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Home » CSS Special » THE Inundated PAKISTAN » Related Issues

Globalization Challenges and the Changing Role of the State
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 Exclusive Interview:
Globalization Challenges and Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
1st Position CSS 2013
the Changing Role of the  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
State Taxation
 Tornadoes
Globalization merely signifies the cultural and  Budgeting Process in
economic invasion of the West. There is a lurking fear Pakistan-I
that the new world is emerging as a crueler place  Reforming the Civil
conspicuous by the domination of the powerful over Services
 World in Focus (May-
the weak. June 2014)
 World in Focus (April-
THE Inundated PAKISTAN
Wednesday, September 01, 2010
May 2014)
 Intelligentsia: The Real
The forces unleashed by globalization have changed the world face of a Society
 Human Rights &
and so rapid has this change been that yesterday’s experiences
may have lost their relevance today, and tomorrow may Islamic Values
represent yet another form of transformation. There is a lurking
fear that the new world is emerging as a crueler place Advertisement
conspicuous by the domination of the powerful over the weak.
To some, globalization merely signifies the cultural and
economic invasion of the West, as reflected in the proliferation
of fast food chains and designer shops. On a parallel track, there
is also an increasing realization that the world of yesterday
cannot be resurrected and consequently nostalgia for the bygone
era would only prevent countries and individuals from availing
the benefits of the opportunities that are now more equitably
distributed than ever before.
The principal gift of globalization is the access to information

and its instantaneous dissemination. As a consequence,
geographical boundaries or physical location do not constrain
nations and states to work closely together. Not only has this
made the world flatter but also smaller and more promising.
The technological revolution which has spurred globalization

has also impacted closely not only on interstate relations but also
on the manner in which nation states conduct their internal
functions. And this is the central theme of this article. The
potential benefits for nation states are multiple as well as
diverse.
The state bureaucracy could become considerably leaner; input

for policy-making can be sourced globally and in a time-
efficient manner; the speed of decision-making and work
processing is now much faster; communication both in terms of
speed and form is far more efficient.
In brief, it is now much easier than ever before for states to

provide good governance to its citizens. Globalization also poses
new challenges with intensifying competition owing to a freer
trading environment. The electronic media explosion, yet
another fallout of globalization, has also led to enhanced
expectations of citizens for good governance.
Functions which are generally recognized as the exclusive

responsibility of the state encompass territorial defence,
diplomacy, macroeconomic management, preservation of justice
and internal security, protection of the environment, provision of
social and physical infrastructure, promotion of agriculture,
industry, energy, mining and service sector including banking
and finance and mobilization of resources (taxation).
Although the scope of many of these functions remains

unaltered, the manner in which these have been carried out in
the past needs to be re-visited.
In Pakistan, historically – and for good reasons – national
security concerns have taken precedence over social welfare
concerns. The longstanding confrontation with India and the
enduring suspicion about the latter’s aggressive designs,
compelled Pakistan to adopt this course of action.
It is now time to evaluate this policy dispassionately and

objectively. If one were to recognize India’s emerging stature as
a regional economic power, it becomes evident that there has
been a paradigm shift in its national priorities. Territorial
aggrandizement through military aggression no longer features
among New Delhi’s priorities because, among other reasons,
this could seriously jeopardize is pivotal position as a part of the
global supply chain.
It follows, therefore, that New Delhi cannot possibly, as this

point in time, have aggressive designs against Pakistan. At
another level, the Kargil adventure has adequately demonstrated
that India has the will and the capacity to ward off any irritants
of this nature. Under these circumstances, Pakistan’s quest for
amassing military hardware or expansion in the size of the
armed forces requires to be scaled down as the foremost national
priority.
In recent years, there is an increasing realization that the main

threat to the country’s national security is from within rather
than from external forces. The rising intolerance and
consequential internal strife suggest a society at war with itself.
The obvious and immediate requirement is the strengthening of
institutions and mechanisms which could help in reversing this
trend thereby restoring the writ of the state.
While any lasting solution cannot be divorced from ensuring a

democratic, representative government, in the short run, the
internal security infrastructure needs to be strengthened.
In the area of foreign policy, interstate relations are non longer

conducted in the manner they were in the past. The era of
diplomatic missions being able to effectively pursue state
objectives is perhaps over.
In the prevalent unipolar international order, the relative

importance and clout of states is measured largely by their
economic strength. It follows therefore that the core ingredient
of contemporary diplomacy must be economic and not political.
A claim persistently propounded in Pakistan is that the visits
abroad by heads of state and senior dignitaries promote the
national interest. This script was reiterated threadbare during the
tenure of the last as well as the current government in order to
justify the record number of foreign trips by the President and
the Prime Minster.
It would, for instance, be very difficult to determine the likely

tangible benefits accruing to Pakistan from visits to countries
such as Argentina or Bosnia or Poland and several others.
Although the several visits to China demonstrate the
significance of this bilateral equation, there is not much to show
in terms of any tangible results.
Given the huge size of the Chinese economy and its consistently
high growth, the opportunities for bilateral trade and Chinese
investment in Pakistan remain largely untapped. The annual
pilgrimage to Davos is another ‘Pakistan Special.’
No other country considers it worthwhile for its President or

Prime Minister to participate in the Davos meetings with such
regularity. And to what end?
In the area of macroeconomic management, the required

changes are of particular significance. In essence, the scope of
activity by government needs to be redefined with the objective
that the government’s role is restricted to acting as a facilitator
of economic activity rather than a direct participant.
It is in this context that the privatization programme undertaken

by past governments in recent years is the right agenda. At the
same time, this exposes the government to the new challenges of
effective regulation of private sector activity. This requires a
qualitative change in the quality of human resource and in the
structure of bureaucracy.
While the government has succeeded in creating new regulatory

structures like SECP, OGRA and NEPRA, Pakistan still has
miles to go in order to change the mindset and attitudes of public
functionaries to come to terms with this changing role of the
state.
(To be continued)
Zahid Ashraf
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Home » CSS Special » Federal Budget 2010 » The Radcliffe Award
The Radcliffe Award

In the words of Quaid-i-Azam, the Radcliff Award was an unjust,
incomprehensible and even perverse award.
Federal Budget 2010

Thursday, July 01, 2010
Background
The partition plan of June 3, 1947, under the Indian Independence Act, inter-alia, envisaged the
division of Punjab and Bengal which made it necessary to set up a Boundary Commission to
demarcate the boundaries of the parts of each of these provinces into Hindu and Muslim majority
districts, to be assigned to India and Pakistan, respectively.
Role of Radcliff
The genesis and history of the Kashmir dispute will remain incomplete unless the perfidious role
played by Sir Cyril Radcliff, apparently at Mountbatten’s behest, is recalled. Incontrovertible
evidence is available that Mountbatten was very keen to see that the whole Gurdaspur district,
which had a Muslim majority, should not be assigned to Pakistan. Mountbatten’s strategy was
that Punjab may be divided in such a manner that the state of Jammu and Kashmir could join
either India or Pakistan.
The renowned British writer, Aalstair Lamb in his book, ‘Kashmir, a disputed legacy’, has also
established a sinister collusion between Mountbatten and the Indian Congress leadership as a
result of which the Boundary Commission awarded Gurdaspur to India which culminated in the
Indian intervention in Jammu and Kashmir on October 27, 1947. In the words of Quaid-i-Azam,
the Radcliff Award was an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse award.
Members
Partition committee proposed that Sir Cyrill Radcliffe should be invited to serve as chairman of
the Punjab and Bengal Boundary Commission. Radcliffe was a renowned barrister who came
from England. The League and the Congress nominated two High Court judges.
The genesis and history of the Kashmir dispute will remain incomplete unless the perfidious role
played by Sir Cyril Radcliff, apparently at Mountbatten’s behest, is recalled.
The members of Punjab Boundary Commission were Din Muhammad and Muhammad Munir on
behalf of Pakistan and Mehr Chand Mahajan and Tej Singh on behalf of India while members of
Bengal Boundary Commission were Abu Saleh and S.A. Rahman on behalf of Pakistan and C.C
Biswas and B.K. Mukherji on behalf of India.
Controversy in division of Punjab

In the division of Punjab, the award was unfair and awarded a number of Muslim majority areas
to India. In Gurdaspur district two contiguous Muslim majority Tehsils of Gurdaspur and Batala
were given to India along with Pathankot tehsil to provide a link between India and the Stat of
Jammu and Kashmir. The Muslim majority tehsil Ajnala in the Amritsar district was also handed
over to India. In Jullundur district the Muslim majority areas of Zira and Ferozepur in the
Ferozepur distirct, were also given to India.
Controversy in division of Bengal

Similarly, in Bengal the most important question related to the future of Calcutta. It was the
capital of the province. Although the Muslims formed only a quarter of the population of
Calcutta, a large section of its population consisted scheduled castes that were allied with the
Muslim League. In any case, for more than two hundred years the Muslims of Bengal had
contributed to make Calcutta what it was in 1947 a centre of commerce and industry.
The city of Calcutta, the capital of the province, was the biggest industrial, commerce and
educational centre. The entire development of Calcutta was based on the toil of Muslim
peasantry of Bengal. East Bengal produced most of the raw material which had to be sent to
Calcutta because all factories and mills were in Calcutta. The Congress leaders were determined
to get Calcutta by all foul or fair means. Eventually, Calcutta was awarded to India ignoring the
claim of the Muslim.
Ch. Muhammad Ali’s remarks

Chaudhry Muhammad Ali has mentioned in his book that Liaqat Ali Khan told him that Quiad-i-
Azam had received very disturbing reports about the likely decision of the demarcation,
particularly in Gurdaspur district, and asked him to see Lord Ismay, a senior staffer of
Mountbatten to convey to him from Quaid-i-Azam that “if the boundary actually turned out to be
what these reports foreshadowed, this would have a most serious impact on relations between
Pakistan and the United Kingdom whose good faith and honour were involved in this question”.
Sardar Patel, in his speech in Calcutta on January 15, 1950, had disclosed that the Congress had
made a condition that it would agree to the partition of India only if they did not lose Calcutta.
Sardar Patel had also once disclosed that Mountbatten had entered into a secret agreement with
the Congress leaders to have Calcutta assigned to India.
Ch. Muhammad Ali’s Apprehensions

Accordingly, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali went to see Lord Ismay who was closeted with Sir Cyril
Radcliff. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, therefore, decided to wait. When Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
conveyed Quaid-i-Azam’s message to him, Lord Ismay “professed complete ignorance of
Radcliff’s idea about the boundary and stated categories that neither Mountbatten nor he himself
had ever discussed the question with him. It was entirely for Radcliff to decide; and no
suggestion of any kind had been or would ever be made to him”.
Sardar Patail’s Remarks

Sardar Patel, in his speech in Calcutta on January 15, 1950, had disclosed that the Congress had
made a condition that it would agree to the partition of India only if they did not lose Calcutta.
Sardar Patel had also once disclosed that Mountbatten had entered into a secret agreement with
the Congress leaders to have Calcutta assigned to India.
Thus, no less a person than Sardar Patel himself exposed the myth of impartiality of Mountbatten
and Radcliff. These are hard facts relating to the ‘Radcliff Award’ and have been re-stated for
the benefit of our people and to keep the record straight.
Perfidious Award
At the time of the creation, Pakistan had already been squeezed as much as possible as a result of
an unholy collusion between Mountbatten and the Indian Congress leaders. However, the
Radcliff award was the meanest cut. This perfidious award paved the way for India’s military
intervention in Kashmir.
The inhabitants of Kashmir, a valley of indescribable beauty, are unfortunately still locked in a
life and death struggle for their survival and their inalienable right to self-determination. They
have been facing naked brutality and inhumanity during the last over fifty years. It is, therefore,
the moral obligation of the international community to extend all possible help to the oppressed
people of Kashmir who are still waiting for liberation from terror and injustice.
Zahid Ashraf
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Home » CSS Special » 2010 The Year Ahead » Causes of Related Issues
the Downfall of the Muslims in the Subcontinent
 Africa
 Exclusive Interview: Dr.
Causes of the Downfall of Waqar Ali Khan, 1st
Position CSS 2013
the Muslims in the  Reducing Income Inequality
Through Taxation
Subcontinent  Tornadoes
 Budgeting Process in
“And hold fast, all together, to the rope of Allah Pakistan-I
and be not divided amongst yourselves.”  Reforming the Civil
Services
2010 The Year Ahead  World in Focus (May-June
Monday, February 01, 2010 2014)
 World in Focus (April-May
There were many causes that led to the decline of the 2014)
Muslim Empire in the Subcontinent. A few of them are as  Intelligentsia: The Real face
following: of a Society
 Human Rights & Islamic
Weak Successors of Aurangzeb Values
After the death of Aurangzeb, his incapable and weak
successors had not the stamina of holding his vast empire. Advertisement
There began a war of Succession among his sons. After
1707 A.D. most of the Mughal rulers had indulged in luxury
and indolence. They were brought up in worldly comforts
and could not stand hardship. The rulers like Muhammad
Shah Rangila loved singing and dancing more than affairs
of empire.
Weak Central Government

