voting in favor 0f
the Declaration. Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and the Eastern
31
 Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
European nations were the eight abstentions; no one voted
against (Alston 1983: 61).
Since there is still considerable reason to believe that the
Declaration bears a Western imprint, this suggests that the
role 0f government elites at international settings may not be
indicative 0f the traditional value systems which they are
supposed to represent. The problem with the particular
configuration 0f rights found in the Universal Declaration is
that some 0f the rights may not be compatible with the diverse
value systems 0f the world. Consequently, the promulgation 0f
the Universal Declaration appears to many countries as the
imposition 0f an alien value system: "Thus, to the extent these
kinds 0f rights are concerned, we have the scenario 0f one
particular culture, or one particular ideology, or one
particular political system claiming to be imposed upon the
entire world ... . It is selfdefeating for the human-rights
movement to take the latter approach and say, force private
property upon the Soviet Union or China, or abolish arranged
marriages in India, or force general elections in Saudi Arabia,
and then - and here is the greatest danger 0f all - retire in the
smug delusion that having done that, justice has thereby been
achieved for the individual" (Sinha 1978: 144, 159).
Sinha attacks the single catalogue approach because it does
not take into account cultural variability. He advocates an
approach which is culture based. By making a distinction
between the catalogue and the concept 0f human rights, he
wants to allow for the development 0f particular rights
standards for different social systems. Instead 0f "the
catalogue 0f one particular society being rammed down the
throat 0f another under the crusadic [sic] disguise 0f human
rights" (1978: 159), Sinha prefers to let societies devise their
own means 0f paying homage to human rights standards. But
while his theory is culturally sensitive, it cannot provide any
universais. Hence it is no longer a theory 0f human rights but
rather a theory 0f cultural rights.
NON- WESTERN CONCEPTIONS 0f HUMAN RIGHTS
The international documents are not sufficient, in and 0f
themselves, to resolve the question 0f whether the human
rights which they enumerate are Western or universal. 0f
course, it is possible that they could contain some rights which
are universal and some which are not. To decide which rights
are truly universal, some have sought to characterize the
concept 0f human rights according to various geographical,
cultural, religious, and ideological perspectives. It is
important, however, to be aware 0f the limitations 0f this
literature.
First, there do not even exist articles on the concept 0f human
rights in all societies. Whether or not those about which
nothing is written have well-defined concepts 0f human rights
we do not know. Second, the articles that do exist tend to focus
on what is distinctive about the concept in the country or
religion in question. So the result may be to afford insight into
the distinctive features 0f the concept rather than to provide
any indication about what aspects might be consistent with
the values embodied in the international documents. The point
is that the emphasis is on what is distinctive rather than what
is common. Third, we cannot tell whether or not to rely on the
characterizations provided. Analysts, even when speaking 0f
the same culture, sometimes give radically different
interpretations to the concept and oftentimes formulate
conclusions on the basis 0f misleading evidence. Discussions 0f
human rights in China, for example, tend to focus on what
rights Chinese officials have granted rather than on what the
traditional values are. Fourth, no systematic comparative
analyses 0f human rights have ever been undertaken.
THE REALITY 0f CULTURAL DIVERSITY
Since it is not possible to conclude that all cultures do share the
same concept 0f human rights on the basis 0f evidence
currently available; this means that cultural differences may
raise significant problems. The presumption 0f universality
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
begins to totter when it confronts divergent interpretations 0f
humanitarian standards.
There are two types 0f female circumcision. F. P. Hosken, one
0f the leading opponents 0f the practice, offers the typology:
1. Sunna Circumcision: removal 0f the prepuce and/or tip 0f
the clitoris.
2. Excision or Clitoridectomy: excision 0f the entire clitoris
with the labia minora and some or most 0f the external
genitalia.
3. Excision and Infibulation (Pharaonic Circumcision):
This means excision 0f the entire clitoris, labia minora, and
parts 0f the labia majora. The two sides 0f the vulva are then
fastened together in some way either by the thorns ... or
sewing with catgut. Alternatively the vulva are scraped raw
and the child's limbs are tied together for several weeks until
the wound heals (or she dies). The purpose is to close the
vaginal orifice. Only a small opening is left (usually by
inserting a slither [sic] 0f wood) so the urine or later the
menstrual blood can be passed (Hosken 1976: 30; see also
Huelsman 1976).
Women who live in societies where the practice 0f
circumcision continues must undergo surgery throughout life.
Women who are infibulated have to be opened to permit
intercourse and to be cut open further for the delivery 0f a
child (Daly 1978: 157). Sometimes women are sewn up again
after delivery depending on the wishes 0f their husbands.
Female genital mutilation occurs in certain tribes in the
following countries: Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, southern
Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, northern Zaïre, Chad, northern
Cameroun, Nigeria, Dahomey, Togo, northern Ghana, Upper
Volta, Mali, northern Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone,
Guinea, Guinea Bissau, the Gambia, Senegal, and Mauritania
(Hosken 1976: 22). Excision in small girls still takes place in
Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. The operation
is also performed in Europe when members 0f tribes emigrate
(Anonymous 1984a). It is difficult to pinpoint the precise
number 0f girls who undergo the surgery because the
operation is usually performed in secret. The Minority Rights
Group report states: "The total number 0f women affected is
in any case unknown, but without any doubt involves several
tens 0f millions 0f women" (McLean and Graham 1983: 3). A
more scholarly article cites figures 0f between thirty and
seventy-four million women as being currently circumcised in
at least twenty African countries.
There are various justifications offered for female
circumcision. The main one is the preservation 0f the moral
purity 0f women. The operation supposedly insures the fidelity
0f wives. In 1938 Dr. Allan Worsley analyzed the reasons
given for the practice: "Although it is often denied, the
preservation 0f virginity lies at the root 0f this custom"
(Worsley 1938: 686-691). Daly notes that "A basic belief that
justifies all, erasing all responsibility is 0f course that these
rites keep women faithful" (Daly 1978: 160). It complicates the
issue further that the operation is performed by women, which
might make it appear that men bear no responsibility for
perpetuating the practice.
In the past, international organizations have been unwilling to
get involved because 0f professed respect for the cultural
traditions 0f others. And perhaps their reluctance is
reasonable, since the custom is accepted as moral and
legitimate in the societies in which it occurs. Those who do not
undergo the surgery are ostracized. Apparently, no one will
marry uncircumcised girls. In one study, conducted by means
0f a detailed questionnaire administered to 3210 females and
1545 males in the Sudan, it was shown that the ratio 0f those
who favored continuing the practice to those who did not was
5 to 1 for women and 7 to 1 for men, though the majority was
against the most severe Pharaonic type (El Dareer 1983).
