Name : Lia Rahayu Ningtias

NIM : P17334119021

Class : D3 - 1A

Urine tests are very common and can be done in a laboratory. Urine tests are performed to
evaluate various components in the urine, as a result of waste products made by the kidneys.
Urine can be assessed based on its physical appearance (color, clarity, odor), pH (acidic and
basic levels), the presence of glucose (sugar), protein, nitrite, white and red blood cells,
bilirubin, crystals, bacteria in urine, etc. Urine tests are performed to evaluate various
components in the urine, as a result of waste products made by the kidneys. This test is usually
done for several reasons.

Purpose of Urine Test

Urine tests can be done for several reasons, such as:

1. Pregnancy test

Urine tests to determine pregnancy can be done alone using a pregnancy test kit or test pack
that is sold freely in pharmacies, can also be done in a clinic or hospital.

2. Knowing foreign substances

Knowing the presence of certain substances or drugs in a person's urine, for example in
athletes, students, office employees, and addicts or people suspected of abusing drugs. Urine
tests can detect the presence of hazardous substances opiate / opioids, benzodiazepines,
barbiturates, phencyclidine (PCP), cannabis, metamphetamine, amphetamine, cocaine.

3. Disease progression
Urine tests are usually used to monitor the progress of the disease and the body's response to
treatment, for example in patients with diabetes, kidney damage and infection, lupus, and liver
disease.

4. Make a diagnosis of disease

Diagnose medical conditions, such as kidney disorders including stones, infections, and
inflammation of the kidneys, protein in urine, muscle damage, blood sugar or uncontrolled
diabetes, and urinary tract infections.

5. Detecting the symptoms of the disease

Assess the symptoms of certain diseases, such as blood in urine, fever, low back pain, frequent
urination or pain when doing so, lower abdominal pain, or other complaints in the urinary tract.

6. Routine health check

Routine medical evaluation or overall health assessment of a person. Urine tests may be
recommended by the doctor for routine pregnancy checks, also to assess the patient's condition
before surgery or before being hospitalized.

Step By Step In Carrrying Out A Urine Test

Before the urine test is performed, you are asked to collect 30-60 ml urine samples, in special
containers that will be provided by laboratory personnel. The sample can then be analyzed at
the clinic by a doctor or sent to a laboratory for testing.

Urine tests can be declared normal if the urine looks clear, smells like normal urine, has a
normal pH level, does not appear to have red blood cells or white blood cells, and there are no
bacteria.

The Meaning of Urine Color Change

This urine that has a different color certainly has meaning. Each color of urine can provide some
information about the patient's health. At a basic level, for example, this can tell how hydrated
the body is. Here are some explanations of the change in urine color:

1. Dark brown

Brown or dark brown urine can be a sign of problems in the liver, kidneys, urinary tract
infections, and hemolytic anemia. Dark brown urine can also be caused by drug side effects. A
number of drugs that can turn urine dark brown are antimalarial drugs, antibiotics, and laxatives
that contain cascara or senna.

2. Dark yellow

Dark yellow urine is generally caused by dehydration. Dehydration can occur when the amount
of fluid released from the body is greater than the amount of fluid that enters.

3. Orange

Orange-colored urine can be caused by health problems in the liver or bile duct, especially if
accompanied by feces that look pale or white. In addition, orange urine can also occur if you are
dehydrated or due to side effects of chemotherapy, laxatives, sulfasalazine anti-inflammatory
drugs, phenazopyridine drugs for urinary tract infections, TB drugs rifampin and isoniazid, and
riboflavin (vitamin B2) in high doses.

4. White and murky

Urine that is cloudy or white like milk and smelly, may be a sign of urinary tract infection
accompanied by pus formation. This condition is called pyuria. The causes include bacterial,
fungal, and viral infections. The color of urine that becomes cloudy is also a sign of a buildup of
white blood cells, uric acid, protein, or fat in the urine.

5. Pink or red

The color of red or pink urine can be caused by foods that you consume, such as beets,
blackberries, or red dragon fruit. In addition, it can also be caused by the side effects of certain
drugs for urinary tract infections and rifampin TB drugs. If the urine is pink or red, try to pay
attention to other symptoms because the color of red urine can also indicate the presence of
bloody urine, urinary tract infections, kidney disease, tumors or stones in the kidneys and
bladder, prostate disorders, hemolytic anemia, or porphyri genetic disorders.

6. Green or blue

Usually the color of blue or green urine can be caused by food coloring, or side effects of
asthma medications, amitriptyline antidepressants, propofol anesthetics, and methylene blue
dyes. Contact your doctor immediately if the color of your urine does not return to normal.

Type of Urine Examination

1. Macroscopic Urinalysis

Macroscopic urinalysis is a direct visual observation of urine, noting quantity, color, clarity or
turbidity, etc. Normal urine is usually light yellow and clear without any turbidity. Obvious color,
clarity, and blur can indicate the possibility of infection

2. Chemical Analysis of Urine Test Strips

The urine test strip is a narrow plastic strip that has several different colored boxes attached to
it. Each small box represents the test component used to interpret urinalysis. All test strips are
dipped in urine samples and color changes in each box are noted. Color changes occur after a
few seconds to several minutes from dipping the strip. If it is read too early or too long after the
urinalysis has been dipped, the results may not be accurate.

Any change in color in a particular box can indicate specific abnormalities in the urine sample
caused by certain chemical reactions. References to color changes are posted on the urine test
strip plastic bottle container. This makes easy and quick interpretation of the results of
urinalysis by placing a strip next to the container and comparing the color changes with the
references provided. The presence or absence of each color change on this strip provides
important information for clinical decisions.
3. Microscopic Urinalysis

Microscopic urinalysis is the study of urine samples under a microscope. It only requires a
relatively inexpensive light microscope. Cells and cellular debris, bacteria, and crystals in the
urine (crystallography) can be detected by microscopic examination to provide confirmation of
dipstick color changes (see above) and further clinical instructions.

Microscopic urinalysis is done by simply pouring a urine sample into a test tube and centrifuging
it (rotating it into the machine) for several minutes. The upper part of the liquid (supernatant)
is removed. The solid portion remaining at the bottom of the test tube (urine sediment) is
mixed with a drop of urine left in the test tube and one drop is analyzed under a microscope.
Sediments are examined through a microscope under low power to identify what are called
casts, crystals, squamous cells (flat), and other large objects. The examination is then carried
out under a microscope at a higher power to further identify cells, bacteria and cell clumps or
debris called casts.