A strong central government is must for strong sultanate.
When the central government becomes weak there arises
rebellions in the country. When the Muslim rulers lost their
control on the central government, Marathas of Decan,
Sikhs of Punjab and Jats of Agra and Delhi exploited the
situation. They set up several independent states in their
respective areas.
No Rules for Succession

Mughals had no set rules for succession. Whenever a ruler
died, there appeared many royal princes to claim for the
right to succession. There was a war among them. The
victorious prince would slay his opponents and succeed to
the throne. The nobles and army would, therefore, divide
into many groups. This gave a strong blow to the prestige
and power of the government. Many experienced generals
were slain. The succession war that took place among the
sons of the Shah Jehan caused a great damage to the good-
will of the Mughal dynasty.
Lack of Resources
Due to the weakness of the Mughal rulers, the provinces of
Bengal, Gujrat, Deccan and Oudh became autonomous and
independent. As a result, the financial resources of the
government became less and the government treasure
became empty. In the last days of the Mughal rule, the
emperors were the pensioners of the British administration.
Due to the lack of financial resources, it had become
difficult to raise huge army for defence.
Backward in Education
During the period of Muslim rule the education system
completely depended on the religious institutions which
were run by the trusts. The Britisher confiscated these
trusts. As a result, the Muslims lagged behind in the field of
education. They neither cooperated with the conquerors nor
did they want to learn English language which was the fate
way to modern sciences. This backwardness boldly affected
their economic and political life. As a result Hindus
occupied high positions in government offices and left the
Muslims behind in every walk of life.
Luxurious Life
The wealth and prolonging of the Mughal rule made the
Mughal princes fond of luxurious life. At the royal court,
the jesters and musicians were preferred to the brave and
the warrior soldiers. When the nobles saw that the flatterers
enjoyed more respect and were honoured with prizes as
compared to anybody else they also got temptation to
choose the same course.
Undue Liberal Policy of Akbar

Akbar was monarch marked with grandeurs. He made a
number of conquests and set up an effective administration
in his vast empire. He was however, so liberal that he
married Hindu women and appointed Hindu on key posts.
Thus Hindus became influential and they began to exercise
their powers in state affairs. Akbar also introduced a new
religion Deen-i-Ilahi which led him to take such measures
as were against the tenets of Islamic faith. This policy
caused a great harm to his vast empire and led it on the way
to decline.
Weak Military Force

The Muslim rulers could not perceive the call of the time.
They did not give importance to develop modern weapons
and latest techniques of warfare. The Muslim soldiers
depended on arrows and lances which were not enough to
meet the new challenges. The generals had lost courage.
They had become so easy-loving that they went in litters to
the battle field, and were accompanied by servants and
women. During the sixteenth century when the European
nations reached India, they took advantage of the weakness
of the Muslim army and took possession of their territories.
Decline in the military force is an important cause of the
decline of the Muslim rule in the subcontinent.
Lack of Naval Power

The Muslim rulers of the subcontinent gave no importance
to navy whereas the European countries had developed their
fleets which established their supremacy over the coastal
countries. They could easily conquer the new territory by
applying naval force. The Muslims had no navy to defend
their coastal territories. In the Arabian Sea and the Indian
Ocean the circumstances had reached the stage that the
pilgrims had to seek permission from the Portuguese before
proceeding for pilgrimage. The Portuguese openly warned
the Muslims that they would wreak vengeance on them at
sea if the later caused any harm to them.
Foreign Invasions
During the reign of Muhammad Shah Rangila, India was
attacked by Nadir Shah of Iran. This attack proved a severe
blow to the Mughal Kingdom. The massacre carried out by
the invaders in Delhi shattered the economy of the country
and the Mughal Emperor altogether lost his dignity. Later,
the Marathas paralysed even the remaining power of
Mughals. Even in these critical circumstances, the courtiers
continued their conspiracies. The invasion of Ahmad Shah
Abdali destroyed even the remaining prestige of the Mughal
Kingdom.
The Third Battle of Panipat though destroyed the power of

Marathas, yet it only provided the Britishers with an
opportunity to make their position strong in the
Subcontinent.
Internal Conspiracies
The incompetent successors of Aurangzeb made the Royal
court an area of conspiracies. The ministers and nobles were
made about key posts and monopoly on state affairs. This
struggle badly upset the whole administration. Jealousy and
hypocrisy ruled the country. The nobles quarrelled among
themselves for power. Such a state of affairs turned the
country too weak to survive.
Loss of the Spirit of Jehad

The spirit of Jehad has always been the main spring of
Islamic Government. Akbar caused this spirit by preferring
Hindu to Muslims. After Akbar, the requirement of fresh
blood to the army from the martial races of Central Asia had
been stopped. The local recruits loved life of ease. The
Mughal princes were indulged in luxuries. Life and the
army had become indolent. This factor weakened the
Muslim army and was no longer able to defend the country.
Foreign Intrigues
The English who had come as traders took full advantage of
the internal anarchy. They conspired with Meer Jafar and
became the masters of Bengal. The gold of Bengal made
their success possible in the Anglo-French wars in the
Deccan. In Mysore, they won over Meer Sadiq to betray
Tipu Sultan. They used their advance military power as well
as intriguing tricks to weaken the Muslim government and
succeeded in their imperialistic designs. After the failure of
the Independence War (1857), they put an end to the
Muslim rule and brought the whole continent under their
possession.
Important Note
Our next issue, March 2010, will carry an exclusive forum
on Islam and Terrorism conducted by JWT team at Kinnaird
College. It will also cover interviews of PMS 2009-10
topper Ali Wasim and 11th position holder Muhammad
Shahrukh. Besides, the coverage will include particularly
for CSS students exclusives by veteran English Professor
Muzaffar Bokhari and recently qualified Muhammad Azmat
Farooq of Foreign Service of Pakistan. The issue will also
cover regular features including articles by Shamshad
Ahmad, Qayyum Nizami, Dr Safdar Mahmood and
renowned analysts.
Zahid Ashraf
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Home » CSS Special » Year 2011 At A Glance » Scoring Good Related Issues
Marks in Islamiat Compulsory Paper
 Africa
Scoring Good Marks in Waqar Ali Khan, 1st
Position CSS 2013
Islamiat Compulsory Paper  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
The paper of Islamiat compulsory may be termed as Taxation
a mix of Islamic studies and current affairs.  Tornadoes
Therefore, the candidates are required to have good  Budgeting Process in
command over the topics of Islamiat prescribed in Pakistan-I
 Reforming the Civil
syllabus as well as current affairs. For this purpose it Services
is imperative to remain in touch with newspapers  World in Focus (May-
and magazines, especially with religious issues which June 2014)
are in limelight.  World in Focus (April-
May 2014)
Year 2011 At A Glance  Intelligentsia: The Real
Wednesday, February 01, 2012 face of a Society
 Human Rights & Islamic
Values
Advertisement
The 100 marks paper of Islamiat compulsory is of tremendous

importance in improving the aggregate of the total marks in
CSS examination. A systematic study and technical approach is
required for scoring good marks in this paper. During the last
few years, the pattern of Islamiat paper has changed and study
of contemporary religions and current affairs has assumed
important role in the this paper. At present, the paper of
Islamiat compulsory may be termed as a mix of Islamic studies
and current affairs. Therefore, the candidates are required to
have good command over the topics of Islamiat prescribed in
syllabus as well as current affairs. For this purpose it is
imperative to remain in touch with newspapers and magazines,
especially with religious issues which are in limelight. For
example, the issue of women rights in the backdrop of the bill
passed recently by Parliament about punishment for offences of
throwing acid on women and for depriving women from their
share in inheritance or the Blasphemy Law in the context of
murder of Salmaan Taseer.
For having adequate knowledge about contemporary religions it

is instructive to develop understanding of their important tenets,
philosphies and rituals. The candidates must be able to
distinguish between tenets and philosophies of Islam and those
of other religions. The lectures of eminent Muslim scholars like
Dr. Zakir Naik and Dr. Israr Ahmed are very useful for study of
comparative religions.
The paper of Islamiat Compulsory is the only paper of CSS

where the candidates are given the option of attempting it in
Urdu or English. In my opinion English is a better choice. The
candidates who opt for solving it in Urdu take it for granted
which results in dismal show in the paper. Reading English
books on the various aspects of Islam requires more
concentration and interest which in turn develops better
understanding of the subject.
Reading translation and explanation of the Holy Quran is

inevitable for better understanding of Islamiat. It not only helps
the candidates to solve Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) but
subjective questions also. Those candidates who are having
reasonable knowledge of the Holy Quran can solve the Islamiat
paper in a manner better than that of those candidates who are
not well versed in the Holy Quran. The candidates must be
highly careful while writing verses of the Holy Quran and
sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Mentioning the number
of the verse and name of Surah gives a good impression about
the level of preparation. The views about Islamic issues must be
supported by relevant verses of the Holy Quran and authentic
sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Inverted comas for verses
of the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
have to be used only when one is sure about its wording.
Time management is also necessary for all papers of CSS,

especially for the paper of Islamiat as the candidates are
required to give answers of five questions in addition to MCQs
in this paper. Whereas in other papers the candidates are
required to attempt five questions in all. Proper and reasonable
time should be allocated for each question.
Reading English books on the various aspects of Islam requires
more concentration and interest which in turn develops better
understanding of the subject.
Indulging unnecessarily in sectarian or controversial issues and
writing irrelevant and out of context material has to be avoided.
The answer of each question should be precise but perfect and
to the point. One should not express self-made unrealistic
theories and statements. Liberal and secular approach about
fundamental dogmas and rituals of Islam is highly unwarranted
and Islamic laws should be expressed in clear and unequivocal
term
s
with
out
any
com
prom
ise
or
consi
derat
ion.
Reco
mmended Books:-
1. Towards understanding the Quran by Zafar Ishaq Ansari or
Translation of the Holy Quran by Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi or
by Molana Muhammad Jonaghari.
2. Introduction to Islam by Md. Hameedullah or Towards
Islamiat or Islamiat for CSS/PCS by Farkhanda Noor
Muhammad.
3. Emergence of Islam by Md. Hameedullah
Expected questions of Islamiat Compulsory for CSS-2012.