There is a tendency among current writers to speak 0f female
circumcision not as morally abhorrent or acceptable but
32
 Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
rather in terms 0f the health problems that it causes. Warning The fact that many women in the society perpetuate the
that female circumcision may well be hazardous to the health custom is one which must be squarely faced. The presumption
0f young girls initially seems to avoid the pitfalls 0f the moral 0f universality cannot alter the reality that the practice is
dilemma. For this reason this is increasingly the sort 0f accepted as moral by members 0f the culture.
position that international organizations such as WHO and b) The Case 0f Child Labor
UNICEF are taking. Perhaps the best discussion 0f female The spectre 0f relativism also rears its head in the case 0f child
circumcision along these lines, within the framework 0f labor. Today anywhere from 52 to 150 million children (under
human rights, is an article by Kay Boulware-Miller (1985). age 15) work throughout the world. The conditions are often
Here she discusses three major human rights arguments exploitative and unhealthy. As a consequence, many in the
challenging female circumcision as (1) a violation 0f the rights international community have focussed their energies towards
0f the ation is usually performed in secret. The Minority the complete eradication 0f all forms 0f child labor. This goal
Rights Group report states: "The total number 0f women 0f abolition is justified in absolutist terms: "a necessary evil"
affected is in any case unknown, but without any doubt (Dogramaci 1985: 11; Mendelievich [ed.] 1979: 55; Blanchard
involves several tens 0f millions 0f women" (McLean and 1983: 23; Rodgers and Standing [ed.] 1981: v; Boudhiba 1982:
Graham 1983: 3). A more scholarly article cites figures 0f 11), "an affront to our conscience" (Blanchard 1983: 6), "a
between thirty and seventy-four million women as being scourge" (Valcarenghi 1981: 12, 23), "unnatural"
currently circumcised in at least twenty African countries (Mendelievich [ed.] 1979: 48), "tragic" (Dogramaci 1985: 10),
(Boulware-Miller 1985: 156). and "a moral indictment on our society" (Chan 1980: 78).
5). Here she discusses three major human rights arguments Francis Blanchard, the Director-General 0f the International
challenging female circumcision as (1) a violation 0f the rights Labor Organization, has said that the goal 0f the international
0f child, (2) the right to sexual and corporeal identity, and (3) community should be "... ultimately, the elimination 0f child
the right to health. Her conclusion is that: "Although the right labor" (1983: 6), which is justified on the basis 0f "universal
to health argument may not bring immediate results, it is values" (1983: 20). In its 1984 report on child labor, the Anti-
likely to have the most success because it considers the practice Slavery Society for the Protection 0f Human Rights
from the perspective 0f the Africans . . . [it] integrates the acknowledged the Western bias in international legislation
issues 0f physical, mental, and sexual health as well as child but, nonetheless, concluded that UNICEF should make "a
development" (1985: 176-177). specific commitment to the eradication 0f child labour in all its
Unfortunately, the health argument is subject to at least two forms" (Anonymous 1984b: 46, 57). Another glaring example
telling criticisms. First, the peoples whose way 0f life is 0f the universalist presumption is found in the international
criticized, whether on health or moral grounds, may not see a edition 0f Newsweek in its special report entitled "All Work
difference between the two types 0f argument. That is, even if and No Play - The World's Youngest Laborers Sacrifice their
the argument based on health is on its face more sensitive to Childhood in Days 0f Endless Toil" (Smolowe et al. 1983;
cultural differences, those practicing the custom may suspect emphasis added). The language and melodramatic tone reflect
that the real argument is that Westerners object to it on moral the deeply ingrained Western way 0f thinking about
grounds. Moreover, the argument is rendered even less childhood. They also convey the message that the proper goal
effective by the fact that operations 0f this type are now ought to be the complete abolition 0f child labor.
carried out in hospitals under thoroughly antiseptic
conditions.
Despite the presumption that child labor is entirely wrong, it Greater cultural sensitivity would permit the formulation 0f
is an economic necessity. In many societies, children are more globally acceptable strategies.
expected to help with the family business or to bring home a CONCLUSION
substantial portion 0f the family income. It is an accepted I have tried to show that, properly interpreted, the concept 0f
part 0f the way 0f life in much 0f the world, and is perceived human rights is compatible with moral systems that are
as natural and moral: "In most agrarian societies, children's centered on concepts other than rights. This would remove the
work is not only highly prized for its economic utility but as objection that duty-based systems cannot accommodate
representing the highest ideals 0f the culture, viz. obedience, human rights. But even if human rights, in the abstract, may
respect, or filial piety. Serving those above one in the domestic be possible in any moral system, we cannot presume that all
hierarchy 0f age statuses is conceptualized as moral duty, moral codes contain the same or similar values. Women's
often as a sacred obligation" (Le Vine 1984: 3). rights and children's rights are problematic because societies
The ethnocentric assumption in the literature leads to a do not all believe that these groups deserve special status. So,
narrow-minded solution which is not only unworkable, but to assert the existence 0f universal standards for them is
which is also undeniably a form 0f cultural imperialism. Since ethnocentric. The recognition 0f moral diversity calls into
the concept 0f childhood varies across cultures, as do ideas question the presumption 0f universality and leaves human
about work, it is not wise to adopt an absolutist abolitionist rights vulnerable to the apparent dangers 0f relativism.
approach, even as a long-term objective. Children's work is SOME SELECTIVE QUOTES ON HUMAN RIGHTS
an essential part 0f the family's survival; and unless that is  “All human being are born free and equal in dignity and
taken into account when policies are formulated, the viability rights. They are endowed with dignity and conscience and
0f international standards to protect children will be should act towards one another in a spirit 0f brotherhood”.—
uncertain. By no means does this imply that we should turn a Universal Declaration 0f Human Rights 1948
blind eye to the problem. It is simply that outright
condemnation is ineffective and, indeed, counterproductive.
