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Bearing Capacity From SPT Numbers PDF
Bearing Capacity From SPT Numbers PDF
One of most commonly method for determining allowable soil bearing capacity is
from standard penetration test (SPT) numbers. It is simply because SPT numbers are
readily available from soil boring. The equations that are commonly used were
proposed by Meryerhof based on one inches of foundation settlement. Bowles revised
Meyerhof’s equations because he believed that Meryerhof’s equation might be
conservative.
Meryerhof’s equations:
Bowles’ equations:
Given:
• Soil SPT number: 20
• Footing type: 8 feet wide square footing, bottom of footing at 4 ft below
ground surface.
Requirement: Estimate allowable soil bearing capacity based on Meryerhof’s
equation.
Solution:
Meryerhof’s equation
K = 1+0.33(D/B) = 1+0.33*(4/8) = 1.17
Qa = (N/6)[(B+1)/B]2 / K = (20/6)[(8+1)/8]2 /1.17 = 3.6 kips/ft2
Bowles’ equation:
Qa = (N/4)[(B+1)/B]2 / K = (20/4)[(8+1)/8]2 /1.17 = 5.4 kips/ft2
Bearing capacity
• Failure mechanisms and derivation of equations
• Bearing capacity of shallow foundations
• Presumed bearing values
• Bearing capacity of piles
The ultimate load which a foundation can support may be calculated using bearing
capacity theory. For preliminary design, presumed bearing values can be used to
indicate the pressures which would normally result in an adequate factor of safety.
Alternatively, there is a range of empirical methods based on in situ test results.
The ultimate bearing capacity (qf) is the value of bearing stress which causes a
sudden catastrophic settlement of the foundation (due to shear failure).
The allowable bearing capacity (qa) is the maximum bearing stress that can be
applied to the foundation such that it is safe against instability due to shear failure and
the maximum tolerable settlement is not exceeded. The allowable bearing capacity is
normally calculated from the ultimate bearing capacity using a factor of safety (Fs).
When excavating for a foundation, the stress at founding level is relieved by the
removal of the weight of soil. The net bearing pressure (qn) is the increase in stress
on the soil.
qn = q - qo
qo = γ D
where D is the founding depth and γ is the unit weight of the soil removed.
As more stress regions are considered in a lower bound solution, the calculated
collapse load increases.
Therefore, by progressive refinement of the upper and lower bound solutions, the
exact solution can be approached. For example, Terzaghi's mechanism gives the exact
solution for a strip footing.
For drained loading, calculations are in terms of effective stresses; φ´ is > 0 and N c,
Nq and Nγ are all > 0.
For undrained loading, calculations are in terms of total stresses; the undrained shear
strength (su); Nq = 1.0 and Nγ = 0
The bearing capacity factors relate to the drained angle of friction (φ'). The c.Nc term
is the contribution from soil shear strength, the qo.Nq term is the contribution from the
surcharge pressure above the founding level, the ½.B.γ.Ng term is the contribution
from the self weight of the soil. Terzaghi's analysis was based on an active wedge
with angles φ' rather than (45+φ'/2), and his bearing capacity factors are in error,
particularly for low values of φ'. Commonly used values for Nq and Nc are derived
from the Prandtl-Reissner expression giving
Exact values for Ng are not directly obtainable; values have been proposed by Brinch
Hansen (1968), which are widely used in Europe, and also by Meyerhof (1963),
which have been adopted in North America.
Brinch Hansen:
Nγ = 1.8 (Nq - 1) tanφ'
Meyerhof:
Nγ = (Nq - 1) tan(1.4 φ')
The factor of safety should be applied only to the increase in stress, i.e. the net bearing
pressure qn. Calculating qa from qf only satisfies the criterion of safety against shear
failure. However, a value for Fs of 2.5 - 3.0 is sufficiently high to empirically limit
settlement. It is for this reason that the factors of safety used in foundation design are
higher than in other areas of geotechnical design. (For slopes, the factor of safety
would typically be 1.3 - 1.4).
Experience has shown that the settlement of a typical foundation on soft clay is likely
to be acceptable if a factor of 2.5 is used. Settlements on stiff clay may be quite large
even though ultimate bearing capacity is relatively high, and so it may be appropriate
to use a factor nearer 3.0.
The ultimate bearing capacity of a pile used in design may be one three values:
the maximum load Qmax, at which further penetration occurs without the load
increasing;
a calculated value Qf given by the sum of the end-bearing and shaft resistances;
or the load at which a settlement of 0.1 diameter occurs (when Qmax is not clear).
For large-diameter piles, settlement can be large, therefore a safety factor of 2-2.5 is
usually used on the working load.