1. Differentiating between Deen and Mudhab. Elaborate the
role of Islam in giving lasting solution to basic human
problems.
2. Explaining the role of the Holy Quran as the fundamental
and most important source of Islam. How can we claim that it is
in the same shape in which it was revealed and is free from
tampering?
3. “Islam is not complete without the Sunnah of the Holy
Prophet (PBUH).” Elaborate.
4. How can we claim that the teachings of Islam are free from
stagnation and are for eternity?
5. Delineate the role of Zakat with special reference to the
solution of economic problems of Pakistan.
6. Examine the modern concept of Equal Rights in the light of
the teaching of Islam.
7. The application of Islamic Shariah is equal to men and
women; however some injunctions are only related to women.
Explain.
8. Can we declare Pakistan an Islamic State in the light of
essential features that are inevitable for an Islamic State?
9. Non-adherence to the guidelines prescribed by Islam for
the rulers of Islamic state has led to the present Arab uprising.
Analyse.
10. Differentiate between Islamic and Western concepts of
Human Rights.
11. Whether clash of civilisation is imminent or there is a way
to avoid it according to the teachings of Islam?
Atta ur Rehman Khilji
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Home » CSS Special » Obama's Indian Visit And Pakistan » Related Issues
How to be prepared for Islamic History
 Africa
How to be prepared for Waqar Ali Khan, 1st
Position CSS 2013
Islamic History  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
One has to take in his mind that CSS is not an Taxation
examination to get a degree.  Tornadoes
Obama's Indian Visit And Pakistan Pakistan-I
Wednesday, December 01, 2010  Reforming the Civil
Services
June 2014)
May 2014)
face of a Society
 Human Rights &
Islamic Values
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Introduction and importance

Islamic History is really a scoring subject and helps the
candidates to get them allocated in the top groups of the CSS.
One has to take in his mind that CSS is not an examination to
get a degree but it is an exam where one has to compete with
hundreds and thousands of candidates till the final allocation is
done.
Problems of the candidates

So, the candidates should be very careful in preparing this
subject as far as the scoring pattern is concerned. After the
dismal result of Islamic History in 2010, the candidates start
switching their subjects from one to another without
pinpointing where the fault lies. If the candidates keep changing
their subjects it would require more time and a new subject is
difficult to be prepared. Therefore, one needs to consult why he
is getting low marks in this subject instead of changing the
subjects.
Tips to prepare Islamic History

In this context, it is necessary to learn how to prepare. The first
thing is to consult the syllabus and the past 5-year papers. It
means one is on the track and he knows the latest trend of the
exams. The next step is to make short notes and correct dates
should be memorized as it is a subject of history.
The next step is to understand the question. As it happened in

2010 Paper I, when a question about Hijrah was asked and the
students were confused what is Hijrah. Some answered it as the
beginning of Hijri and some students in other context. Hence,
when the candidates do not know the exact answer how he can
expect higher marks in this subject. Understanding of the
question is the prerequisite to attempt this paper.
The first thing is to consult the syllabus and the past 5 year
papers. It means one is on the track and he knows the latest
trend of the exams.
Paper presentation and important authors
Whereas the presentation of the paper is concerned, add more
and more quotations from P.K.Hitti, R.A. Nicholson, Syed
Ameer Ali. Insert correct dates and the best method to secure
higher marks is to get your paper checked by an expert of this
paper. The expert will tell the candidates about the drawbacks
and solutions to these problems. Here is the list of important
questions for Paper I & II.
List of important questions

If we see the syllabus and past 5 years papers, following
questions are very important:
Paper I
A brief view of the major civilizations of the world
Socio-political and economic conditions of the world before
the dawn of Islam
Makkan life and difficulties confronted by the Holy Prophet
(PBUH)
Hijrat to Madinah, causes, effects and consequences.
The Charter of Madinah; its historical value like political,
economic, social, civic etc
Battles; Badr, Uhad, Khandaq, Treaty of Hudibiya, Fall of
Makkah, Khyber, expedition to Tabuk
Farewell Pilgrimage of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
The Holy Prophet as a reformer, teacher and teachings of the
Holy Prophet (PBUH) etc.
Administration of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A); Ridda wars, expansion of the state,
character and battles.
Hazrat Umar (R.A); Major battles, administration
Hazrat Uthman (R.A)
Hazrat Ali (R.A)
Umayyad Dynasty; Amir Muiwaiyah, Tragedy of Karbela,
Walid Bin Abdul Malik, Umar II, causes of the downfall of the
Umayyad and administration of the Umayyad.
Abbasids Dynasty; Haroon-ar-Rasheed, Mamun, causes of

the downfall of the Abbasids, contribution in the field of
Science and Literature, short notes on philosophers, physicians,
historians etc.
Paper II
Conquest of Spain; causes and effects.
Conquest of North Africa and how did Islam penetrate in
North Africa.
A brief account from Abdul Rehman Al Dakil to Abdur
Rehman III.
A brief study of the Muslims rule in different part of Spain.
Contribution in Social and natural sciences like Architecture,
Calligraphy, Painting, Music etc.
Contribution of seminaries.
How these advanced sciences reached Europe and
consequently Renaissance Movement in Europe.
Ottoman Empire, important caliphs like Muhammad the
Conqueror, Sulemain the Magnificent, Ottoman Tanzimat,
administration and causes of the downfall of the Ottoman
Empire.
Analysis
In the end, I suggest that the candidates should read the entire
syllabus because there are some topics where subjective point
of view is not important but emphasis should be on objective
portion as they are really important. Usually, Islamic History
candidates do not focus on objective type that is a major
mistake. One has to read all the objectives from Islamiat and
Islamic History MCQs.
Candidates had better read all the caliphs of Umayyad Dynasty

though two or three are important but the rest are asked in
objective questions and the candidates are confused to see the
name of the caliph. So revise and read all the caliphs of
Umayyads, Abbasids, Umayyads in Spain and Muslim
dynasties in different parts of the world.
For further guidance:

zahidten@gmail.com
"
JWT Desk
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Home » CSS Special » Hope We Still Have » Population Bomb Related Issues
 Africa
Population Bomb  Exclusive Interview:
Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
Most educated people in Pakistan agree with the fact 1st Position CSS 2013
that the country’s population has been growing at an  Reducing Income
alarming rate during the past few decades. Pakistan Inequality Through
was only the second country after India that started Taxation
 Tornadoes
an official family planning programme about 50 years  Budgeting Process in
ago, while many other Asian and Arab countries did Pakistan-I
so later.  Reforming the Civil
Services
Hope We Still Have  World in Focus (May-
Wednesday, May 01, 2013 June 2014)
May 2014)
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Islamic Values
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Even though in Islam there is no bar in using birth control
methods, our religious leadership has vehemently opposed
family planning, due to the belief that family planning is against
Islamic teachings.
Since the 1990s, the UN has organised a few conferences where

Muslim clerics from various countries have given their views on
this subject. There have also been publications on this issue,
which clearly indicate that there has been consensus among
early scholars of Islam that Quranic verses or the Hadith of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) don't forbid or say anything
against family planning. But apparently, religious leaders
associated with the two major Islamic parties in Pakistan, think
otherwise – perhaps due to lack of knowledge.
In the March 31 Geo TV programme, The Great Debate –

anchored by Hamid Mir and Iftekhar Ahmed – efforts were
made to get the views of eight major political parties about this
important subject. First of all, the initiative taken – pointing out
the repercussions of excessive population growth in Pakistan and
openly discussing family planning in the presence of a young
mixed audience – by both the journalists and particularly Geo
TV should be commended.
While representatives of the PPP, PML-N, PML-Q, MQM, PTI

and ANP were very encouraging about providing access to
family planning services to women, one fails to understand why
representatives of JUI-F and the Jamaat-e-Islami (supposed to
hold the most knowledge about Islamic teachings) continue to
oppose family planning, which they have been doing since the
1930s. It's unfortunate that not only their representatives but also
most ulema and pesh imams are of the same view – that family
planning is contrary to Islamic injunctions.
The role of clerics at the village level is indeed very crucial,
since those who are less educated, and have very little
knowledge about Islamic teachings, seek guidance from these
so-called clerics on matters such as whether they should use
family planning methods or if it is appropriate to marry their
daughters off at puberty (which is also not encouraged in Islam
according to Imam Abu Hanifa). Indeed three countries that
have had successful family planning programmes are all Muslim
majority states – Iran, Indonesia and Bangladesh. These
countries have managed to use their clerics to promote family
planning services.
On the other hand, over the past decade, while top Pakistan
officials from Population Welfare Ministry have visited these
countries several times and have even had clerics accompany
them, they have been largely unsuccessful in reaching out to
men in the rural areas. Thus, those in our rural areas end up with
an average of five children per woman as opposed to two to
three children in families living in the rural areas of Iran,
Bangladesh and Indonesia. During the Geo TV programme, the
representative of the Jamaat-e-Islami had no answer when asked
about the Bangladeshi Jamaat not opposing family planning
activities in Pakistan.
It was interesting to listen to representatives of the PPP and the

PML-Q, two women members of the outgoing parliament who
are well known for their support to family planning initiatives
over the past three to four decades. They blamed lack of political
will for the poor performance of the family planning programme
in Pakistan. One wonders what stopped these two – having been
in the corridors of power, each for over a decade, and also
having served as ministers – from convincing their respective
leaders to making population planning a top priority.
Since 1999, neither the sole military ruler nor the elected
government paid any heed to this crucial issue. During the last
15 years, use of family planning methods among women of
reproductive age in Pakistan remained at about 30 per cent. Most
of these women are educated, living in urban areas and are doing
so either through the efforts of NGOs or on their own. On the
other hand, since 1980, use of contraception among married
women has doubled in Iran to 73 per cent, in Bangladesh to 60
per cent and in Indonesia to 58 per cent.
Consequently, whereas in 1980 there were 10 million more

people in Pakistan than in Bangladesh, now there are 30 million
more people in Pakistan. Similarly, Indonesia had 50 million
more people than Pakistan in the year 2000. With a much higher
growth rate, Pakistan's population will exceed that of Indonesia
by 2030. Thus, Pakistan will have the distinction of being the
largest Muslim country in the world – with a substantial
proportion of the population illiterate and poor.
Unfortunately, there is little possibility that Pakistan's population
growth rate will decline in the near future, since the Ministry of
Population Welfare has ceased to exist at the federal level after
the 18th amendment and at the provincial level, there is hardly
any activity. In a seminar held in Bhurban recently, attended by
the representatives of the four provincial governments (from the
departments of health and population welfare), it was pointed
out that there is no integration in the activities of the two
departments as both have independent ministers and secretaries.
Each has its own domain and is not willing to accept the other as
an important actor in the delivery of contraceptives.
This not only wastes limited resources, but delivery of

contraceptives also gets affected due to departmental conflict
and lack of monitoring. It was also pointed out by the experts
present at the Bhurban meeting that in countries where family
planning has been a success story, there is only one minister and
a secretary in charge of both population and health while there
are two directorates each responsible for its own activities.
Ideally, the same model should be adopted in Pakistan. The

function of the family planning directorate should be limited to
publicity and motivation and that of the health directorate in the
provision of services. Of course, NGOs should also play an
important role in reaching out to women living in rural areas.
Hopefully, the representatives of the major political parties will
take this into consideration.
If they fail to do so, then five years later we will be discussing

how to handle 220 million people instead of the approximately
190 million we have today. Perhaps some political parties will
be happy that the vote bank will be over 105 million then.
However, most will be much more demanding than they are
now.
The News
Newspaper Articles
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Home » CSS Special » TERRORISM A GRAVE THREAT TO Related Issues

PAKISTAN » Why our Universities are no Match to Oxford or
Harvard?  Africa
Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
Why our Universities are no 1st Position CSS
2013
Match to Oxford or Harvard?  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
It is a sad fact that our universities are still no match to Taxation
the universities like Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge, Yale  Tornadoes
or Stanford which always make it to the prestigious list  Budgeting Process in
of world’s Top 10 universities. Pakistan-I
TERRORISM A GRAVE THREAT TO PAKISTAN Services
Sunday, September 01, 2013  World in Focus
(May-June 2014)
 World in Focus
(April-May 2014)
 Intelligentsia: The
Real face of a Society
 Human Rights &
Islamic Values
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When it comes to choosing a university for a Master's degree or
PhD or even an undergraduate programme nowadays, Western
universities are greatly preferred. One dreams of studying at
Harvard or become a Yale graduate, but, why people don't look up
to our universities?
A number of students particularly mention the superior

infrastructure in Western universities such as better research
facilities, state-of-the-art libraries and well-equipped laboratories.
These things, according to most students, play a significant role in
the quality of education. Students are attracted by the libraries in
universities, the commitment and professionalism of university
staff, and the dialogue-based pedagogy.
Unfortunately, the quality of education in Pakistan is marred with

a declining trend. Most public sector colleges have substandard
education and insufficient infrastructure. The universities, too, lag
far behind the Western universities. An immediate reason for this
imbroglio is the lack of academic freedom. Our universities are
not completely free of administrative control or, at least,
bureaucratic influence. The chancellor is still a high state
functionary. In case of provincial universities, it is the provincial
governor while for the federal universities it is the President of
Pakistan. The vice chancellor is his nominee that means the
bureaucrats have a major say in his appointment.
While the provincial governments exercise administrative control

over university affairs, financial control is exercised by the Centre.
But, there is no coordination between them. Most often the
governments order to increase student intake without increasing
the budget to provide facilities for them. The powerlessness of the
administration before the bureaucracy creates hurdles in smooth
functioning of a university.
As many as seven Pakistani universities made it to the 2013 list of
top 250 Asian universities while three other universities among
the top 200 world universities in agriculture and forestry. Quaid-e-
Azam University Islamabad (QAU) secured 119th position among
top 250 Asian varsities while National University of Science and
Technology Islamabad (NUST) was declared 120th, Agha Khan
University Karachi (AKU) between 151-160, Lahore University of
Management Sciences Lahore (LUMS) between 191-200,
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore (UET),
University of Karachi and University of the Punjab Lahore
between 201-250 are now in top 250.
On the contrary, World's most prestigious universities are
autonomous and free of all influences of bureaucracy. This makes
academics confident, independent and fearless.
Most Pakistani universities are staffed by the people who cannot

be considered the cream of the nation because most top achievers
opt for civil service or go into engineering or medical profession.
Being a professor is not the first priority since no incentives are
offered. Teaching is not a lucrative job in Pakistan. Hence
universities do not get the best human resources. To aggravate the
situation, there is lack of proper teacher training centres. The
incompetent and inadequately trained teachers are unable to
impart proper knowledge to the students.
On the contrary, the professionalism of the professors and their

absolute commitment are the highlights when we see the Western
universities.
“The professors here are committed. They are constantly involved

in the process of enlightenment and impart the best of their
knowledge to the students. I see in them the spirit and skill of
teaching,” says Ahsan Riaz, a Pakistani PhD student at the
University of Toronto.
There exists an anti-participatory environment in our universities.