 “To deny people their human rights is to challenge their  “We declare that human rights are for all 0f us, all the time:
very humanity”.—Nelson Mandela whoever we are and wherever we are from; no matter our
 “People say that human rights is a Western construct class, our opinions, our sexual orientation.” – UN Secretary-
foisted on others. But that's not true. Equality, dignity, respect General Ban Ki-moon
and justice are as much an integral part 0f the Islamic  "The candle burns not for us, but for all those whom we
tradition”.—Cherie Blair failed to rescue from prison, who were shot on the way to
 “The idea 0f cultural relativism is nothing but an excuse to prison, who were tortured, who were kidnapped, who
violate human rights.”—Shirin Ebadi

33
 Solved Past Papers Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
'disappeared'. That's what the candle is for."—Peter Benenson, founder 0f Amnesty International

SOLVED MCQS 0f CSS COMPULSORY

PAPERS 2010
MCQs 0f CSS Pakistan Affairs Paper 2010 Fiqh Hanafi
6."Fidak" Garden Was Bestowed To The Holy Prophet
As: Fay
1. Name The Saint, Who First Came In Lahore: Shaikh
7.Quba Mosque Has Been Mentioned In: Surah al
Ismail
Tauba
2. Ghiyas-Ud-Din Balban Declared Himself King 0f Delhi
8.The Tile Given To The Pioneers 0f Islam Was:
Sultanate In The Year:1266
Assabiqoon al Awwalun
3. Who Founded Daulatabad And Shifted The Capital 0f
9.The Meaning 0f Ya Sabahaho Is: Oh, Morning
Delhi Sultanate?: Muhammad Tughluq
danger
4. Who Set Up The Chain 0f Justice To Redress The
10.The Master If Hazrat Bilal During Embracing
Grievances 0f Oppressed People? None 0f These
Islam Was: Ummayia bin Khalaf
5. Who Was Known In History As Mujaddid Alf Thani,
11.Splitting 0f The Moon Occurred In: Mina
The Reformer 0f Second Millennium?: Shaikh Ahmed
12.The "Ifk" Event Is Described In The Qur'an In:
Sirhindi
Surah Noor (24:11-12)
6. Who Called The"Spiritual Guide"As Shopkeepers?:
13.The Prophet's Stamp Comprises 0f These Words:
Shah Waliullah
Allah,Rasool,Muhammad
7. When Nadva-Tul-Ulema Came Into Being?: None 0f
14.The Heads 0f Zakat Are: Eight
These
15.Mauwazatain Means: Two specific Surahs 0f
8. Who Initiated The Cult 0f Shivaji Against The Muslims
Quran
0f India? Bal Ganga Dher Tilak
16.Ozza Was The Name Of: a specific goddess 0f
9. Who Led Simla Deputation In 1906? Sir Agha Khan
Quraish
10.When Nehru Committee Was Constituted To Propose
17.Lea'an Is: A clause 0f Islamic law
The Future Constitution 0f India? Feb 1928
18.Ashabus Sabt Means: Jews
11. When The Congress Ministries Resigned From Their
19.The Number 0f Famous Months Are: Four
Offices? November 1939
20.Jabal-E-Noor Is Situated In: Arafat, (5 km
12.Who First Thought 0f The Possibility 0f A Muslim
away North from Makkah)
Republic Embracing The Present Central Asian States In
North West 0f Sub-Continent? Syed Jamal Ud Din MCQs 0f CSS Current Affairs Paper 2010
Afghani 1. World's highest mountain is in :Nepal
13. When Simla Conference Was Concluded With Failure? 2. Country having long shoe shape on map :Italy
July14,1945 3. RED cross headquarters are in :Geneva
14. Who Negotiated With Cabinet Mission (1946) On
4. Diamer-bhasha-planned on- :Indus River
Behalf 0f All India National Congress? A.K.Azad
15. When Abu Ala Maududi Was Awarded Death 5. Hajj scam struck blow to :Azam Swati Hamid Saeed
Punishment By Military Court On" Qadiani Issue"? May Kazmi
1953 6. special representative for afghan and Pakistan was :Richard
16. Muhammad Ali Bogra, The Then P.M 0f Pakistan, Halbrooke
Presented His Constitutional Formula To The Constituent 7. AFPAK announced in: 2009
Assembly On: Oct7, 1953 8. Ship mounted energy project in Pakistan in 2010 sponsored
17. When Was The 17th Amendment Bill Ratified
By The President, After Getting Passed By Both by :Turkey
Houses 0f Majlis-E-Shura? Dec31, 2003 9. Asian Developmental Bank in :1966
18. When Was The Local Government System 11. Non-aligned movement ----:Nehru Tito Nasser
Under The Devolution 0f Power Plan, 2001, 12. SAARC secretariat in :Kathmandu
Inaugurated? Aug 14,2001 13. Largest co2 emmitter :China
19. When Was Gas (Natural) Discovered At Sui 14. Rio conference on sustainable development was
Baluchistan? 1952
convened in :1992
20. The Suleman Mountain, One 0f The Western,
Is As High As: None 0f These (11,440 Ft) 15. WTO was established in :1995
MCQs 0f CSS Islamic Studies Paper 2010 16. Official UN working languages :6
1.Batha Valley Is Situated In: Makkah 17. First un conference on sustainable development
2.The Longest Surah 0f The Qur'an Is: Surah in :1962
al Baqarah 18. Founder 0f wiki leaks belongs to :Australia
3.Al-Maeen Is A Surah In Which There Are: 19. Non permanent members 0f Security Council :10
Less than 100 ayahs
20. Pakistan has become non permanent member 0f
4."Arbaeen" Is The Book 0f Hadith In Which
There Are: 40 Ahadith Security Council :6 Times
5.Fatwa Qazi Khan Is An Authentic Fatwa Of: MCQs 0f CSS Everyday Science 2010
34
 Solved Past Papers
Q-1 Select the best option and fill the appropriate
circle.
1. Water is heated in a kettle. The inside water is heated
by convection. A person sitting near the fire receives heat
by :
Convection
2. A time can come when we will be able to design a
machine which can go on working for ever without the
expenditure 0f energy. Is it possible ?
No
3. The measurement 0f rainfall is made by an instrument
known as :
None 0f these (Rain Gauge)
4. Light year is a unit 0f :
Distance
5. Three Elements Needed For The Healthy Growth 0f
Plants Are : N,P,K
6. Copper Can Be Converted Into Gold By : Artificial
Radioactivity
7. In Winter An Iron Pipe Feel Colder Than A Wooden
Window . This Is Because Wood Is : Non-Conductor
8. The Echo (Reflected Sounwill Be Distinctly Heard Only
At Ordinary Temperatures If The Distance 0f The
Reflecting Surfaces From The Source 0f Sound Is At Least
: 56f ft
9. It Is Possible To Recognize A Person In The Dark By
Simply Hearing His Unique Voice . It Is Because 0f The:
pitch
10. When A Ray 0f Sunlight Enters A Dark Room , Its
Straight Path Become Visible Because 0f Dust Particles
Hanging In The Air. It Is Because Light Is : Visible
11. A Six Feet Tall Lady Wants To See Her Full Image In A
Plane Mirror . The Minimum Length 0f The Mirror Will
Be: 3 feet
12. The Principle Used In Radar Is The Same As That 0f
Sonar. In Radar We Use Radio Waves ; Whereas In
Sonar We Use: Ultrasonic
13. In A Fission Nuclear Reaction , A Heavy Nucleus
Breaks Up Into Smaller Nuclei Whereas In Another
Nuclear Reaction Two Or More Than Two Possibly Nuclei
Are Fused To Form A Heavy Nucleus This Nuclear
Reaction Is Called: Fusion nuclear reaction
14. Parsec Is A Unit Of: Distance
15. German Silver Is An Alloy Of: Cu + Ni
16. The Continent Antarctica Lies At The: South pole
17. The Temperature 0f Dead Body Is:
temperature 0f the place where it is kept
18. Lactometer Is A Type 0f Hydrometer Which
Is Used To Measure The Specific Gravity Of:
Milk
19. Cusec Is A Unit Of: None 0f these (Flow 0f
Liquid)
20. The Deepest Place On Earth Is: Mariana
Trench
21. Twinkling 0f Stars Is Caused By :
Refraction 0f light
22. Magnifying Power 0f A Simple Microscope
Can Be Increased By: Increasing focal
length 0f the lens
23. Bronze Medal Is Made Up 0f Metal :
Copper , Tin
24. One 0f The Countries Through Which
Equator Passes Is: Kenya
25. A Very Important Practical Application 0f
Properties 0f Matter Is Hoeing Or "Godi"