Full shaft capacity is mobilised at much smaller displacements than those related to
full base resistance. This is important when determining the settlement response of a
pile. The same overall bearing capacity may be achieved with a variety of
combinations of pile diameter and length. However, a long slender pile may be shown
to be more efficient than a short stubby pile. Longer piles generate a larger proportion
of their full capacity by skin friction and so their full capacity can be mobilised at
much lower settlements.
The proportions of capacity contributed by skin friction and end bearing do not just
depend on the geometry of the pile. The type of construction and the sequence of soil
layers are important factors.
Driving a pile has different effects on the soil surrounding it depending on the relative
density of the soil. In loose soils, the soil is compacted, forming a depression in the
ground around the pile. In dense soils, any further compaction is small, and the soil is
displaced upward causing ground heave. In loose soils, driving is preferable to boring
since compaction increases the end-bearing capacity.
In non-cohesive soils, skin friction is low because a low friction 'shell' forms around
the pile. Tapered piles overcome this problem since the soil is recompacted on each
blow and this gap cannot develop.
Pile capacity can be calculated using soil properties obtained from standard
penetration tests or cone penetration tests. The ultimate load must then be divided
by a factor of safety to obtain a working load. This factor of safety depends on the
maximum tolerable settlement, which in turn depends on both the pile diameter and
soil compressibility. For example, a safety factor of 2.5 will usually ensure a pile of
diameter less than 600mm in a non-cohesive soil will not settle by more than 15mm.
Although the method of installing a pile has a significant effect on failure load, there
are no reliable calculation methods available for quantifying any effect. Judgement is
therefore left to the experience of the engineer.
Ks
Material δ
low density high density
steel 20° 0.5
1.0
concrete 3/4 φ´ 1.0 2.0
timber 2/3 φ´ 1.5 4.0
It must be noted that, like much of pile design, this is an empirical relationship. Also,
from empirical methods it is clear that Qs and Qb both reach peak values somewhere at
a depth between 10 and 20 diameters.
It is usually assumed that skin friction never exceeds 110 kN/m² and base resistance
will not exceed 11000 kN/m².
Schmertmann (1975) has correlated N-values obtained from SPT tests against
effective overburden stress as shown in the figure.
The effective overburden stress = the weight of material above the base of the
borehole - the wight of water
e.g. depth of soil = 5m, depth of water = 4m, unit weight of soil = 20kN/m³, σ'v = 5m
x 20kN/m³ - 4m x 9.81kN/m³ ≈ 60 kN/m²
Once a value for φ´ has been estimated, bearing capacity factors can be determined
and used in the usual way.
Meyerhof (1976) produced correlations between base and frictional resistances and N-
values. It is recommended that N-values first be normalised with respect to effective
overburden stress:
13(L/d) N
Bored Gravel and sands
but < 300 N
Navg
Sandy silt 13(L/d) N
Silt but < 300 N
L = embedded length
d = shaft diameter
Navg = average value along shaft
Type of pile Sp
Solid timber )
Pre-cast concrete )
0.005 - 0.012
Solid steel driven )
Open-ended steel 0.003 - 0.008
For piles driven into stiff clays, a little consolidation takes place, the soil cracks and is
heaved up. Lateral vibration of the shaft from each blow of the hammer forms an
enlarged hole, which can then fill with groundwater or extruded porewater. This, and
'strain softening', which occurs due to the large strains in the clay as the pile is
advanced, lead to a considerable reduction in skin friction compared with the
undisturbed shear strength (su) of the clay. To account for this in design calculations
an adhesion factor, α, is introduced. Values of α can be found from empirical data
previously recorded. A maximum value (for stiff clays) of 0.45 is recommended.
The ultimate bearing capacity Qf of a driven pile in cohesive soil can be calculated
from:
Qf = Qb + Qs
where B is the diameter of the pile, H is the thickness between the base of the pile and
the top of the weaker layer, q2 is the ultimate base resistance in the weak layer, q1 is
the ultimate base resistance in the strong layer.
Effects of groundwater Bearing capacity of piles
The presence and movement of groundwater affects the carrying capacity of
piles, the processes of construction and sometimes the durability of piles in
service.
Effects on construction
When a concrete cast-in-place pile is being installed and the bottom of the borehole is
below the water table, and there is water in the borehole, a 'tremie' is used.
With its lower end lowered to the bottom of the borehole, the tremmie is filled with
concrete and then slowly raised, allowing concrete to flow from the bottom. As the
tremie is raised during the concreting it must be kept below the surface of the concrete
in the pile. Before the tremie is withdrawn completely sufficient concrete should be
placed to displace all the free water and watery cement. If a tremie is not used and
more than a few centimetres of water lie in the bottom of the borehole, separation of
the concrete can take place within the pile, leading to a significant reduction in
capacity.
