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College Geometry
Spring 2016
Theorem 3.1.7. If ` and m are two distinct, nonparallel lines, then there exists exactly
Proof. (Selena Emerson) Let ` and m be two distinct, nonparallel lines. By definition of
nonparallel there exists at least one point, P , that lies on both ` and m. Suppose there
exists a different point, Q, be on both ` and m. By Axiom 3.1.3, there exists exactly one
line on which the two distinct points lie. Since P and Q are on both ` and m, then ` and m
are the same line. But ` and m are defined as being distinct lines which is a contradiction.
Thus, there exists exactly one point P such that P lies on both ` and m.
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Problem 3.2.3. Show that the taxicab metric defined in Example 3.2.11 is a metric(i.e.,
verify that the function ρ satisfies the three conditions in the definition of metric on page
339).
Proof. (Brianna Hillman) We want to show that the taxicab metric is a metric. To show
this, we need to show D(P, Q) = D(Q, P ) for every P and Q, D(P, Q) ≥ 0 for every P and
Q, and that D(P, Q) = 0 if and only if P = Q. Let P = (x1 , y1 ) and Q = (x2 , y2 ). Take
⇒| x2 − x1 | + | y2 − y1 |=| x1 − x2 | + | y1 − y2 |.
We know that this is equal because of the properties of the absolute values. Thus, the first
Therefore, the second condition of a metric is satisfied. Next we will prove the third condition.
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Therefore, x2 = x1 and y2 = y1 or P = Q. (⇐) Now, suppose P = Q. So, P = Q = (x1 , y1 ).
⇒=| x1 − x1 | + | y1 − y1 |
⇒= 0 + 0
⇒= 0.
Therefore, the third condition of a metric is satisfied and the taxicab metric is a metric.
Problem 3.2.7. Find all point (x, y) in R2 such that ρ((0, 0), (x, y)) = 1, where ρ is the
taxi cab metric. Draw a sketch in the Cartesian plane. (This shape might be called a ”circle”
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(x, y) = (0, −1) ρ((0, 0), (0, −1)) = |0 − 0| + |(−1) − 0| = 1
0
−2 −1 0 1 2
−1
−2
Problem 3.2.21. Let A and B be two distinct points. Prove that AB = BA.
Proof. (Brianna Hillman) Assume A and B are distinct points. Note that
So x ∈ {A, B} ∪ {P | A ? P ? B}
⇒ x ∈ {A, B} or x ∈ {P | A ? P ? B}
⇒ AB = xB + Ax
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⇒ AB = Bx + xA by Theorem 3.2.7
Since AB = Bx + xA, then x is between B and A and hence, AB ⊆ BA. Similarly, if we take
Therefore, AB = BA.
Theorem 3.3.12. (Pasch’s Axiom) Let 4ABC be a triangle and let l be a line such that
Proof. (Katelynn Gordon) Let points A, B, and C form a triangle 4ABC and let l be a
line that does not go through a vertex of 4ABC. Then l has to go in and come out of the
crosses AC or BC.
Problem 3.3.3. Let l be a line and let H be one of the half-planes bounded by l. Prove
show that that H ∪ l. Let points A, B exist such that they construct AB. We consider 3
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cases, when AB ∪ H, when AB ∪ l and when A ∪ l and B ∪ H. When AB ∪ H by the Plane
−→
H ∪ l. Let A ∈ l and B ∈ H so AB ∈ H by the Ray Theorem, therefore H ∪ l. Thus H ∪ l
is convex.
Problem 3.3.5. Suppose 4ABC is a triangle and l is a line such that none of the vertices
A, B, or C lies on l. Prove that l cannot intersect all three sides of 4ABC. Is it possible
Proof. (Victoria Krohn) Assume line l intersects a side of a triangle 4ABC. Without loss
of generality, l intersects with side AB. This creates 2 half-planes, H1 , H2 with A ∈ H1 and
Problem 3.5.1. Prove: If l ⊥ m, then l and m contain rays that make four different right
angles.