Practiced By The Farmers. This Property 0f
Matter Is Called: Capillarity
26. It Is Observed That The Total Pressure Exerted By Air
On The Man 0f Average Size Is Around 14.7 Lb Wt. Per
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
Square Inch. But The Man Feels Quite Comfortable,. It Is Because
Of: An equal and opposite pressure acts from inside
27) A Nuclear Reactor Is A Device Used To Carry Out Controlled
Nuclear Reaction Whereas Gm (Geiger Mueller) Counter Is A
Device Used To Detect: Nuclear Radiation
28. A Body Can Escape The Gravitational Pull 0f The Earth If It
Is Thrown Up With A Velocity Of: 7 miles per sec
29. Night Vision Is Possible With The Help 0f :Infrared Rays
30. Myopia Is A Defect 0f Human Eye. It Can Be Corrected By
Using A Lens Called : Concave lens
31. Walnuts Can Be Broken In The Hand By Squeezing Two
Together But Not One. It Is Because 0f : Work done
32. The Instrument Which I Specially Design For Recording
Earth Quake Wave Is Called Seismograph Which Measure Earth
Quake Waves On A: Richter scale
33. The Planet Mercury Completes One Rotation Around The Sun
Is: 88 days
34. Fossils Found In The Lowest Geological Strata Are Generally
Most: Primitive
35. Evolution Can Be Described As: A continuing process
36. What Is The Only Source 0f New Alleles? Mutation
37. Polygenic Characteristic Are Controlled By: Multiple genes
38. Which 0f The Following , Lists The Four Stages 0f Food
Processing In Order? Ingestion, digestion , absorption ,
elimination
39. In Humans, Most Nutrient Molecules Are Absorbed By The :
stomach
40. The Energy Needed To Fuel Essential Body Processes Is
Called: Optimum energy intake
41. Which 0f The Following Is An Organic Molecule Needed By
The Body In Small Amounts? Monosaccharide
42. Inhaled Air Passes Through Which 0f The Following In The
Last? Bronchiole
43. Which 0f The Following Is A Form 0f Sexual Reproduction?
Hermaphroditism
44. Cobalt Is A Material Which Is: Strongly attracted by a
magnet
45. Laughing Gas Has Chemical Composition 0f The Following
Two Elements Which Are: Nitrogen + oxygen
46. Hepatitis A Is Transmitted To Different Individuals By:
Water
47. The Unit That Coordinates Different Devices 0f The Computer
System Is: Control unit
48. The Most Abundant Element Present Is In The Human Body
Is: Oxygen
49. Cancer Can Be Treated By: Chemotherapy and
radiotherapy
50. Animals Obtain Carbon Dioxide Mainly From: Starch
MCQs 0f CSS English Composition & Précis Paper 2010
A. Pick the word that is nearly similar in meaning to
the capitalized word.
1. Acrimonious: Bitter
2. Calligraphy: Handwriting
3. Unequivocal: Unmistakable
4. Demise: End
5. Incendiary: Causing fire
6. Touchstone: Criterion
7. Void: Emptiness
8. Essay: Attempt
B. Indicate the most nearly opposite in meaning
1. Ignoble: Noble
2. Melancholy: Happy
3. Obliterate: Design
4. Ally: Foe
5. Vulgar: Exquisite
6. Pretend: Substantiate
7. Liberty: Serfdom
8. Conscientious: Profligate
35
 Solved Past Papers
1.
PMS GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
PAPER 2005
1. Iqbal's poems Shikwa and Jabwab-e-Shikwa are in: Bang-
E-Dra
2. Who coined name 0f All India Muslim League: Nawab
Saleem Ullah Khan
3. Palestinian Party who won 2006 Elections: Hamas
4. First HEC chairman: Ata-Ur-Rehman
5. "Memoirs" is an autobiography of: Richrad Nixon
6. First elected President 0f Pakistan: Ayub Khan
7. Macbeth is a drama by: Shakespeare
8. "There is no restriction in Islam" is a verse of: Sura Baqra
9. Battle 0f Pilasy was between Siraj-ud-Daula & : Lord
Clive
10. Muslim League was founded in: Dhaka
11. Durand line treaty was b/w Durand &: Abdul Rahman
12. Lion's share 0f UNO's budget is spent on: Peace Keeping
13. American Plan "Great Initiative Plan" was for:
Democracy
14. Tsunami hit 12 countries in 2004. Its epicenter was:
Sumatra
15. Muslim country with lowest per capital income is:
Somalia
16. First country which issued currency notes was: China
17. Spratly island are disputed between China &: Vietnam
18. 2nd country with more inventions after USA: Germany
19. Khanki Heandworks is situated on river: Chenab
20. Braille Educational System was invented for: Blinds
21. Ghulam Muhammad Barrage is also called: Kotri
Barrage
22. Kremlin is a fortress for government offices of: Russia
23. Which Desi month is called brother 0f march: Chate
24. The Capital 0f Taiwan: Taipei
25. Olympic Airways belongs to: Greece
26. Bosphorous strait connects Black Sea with: Marmara
27. Abel Tasman discovered: New Zeeland
28. Longest river 0f Asia is: Yangtze
29. ATM stands for: Automated Teller Machine
30. Playground 0f Europe is: Switzerland
31. Naira is currency of: Nigeria
32. 2nd largest ethnic group in Afghanistan is: Tajik
33. "The idea 0f Pakistan" was written by: Stephen Cohen
34. Religion "Shintoism" is followed by: Japan
35. "Clash 0f Civilizations" was written by: Huntinton
36. Oldest organization 0f human right: Anti-Slavery
International
37. What is magnitude 0f earthquake 2005: 7.6
38. Which country sent more paramedical aid to Pakistan
after earthquake 2005: Cube
39. Largest producer 0f solar energy: Germany
40. Who came to Pakistan as UNO's special representative
after earthquake 2005: Bush Senior
41. Country with unwritten constitution is: UK
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
42. Holocaust means: Killing 0f Jews During WW-II
43. Antara is news agency of: Inodnesia
44. Word "Tsunami" belongs to which language: Japanese
45. UNO has declared 2004-2014 as the decade of:
Education For Sustainable Development
46. "War & peace" was written by: Leo Toistoy
47. Gandhara Civilization was situated between: Indus And
Jhelum
48. Main cause 0f France’s riots in 2005: Changes In
Employment Rules
49. Second biggest natural gas field 0f Pakistan is: Mari
(Sindh)
50. Babri mosque was situated in: Ayudhya (UP)
51. President 0f UK during WW-I was: Woodrow Wilson
52. Largest army is of: China
53. English poet who died in young age: John Keats
54. "Paradise lost" was written by: John Milton
55. Most famous brand 0f world is: Coca Cola
56. Oldest disease is: Leprosy
57. Continent without any glacier is: Africa
58. Archipelago is: A Cluster 0f Lalands
59. Law 0f Gravitation was discovered by: Newton
60. 1st president 0f Muslim League: Sir Agha Khan II
61. Centre 0f Tamil Nados 0f of Sri Lankan is: Jaffna
62. US president killed during his office was: J.F Kennedy
63. Florence Nightingale was: Nurse
64. Etymology is science of: Word
65. Pldest organization 0f world: League 0f Nations
66. Father 0f compute is : Charles Babbage
67. Where Days and night are equal in all the year: Nairobi
68. Where Jhelum and Chenab meet: Khanki Headquater
69. Red & Mediterranean Seas are connected by: Suez Canal
70. Which crop has longest period between cultivation &