Where Western institutions have a positive attitude and an overall
environment conducive to student support, Pakistani universities
are bound by low teacher-student ratios leading to lack of
individualized interaction among teachers and students. Students,
therefore, are unable to push themselves for an effective learning
environment.
Muhammad Ilyas Khan, a Leicester PhD student says in “A

comparative glance at universities in Pakistan and the UK”:
“This reflects a philosophy of education which is really based on

constructivism and where the professor does not consider himself
the source of all knowledge but works with the student in a two-
way process of knowledge creation and development. This is,
besides others, the feature that universities in Pakistan need to
adopt, if we in fact want our universities to be real centres of
knowledge, creation and innovation.”
Most of the Pakistani universities are teaching centres, rather than

being research-oriented institutions. It is generally believed that
universities are supposed to teach and not to conduct research. The
staff members see themselves as lecturers and not as someone who
eagerly involves himself with the students in quest of knowledge.
They merely disseminate information produced by others without
doing creative, original research themselves. The key behind
success of Harvard, Oxford, Cambridge or Yale is extensive
research in every field. The students who are engaged in research
are more in touch with latest developments often making genuine
discoveries and receiving recognition for their work.
Along with recruiting trained teachers, it is high time Pakistani

universities update their syllabi as well. The memory—based
education must be replaced by conceptual study. Furthermore, the
stereotype system of evaluation must be reinvented. Pakistan has
abundance of talent. This state has produced, and will be
producing, prodigies like Arfa Karim and Asiya Arif.
Modern ideas, science, technology and the idea of education on

scientific lines need to be introduced. The education sector should
be provided autonomy as well.
Sidra Latif
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Home » CSS Special » WHAT AILS PAKISTAN TODAY? » Related Issues

Country with Vast Resources but Poor Economy
 Africa
Country with Vast Resources Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
but Poor Economy  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
Pakistan is, undoubtedly, a developing country but Taxation
with a dwindling economy. We have a large country  Tornadoes
and big population, fertile plains, rivers, abundant  Budgeting Process in
minerals and natural resources, but still we lag far Pakistan-I
behind in every field. There are multifaceted reasons Services
behind the poor economy of our country.  World in Focus (May-
June 2014)
WHAT AILS PAKISTAN TODAY?  World in Focus (April-
Tuesday, October 01, 2013
May 2014)
face of a Society
 Human Rights &
Islamic Values
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When Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947, all the
industries were located in Indian Territory and Pakistan, in the
early days, faced numerous problems. Quaid-e-Azam started to
cope with the challenges. He urged his countrymen to work for
their country. He dedicated all his efforts to uplift the economy
of Pakistan that's why he inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan
on 1st July 1948.
Sixty-seven years have passed since our independence but still

we haven't been able to get rid of the monster of “corruption”. It
is indeed the greatest impediment in the way of economic
development and prosperity. Every one of us is aware of the
corruption, in every field may it be the military or the civilian
governments. It is only the corruption which has adversely
affected our economy to the extent that we, despite being rich in
resources, are not at par with the developed nations.
The examples of Pakistan Steel Mills and PIA, once the

backbone of our country's economy, have turned into a tale of
misery. All of our institutions now present a sorry state of affairs
and the major reason behind is 'corruption'. National
Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO) is a shameful event in the
history of our country. This black ordinance was promulgated to
give the legal cover to the corruption made by the bigwigs of our
political elite and, how ironic is the fact that the major
beneficiaries were both civilians and army personnel. Thanks to
the ever-vigilant Supreme Court of Pakistan that NRO was never
ratified by the parliament.
The incumbent government of Nawaz Sharif has come up with
tall promises to eradicate corruption and it is quite encouraging
that steps have been taken in this regard. The poor but patriot
Pakistanis have attached great hopes and expectations from
Nawaz Sharif as they had given a huge mandate to PML (N) in
May 11, 2013 elections.
A peep into our past history makes it vividly evident that the
ruling elite have left no stone unturned to loot and plunder the
national exchequer especially the dictators. Now it is high time
for the government to rebuild the country's economy and that too
on strong footings now. There was never such pressing need that
the elected representatives take concrete steps and utilize their
energies and skills to make the impossible possible.
Another major cause of this debacle can be attributed to the

chequered history of democracy in Pakistan. Since
independence, we as a nation have been deprived of the
democracy because the democratic process was intermittently
intervened by the military adventurers. Pakistan was still a
nascent state when our beloved leader and the founder of
Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam went to the eternal abode. This was an
irreparable loss to the nation as it created a leadership vacuum
that has not been filled till today. Continuation of strong
democracy promises the economic benefits. Political instability
is also responsible for our poor economy because the self-
interested dictators made such economic policies which
favoured them and prolonged their regime. As a matter of fact, if
we had been on the path of democracy since 1947, our economic
conditions, and political maturity would have been absolutely
different.
Recently, for the first time in our history we have witnessed a

smooth transition of civilian government. Undoubtedly, Pakistan
is a developing country. Although we have abundant natural
resources, we don't have modern technology to exploit them.
Foreign companies extract our natural resources just to benefit
their own countries while giving the locals minimum royalty. If
our government sincerely starts to explore the hidden wealth
then our economic condition can substantially improve. By
doing so we can stand on our own feet and be in a position to
grant loans to other countries but who will dare take these steps?
Pakistan is calling as it is the time to do something, otherwise
we will perish.
The security dilemma can also be termed a reason behind our

economic woes. Our eastern and western borders have always
remained under threat. The security situation at present is
precarious because of extreme insurgency in FATA and
Afghanistan. This has hampered our economy besides a loss of
around 50,000 civilian and security personnel over the last
decade. The heinous acts of terrorism have paralysed our
economy. There is no denying the fact that energy supply is
indispensable in boosting the economy but Pakistan is facing
acute energy crisis mainly because during the last twenty years,
no government has paid proper heed to this sector as a result our
economy has been in limbo. How unfortunate is the fact that still
we have not developed any sound mechanism to collect taxes.
Our tax machinery's lack lustre and apathetic attitude encourages
tax evasion. The attitude of tax collectors must be hard and for
that purpose, proper attention of the government is essentially
required.
Another cause is the neglect of agriculture sector by almost all

governments. Pakistan has a lot of potential in agriculture and
our government must properly plan to build dams and reservoirs
without playing politics to bring more and more land under
cultivation to produce a lot and in turn multiply our exports.
It is a grim reality that in our country everyone has some vested

interests. Hardly any leader is sincere with the country in the
truest sense of the world. Unfortunately, personal interests are
given preference over state interests. If we start giving
importance and preference to the state interest, then we will
move forward in every sphere otherwise it would all go up in
smoke.
We don't have an Aladdin's lamp in our hands that may make
our economy strong enough to compete with the economy of
developed countries immediately. However, our government can
take initiatives practically. Being an underdeveloped country,
our gravest problem and the biggest obstacle in our way to
development is corruption. The government must take harsh
steps to eradicate this evil. If our leaders sincerely and
dedicatedly work for Pakistan then that day is not far when we
would be called a prosperous and developed nation. Many of our
political leaders have their assets out of Pakistan. The incumbent
government must strive to bring them into our own country. If
the government successfully overcomes this problem then surely
economic prosperity and development will take roots.
For healthy economy, political stability and promotion of

democracy are crucial. The recent transition of democracy from
one elected government to another is a good omen. A true
democracy enhances trade and investment in any country. As a
matter of fact, political stability, amicable relations with
neighbouring nations, ensuring proper law and order within the
boundaries, ensuring supremacy of constitution, systematic and
urgent end of energy crisis, emancipating meritocracy will
certainly boost up the economy of our country.
It is a matter of misfortune that we produce a lot of raw

materials but don't have industries to utilize them. European and
other developed nations purchase cheap raw material from us
and sell the finished good at high prices in our own country.
Our newly-elected government must plan systematically and

execute them nicely and, if needed, ruthlessly. If our leaders do
not take steps today then we will remain entangled in the jaws of
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB).
We have to rely on our own resources and must start to work
from today to be in a good position to assist and donate the
developing countries within few years.
The writer is a faculty member at Public Schools and Colleges,

Jutial,
Akbar Khan
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Home » CSS Special » War for Peace » ARAB RULE in Related Issues
Pakistan
 Africa
ARAB RULE in Pakistan Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
It is believed that the Arab conquerors stepped in the  Reducing Income
land of present-day Pakistan through the province of Inequality Through
Sindh in 92 AH, and established their first-ever state, Taxation
 Tornadoes
under the marvellous leadership of Muhammad bin
Qasim. Pakistan-I
War for Peace
Saturday, March 01, 2014
Services
June 2014)
May 2014)
face of a Society
 Human Rights &
Islamic Values
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But, the great warrior Muhammad bin Qasim and his regiment
were not the first to tread on the land of Sindh and to make it
their dwelling place, because the trade relations, by sea and land
simultaneously, have been established between Arabia and India
long ago. It is said that the Prophet Solomon (AS) used to get
gold, silver, ivory and peacocks imported from “Sindh and
Hind” (India).
Early Arab Attempts to conquer the land of Pakistan
After the emergence of Islam in the Arab Peninsula, the map of

the world changed within a span of years, and the trade
relationships between the Subcontinent and Arabia got a new
impetus. During the years of the caliphate of Hazrat Umar (634-
45 AD), Muslims penetrated into Iran and occupied the Arabian
Gulf which was a great Iranian trade hub as well as a harbour of
trade-ships leaving for the Subcontinent, China and Alexandria
in Egypt. This geographical change caused the opening up of the
political relations between the Subcontinent (Pakistan) and
Arabia which culminated, at last, in the conquest of Sindh by the
Arabs.
Since the year 15 AH, some Arab commanders started attacking
the Subcontinent. The manoeuvrings continued even in the
reigns of Hazrat Usman and Hazrat Ali until they succeeded in
capturing the Province of Makran in the south-west of
Baluochistan.
Early Arab raids on Sindh

15 AH: The first Arab army attacked the land of Pakistan under
the command of Usman bin Abil aas Al-saqafi, the governor of
Oman and Bahrain, in the reign of Hazrat Umar.
23 AH: Seven years later, four Arab generals, namely Hakam al-
Taghlibi, Shihab al-Mazni, Suhail bin Adi and Abdullah bin
Utbah, again marched on Makran and captured it. When they
tried to enter the land of Sindh, they were stopped by a Hindu
commander Raasil who resisted fearlessly on the bank of Indus
River. After getting rid of Raasil, they planned to cross the river,
but were called back again by the Caliph Umar.
29 AH: Another expedition was sent under the command of