Proof. Victoria Krohn Let A, B, C, D, E be distinct points, such that A, B, E ∈ line l and
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µ∠(CAE), µ∠(DAE), and µ∠(DAB) equal 90◦ . By definition of perpendicular, ∠BAC
is a right angle, thus µ∠(BAC) = 90◦ . Angles ∠DAB and ∠BAC are a linear pair by
−−→ −→
the opposite rays AD and AC (definition of linear pair). By the Linear Pair Theorem,
µ∠(BAC) + µ∠(DAB) = 180◦ . So, 90◦ + µ∠(DAB) = 180◦ , µ∠(DAB) = 90◦ . By definition
of right angle, ∠DAB is a right angle. Similarly for angles ∠DAB and ∠DAE, and ∠DAE
and ∠CAE.
Proof. (Brianna Hillman) Let ` be a line where P and Q are two distinct points on `. By the
−→
Angle Construction Postulate, there exists a unique ray P A such that A is in one half-plane
−→
bounded by ` and µ(∠AP Q) = 90◦ . Then, we can extend ray P A to a line by the Incidence
←→ ←→ ←→
Postulate. So, there exists exactly one line P A such that P lies on P A and P A ⊥ `.
Problem 3.5.5. Restate the Vertical Angles Theorem (Theorem 3.5.13) in if-then form.
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Proof. (Selena Emerson) Let ∠BAC and ∠DAE be vertical angles with A being the in-
←→ ←→
tersection of BE and CD. Then ∠BAC and ∠CAE are linear pairs, making µ∠(BAC) +
µ∠(CAE) = 180◦ by the linear pair theorem. The same is true for ∠CAE and ∠DAE.
∠BAC ∼
= ∠DAE.
Problem 3.5.6. Prove the following coverse of the Vertical Angles Theorem: If A, B, C,
D, and E, are points such that A*B*C, D and E are on opposite sides of ↔ AB, and
∠DBC ∼
= ∠ABE, then D, B, and E are collinear.
Proof. Katelynn Gordon BW OC Let If A, B, C, D, and E, are points such that A*B*C, D
−−→
let EB be between ∠ABF . Then ∠DBC ∼
= ∠ABF by the Veritcal Angles Theorem. Then
∠ABE ∼
= ∠DBC from the problem. So µ(∠EBF ) would have to be 0◦ so E, B, and D
Theorem 3.6.5 (Isosceles Triangle Theorem). The base angles of an isosceles triangle
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are congruent.
−−→
that ∠ABC ∼
= ∠ACB. Let D be a point in the interior of ∠BAC such that AD is the
−−→
bisector of ∠BAC (Theorem 3.4.7). There is a point E at which the ray AD intersects the
Thus ∠ABC ∼
= ∠ACB.
Problem 3.7.1. Check that the trivial geometry containing just one point and no lines
satisfies all the postulates for neutral geometry except the Existence Postulate. Which
Proof. (Brianna Hillman) The Ruler Postulate and Incidence Postulate are vacuously true
because there is only one point in trivial geometry. The Plane Separation Postulate is
vacuously true because there are no lines in trivial geometry. The Protractor Postulate is
vacuously true because there are no lines or rays to make angles. Finally, the Side-Angle-
Side Postulate is vacuously true as well because there are no segments in trivial geometry
to make triangles. None of the parallel postulates are satisfied in trivial geometry because
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there is only one point.
Problem 4.2.1. Prove the Converse to the Isosceles Triangle Theorem (Theorem 4.2.2).
to show that AB ∼
= AC. By the Existence and Uniqueness of Perpendiculars, we can drop
and ∠AP B ∼
= ∠AP C, 4ABP ∼
= 4AP C by AAS. Therefore, AB ∼
= AC.
