The Solid Waste Stream

Concepts, Effects and Approaches

Ms. Sheila S. Cabral, MBS

Department of Biological Sciences
Learning Objectives

• define solid waste

• identify the composition of SW
• appreciate the magnitude of the
situation: national and local
• acknowledge approaches and
mitigation efforts
Plastic ka ba?
Plastic ba ang mga
Angeleneans?
Realities in AUF
Realities in AUF
Consumerism, hype and the
evolution of our drinks

#FeelingBlessed
The 8th Continent???

https://marinedebris.noaa.gov
Great Pacific Garbage Patch

NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center

WHAT IS SOLID
WASTE?
What is solid waste?
• household garbage
• food waste
• yard waste
• demolition or construction debris
• household appliances, furniture,
scrap metal, machinery
• discarded--> non-functional?
(Mason Country Washington Gov't and
Information Center)
SOURCES OF GARBAGE
Point source vs Non-point
source
How much are we producing?
• 0.5 k per person
• Metro Manila: 0.5k x 10.5M=
5250 MT per day
• Angeles City: 100 M on solid
waste disposal (Angeles City
Environment and Natural Resources
Office)
 RESOURCES
IN THE
WRONG PLACE

BACTERIA

CONSUMER
GOODS
NON-BIODE
GRADABLE
INORGANIC
MATERIALS
COMPOUNDS
Effects to Marine Biodiversity
Leachate: Garbage Juice
Carbon Carbon dioxide methane

Sulfate salts Hydrogen sulfide

Sulfur (stinks and
poisonous)

Nitrogen Nitrate salts Ammonia

(stinks and
poisonous)
BASED ON LEACHATE SAMPLING, RODRIGUEZ AND PAYATAS
GENERATE AN ESTIMATED 26 Kg OF LEAD AND 76 Kg OF ARSENIC
ANNUALLY INTO THE GROUNDWATER, RIVERS, LAKES AND BAY OF
METRO MANILA.
LEAD : 22 TIMES ABOVE STANDARD.

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
ARSENIC: 60 TIMES ABOVE MAXIMUM SAFE
LEVELS

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2
HEALTH IMPACTS

Declining sperm count

Congenital malformation in children
Cancer of breast & ovary, testes & prostate
Retarded sexual development
Retarded neurobehavioral development
(impairment of memory & intelligence)
What happens to the waste?
• sanitary landfills
• open dumpsites
• dumping on bodies of water
• burning
The
Payatas
Tragedy
July 2000
Irisan Dumpsite, Baguio City
Aug. 2011 Typhoon Mina

Image: GMA News

Strategies and Approaches: LAWS
R.A. 9003
• Philippine Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000
a. protection of public health and
environment
b. use of environmentally sound
methods--> utilization of valuable
resources, conservation and recovery
R.A. 2003 con't
• set guidelines and target --> SW
avoidance and volume reduction
• segragation, collection, transport,
storage, treatment and disposal
• national research and development
programs
• encourage private sector participation
R.A. 9003 con't
• enforcement and responsibility SWM
--> LGU; cooperation with nat'l govt
• public participation --> national and
integrated, comprehensive ESWM
programs
• ESWM and environmental awareness
in the curricula
Local: Angeles City
• Ordinance no. 302, series 2011
• guide, control and regulate
generation, storage, collection,
transport and disposal of SW
• biodegradable and non-
biodegradable --> residential level
Local: Angeles City con't
• ordinance no. 314, series 2012
• Angeles City Environmental and Solid
Waste Management Board and
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF)
• City Solid Waste Management Plan-
10 yr plan
• monitoring, collection, processing,
reduction, composting
Local: Angeles City
• March 1, 2014
• Partnership with Holcim-->
GEOCYCLE (Cement Kiln Co-
processing procedure)
• thermal destruction of waste +
recover energy = CEMENT
• But first: SEGREGATE
Update of AC's MRF
• November 1, 2014
• Shutdown in Brgy. Pampang (close to
Pampang Market, ONA, City College
and ACCHS)
• Kalangitan, Sanitary Landfill, Capas
PLASTICS
Plastics 101
Top 5 Generators of Plastic
Wastes (2015)
• China
• Indonesia
• Philippines
• Thailand
• Vietnam
= 60% of total plastics dumped in the
world's oceans (Plastic Leakage)
2016 Statistics
Bangkung Mapalad Critical
Habitat, Sasmuan, Pampanga
Homo sapiens
means “the
thinking man?!”
#CleanSeas Campaign
• UN Environment
• Targets: Microplastics and single-use
plastics
Recycling Symbols
• #1 PETE
- polyethylene
terephthalate
Recycling Symbols
• #2 HDPE
- milk, household
cleaners, juice
bottles
• #3 V or PVC
- food wraps,
detergent bottles
-with phthalates
PVC products
 Health Concerns
• Carcinogenic
• Reproductive system
– Male : Birth defects of the
genitals, infertility later in life.
– Female : Possible risk for breast
cancer, and reproductive
abnormalities
 Recycling Symbols
• #4 LDPE
- squeezable bottles, shopping
bags
• #5 PP
- yoghurt,
ketchup,
medicine
• #6 PS
- difficult to recycle,
leachate
- CD cases,
disposable
utensils,
Styrofoam
 Health Concern
• Neurotoxic (fatigue, nervousness,
difficulty sleeping)
• Hematological (Low platelet, ;
hemoglobin level)
• Cytogenetic (chromosomal and
lymphatic abnormalities)
• Carcinogenic
Recycling Symbols
• #7 Other
-polycarbonates,
bisphenol A
(BPA)
- cases of
gadgets,
sunglasses
Other concerns on plastics

• BPA- xenoestrogen
• Styrene- neurotoxin
Bottomline:
• Must avoid: #3, 6 and
7
• Safer: #2, 4 and 5 (but
limited only)
BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTICS
Biodegradable Plastics
I. Bio-based
- breakdown 60% w/in 180
days with water, heat and
air

II. Thermal Based Film

- with additives
A. Oxo-biodegradable
B. Hydro-biodegradable