Hakeem bin Jablah by the Governor of Iraq to survey the land
and people of Sindh as instructed by the Caliph Usman.
39 AH: During the Caliphate of Hazrat Ali, a force of 1000 men

was sent to quell the rebellion from the people of the city of
Kalat in Balochistan.
42 AH: The people of Kalat again started posing threats to the

Arab state. A commander namely Haris Al-abdi along with his
regiment was sent to tackle the problem. But he was killed and
the Arab army had to retreat.
44 AH: To avenge the killing of Haris al-Abdi, Muhallab bin

Abi Sufrah was appointed new governor of Makran who
severely attacked on Kalat and subdued the populace. He was
the first Muslim general who had entered the sub-continent
through the Pass of Khyber.
46 AH: The people of Kalat killed Abdullah bin Sawwar, the

new governor of Makran, and repulsed the Arab army.
51 AH: The region of Kalat was rapidly going out of the hands
of the Arabs. Rashid bin Amr Al-Hadeedi was appointed as new
governor. He kept on fighting for whole year. On his returning
back to Makran in 53 AH, he was killed by the Meds near the
city of Sehvan Sharif in Sindh.
56 AH: Sinan bin Salma attacked Kalat but he, too, was killed.
59 AH: Munzir bin Jarood al-Abdi was appointed as the

governor. He was, at last, able to establish a regular cantonment
in Kalat. Besides this, he conquered the cities of Buqan and
Khuzdar in Balochistan.
75 AH: Hajjaj bin Yousuf’s rise to the position of viceroy-ship

of Iraq and Eastern Provinces happened to be turning point in
the history of the region. He re-opened the issue of the Sindh
after it had been put into cold storage in the reign of Abdul
Malik bin Marwan ( 65-75 AH). Had there not been the threat of
“Allafi Brothers”- the enemies of the Umayyad Dynasty, who

had fled to the land of the Sindh, collected a band of supporters
and got the protection of Raja Dahir-, Hajjaj would have left the
issue of the Sindh un-attended. He sent Saeed bin Aslam Al-
kilabi to fight them, but they got him killed and started growing
stronger and stronger, and, by the year 80 AH, occupied the
whole Province of Makran.
85 AH: Hajjaj deputed Majaah bin Misar to teach them the

lesson. No sooner had he reached Makran than the enemies fled
away and took refuge in the court of Raja Dahir.
90 AH: The first direct naval attack on Debul from Iraq under
the command of Abdullah Al-Sulami took place. The apparent
cause of the attack was the “incident of Debul” which so gravely
affected the Arab Umayyad politics that Hajjaj had to conquer
the whole province of the Sindh now called Pakistan. Famous
Hindu historian KS Lal says:
“The king of Ceylon had sent to Hajjaj bin Yousaf Sakafi, the
governor of the eastern provinces of the Caliphate, eight vessels
filled with presents, Abyssinian slaves, pilgrims and the orphan
daughters of some Muslim merchants who had died in his
dominions, but the vessels were attacked and plundered by
pirates off the coast of Sindh. Hajjaj sent a letter to Dahir
demanding reparation, but Dahir replied that the pirates were
beyond his control and he was powerless to punish them.”
Besides this, there are some facts which cannot be ignored. They
are:
1. The lower strata of the Hindu society, like Jats and Medes,
were hostile to the Hindu ruler. They had been forbidden to ride
in saddles, wear fine clothes and to uncover the heads.
2. The Buddhists which formed the bulk of the population were

“averse to fighting and were always eager to make submission to
the invader without even a show of resistance.”
3. The king of Sindh, Raja Dahir, was unpopular and was
considered to be a usurper’s son because after the death of the
last Shudra King, Sahasi, his throne was seized by Chach, the
father of Dahir.
Hajjaj sent his army to fight the culprits, but they were defeated
and a lot of Arab warriors including their commander were
killed.
91 AH: Hajjaj was not ready to digest the defeat so easily. Next
year he sent another well-supported army under the command of
Budail bin Tahfah Al-bajli, but, too, was severely punished by
the son of Raja Dahir. The commander of the Arab army was
mercilessly killed.
An Organised Arab Conquest
92 AH: The consecutive defeat of the Arab army at the hands of

the Hindus shook the policy-making circles in the Umayyad
administration. Hajjaj sent to the Caliph a detailed report of the
events demanding permission for a full-fledged military
operation to conquer the Sindh. Caliph Waleed bin Abdulmalik,
after showing reluctance initially, approved the plan. So a huge
army, with 6000 Syrian horse, 6000 men, a camel corps of 3000
and a baggage train of 1500 camel, was sent, under the
command of Muhammad bin Qasim, a cousin and son-in-law of
Hajjaj
An Overview of the Arab Strategy
The Arab military establishment exercised a marvellous multi-

pronged strategy to occupy the land now called Pakistan. Here is
a quick look at the major two phases of the military operation:
A. On the Western Side of the Indus
Muhammad bin Qasim landed on Makran in 92 AH and started

occupying the cities situated on the western bank of the Indus.
The first major victory achieved was in 93 AH when the city of
Debul was occupied after a protracted fighting and all the Arab
prisoners including women were released. Next came the turn of
the city of today’s Hyderabad which was captured without any
resistance. The Arab army then advanced to the city of Sahvan
Sharif which was subjugated after a complete siege of seven
days. Before crossing the River, the Arab Conquerors also took
the cities of Boodhia and Bhakkar.
B. On the Eastern Side of the Indus
The crossing of the Indus by the Arab army proved to be

decisive step in the ensuing war between the Arab Muslims and
the Hindus. Had Raja Dahir stopped the Arabs at the bank of the
River, the situation would have been quite different. He let the
Arab army cross the river easily which proved fatal not only for
him but also for his kingdom. The Arabs made him the first
victim of their onslaught. They besieged his city of Rawar for
days and a bloody war continued between the armies till he was
killed in the holy month of Ramazan, 93 A.H.
After the death of Raja Dahir, all other citadels of the Sindhhies,
like Alwar, Brahmanabad, Harawar, Basmand and swandhri,
were no more than a wall of sand. They all were occupied one
by one in 94 AH.
... To be continued
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Home » CSS Special » Quest for Quality Education » ARAB Related Issues
RULE in Pakistan
 Africa
ARAB RULE in Pakistan Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
In the first part of this article — published in JWT's  Reducing Income
March 2014 issue — a narration of Arab invasion in Inequality Through
present-day Pakistan was presented. This piece Taxation
 Tornadoes
contains the Arabs' advancement to Punjab and
Kashmir along with a brief discourse on the reasons Pakistan-I
which obligated their success that has indelible marks  Reforming the Civil
on the lives of the inhabitants of the Subcontinent. Services
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May 2014)
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The Arabs in Punjab
After conquering Alwar, the 50000-strong Arab army headed

towards Multan, the then capital of the Punjab. On his way, they
subdued a number of other cities — Uch Sharif being the most
prominent of them. At Multan, they fought bravely and routed a
big Hindu force to capture the city. Here is an excerpt from the
Chach Nama:
“He fixed his residence at Multan, with nearly 50,000 choice

horsemen, as a permanent force equipped with all the necessary
arms and instruments of war.”
Expedition to Kashmir
It is further written in Chach Nama:
“He next sent Abu Halim Shaibana with 10,000 cavalry to

Kanuj, with a decree of the Khalifah inviting the people to share
the blessings of Islam, to submit and make homage to him, and
to pay the tribute for the public treasury. Muhammad Kasim
himself marched out with his army to the frontiers of Kashmir,
called Panj Nahiyat and arrived at the place where Dahar’s
father, Chach Selaij, had planted a fir tree (or a white poplar)
and branded a mark on it. Muhammad Kasim fixed a fresh
boundary mark there.”
Muhammad bin Qasim had reports that some Hindu princes

along with the Allafi Brothers had taken refuge in the region of
Kashmir. Nevertheless, when he was reaching near the border of
Kashmir, he had to come back under the Caliph’s order and was
arrested and then sent back enchained to Iraq where he
miserably died in a prison in 96 AH. Thus, one of the greatest
generals of Arab-Islamic history fell prey to the palatial politics
as the new Viceroy of Iraq under the new Caliph Sulaiman bin
Abdul Malik (95-99 AH.) was determined to replace all officers
appointed by Hajjaj, a crony of the previous Caliph Walid bin
Abdul Malik, with his own people.
Causes of the Arab Conquests
Many a historian is still amazed at the speed and the swiftness of

the Arab forces penetrated into the territories of Punjab and
Kashmir. They tried their hard to find the causes that predicated
their success. A careful analysis of the events of these conquests
reveals the two major causes behind their thundering victories:
first, the splendid strategy of the Arabs, and, second, the blatant
operational blunders on the part of Raja Dahir and his men.
1. The Splendid Arab Strategy

The Arabs adopted an excellent strategy that was devoid of any
militaristic fault. Hence, their enemies could not resist. Let us
discuss some major planks of their strategy:
a. Well-planned Victories
The conquest of the Sindh was not a sudden adventure; it was a
well-planned operation preceded by a series of border raids –
since the time of Hazrat Umar up to the days of Walid bin
Abdul Malik –aimed at finding necessary information of the
area.
b. Making Makran the Central Base

In contrast to the previous experiences, the Arab strategists this
time made Makran — located in the southwest of Balochistan
— as their central base for further manoeuvrings. The base was
equipped with all facilities where army brigades from Basra,
Kufa and Syria were stationed.
c. Sublime Preparations
The level of preparation at the time of Hajjaj was so perfect that
the provision of smallest things like sowing-needles and threads
was not ignored. Similarly a method of courier system was also
in place whereby the communication from Sindh to Baghdad
would reach within 7 days.
Death of Muhammad bin Qasim
It is said that when the Caliph Walid sent for Suryadevi and
Parmaldevi, the daughters of Dahir, he first selected the elder for
the honour of sharing his bed, but the damsel protested that she
was unworthy, for Muhammad had dishonoured both her and
her sister before sending them to his master. Walid, transported
with rage, wrote with his own hand an order directing that the
offender, wherever he might be when the message reached him,
should suffer himself to be sewn up in a raw hide and thus
dispatched to the capital.
When the order reached the young hero it was at once obeyed.
He caused himself to be sewn up in the hide, the contraction of
which as it dried would crush him to death, enclosed in a box
and sent to Damascus. The box was opened in the presence of
the Caliph and Suryadevi, and Walid pointed proudly to the
corpse as evidence of the obedience which he was able to exact
from his servants. Suryadevi, having read him a homily on the
duty of investigating all complaints made to him before issuing
orders on them, confessed that her accusation was false, that
Muhammad had scrupulously respected her honour and that of
her sister, but that she had had no other means of avenging her
father's death.
(The Cambridge History of India)
Chach Nama states:

When Muhammad Kásim received this order on his arrival at
Udhápur, he at once asked his men to put him into a fresh hide.
This was done and the living parcel was placed in a box and
carried away. Muhammad Kásim thus in a short time breathed
his last. After his death the governors, appointed to different
divisions of the country, remained in charge of them.
d. Modern Weaponry
The local Hindu army was no match for the Arab forces at
armament. The Arabs were armed to the teeth and they also had
lethal and sophisticated weapons like the catapult called
“Aroos” which was operated by five hundred men. The Hindus
had no answer for this.
e. Unmatched Courage and Endurance

The Arabs were imbued with the belief that they were fighting
for the cause of Allah. This emotion filled them with valour,
courage and endurance throughout their testing times. Only one
instance is sufficient to prove their bravery and gallantry.
Despite poor health, deteriorated psychological conditions,
paucity of food, fodder and livestock for fifty days — when they
were to cross the Indus River — they stood resolved and
committed to their cause. A famous a Hindu historian, V.D.
Mahajan, has rightly said:
“The spirit of adventure and fanaticism also helped them to win.