Proof. (Katelynn Gordon) Let 4ABC be a triangle such that µ(∠BAC)=90◦ . Then ex-
−→
tend AC so that CA ∼
= AF . Now forming F B creates two triangles 4ABC and 4ABF .
4ABC ∼
= 4ABF by SAS so F B ∼
= CB.
←
→
and H is a half-plane bounded by D E. We need to show 4ABC is congruent to another
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←
→
triangle contructed from D E. Let point G be in H. By the Angle Construction Postulate,
→
−
construct D G such that ∠BAC ∼
= ∠GDE. By the Point Construction Postulate, let point
→
−
F lie on D G such that AB ∼
= DF . Form 4DF E. By SAS, 4ABC ∼
= 4DF E because
AB ∼
= DF , ∠BAC ∼
= ∠GDE, and DE ∼
= AC.
Problem 4.3.7. Prove that the shortest distance from a point to a line is measured along
Proof. (Katelynn Gordon) Let there be a line ` such that F , R ∈ ` and F 6= R. Then let
triangle and therefore we know that the hypotenuse which is across from the right angle of
a right triangle in the longest side of the triangle by the Scalene Inequality. Therefore, the
Problem 4.3.8. Prove the Pointwise Characterization of Angle Bisectors (Theorem 4.3.8)
Let A and B be distinct points. A point P lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB if and
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only if P A = P B.
←→ ←→
Proof. (Victoria Krohn) ⇐ Assume d(P, AB) = d(P AC). By the Existence and Uniqueness
−→ −→
of Perpendiculars, drop a perpendicular from P to point N on AC and to point M on AB.
because AP ∼
= AP , ∠P N A = ∠P M A, and N P ∼
= M P (by the assumptions). By definiton
−→
of congruent triangles, ∠P AN ∼
= ∠P AM , therefore AP is an angle bisector of ∠CAB.
−→ −→
⇒ Assume AP is an angle bisector of ∠CAB. Let N be a point on AC and M be a
−→
point on AB. By the Existence and Uniqueness of Perpendiculars, drop a perpendicular
= 4AM P because AP ∼
4AN P ∼ = AP , µ(∠P AN ) = µ(∠P AM ) (by definition of Angle
Bisectors) so ∠P AN ∼
= ∠P AM (by defintion of congruence), and ∠P N A ∼
= ∠P M A. Thus,
Problem 4.4.3. Prove Corollary 4.4.8 If l, m and n are three lines such that m ⊥ l and
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n ⊥ n, then either m = n or m k n.
Proof. (Katelynn Gordon) Assume m 6= n. Then we want to show that m k n. Then know
know that l crosses m and n at 90◦ . We can then see that have corresponding congruent
Problem 4.6.6. Prove that a quadrilateral is convex if the diagonals have a point in com-
−→ −−→
Proof. (Connor Lowman) Let ABCD be a quadrilateral and let diagonals AC ∩ BD at
←→ ←→
formed by DC and A, and the half-plane formed by AD and C. Thus E is in the interior of
←→
∠ADC. By the Ray Theorem, E and B are on the same side of DC. Therefore, B is in the
interior of ∠ADC.
Problem 4.6.10. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral. Prove that each of the following
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a. 4ABC ∼
= 4CDA
Proof. (Connor Lowman) Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral such that 4ABC ∼
=
←→ ←→ ←→
4CDA. Notice that AC is a transversal cutting through AB and DC. Since 4ABC ∼
=
4CDA, ∠ACB ∼
= ∠DAC and ∠DCA ∼
= ∠BAC. Thus, by Alternate Interior Angles Theo-
←→ ←→ ←→ ←→ ←→
rem, ABkDC. Notice AC is also a transversal cutting through AD and BC. Again, angles
←→ ←→
Interior Angles Theorem, ADkBC. Therefore, ABCD is a parallelogram.
b. AB = CD and BC = AD.