harvest: Sugarcane
71. Silicon Valley is famous for: Computer Industry
72. Largest Search engine is: Google
73. Furakha Dam on Ganga river is disputed between: India
and Bangladesh
74. Biggest bird in the world: Ostrich
75. "Khaki Shadows" is written by: K.M Arif
76. Which dam is violation 0f "Indus Water Treaty": Salasal,
Baglihar, Wullar,All
77. Causeway means: Raised Path
78. Largest consumer 0f coal is: China
79. "The Night Watch" belongs to: Rembrandt Van Rijin
80. HQ 0f freedom house is: Washington
81. Harrapa city is on the bank of: Ravi
82. Bismarck was leader and statesman of: Germany
83. First Muslim who won Nobel prize is: Anwar Sadat
84. 15 may is: Families Day
85. Kigali is capital of: Rwanda
36
 Solved Past Papers
86. Largest contributor to UNO's budget is: USA
87. Sabakzai Dam is being constructed in: Baluchistan
88. Oldest anthem is of: Japan
89. What is Big Ben: Clock
90. Who was the first viceroy 0f India: Lord Canning
92. Napoleon Bonaparte was king of: France
93. Helvetia is the old name of: Switzerland
94. HQ 0f World Economic Forum is in: Geneva
95. Wisest bird in European countries is: Owl
FPSC PAPER 2013 FOR INSPECTOR ASF (AIRPORT
SECURITY FORCE)
1.To show the white feather means: to act cowardly
2.To smell a rat means: to suspect a trick
3.To wash one’s dirty linen in public means: to discuss
dirty and scandalous matter 0f personal nature in
presence 0f strangers
4.To look down upon means: to scorn at
5.To pull the strings means: to manipulate
6.A red-letter day means: a day memorable for some
joyful event
7.To read between the lines means: to see the writer’s
concealed meaning
8.By next July I shall have been working in this office for
ten years.
9.He was thinking 0f marrying Nazia when she discovered
he was already married.
10.I don’t like milk so I generally drink tea for breakfast.
11.Where do you spend next Sunday? I may be visiting you.
12.If I were you, I would not lose temper.
13.She would not have borrowed the necklace if she had
been wiser.
14.We asked the guests what places they would visit next
day.
15.If you went away now, we will miss you.
16.I don’t think I have met him yet.
17.I shall certainly work all next week except when it will be
raining.
18.Let him told to leave the room at once.
19.The manager assured the employees that none 0f them
will be dismissed.
20.If the driver had been careful, the accident could have
been avoided.
21.Where is the HQ 0f ILO? Geneva.
22.Silk Air is the airline of: None 0f the Above
(Singapore).
23.Grozny is the capital 0f : Chechanya.
24.What is the name 0f Iceland parliament? Althing.
25.Which is called the city 0f canals: Venice.
26.What is the name 0f Syrian parliament? People’s
council 0f Syria
27.Biggest producer 0f tea: China
28.Russia invaded Afghanistan in: 1979
29.The first muslim nobel laureate was: Anwar Sadaat.
30.People who secretly indulge in anti-national or anti-
government activities and help the enemy are called: fifth
column.
31.Karachi nuclear power plant was built with the assistance
of: Canada
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
96. Largest road tunnel: Laerdal Tunnel
97. Founder 0f Algebra is: Al-Khwarzimi
98. Martin Luther was: Founder 0f Protestant Sect
99. Anemometer measures: Velocity 0f Wind
100. Great Sandy Desert is in: Australia
32.Which 0f the following categories 0f Nobel prizes was not
created by Swedish scientist? Economics
33.“Philately” is a: science 0f stamp collection.
34.The term Hung Parliament means: No single party
has a majority in the house.
35.Itar-Tass is the news agency of: Russia
36.The energy 0f food is measured in: calories.
37.Russia supplies natural gas to European countries which
transit through the state of: Ukraine.
38.The world’s largest subway system is in: Moscow
39.Anemometer is an instrument used for measuring: Wind
speed.
40.The world’s largest no. 0f newspapers are published
from: India
41.“Fleet Street” London is famous for: offices 0f
newspapers and news agencies.
42.The only vitamin which can not be stored in human body
is: Vitamin C.
43.Which 0f the following countries first introduced paper
currency in the world? China
44.The most famous book 0f 2008 “The Way 0f the World: A
story 0f truth and hope in an age 0f extremism” is written
by: Ron Suskind.
45.“Petra”-the new wonder 0f the world is located in:
Jordan.
46.1 metric ton is equal to: 1000kg
47.“Paracel islands” in South China sea are disputed
between China and: Vietnam
48.In which 0f the following countries 240 years old
monarchy was abolished in 2008? Nepal
49.National income is essentially composed of: income
derived from taxes by the central government.
50.Marco polo was a famous: traveler.
51.The price 0f sugar increases by 20%. By what percent
must a house wife reduce the consumption 0f sugar so that
the expenditure on sugar is same as before? 16.66
52.A man starts climbing a hill. Every minute he ascends 20
yards but slips down 5 yards. How long will he take to
ascend a point 80 yards height? 5 minutes
53.In a competitive examination in state A 6% candidates got
selected from total appeared candidates. State B had an
equal number 0f candidates appeared and 7% candidates got
selected with 80 more candidates got selected than A. What
was the number 0f candidates from each state? 8000
54.The price 0f a car is Rs. 3,25,000. It was insured to 85%
0f its price. The car was damaged completely in an accident
and the insurance company paid 90% 0f the insurance. What
37
 Solved Past Papers Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
was the difference between the price 0f the car and the What was the percentage increase for the enrollment?
amount received? Rs. 76,375 31.76%
55.The sum 0f the number 0f boys and girls in a school is 70.The number whose 7% is 42? 600
150. If the number 0f boys is x then the number 0f girls 71.Rang worm is actually: fungus
becomes x% 0f the total number 0f students. The number 0f 72.Blotting paper absorbs ink because: 0f the action 0f
boys is: 60 capillary.
56.In an examination 0f n questions a student replied 15 out 73.Visible light enery has the wavelength of: 400-700
0f the first 20 questions correctly. 0f the remaining questions nanometer
he answered 1/3 correctly. All the questions have the same 74.Standard pressure is: 760 mm-Hg
credit. If the student gets 50% marks, the value 0f n is: 60 75.Calcium and phosphorus are the essential elements 0f
57.The salaries 0f A and B together amount to Rs. 2000. A bones.
spends 95% 0f his salary and B 85% 0f his salary. If now 76.Cod liver oil contains: vitamin D
their savings are the same, what is A’s salary? 1500 77.In human body blood clotting factor is produced by:
58.Five-eighth 0f three-tenth 0f four-ninth 0f a number is 45. platelets.