They were inspired to fight harder as they felt that they were
fighting for the cause of Islam.”
f. Penetration in the Enemy

The Arabs always treated the peaceful local population very
leniently and mercifully. They also got the natives appointed for
various local jobs like policing and revenue-collection, etc.
Their acts overwhelmed the local populace so much that at
Multan, Arab army reached fifty thousand, but only tenth of it
was the Arabs.
1. Blunders of Raja Dahir

On the other hand, Raja Dahir cannot be absolved of the
responsibility for the total defeat he along with his forces had to
taste on the hands of the Arabs. He, defending his soil,
committed military blunders. Some of them are as follows:
(a) On hearing the arrival of the Arab army at Makran, he did

not come out to stop them there. He remained in his capital
waiting for them to come. He had been deluding himself that he
would crush them as he did with the previous invaders.
(b) He let the Arab army cross the Indus freely ignoring the
advice of the Allafi Brothers to stop them at any cost.
Post-Bin Qasim Era

After the death of Muhammad bin Qasim, the Arabs, though,
kept on ruling the area now called Pakistan, but the majority of
the governors appointed after Ibn Qasim could not achieve
much, nor they could further expand the area of the Umayyad
Caliphate. They, however, remained busy quelling the rebellions
and riots caused by some Hindu warlords who had fled away
during Ibn Qasim era, but now returned and reoccupied some
regions of the Sindh. All this tumbling and deterioration on the
part of the Arabs was for two reasons, firstly, with the
emergence of many an opposition parties of the Umayyad
Dynasty, the political structure of the Arab state underwent
prominent changes which diverted the attention of the strategists
to some other activities, thus, the process of expansion came to a
halt. Secondly, the tribal feuds between the Umayyad
aristocracy contributed a lot in restricting the Arab forces only
to the area captured during Ibn Qasim reign. Had there not been
tribal clashes, the Arab army would have advanced further and
further.
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Home » CSS Special » War for Peace » JIHAD REALITIES Related Issues
AND MISCONCEPTIONS
 Africa
JIHAD REALITIES AND Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
MISCONCEPTIONS  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
Man has always longed for peace: war per se has Taxation
never been his cherished ideal. Yet wars have always  Tornadoes
been an undeniable fact of life. Notwithstanding the  Budgeting Process in
human desire for peace, at times wars do become Pakistan-I
indispensable. Services
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However, opinions differ as to when wars could be justified on
moral grounds and when they are just a matter of sheer
transgression. In tune with its claim to universality, both in
terms of time and space, Islam has propounded its own
everlasting concept of war, based on Divine wisdom and
consideration of human welfare. Unfortunately, however, over a
period of time, Islam's position on war has been shrouded in
confusion and misguided misinterpretations.
Jihad is perhaps the most misunderstood Islamic doctrine by

many Westerners, and even some Muslims. To many people, the
mention of the word “Jihad” normally evokes images of bearded
men shaking their fists, smoke bellowing from two towers and
hooded men wielding grenade launchers. To make matters
worse, more often than not, Jihad has come to be equated with
terrorism something which runs counter to the spirit and
substance of Islam. This has more to do with the actions of a
few misguided religious zealots than the intellectual handiwork
of even fewer iconoclastic elements. Nevertheless, decidedly an
overwhelming majority of Muslims, not only the intelligentsia
but also the common believers, are and have always been averse
to waging wars beyond the strict limitations prescribed in Quran
and Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH).
To many Muslims, Jihad is the answer to all their sufferings, but

to non-Muslims it is perhaps become the primary reason to
dread Muslims. In a world that is populated by almost 1.5 billion
Muslims, this issue assumes phenomenal importance. The word
“Islam” comes from the root word “salam”, which literally
means “safe” or “peaceful.” How, then, can a religion that
declares itself to be peaceful be so violent and bloodthirsty? It is
apparent that in recent history, the term jihad has been used
wantonly to imply that Islam is violent and bloodthirsty.
In religious context, as described by the Quran and teachings of

the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), “jihad” has many meanings. It
can refer to internal as well as external efforts to be a good
Muslims or believer, as well as working to inform people about
the faith of Islam. In the words of Gülen:
“Jihad is … the inner struggle of a believer against all that
stands between the believer and God.”
The True Meaning of “Jihad”

Jihad is usually associated with Islam and Muslims, but in fact,
the concept of Jihad is found in all religions including
Christianity, Judaism and political/economic ideologies, such as,
Capitalism, Socialism, Communism, etc. Islam defines Jihad as
striving and struggling for improvement as well as fighting back
to defend one's self, honour, assets and homeland. As Campanili
clarifies through al-Ghazali’s teachings, there are two meanings
for jihad.
1. The “great” jihad is the struggle for self-purification, in order

to conquer the evil inclinations of character and behavior
2. The “small” jihad corresponds to war.
Also, Jihad is interpreted as the struggle against evil, internal or

external of a person or a society. Jihad, in Islam, means doing
any or all but not limited to the following:
1. Learn, teach, and practice Islam in all aspects of one's life at

all times to reach the highest and best education in order to
benefit oneself, family and society.
2. Be a messenger of Islam everywhere, in every behaviour and

action.
3. Fight evil, wrongdoing, and injustice with all one’s power by

one’s hand (action), with one’s tongue (speech), or at least with
one’s heart (prayer).
4. Respond to the call for Jihad with money, effort, wisdom and
life; yet, never fight a Muslim brother, a Muslim country, or a
non-Muslim society that respects its treaties and harbours no
aggressive designs against Islam or Muslims.
5. Suicide under any pretext is not condoned as Jihad in Islam.
6. Converting people to Islam by force or coercion is never

Jihad but a crime, punishable by law.
Does Jihad Mean Holy War?

In Islam, there is no such thing as holy war. This terminology
was generated in Europe during the Crusades and their war
against Muslims. Islam recognizes Jews and Christians as the
“People of the Book” because they all follow the Prophet
Abraham, believing in Moses’ and Jesus’ teachings. For many
centuries, Muslims have peacefully coexisted with Christians,
Jews, and people of other faiths, maintaining social, business,
political and economic treaties. Islam respects all humans and
faiths as long as there is no religious oppression, forbidding
Muslims from serving Allah, preventing others from learning
about Islam, and not respecting treaties.
Difference between Jihad and Terrorism

Jihad and terrorism are essentially two divergent, mutually
exclusive concepts.
Jihad is primarily meant for the reformation of unhealthy trends

and developments in society while terrorism leads to destruction
and obliteration of the whole fabric of society. Terrorism
involves calculated perpetration of crimes against humanity,
including physical and mental torture of soldiers as well as non
combatant civilians, destruction of public and private property,
and destroying civil and military infrastructure to instil fear and
harassment among the masses. None of these things are brooked
in Jihad.
In fact, Jihad is itself obligatory against such actions. Unlike

terrorism, Jihad is never initiated for the fulfilment of any
human desire or objective: it aims only at the establishment of
an Islamic social order in accordance with Allah’s
commandments as revealed through his Messenger. Jihad seeks
to resist all those forces which destroy the peace and prosperity
of in humane society, whether such forces operate apparently for
political ascendancy or other material gains. There is nothing
that narrows the gap between the two, no matter how one may
try to drag the actions of a few misguided individuals and
groups into the fold of Jihad. It would be highly unjust and
misleading to equate the wrong actions of a few with the noble
concept of Jihad. Jihad can and should be seen in the light of the
teachings of Quran and Sunnah, and not on the basis of the
actions of this or that outfit.
Comparative Results of Jihad and Terrorism

As a result of Jihad, the honour, life and property and places of
worship are protected. It eliminates injustice, oppression, fear
and harassment, savagery and lawlessness and terrorism and the
wronged gets relief. Although some blood is shed in the
battlefield but this blood actually guarantees prevalence and
supremacy of justice, equity and peace in society at large. That
is why the blood of the martyr is so sacred that on its first drop
falling on the battlefield, Allah forgives all the sins of the
martyr.
Terrorism, on the contrary, leads to sheer destruction, disorder,
fear, chaos and insecurity in society. Large-scale populace is
wiped out, properties are destroyed, and even flora and fauna
bear the brunt at times. Business and social activities are
adversely affected. In short life comes to a standstill and the
world becomes a hell. Terrorists are, therefore, like a cancerous
part of the body, the sooner it is chopped off, the better for the
rest of the body. Jihad is a means of eliminating those cancerous
parts of human society in the interest of peace and prosperity of
mankind at large.
Conclusion
Jihad has absolutely nothing to do with terrorism at all and the
two are poles apart, in theory and action. Terrorism is an evil,
Jihad is a blessing; terrorism the cause of human sufferings and
destruction whereas Jihad is an antidote against suffering and
destruction. Terrorism has no civilised norms and knows no
bounds, Jihad is a measured and disciplined response to the
challenge posed by anti-social and anti-state elements, be they in
the form of invading armies or morally depraved within the
same society. Terrorism jeopardises the very fabric of society
and obliterates noble human values while Jihad aims at restoring
justice, equality, rule of law, respect for human beings, peace
and tranquillity. There never was, nor will ever be, any common
ground between the mutually antithetical concepts of terrorism
and Jihad.
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Home » CSS Special » Let's Make A New Pakistan 2014 » Related Issues
Present Problems of the Muslim World
 Africa
Present Problems of the Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
Muslim World  Reducing Income
Inequality Through
Within two centuries of the emergence of Islam, Taxation
Muslims were dominating the world in all respects. At  Tornadoes
the dawn of the 9th century, Arabia, Central Asia,  Budgeting Process in
Africa, Persia and many parts of the Byzantine and Pakistan-I
Roman Empires were under the Muslim rule. Services
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Muslims, on one hand, were conquering the lands in North

Africa, especially Spain, and on the other, they were knocking at
the doors of France in Europe. This glorious period of expansion
and consolidation continued till the 13th century. Although
Mongols/Tatars caused irreparable loss to the Muslims in 13th
century, their descendents, in later centuries, embraced Islam
and played a significant role in establishing Muslim dynasties in
Asia.
GLORY TURNED INTO MISERY

The 15th and the 16th centuries mark the Dark Ages in the
Christian world as they were plunged into darkness. At that
time, the clergymen were openly issuing certificates to paradise.
On the contrary, during this period, Muslims were leading in all
fields of education and science.
But, in the 17th century, when Europe entered the Age of

Enlightenment, Muslims were falling into darkness. It is worth
mentioning here that till the end of 17th century, the works of
Muslim scientists like Al-Razi, Al-Khwarzimi, Jabir bin
Hayyan, Al-Batani, Avicenna, and philosophers like Al-Farabi
and Al-Kindi were taught as textbooks in the universities across
Europe.
Dawn of the 18th century saw the real decline of Muslims and
emergence of a new Western civilization that is hitherto in
progress. From 19th century onward, the Western civilization
has been consistently damaging the Islamic spiritual, cultural
and intellectual roots with their educational uplift, scientific
progress, industrial development, technological advancement
and political dominance.
MUSLIMS' SUBJUGATION
The West has subjugated Muslims politically and has exploited
them economically. After the World War I, the Muslim world
was deliberately humiliated in the name of Mandate System.
Moreover, same swaggering treatment was meted out to them
after the World War II in form of colonization. Even at present,
the Muslims are the victims of malice and prejudice of the West.
Under the pretext of the so-called War against Terror, firstly
they were killed in Afghanistan, and then in Iraq under the garb
of dismantling Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) which
were, ironically, never found.
Muslims are being brutally annihilated in Pakistan and Yemen

in intermittent drone strikes in sheer violation of International
Law and sovereignty of the independent states. Nevertheless,
despite all these odds, the Muslims have maintained their
identity.
PROBLEMS AND WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THEM?