Proof. (Connor Lowman) Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral such that AB = CD and
midpoint AC and BD share. Thus AE = EC and DE = CE. Notice ∠BEC and ∠AED
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are vertical angles thus ∠BEC ∼
= ∠AED also ∠CED ∼
= ∠BED because they are vertical
one in which all 3 sides have equal lengths. (a) Prove that a Euclidean triangles is equilateral
Proof. ⇐= Let 4ABC be a triangle such that all angles are the same. By the Angle Sum
Theorem ∠ABC + ∠BCA + ∠CAB = 180, 180/3 = 60 thus, all 3 angles are 60◦ . By the
µ(∠ABC) = µ(∠CAB) so BC ∼
= AC. Therefore, AB ∼
= BC ∼
= AC. =⇒ Assume all
sides of 4ABC are congruent. By the Isosceles Triangle Theorem, base angles µ(∠CAB) =
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µ(∠BCA), because sides AB ∼
= BC and base angles µ(∠ABC) = µ(∠CAB) because BC ∼
=
Proof. Let A, B, C, D be 4 distinct points such that AB creates 2 half planes and that
−−→
point D is in one of the half planes, to construct AD such that µ(∠DAB) = 60◦ (by the
−−→
Angle Construction Postulate). Let point C lie on AD such that A ∗ C ∗ D∗ and that
AC ∼
= AB (by the Point Construction Postulate). Let CB form to construct 4ABC. By
By the Angle Sum Postulate, ∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠CAB = 180, µ(∠ACB) = µ(∠ABC) so
µ(∠CAB) = µ(∠ACB). By part a, all sides are equal thus 4ABC is an equilateral triangle.
(c) Split an equilateral triangle at the midpoint of one side to prove that there is a triangle
Proof. Let 4ABC be an equilateral triangle and let point D be the midpoint
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Problem 5.3.2. Prove the SAS Similarity Criterion (Theorem 5.3.3).
Proof. (Katelynn Gordon) Let 4ABC with C 0 ∈ AC and 4DEF be triangles such that
AC 0 ∼
= DF , ∠CAB ∼
= ∠F DE, and AB/AC=DE/DF. Now by the Incidence Postulate, form
angle, ∠AB 0 C ∼
= ∠ABC by properties of parallel lines, and ∠ACB ∼
= ∠AC 0 B 0 by parallel
4DEF .
Problem 5.4.3. Prove the converse to the Pythagorean Theorem (Theorem 5.4.5)
Proof. (Kathryn Bragwell) Let 4ABC be triangle such that a2 +b2 =c2 . By the angle con-
struction postulate let ∠DEF =90◦ . By the ruler postulate let EG=AC. Since AC is across
from the angle with the vertex B it is b according to notation. Thus EG=AC=b. Now, by
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the ruler postulate let EA=CB. Since CB is across from the angle with the vertex A it is
a. Thus EA=CB=a. Thus we have a right triangle 4HEG. Let GH=d. So 4HEG has
a relationship of a2 +b2 =d2 by the Pythagorean Theorem. Since a2 +b2 =c2 and a2 +b2 =d2 ,
√ √
then c2 =d2 , c= d, c=d. Thus 4ABC ∼
= 4HEG by SSS. Hence if 4ABC is a triangle
Problem 7.2.5. Let ABCD be Euclidean parallelogram. Choose one side as a base and
define the corresponding height for the parallelogram. Prove that the area of the parallelo-
to DC at B. Let F be the foot of the perpendicular. Thus there exist a right triangle 4DEA
Since 4DEA, αCF B, and BEF D exist within ABCD we can add their areas. Thus
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αABCD=1/2(AE)(ED)+1/2(CF)(FB)+(EB)(FB). Since BEF D is a rectangle it is also
ogram AD ∼
= BC. Now consider 4AED and 4CF B, ED ∼
= F B, ∠AEB ∼
= ∠BF C, and
AD ∼
= BC therefore they are congruent by the hypotenuse leg theorem. Hence AE ∼
= F C.
the definition of height. AE+EB is the length of AB this is the base by the definition of
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