What is the number?540 78.The fat in our blood is digested by the enzyme: lipase
59.Which 0f the following numbers should be added to 11158 79.Muscle stiffness is caused by the disease: tetanus.
to make it exactly divisible by 77?9 80.Diamond is an allotropic form of: carbon
60.On a certain project, the only grades awarded were 80 81.Gen. Ayub Khan worked as PM 0f Pakistan during 1958.
and 100. If ten students completed the project and the His tenure as the PM 0f the country lasted for: 21 days.
average 0f their grades was 91, how many earned 100?2 82.Zaheer-ud-Din Babur founded the mughal empire in:
61.Which 0f the following is equal to (78-79)10? -0.1 1526.
62.A number is “terrific” if it is a multiple 0f 2 or 3. How 83.The first battle 0f Tarain took place in: 1191
many terrific numbers are there between -11 and 11? 7 84.On 24th October, 1958 Gen. Wajid Ali Barki was made:
63.A batsman has certain average 0f runs for 16 innings. In Health minister.
the 17th innings he makes a score 0f 85 runs thereby 85.Iskander Mirza handed over all powers to Gen. Ayub on:
increasing the average by 3. What is the average after 17 th 27th October, 1958.
innings? 37 86.Ayub regime announced agrarian reforms on: 24th Jan,
64.In Ajmal’s opinion his weight is greater than 65kg but less 1959.
than 72 kg. His brother does not agree with Ajmal and he 87.In order to improve the educational system in Pakistan
thinks that Ajmal’s weight is greater than 60 kg but less than Ayub Khan constituted Education Commission on: 30 Dec,
70 kg. His brother’s view is that his weight can not be greater 1958.
than 68 kg. if all 0f them are correct in their estimation, 88.The first battle 0f Panipatt was fought between: Babar
what is the average 0f different probable weights 0f Ajmal? and Ibrahim Lodhi
67 kg 89.Sultan Muhammad Ghauri started attack on India in:
65.The ratio between the present ages 0f M and N is 5:3 1174
respectively. The ration between M’s age 4 years ago and N’s 90.Dots on Arabic letter was introduced by: Hajjaj B.
age after 4 years is 1:1. What is the ration between M’s age Yousaf
after 4 years and N’s age 4 years ago? 3:1 91.Abbassids adopted black color for their official dress.
66.Price 0f sugar is increased by 25%. The percentage 0f 92.Ayub Khan was appointed as Chief Martial Law
consumption to be decreased so that there would be no Administrator on 7th October 1958. He held the office till: 8th
increase in expenditure is: 20% June, 1962.
67.A group 0f students volunteered to finish a construction 93.Abu Muslim Khurasani was murdered in: 755 A.D.
work in 25 days. 10 0f the students did not come and the 94.Zakariyya Razi was a: physician
work could be finished in 35 days. The original number 0f 95.Ottoman Sultans were the direct descendants of: Osman
students in group was? 35 96.Mamun-ur-Rashid followed Mutazilla doctrines.
68.A man bought a flat for Rs. 8,20,000. He borrowed 55% 97.Al-Khawarizm was a: mathematician.
0f this money from a bank. How much money did he borrow 98.Suhail bin Amar signed the treaty 0f Hudaiba on
from the bank? 4,51,000 behalf 0f the Quraysh.
69.A primary school had an enrollment 0f 850 pupils in 99.Baghdad was conquered and sacked by Halaku Khan in:
January 1970. In januray 1980 the enrollment was 1120. 1258
Talha was a: False prophet.

‫جرہگ‬
‫شولںاگرڈنمیڈویسیکاتکبںیماکیف‬ ‫اورنشوہیناچےیہاسرپزرداریےناہکںیماسیکاورن پ‬
‫پ‬ ‫زجتہیاکررنجلراٹیئرڈادجمبیعشےناہکےہہکرنجلایکینےناہکاھترڈنمیڈویسسیکیکایسیس‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫دیےئلیکاہلخااہنےلہپرایضںیہنےھتپامہدعبںیمرمقدھکیرکرایضوہےئگ۔رمقزامناکئرہاکانہکاھتہکوافیقوکحماور‬،‫رنجلاجشع پپاشاےنرڈنمیڈویسسیکڈنیہلایک‬،‫اسریطلغزیچںییھکلوہیئںیہ‬
38
‫‪Special Urdu Reports & Programs‬‬ ‫‪Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017‬‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫اجنپبوکحمےناسسیکںیمایاسھتلمرکدعالےسہیدروخاشیکیھتہکآپاسسیکوکدںیھکی۔‬
‫وزئراقونناجنپبراپاانثاہللےناہکہکرڈنمیڈویسسیکاکونل چ اناچپ ےچ اج ےئگ اگ‪42‬رکوڑاہکںےسسکااکو ٹ‬
‫یےسآپاسکےناداایک‪،‬اسسیکںیمایکوکیئوسوموٹونل پااس‬ ‫ٔ‬
‫یکےجآیئیٹںیہنیننباچپ ے؟وہویجےکرپورگامجرہگںیممیلساصیفےسوگتفگرکرےہےھت۔‬
‫ت ت‬ ‫ٹ‬
‫ادجمبیعشےناہکہکوجہصقرنجلپپاشااکےہوہا حرکےک نون پنٹاٹ ااےنایو رپپپاشاےسپاکیکاوراہکہکآپےکا ےآرڈرےہہکاسوکرک رکںیپپاشاےنوسالایکہکسکاکآرڈرےہاناکانہکاھت‬
‫ہارےدصراوپاامےندپاےہاسرپپپاشاےناہکںیمدصراوپااموکںیہنےئاتنہکوکنںیہںیماص ےدصرےسآرڈرولںاگاسرپیڑوڑیک خیماہ وہیئا راسےکدعبا ںوںےنایسیسورڈروںوکاک جیرکپا‬
‫رشوعرکدپا۔‬
‫دصرزرداریےنایگنٹیماکلیکجےئنریکینیسحاقحیناساعمےلمںیماکیفرولےلپرکےکچےھتاسگنٹیمںیمرامحنکلمےھت‪،‬ویفسراضالیگینےھت‪،‬رنجلایکین‪،‬پپ ا‬
‫اشاوردصروخد‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫وموجدےھت۔ادسمرےنایوسالےکوجابںیماہکہکتقیقحہیےہرڈنمیڈویسےندوآدہ امرےںیہوپسیلیکرحاشںیمایگاورآجراکررک وہااوررک دعالےساسرطکوہاےہہکای‬
‫اقوننےہوجپپااتسکنںیموموجدےہاساقوننےکتحتوہاہیںےسالچایگہلصیفسکےنایکوہاگپاکہیےہہکپپااتسکنارمہکیےکاسھتواراڈنیریٹرںیمفیلحاھتیسآیئاےےکولگادرھےھتاور‬
‫اےھٹکاکمرکےتےھتاورجایہلصیفوہایگا ںوںےناہکہکرڈنمیڈویسںیمہدےدںیویکہکناسےناص ےفلیسڈسنفیںیمانآدویمںوکامراےہجہیپاکوہیئوتہیہلصیفوہاوہاگاسںیمایسیس‬
‫ٹ‬
‫رکسعیایقدکیھبوہیگرنجلپپاشاوکیھبپاکسالموہاگ۔‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫بوپیئوکحمےناسسیکںیمایاسھتلمرکدعالےس‬ ‫کرکزامناکئرہےنرڈنمیڈویسےکاوا ےےسوگتفگرکےتوہگ انہکاھتہکہیسیکاجنپبوکحموک ی لرکپااھت‪،‬وافیقوکحماور ا‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫ہیدروخاشیکیھتہکآپاسسیکوکدںیھکیک یئوکرٹےندقمہمنشیسوکرٹلقتنمایکاورا راسرطکدیاقوننےکاطمقباےسپاہراجیھبایگ سا اسسیکںیمرپیھبیھباھت‪،‬اناکانہکاھتہک‬