A problem can also arise when boring takes place through clays. Site investigations
may show that a pile should terminate in a layer of clay. However, due to natural
variations in bed levels, there is a risk of boring extending into underlying strata.
Unlike the clay, the underlying beds may be permeable and will probably be under a
considerable head of water. The 'tapping' of such aquifers can be the cause of
difficulties during construction.
• qc, qq, q . = load contributions from cohesion, soil weight and surcharge
• Nc, Nq, N . = bearing capacity factors for cohesion, soil weight and surcharge
• c = cohesion strength of soil
• q = soil weight
• γ’ = effective bulk density of soil ( γ' = γ - γw )
• B = width of the foundation
NOTE: γ’ is used only for the portion of the soil that is submerged, otherwise the bulk
density γ is used (neither is a dry weight!)
N is the average blows per foot in the stratum, number of blows of a 140-pound
hammer falling 30 inches to drive a standard sampler (1.42" I. D., 2.00" O. D.) one
foot. The sampler is driven 18 inches and blows counted the last 12 inches.
Sand Clay
Undrained Compressive
Density N N
strength (psf)
Very loose 0-4 <2 <500 Very soft
Loose 4-10 2-4 500-1,000 Soft
Medium 10-30 4-8 1,000-2,000 Medium
Dense 30-50 8-15 2,000-4,000 Stiff
Very dense >50 15-30 4,000-8,000 Very stiff
>30 >8,000 Hard
ESTIMATION OF SOIL PARAMETERS FROM STANDARD
PENETRATION TESTS
Very Very
Description Loose Medium Dense
Loose Dense
Standard penetration resistance
0 4 10 30 50
corr’d, N'*
Approx. angle of internal friction,
25 – 30 27 – 32 30 – 35 35 – 40 38 – 43
(φ)degrees**
Approx. range of moist unit 90 – 110 – 120 –
70 – 100 130 – 150
weight, (γ)pcf** 115 130 140
Very Very
Consistency Soft Medium Stiff Hard
Soft Stiff
qu, ksf 0 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 8.0
Field standard penetration
0 2 4 8 16 32
Resistance, N
100 –
γ(moist) pcf 110 – 130 120 – 140
120
The bearing capacity of soils for shallow foundations generally follows the acceptable
Terzaghi-Meyerhof equation.
Q ult is the ultimate bearing capacity. To get the acceptable, you may use a factor of safety
of 3.
Ny,Nc and Nq are capacity factors, and need to be looked from a chart. It is a function of
friction angle phi
Correction is required for for size and depth of footing.
From here there are correlation from N values to estimated undrained shear strength (for
cohesive soils).
If you want details, I suggest that you look at one of the soil mechanics or Foundation
Engrg book, or visit the web site of US Army and read the text on bearing capacity of
soils Document number EM 1110-1-1905
Address is
http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-manuals/em.htm
You can read the documents using acrobat (pdf file)
First to start, it is important that you know that predictions on bearing capacity using SPT
are only moderately reliable, principally due to some inconsistencies in SPT test
procedures.
Furthermore, the standard penetration test are not too good for predict pile capacities in
cohessive soils.
By the way, your question is for shallow or deep (pile)foundations?
For the second of them you could use these formulas:
MEYERHOF
End bearing:
qe = minor of 0,40*N'60(at toe)*D/B*sigma.r and 4*N'60(at toe)*sigma.r (Sands and
gravels)
qe = minor of 0,40*N'60(at toe)*D/B*sigma.r and 3*N'60(at toe)*sigma.r (Non plastic
silts)
Skin Friction:
fs = sigma.r/50*N60 (Large displacement piles)
fs = sigma.r/100*N60 (Small displacement piles)
Where:
qe= unit point resistance
fs= unit lateral resistance
sigma.r=100 KPa =2000 lb/ft2
D/B is the ratio pile embedment depth- diameter
N'60 is the normalized value for the SPT, corrected for overburden pressures and field
procedures.
N'60= CN*N60
CN= 2/(1+sigma.v/sigma.r)
sigma v= Overburden pressure
N60 is the SPT value corrected for field procedures. It assumes an standard of 60% of
efficiency of the penetration hammer. If you are not sure of the efficiency of the hammer,
you can assume your N= N60. Off course, you can mislead if your efficiency is less than
60 %, because it will need the next transformation:
N60= N* % Efficiency/60
BRIAUD:
qe= 19,7*sigma.r*(N60)^0,36
fs= 0,224*sigma.r*(N60)^0,29
BOWLES:
fs= Xm*N55 (or N60)
Xm= 2,0 for large volume displacement
Xm= 1,0 for small volume displacement