There is no denying the fact that the Muslims are subject to
serious agonies and troubles but it's not correct to blame only
others for our problems and the existing pathetic state of affairs.
Most of our problems are due to our own flaws and, as Aristotle
puts it, 'hamartia'.
Presently the Muslims are entangled in the web of following
problems:
1. Illiteracy
Illiteracy and the backwardness in which it ensues make the
biggest problem the Muslims are confronting nowadays for
which we ourselves are responsible. In most Muslim states,
literacy rate is pitiable. For example, in Pakistan, literacy rate
nears 60% in sharp contrast to the Western countries where it is
more than 95%. It's quite disconcerting that though we call
ourselves the followers of Islam, yet we are having such a
miserable standard of education. We have probably forgotten
that Islam makes it obligatory upon Muslim men and women to
seek knowledge. The revelation of the Holy Quran started with
the very word “Read”.
Islam declares the literate people as those having eyesight and
the illiterate as those who are blind. There are some dogmatic
views on education held by some short-sighted, bigoted
elements within Muslim community who consider that the
Muslims can acquire religious education only and they must
eschew modern education. This absurd idea is against the spirit
and essence of Islam which directs on striving for success in this
world as well as in the hereafter; a far cry without modern
education.
In this regard, Allah Almighty commands the Muslims in verse

201 of Surah Al-Baqarah (the Cow) to beseech in this manner:
“Our Lord! Give us good in this world and good in the

Hereafter, and defend us from the torment on the fire!”
Every Muslim recites this verse in five prayers he is to offer on

daily basis. Importance which Islam lays on education can be
ascertained from the fact that in the Battle of Badr, 72 infidels
were made prisoners of war (POWs) by the triumphant Muslim
Army. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) set the condition for their
release that a literate PoW could secure freedom by teaching ten
Muslims. But, if this view of religion of only religious education
were correct, non-Muslims should not have been allowed to
impart religious education to the Muslims. There are examples
where many of Prophet's companions (RA) learnt foreign
languages in order to conduct diplomacy with foreign countries.
Similarly, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “Seek knowledge
even if it is far as China.”
But in clear negation of the Islamic teachings, the Muslims lack
due attention on education, hence they lag far behind the West
in all fields of development. Former US President James
Madison said, “Knowledge will forever rule ignorance”. The
present plight of Muslims bears testimony to this statement.
OVERPOPULATION
The second most important problem that we face is the high
population growth rate. The population of Islamic countries is
increasing at alarming rates and the lack of proper management
to ward off its negative effects is solely lacking, thus, making it
a burden on resources of Muslim World which are already
depleting fast. In developed countries, annual population growth
rate is less than 1% whereas in Islamic states—like Afghanistan
and Pakistan—it's more than 2%. Resultantly, poor parents
remain unable to provide good education and sustenance to their
children. Islam does not disapprove family planning if it is with
mutual consent of marital partners. Even during the time of the
Holy Prophet (PBUH), some companions used to practice coitus
interruptus (Azal), a common practice of Family Planning at that
time. Islam emphasizes on breastfeeding the infants, which is a
natural method for pregnancy spacing. The pace of development
and status of wellbeing of people is much higher in Muslim
countries where population growth rate has been controlled such
as Turkey, Indonesia, and Malaysia, than that of those states
where population growth rate is higher. So the Muslim world
must prioritize the quality and not quantity of population.
DISUNITY
The third biggest problem which the Muslims face today is
disunity and rupture among the Muslims, for which again we
ourselves are responsible. On one hand, several Muslim states
are at loggerhead with each other, while on the other, the
Muslim population is mired in sectarianism, linguistic and racial
prejudices. This sectarian strife has consumed lives of thousands
of Muslims and has tarnished the image of Islam. Due to this
unpleasant state of affairs, Muslim states do not have a united
voice on international forums and none among 57 Islamic
countries is a permanent member in UN Security Council. This
course of action is contradictory to Islamic teachings which
profess the establishment of a universal Muslim brotherhood
irrespective of race, creed, colour and language.
Allah Almighty says in verse No. 10 of Surah Hujraat (the
Dwellings):
“The believers are but a single Brotherhood. So make
reconciliation between your brothers, and fear Allah that you
may receive mercy”.
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “Muslims are like a human

body, when there is a pain in any part of the body, the whole
body suffers”.
DISCRIMINATION
The fourth major problem is the double standards and the
discriminatory attitude of West and international organizations
dominated by them. The internal strife of Muslims is responsible
for this fiasco. The West always remains lacklustre in resolving
issues involving Muslims such as Palestine, Cyprus, Kashmir.
For instance, an independent state for Christian majority, South

Sudan, was established within days of violent clashes between
Muslims and Christians in Sudan whereas in 1992 peace in
Bosnia was restored after countless Muslims were butchered and
women raped. Similarly, the West has turned a deaf ear to the
miseries and agonies of Muslims in Palestine and Kashmir. In
Palestine, Jewish state Israel, an illegitimate son of the US and
the West, grabbed the lands of Arabs by force in furtherance of
Balfour Declaration of 1917. Undoubtedly, all the inhumane
acts of Israel are blessed by the US and the West. The recent
coup in Egypt and West's response to it, exposes these double
standards sufficiently.
NOT FOLLOWING ISLAM

The fifth problem is that we have forgotten the golden principles
of Islam. This resulted in rise in social vices in the Islamic
world. For example, many Islamic states are on the list of the
most corrupt countries. We prefer wealth, political influence and
luxurious life over simple lives in consonance with the teachings
of Islam.
If the Muslims have to regain their lost glory, then they must
have to strive for resolving these problems through adherence to
the golden principles of Islam.
email: aatayaseen@yahoo.com
Atta ur Rehman Khilji
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Home » CSS Special » Let There be Peace » SHALE ENERGY Related Issues
NOW
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SHALE ENERGY NOW Dr. Waqar Ali Khan,
Shale oil (light tight oil) is rapidly emerging as a  Reducing Income
significant and relatively low-cost new unconventional Inequality Through
resource in many countries. Taxation
 Tornadoes
Let There be Peace  Budgeting Process in
Saturday, February 01, 2014 Pakistan-I
Services
June 2014)
May 2014)
face of a Society
 Human Rights &
Islamic Values
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There is potential for shale oil production to spread globally

over the next couple of decades. If it does, it would revolutionise
global energy markets, providing greater long-term energy
security at lower cost for many countries.
Shale Oil
It is a type of oil contained within shale, a tightly-packed source
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Shale Gas
Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale
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has rejuvenated the natural gas industry across the globe.
Source
Shale oil is contained within shale, a tightly-packed source rock
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distillation. It means that Shale is a type of sedimentary rock
that is rich in kerogen which, in turn, is a part of rock that breaks
down and releases hydrocarbons when heated. Hydrocarbons are
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and natural gas are probably the most familiar hydrocarbons.
The hydrocarbons in oil shale can be used as an alternative to
petroleum or natural gas.
Is It a Fossil Fuel?
Like traditional petroleum, natural gas, and coal, oil shale and
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The hydrocarbons are extracted by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or
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resulting oil can be used immediately as a fuel or upgraded to
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removing impurities such as sulphur and nitrogen. The refined
products can be used for the same purposes as those derived
from crude oil.
Source Distribution
A sedimentary rock, oil shale, is found all over the world,
including China, Israel, and Russia. The United States, however,
has the most shale resources.
Capacity to Revolutionize Energy Scenario

According to a recent report by Price waterhouse Coopers
(PwC) — a multinational professional services firm
headquartered in London — the global shale oil production has
the potential to reach up to 14 million barrels of oil per day by
2035 which amounts to 12% of the world's total oil supply. They
further estimate that this increase could reduce oil prices in 2035
by around 25%-40% ($83-$100/ barrel in real terms) relative to
the current baseline EIA projection of $133/barrel in 2035,
which assumes low levels of shale oil production.
This could increase the level of global GDP in 2035 by around

2.3%-3.7% (which equates to around $1.7-$2.7 trillion at today's
global GDP values). However, the benefits of such oil price
reductions will vary significantly by country. Large net oil
importers such as India and Japan might see their GDP boosted
by around 4%-7% by 2035, while the US, China, the Eurozone
and the UK might gain by 2%-5% of GDP.
Pakistan's Shale Oil

As of August 2013, Pakistan's proved reserves of natural gas
stood at around 105 trillion cubic feet (Tcf). Pakistan is left with
only 50 per cent natural gas reserves as high consumption in
different sectors has exhausted 50 per cent of the overall
reserves of 54 Tcf by financial year 2011-12.
Gift of God to Pakistan

According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA),
an agency of the US Federal Statistical System, Pakistan has 586
Tcf of “risked shale gas in-place” and 227 billion barrels of
risked shale oil in-place.”
For Pakistan:
586 Tcf of risked shale gas = 400 years worth of gas supply
227 billion barrels of risked shale oil = 1,700 years worth of oil
supply
Of the 586 Tcf, Pakistan's “technically recoverable shale gas
resource is estimated at 105 Tcf which is 73 years worth of gas
supply while of the 227 billion barrels, Pakistan's “technically
recoverable shale oil resource is estimated at 9.1 billion.” For
Pakistan, that is 68 years worth of crude oil supply.
World Distribution
Among the World's total technically recoverable shale oil
resources of 345 billion barrels, following 'Top 10 Countries'
possess about 280 billion barrels
JWT Desk
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Q.5. (A) Use ONLY FIVE of the following in sentences which illustrate their meaning (5)
(i) the last straw (ii) small talk

(iii) hit rock bottom (iv) play it by ear
(v) in a bind (vi) road rage
(vii) Not worth the candle
(viii) Leave in the lurch.
(ix) Hard and fast.
(x) Weather the storm.
(xi) Bear the brunt.
(xii) Meet halfway.
(xiii) Turncoat.
(xiv) Where the shoe pinches
(xv) Big enchilada
(B) Use ONLY FIVE of the following pairs of words in sentences which illustrate their meaning. Extra
attempt of any Part of the question will not be considered.
(i) persecute, prosecute

(ii) luxuriant, luxurious
(iii) mean, mien
(iv) observation, observance
(v) naughty, knotty
(vi) ghostly, ghastly
(vii) hew, hue
(viii) freeze, frieze
(ix) grisly, grizzly
(x) current, currant
(xi) hoard, horde
(xii) bated, baited
(xiii) breach, breech
(xiv) curb, kerb
(xv) fawn, faun
Q.6 (A) Correct ONLY FIVE of the following: (5)
(I) To hit a person when he is down is a contemptuous thing to be done.

(ii) In 1665, a great epidemic had caused the death of 63000 people in London.
(iii) Because his lack of interest in the affairs of the society, the members decided to depose him.
(iv) The boy collected thousands of foreign stamps since 2008.
(v) We watched the airplane until it disappeared by the clouds.
(vi) According to activists, action must be taken long ago to preserve forests.
(vii) When Sophia said that she was coming to see me I wondered what was the problem.
(viii) The doctor suggested that I would walk on and try to get help while he stayed with the injured
person.
(ix) This house is built of bricks and stones.
(x) The climate of Pakistan is better than England?
(xi) He swore by God.
(xii) You ought to have regarded him your benefactor.
(xiii) My friend is very ill, I hope he will soon die.
(xiv) He is waiting for better and promising opportunity.
(xv) When I shall see her I will deliver her your gift.
(xvi) Many a sleepless nights she spent.
(B) Change the narration from direct to indirect orindirect to direct speech. (Do only FIVE) Extra
attempt of any Part of the question willnot be considered. (5)
(I) The teacher said, “Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today.”
(ii) The old man said, “May you prosper in life!”
(iii) He said, “Does she understand English?”
(iv) He said to his friend, “Will you accompany me to the market?”
“No, I cannot accompany you as I am expecting some guests today,” replied his friend.
(v) “Can you guess who is coming tonight?” said her brother.
(vi) He said to me, “Why are you sad today?”
(vii) “Thank you, boys,” said the headmaster, “You may go home now. Come here tomorrow morning
at seven sharp. The national flag will be un furled at seven thirty.”
(viii) “I am certain, I will succeed in my plan,” he said to his mother. Home | Login | Signup
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Home » National/Regional » THE Inundated PAKISTAN » The Related Issues
‘wicked’ war
 Growth with Equity
The ‘wicked’ war  The Federal Budget
2014-15
 Dual Nationality and
Instead of continuing with lamentable “blame game” Divided loyalty
using Pakistan as an easy “scapegoat” for their own  Corruption and
failures in this war, the US and its allies must accept National Security
 China And Pakistan
the reality that for Pakistan, Afghanistan is an area of
A Tale of Two
fundamental strategic importance Coetaneous Countries
 Kashmir: Still a Long
THE Inundated PAKISTAN
Wednesday, September 01, 2010
Walk Ahead
 MFN Status to India:
Whatever their content or intent, the WikiLeaks on the US-led war Merits and Demerits
 Charting the Way
in Afghanistan have indeed served a purpose. The massive
“disclosure” of war-related documents comprising a vast array of Forward
 Cold Start and South
material ranging from tactical reports from small unit operations
to broader strategic analyses of politico-military situation in Asian Stability
 Network of Terror
Afghanistan contains a clear indictment of how, and why, the US
has been fighting this endless war.
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At first glance, questions do arise on the very authenticity of these
reports which have neither been verified independently nor
disowned by the official circles in Washington. Those who had the
time and spunk to browse through the entire data are left with the
mystery of who could have access to such a vast and diverse range
of intelligence with enough time and resources to collect, collate
and transmit it to its unauthorized recipients without detection.
The image we have is of an unidentified individual or small group