‫رڈنمیڈویساینپاتکبںیماتھکلےہہکرنجل پپاشاوکرٹرومںیموموجدےھتاوروہارمنکیافسراکترےکاسھتوموجدےھت سا ےھجماسپارےںیمںیہنچ اےہ‪،‬رمقزامنےناہکہکرڈنمیڈویساکارگ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫شےندئپاوکحمےنادا ےیپاکوتای یےہ‪،‬ایلا یمتوکاسےک ےھچییڑھییھت۔‬ ‫ب‪،‬ایکاسےناص ےےئنیکدافعںیمہیقحںیہناھت‪،‬دیےکےسیپرنجلپپا ا‬ ‫رٹالئایکےئ اپوتاساکجرمایک ا‬
‫وزئراقونناجنپبراپاانثاہللےناہکہکرڈنمیڈویسسکاکرکشہیادارکےتںیہوجرکشہیاداایکایگےہوہرصفایدنبےاکےہاوروہوکرٹرومںیمیھبوموجدےھت‪،‬اسسیکںیموپرےکلمںیم‬
‫رہکاماچموہاےہاورونل چ اناچپ ےاورہیچ اج ےئگ اگہک‪42‬رکوڑاہکںےسسکااکو ٹ‬
‫یےسآپاسکےناداایک‪،‬اسسیکںیمایکوکیئوسوموٹونل پااسیکےجآیئیٹںیہنیننباچپ ے؟اناکانہکاھتہک‬ ‫ٔ‬
‫ارگاسسیکیکروپرٹنبےئگ یگوتایہنایدنپاہریھبآےئگ یگ۔‬
‫ایآپادنشیمکروپرٹویکںاسےنمںیہنآیتےکوجابںیمراپاانثءےناہکہکنشیمکوکاچپ ےہکوہروپرٹےئریرکدےانوکایک یسےنرواکےہروپرٹےئریرکےنےس‬ ‫میلساصیفےکوسالہکوہ ٹ‬
‫سجرطکامڈل ٹپاونروپرٹےئریوہیئیھتوےسیہییھبےئریرکدںی‪،‬راپاانثءےناہکہکورپاءرپدپاوڈا ےےئےنوایلپاکطلغےہانےکپااقدئہااکو ٹ‬
‫یولھکاگ ےئگںیہ‪،‬راپاانثءےناہکہکںیمںیہن‬ ‫ٔ‬ ‫ٔ‬ ‫ٔ‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬
‫اتہکدعالںیموہوموجدےھت سا جنشیمکےنباگوتچ اج ےئگ اگہکوکرٹرومںیموکناھت‪،‬بوپایئوکحمےناسسیکںیممراتمحویکںںیہنہکوجابںیمراپاانثءےناہکہکمہےنمراتمح‬
‫ت‬ ‫ہ ت‬
‫یکیھت‪،‬اچالنادسنادد شٹگرردیدعالںیمشیپایکاھت۔‬

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WEEKLY INTERNATIONAL NEWS HIGHLIGHTS

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 Book reviews
BOOK REVIEWS
 THE RETREAT 0f WESTERN LIBERALISM BY
EDWARD LUCE
 THE FATE 0f THE WEST BY BILL EMMOTT
These elegant essays show that liberals are still befuddled
because voters don’t follow their advice, says Douglas Murray
These are boom times for declinists. Not least because there are
so many angles to choose from. For their part, Bill Emmott (a
former editor 0f The Economist) and Edward Luce (the
Washington columnist for the Financial Times) are part 0f that
pundit class thrown into agony by the Brexit vote and the
election 0f Donald Trump.
Like most 0f us they failed to see either event coming. And, like
a few others, they are now applying themselves to some
introspection, trying to ascertain how such large portions 0f the
public failed to follow the advice 0f their respective organs.
Both books are a type 0f group therapy (“Were we to blame?
What warning signs did we miss?”) with all the anxieties and
relief that must come along with it.
Luce’s book is the looser format, comprising a longish essay
that argues that Brexit and Trump are symptoms, rather than
causes, 0f a weakened western hegemony and liberalism’s
retreat around the world. It begins with the author’s memories
0f the fall 0f the Berlin Wall, proceeding from there somewhat
inevitably via Francis Fukuyama to the messy range 0f issues
our world confronts today. His analysis is largely fair and
beautifully written. He is critical 0f the “blow-dried
conventional wisdom” 0f the Davos class, which he describes as
specialising in “projecting the future from a recent past that
took it by surprise”. Although, as he rightly adds, “we are all
guilty 0f this”.
Some are also guilty 0f thinking that when voters come to
different conclusions, what they require is not recognition 0f
their views, but correction. In his section on Didier Eribon
(whose 2009 memoir, Returning to Reims, describes his
formerly Communist family’s movement into Front National
supporters) Luce approaches the story in a familiar style. The
Eribons are explained, but not understood, described — at best
— as though they are patients in need 0f understanding rather
than fellow citizens with complaints that should be listened to
and maybe even believed.
When Luce gets on to the new US president his analysis
unhinges. By the second 0f the book’s four sections he is already
speculating on “who will be Trump’s Deep Throat? Where will
we find his Mark Felt? The future 0f the world’s largest
democracy — and 0f global democracy in general — lies in the
hands 0f people whose names we probably do not know.” If
Luce had pined for a Watergate within the first 100 days 0f the
Obama presidency (let alone a Hillary Clinton one) he would
have been called many names. Yet he obviously sees nothing
strange in wishing for this fall for Trump; Luce’s reaction is
part 0f the problem that would in itself seem worth analysing.
Emmott takes a more structured as well as a wider approach to
his subject, laying out with customary skill and depth a range
0f the challenges before the world’s liberal democracies. He
Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
contends that they must resist the temptation to retreat from
free trade and globalisation otherwise the world’s most
successful political idea is at stake. He covers Trump and
Brexit, 0f course, but also the effects that have been working
their way through our societies since the 2008 crash.
If one were to venture a unifying reason for why our politics is
in such a flux, it would be that the right’s economics went
wrong around the same time that the left adopted identity
politics, ignoring the immigration concerns 0f its traditional
voters. Emmott is good on the first 0f these, although like Luce
sees the second as a misunderstanding by voters that might be
rectified.
Elsewhere Emmott covers the inequality debates, America’s
disastrous political finance system, Europe’s economic
paralysis, Japan’s recent spirals and the ever-looming pensions
crises. About this last Emmott is both sobering and mildly
reassuring, not least for pointing out that the average effective
age 0f retirement in China in 2016 was just 54. Which is six
years younger even than France. This is all done with a scope
and style that any reader will admire.
And yet. There is still that same befuddlement at the people who
voted against the advice 0f the Davos and Economist crowd. In
Emmott’s final chapter, which includes a number 0f sensible
policy formulas for averting our own future slalom, he
admiringly mentions a phrase 0f Barack Obama’s on US
foreign policy. The words in question are: “Don’t do stupid
shit.”
If these words had come from the mouth 0f Trump, they would
be held up as an example 0f his extreme, logorrheic vulgarity.
They would never, ever, be held up — even jokingly — by a man
such as Emmott as a maxim worthy 0f Talleyrand.
Such niggles point to a problem, but also to a basic solution. If
our politics — which has undoubtedly gone divisive and ugly —
is to be mended, it will not be by haranguing the public or
persuading them through monographs (however lucid and
well-argued, as both these are) that they have voted the wrong
way. Nor will it come through self-pity or even minor self-
criticism by the Davos class. It will come by the people who
abhor the public’s decisions understanding that the public are
not on to nothing and that their concerns are not a mirage.
Both authors offer some answers, although hardly
comprehensive ones. Which is not a criticism. It would hardly
be possible to offer answers to all the social, fiscal and political
problems we face. The world was always unpredictable. Now it
is simply unpredictable in a larger and more visible number 0f
ways than before. We may cope with it. We may not.
For my own part, whenever I wish to avoid the gloom I myself
help to create, I think 0f what WH Auden wrote at the close 0f
his poem Moon Landing:
Our apparatniks will continue making
the usual squalid mess called History:
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Book reviews Weekly Analysis June 30, 2017
all we can pray for is that artists, for jobs and resources, losers (those he calls the “left-behinds”)
chefs and saints may still appear to blithe it. seek scapegoats for their woes, and consensus becomes harder
to reach as politics devolves into more and more 0f a zero-sum
IN ‘THE RETREAT 0f game.
“Many 0f the tools 0f modern life are increasingly priced
WESTERN LIBERALISM,’ beyond most people’s reach,” Luce writes. One study shows it
now takes the median worker more than twice as many hours a
HOW DEMOCRACY IS month to pay rent in one 0f America’s big cities as it did in
1950; and the costs 0f health care and a college degree have

DEFEATING ITSELF increased even more. There is rising income inequality in the
West; America, which “had traditionally shown the highest
In his insightful and harrowing new book, Edward Luce, a class mobility 0f any Western country,” now has the lowest.”
columnist for The Financial Times, issues a chilling warning: As nostalgia for a dimly recalled past replaces hope, the
“Western liberal democracy is not yet dead,” he writes, “but it is American dream 0f self-betterment and a brighter future for
far closer to collapse than we may wish to believe. It is facing one’s children recedes. Among the symptoms 0f this dynamic: a
its gravest challenge since the Second World War. This time, growing opioid epidemic and decline in life expectancy,
however, we have conjured up the enemy from within. At home increasing intolerance for other people’s points 0f view, and
and abroad, America’s best liberal traditions are under assault brewing contempt for an out-of-touch governing elite
from its own president. We have put arsonists in charge 0f the (represented in 2016 by Hillary Clinton, 0f whom Luce writes:
fire brigade.” “her tone-deafness towards the middle class was almost
Luce does not see Donald J. Trump or populist nationalists in serene”).
Europe, like Marine Le Pen, as causes 0f today’s crisis in Trump’s economic agenda (as opposed to his campaign
democratic liberalism but rather as symptoms. Nor does he see rhetoric), Luce predicts, will “deepen the economic conditions
President Trump’s victory last November as “an accident that gave rise to his candidacy,” while the “scorn he pours on
delivered by the dying gasp 0f America’s white majority — and democratic traditions at home” endangers the promotion 0f
abetted by Putin,” after which regular political programming liberal democracy abroad. America’s efforts to export its ideals
will soon resume. had already suffered two serious setbacks in the 21st century:
Instead, he argues in “The Retreat 0f Western Liberalism,” George W. Bush’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003 and the
Trump’s election is a part 0f larger trends on the world stage, calamities that followed; and the financial crisis 0f 2008,
including the failure 0f two dozen democracies since the turn 0f which, Luce writes, was not a global recession but an Atlantic
the millennium (including three in Europe — Russia, Turkey one that raised serious concerns about the Western financial
and Hungary) and growing downward pressures on the West’s model. (“In 2009, China’s economy grew by almost 10 percent,
middle classes (wrought by the snowballing forces 0f and India’s by almost 8 percent.”)
globalization and automation) that are fomenting nationalism What fund 0f good will the United States retained, Luce
and populist revolts. These developments, in turn, represent a suggests, Trump has been “rapidly squandering,” with his
repudiation 0f the naïve hopes, after the fall 0f the Berlin Wall, dismissive treatment 0f NATO and longtime allies, and
that liberal democracy was on an inevitable march across the his overtures toward autocratic leaders like Vladimir V. Putin
planet, and they also pose a challenge to the West’s 0f Russia, Rodrigo Duterte 0f the Philippines and Recep Tayyip
Enlightenment faith in reason and linear progress. Erdogan 0f Turkey. “Within days 0f his inauguration,” Luce
Like Richard Haass’s recent book, “A World in Disarray: writes, “Trump had killed the remaining spirit 0f enlightened
American Foreign Policy and the Crisis 0f the Old Order,” this self-interest that defined much” 0f post-World War II America.
volume sometimes tries to cover too much in too little space, but Given this situation, Luce adds, “the stability 0f the planet —
it’s equally timely and informed, providing an important and the presumption 0f restraint — will have to rest in the
overview 0f the dynamics in an increasingly interconnected hands 0f Xi Jinping and other powerful leaders,” though he
and fragmented planet. In his prescient 2012 book, “Time to predicts that “chaos, not China, is likelier to take America’s
Start Thinking: America in the Age 0f Descent,” Luce uncannily place.”
anticipated the politics 0f resentment and the bitter fights over Luce’s conclusions are pessimistic but not entirely devoid 0f
immigration that would fuel “Brexit” and last year’s American hope. “The West’s crisis is real, structural and likely to persist,”
election. And in this new book, he lucidly expounds on the he writes. “Nothing is inevitable. Some 0f what ails the West is
erosion 0f the West’s middle classes, the dysfunction among its within our power to fix.” Doing so means rejecting complacency
political and economic elites and the consequences for America about democracy and our system’s resilience, and
and the world. “understanding exactly how we got here.”
The strongest glue holding liberal democracies together, Luce
argues, is economic growth, and when that growth stalls or
falls, things tend to take a dark turn. With growing competition

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