working to get a “shocking truth” out to the public. But there is no
shocking truth in the leaked Afghan papers. They reveal no new
reality. The shocking truth was known to the world all along in
excruciating detail. Who would want to detail a truth that is
already known, with access to all this documentation and the
ability to transmit it unimpeded? Whoever it may be has just made
the most powerful case yet for an early end to the inglorious
Afghan war.
An Australian computer hacker, Julian Assange is the man behind

these leaks. But this is not the first time a US intelligence blooper
has come to light. The famous Pentagon Papers commissioned by
the Defense Department during the twilight years of Nixon
Administration to gather lessons from the Vietnam War were also
leaked by a former US military analyst, Daniel Ellsberg to The
New York Times and other newspapers is a similar case in point.
Many people worked on the Pentagon Papers, each of whom

dealing with part of it with only few of them having access to all
of it. Yet, Ellsberg whom Henry Kissinger later described as the
most “dangerous man” managed to access and leak the full version
of the final product of those top-secret papers. Most striking about
the Pentagon Papers was not how much surprising material they
contained, but how little.
In the case of the WikiLeaks, despite the enormous detail, what is
revealed is also of little surprise and is not far from what most
people already knew or believed about the continuing war in
Afghanistan which no one, not even the US and its allied NATO
governments and their military officials acknowledge has not been
going well. The WikiLeaks portrayal of the Afghan war shows the
US as badly caught in an unwinnable war.
This piece basically aims at addressing two burning issues of

today.
First is the issue of attack on Hamid Mir, a renowned journalist

and anchorperson. This attack, indubitably, is condemnable as
freedom of speech is the right of every citizen of a state. But, the
other side of the coin depicts a sad tale of blackmailing and
maligning the state institutions. The content aired by Geo TV for
almost eight hours on the day of attack is not, at all, up to the
ethics of journalism. However, the unfolding of events has landed
the said channel at the mercy of Pemra. To quell the
apprehensions of curbs on media organizations, it must be duly
ensured that the supremacy of law is maintained and no curbs on
media are imposed on the pretext of this sad incident. Everyone
should remember that no individual or institution is above the law.
The second issue is the always-moaned belatedness of FPSC.
Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC), the body assigned the

task of recruiting new blood for country's bureaucracy, hardly
comes out of hibernation. They seldom devise any robust policies
to address, in time, the issues faced by those who aspire to join the
country's bureaucratic fraternity. One instance of such ineptness is
the announcement of Screening Test which was announced to be
conducted for CSS-2014 in order to sift the most appropriate
candidates for the written part. But, it was prorogued for CSS-
2015 exam. But, till today, the matter is still in the doldrums as no
official notification in this regard has been issued yet.
There is a widespread confusion among the aspirants regarding the

actual status of the Test and, if conducted, the qualifications
thereto. Even the method to calculate an aspirant's hasn't been
announced till today. Will it be counted from the cutoff date of
Screening Test or that of written exam. However, ground realities
suggest that if the former will be the case, then thousands of
talented and rightfully deserving candidates will be drained away
due to laxity — or more truly indifference and apathy — of the
FPSC. Moreover, syllabus and paper pattern of Screening Test —
if it is to be conducted — is still unknown.
Aspirants have a number of such confusions which are to be
addressed at the earliest to keep the cream of the country attracted
towards the charm of joining the prestigious Civil Services of
Pakistan.
There is no denying the fact that preparing for CSS exam is not a
matter of days or weeks. One wonders that how on earth the FPSC
can assume that a span of only a few days shall be sufficient to
prepare for the exam. No one would disagree that months of
meticulous study are inevitable to be able to take up the challenge.
CSS results of the recent years provide ample proof that the
monkey business on part of the Commission has caused this nation
the loss of numerous fertile minds.
The FPSC should, at the least, be as vibrant and active as the

Punjab Public Service Commission (PPSC) which keeps students
informed and updated all the time.
So, it is prayed to the Prime Minister of Pakistan to please take

immediate steps to 'resurrect' the FPSC and make it inanimate like
all Public Service Commissions in the region. It is also the direst
need of the hour that FPSC comes up with a new vision and
prudent, executable policies if Pakistan is to compete globally in
terms of brilliant minds. The traditional gimmicks won't work in
this modern world of information technology.
The leaked reports, mostly written by soldiers and petty
intelligence officers make no new revelation, except that they
provide graphic accounts of hundreds of unreported incidents
involving indiscriminate and at times “accidental” killing of
innocent civilians by the coalition forces in Afghanistan.
The reports also contain detailed descriptions of raids carried out

by a secretive US “black” special operations unit called Task
Force 373 against what US officials considered “high-value
insurgent and terrorist” targets. Actual victims in these secret
operations were invariably non-belligerent civilians including
small children.
The sum total of this whole sordid narrative is a verdict on the

very legality and morality of this war. It is presented as an
immoral, wicked war based on lies and deceit. This assessment is
not different from a clear perception already discernible all over
the world that it was a “wrong” war to start. Waged as global “war
on terror” it has only been a "semantic, strategic and legal
perversion.” In the absence of a globally acceptable definition of
terrorism, it is only a method of combat. One doesn’t wage a war
against a “method” of combat without an identifiable enemy to
fight against.
An increasing number of security experts, politicians, and policy

organizations consider the war on terror a counterproductive
military process which has not only alienated the US globally but
is also fueling a pro-terrorist sentiment and helping terrorist
recruitment. Even the American media now feels that this decision
was a big mistake. From being a righteous war when it started, the
US war on terror is no longer considered a righteous war. It is
considered a “wrong war” that has not gone beyond retribution
and retaliation. No wonder, the message from the WikiLeaks is
that the Afghan war is a “wicked” problem that must come to an
end sooner rather than later.
According to a study by a group of academics at the New York

University last year, the idea of “wicked” problems, first
articulated in the 1970s as a concept, is applicable to the Afghan
conflict. This concept denotes problems characterised by social
complexity, a large number and diversity of players, a high degree
of fragmentation, and contested and multiple forms of causality.
Different stakeholders in a conflict beset by wicked problems fail
to arrive at a common definition of the problem at hand, often
because they disagree on the cause of the problem.”
According to this study, the ongoing forms of conflict in India,
Pakistan and Afghanistan are characterised by decades of failed
US policy, and are classic examples of wicked problems.
The claim that fixing the security situation in South Asia is the
primary need of this region to address its other pressing problems
is questioned by those who believe that poverty and economic
underdevelopment is the primary form of violence and deprivation
that needs to be redressed for the wellbeing of this region.
In the context of South Asia, any US policies that create strategic

imbalances in the region and fuel an arms race between the two
nuclear-capable neighbours with an escalatory effect on their
military budgets and arsenals are also no service to the peoples of
the two countries. Wicked problems require holistic analyses that
do not ignore the possible effects of changes to other elements in
the system, rather than strictly linear forms of problem-solving.
Let’s step back and look at the Afghan conflict dispassionately.
The US forced the Taliban from power. It never defeated the

Taliban nor did it make a serious effort to do so, as that would
require massive resources that it doesn’t have. It enlisted its
NATO allies in an international coalition to fight this war which is
in its tenth year and still remains far from being conclusive.
It has been one of the costliest wars that has lasted for too long, at
least longer than the Second World War. No wonder, the people in
the US and Europe, are already sick of this conflict, and would
want their troops back without delay.
President Obama himself has been saying that the situation in

Afghanistan is deteriorating. In response to a question last year in
his interview to The New York Times, when asked if the US was
winning the war in Afghanistan, he replied flatly, “No” also
indicating that Washington might be opening the door for
cooperation with moderate elements among the Taliban. White
House officials are also now talking about seeking an "acceptable
end state" in Afghanistan, rather than victory.
Ironically, despite his pr-election slogans of “America we are

better than those last eight years” and promises of “making the
difference in America’s policies and in the lives of Americans as
well as those of the people of the world”, President Obama still
remains snarled in the Bush legacy and instead of restoring what
he considered the “lost sense of common purpose” has only been
escalating the Afghanistan folly. As mid-term elections approach,
the American people now have access, thanks to WikiLeaks, to the
bleak realities of the Afghan war including unreported civilian
casualties and costly incidents of allied troops firing on each other.
Whatever the preferred end-goals, durable peace in Afghanistan

will remain elusive without heeding to Pakistan’s legitimate
security concerns in the region. Pakistan has already staked
everything in supporting this war and is constantly paying a heavy
price in terms of protracted violence, massive displacement, trade
and production slowdown, export stagnation, investor hesitation,
and worsening law and order situation. In return, America’s
unrelenting indifference to its legitimate interests and sensitivities
is beyond comprehension.
It is important that Pakistan as a partner and an ally is treated with

dignity and sovereign equality. A country cannot be treated both
as a target and a partner while fighting a common enemy.
Coercive and at times, accusatory and slanderous approach
towards Pakistan and its armed forces and security agencies is
both reprehensible and counterproductive.
Instead of continuing with lamentable “blame game” using
Pakistan as an easy “scapegoat” for their own failures in this war,
the US and its allies must accept the reality that for Pakistan,
Afghanistan is an area of fundamental strategic importance. If
Soviet presence in Cuba almost triggered a nuclear war in the 60s,
India’s continued ascendancy in Afghanistan will remain a danger
of no less gravity to the already volatile security environment of
this ‘nuclearized’ region.
Shamshad Ahmad
The writer is a former foreign secretary.
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Home » CSS Special » THE Inundated PAKISTAN » Related Issues

The principal gift of globalization is the access to information

The technological revolution which has spurred globalization

The state bureaucracy could become considerably leaner; input

In brief, it is now much easier than ever before for states to

Functions which are generally recognized as the exclusive

Although the scope of many of these functions remains

It is now time to evaluate this policy dispassionately and

It follows, therefore, that New Delhi cannot possibly, as this

In recent years, there is an increasing realization that the main

While any lasting solution cannot be divorced from ensuring a

In the area of foreign policy, interstate relations are non longer

In the prevalent unipolar international order, the relative

It would, for instance, be very difficult to determine the likely

No other country considers it worthwhile for its President or

In the area of macroeconomic management, the required

It is in this context that the privatization programme undertaken

While the government has succeeded in creating new regulatory

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The Radcliffe Award

Federal Budget 2010

Controversy in division of Punjab

Controversy in division of Bengal

Ch. Muhammad Ali’s remarks

Ch. Muhammad Ali’s Apprehensions

Sardar Patail’s Remarks

Weak Central Government

No Rules for Succession

Undue Liberal Policy of Akbar

Weak Military Force

Lack of Naval Power

The Third Battle of Panipat though destroyed the power of

Loss of the Spirit of Jehad

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The 100 marks paper of Islamiat compulsory is of tremendous

For having adequate knowledge about contemporary religions it

The paper of Islamiat Compulsory is the only paper of CSS

Reading translation and explanation of the Holy Quran is

Time management is also necessary for all papers of CSS,

Expected questions of Islamiat Compulsory for CSS-2012.

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Introduction and importance

Problems of the candidates

Tips to prepare Islamic History

The next step is to understand the question. As it happened in

List of important questions

Abbasids Dynasty; Haroon-ar-Rasheed, Mamun, causes of

Candidates had better read all the caliphs of Umayyad Dynasty

For further guidance:

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Since the 1990s, the UN has organised a few conferences where

In the March 31 Geo TV programme, The Great Debate –

While representatives of the PPP, PML-N, PML-Q, MQM, PTI

It was interesting to listen to representatives of the PPP and the

Consequently, whereas in 1980 there were 10 million more

This not only wastes limited resources, but delivery of

Ideally, the same model should be adopted in Pakistan. The

If they fail to do so, then five years later we will be discussing

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Home » CSS Special » TERRORISM A GRAVE THREAT TO Related Issues