PEARL ALCON, ANGELICA AUGUIS, LORENZO CORTEZ, JV RAMOS, MICHELE NUDQUE LAB 13 – ANIMALS

DATE PERFORMED: OCTOBER 9, 2019 DATE SUBMITTED: OCTOBER 11, 2019

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
CRUSTACEA HEXAPODA CHELICERATA MYRIAPODA
ARTHROPODS

Crustaceans are characterized by

biramous (or two-branched) They have a segmented body and
appendages. The ventral branch is segmented limbs and a thick
The Myriapoda’s body is also
used as a leg, while the dorsal A hexapoda’s body is subdivided chitinous cuticle called an
Body divisions subdivided into 3 parts which are
branch is used for respiration. into 3: Head, Thorax, Abdomen. exoskeleton (lucidcentral.org,
the head, thorax and abdomen
Their bodies are also divided into n.d.). Their body is subdivided into
the cephalothorax and abdomen a cephalothorax and an abdomen.
(segmented).
Decapods, a subphylum of The posterior appendages of four
crustacea have 10 walking legs (or Hexapoda has three pairs of legs: pairs of appendages are normally Myriapoda has many pairs of
no. pairs of legs
5 pairs) which originate from the foreleg, midleg, hindleg. used for walking (lucidcentral.org, walking legs.
decapod cephalothorax. n.d.).
The head has two pairs of
no. of antennae antennae (Enchanted Learning, They have one pair of antennae. They have no antennae. They have one pair of antennae .
2018).
The name Myriapoda suggests
they have myriad (10,000) legs,
but they range from less than ten
legs to up to 750 legs. Millipedes
The abdominal segments have 5
They have a total of six legs with Their 4 pairs of walking legs are differ from the other groups in
pairs of swimmerets (swimming
five parts which are the coxa, found in the posterior appendages having their body segments fused
Number and arrangement of legs legs) which are biramous. They
trochanter, femur, tibia, and of the animal (lucidcentral.org, into pairs, giving the appearance
also have 5 pairs of walking legs
tarsus. n.d.). that each segment bears two pairs
sprouting from the cephalothorax.
of legs, while the other three
groups have a single pair of legs on
each body segment (New World
Encyclopedia, 2018).
It has a tracheal system with
As mentioned above, the dorsal Aquatic species have book gills
spiracles. Many spiracles have
branch of the crustacean’s while terrestrial species use book Myriapoda also uses the tracheal
Respire by valves that can open and close to
appendages are used for lungs or tracheae (Ziser Lecture system for respiration.
deliver oxygen directly to body
respiration by acting as a gill. Notes, 2012).
cells.

Development (direct/indirect)
Principal habitat
Development of the fertilized egg
Direct or what is called the Indirect - development may
is usually direct in terrestrial Development may be direct or
“anamorphic growth” include a larval form that is
species and indirect in marine indirect.
(ucmp.berkeley.edu, 2002) markedly different from the adult.
chelicerates (Houseman, n.d.).
Most members of the group are
Most crustaceans live in water, They are commonly found in
terrestrial. They are the 1st group Terrestrial, found under logs of
but some live on land. They are terrestrial habitats (land, forests,
of animals to successfully make wood stones.
the most numerous in the ocean grasslands, deserts, shorelines,
transition to land (Ziser Lecture
(Enchanted Learning, 2018). and wetlands)
Notes, 2012).

HOLOTHUROIDEA
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
ASTEROIDEA OPHIUROIDEA ECHINOIDEA
ECHINODERMS

This phylum possesses pentaradial

Species under class asteroidea
have pentaradial symmetry with
Symmetry
five arms that radiate from a
central disc.
Asteriodea are composed of a
central disc that merges with the
tapering arms. An ambulacral
area, runs from the mouth on the
oral side of each arm to the tip of
the arm. An ambulacral groove is
found along the middle of each
ambulacral area, and is bordered
General body structure
by rows of tube feet. These are
protected by movable spines. The
aboral surface is rough and spiny.
Also found on the aboral side are
the inconspicuous anus and the
circular madreporite, a calcareous
sieve leading to the water-vascular
system.
Echinoids have an egg shaped, They are Bilaterally symmetrical.
symmetry, a variant of radial
circular body which is Their axis of symmetry is
symmetry that arranges roughly
hemispherical (pentaradially horizontal unlike other
equal parts around a central axis at
symmetrical) (Zoll, 1994). echinoderms (Meyers, 1994).
orientations of 72° apart
Five (rarely 6-7) symmetrically
The Holothuroideans are a very
placed, long, slender, often spiny
unique group of echinoderms.
jointed arms radiate from a small
They are the only class that is soft
flattened disk. The disk may have a They have a globoid shape without
bodied rather than hard with
circular, pentagonal or scalloped any arms are features the sea
well-developed circular and
contour and the arms are sharply urchins share with the sea
longitudinal muscles. The mouth
demarcated from it. The cucumbers. (The tentacles
is surrounded by modified tube
serpentine appearance and surrounding the mouth of sea
feet that form a ring of tentacles.
movement of the arms give the cucumbers have evolved from
The number of tentacles varies
ophiuroids their name of serpent tube feet.) Like other
from 8-30. Tube feet can be
stars. The aboral disk surface may echinoderms, they have a fivefold
found all over the
be smooth and leathery, symmetry and move around on a
holothuroidean's body that are
granulated, spiny, scaly or the large number of hydraulically
usually contracted within the
embedded plates may be visible. powered tube feet. Sea urchins
external body wall. They are
The arms lack ambulacral grooves have a outer shell equipped with
sessile and very sluggish. The
(sea asteroids)and have joints protecting spines (Telnes, 2019)
body wall contains reduced
composed of internal ossicles
spicules found in shapes of rods,
(called vertebral ossicles or
crosses or hooks.
vertebrae).
 The mouth is located in the
The mouth leads to a large saclike
peristomal membrane. The The mouth and anus are located at
stomach that fills most of the body
The mouth is located in the center mouth leads to the intestine and separate ends of the sea
cavity. There is no intestine or
of the oral surface. The anus is anus, which is located in the cucumber's elongated body. In the
anus, and solid waste is extruded
Location of mouth, anus, and located at the apex of the aboral center of the aboral surface in Holothuroidea, the madreporite is
through the mouth. The
madreporite surface of the disc. The regular echinoids. The anus is unattached to the coelom and is
madreporite is usually located
madreporite is located on the either posterior or on the oral internal, lying beneath the
within one of the jaw plates, and
aboral surface. surface of irregular echinoids. pharynx in the CD-interambulacral
not on the upper side of the
Madreporite is located in the position (Meyers, 1994).
animal as it is in starfish.
aboral side (Follo & Fautin, 2001).
The bodies of asteroidea are
composed of calcium carbonate
While support in most
plates, known as ossicles. These Like all echinoderms, they possess
echinoderms is from the skeletal
form the endoskeleton, which a skeleton of calcium carbonate in
They have skeletal plates that bear structure, in sea cucumbers, thick
takes forms such as spines and the form of calcite. They are
many movable spines and three sheets of body wall muscles
granules. They do not have supported by an internal skeleton
Skeleton jawed pedicellariae. Echninoids provide support. Microscopic
movable skeletons, but instead of calcium carbonate plates
also have tubed feet, however ossicles (or sclerietes) are on the
possess a hydraulic water vascular referred to as vertebral ossicles. In
they do not have arms. dermal layer and are used in
system which has a projection ophiuroids, the calcite ossicles are
taxonomic identification
called “tube feet” which function fused to form armor plates.
(Mulcrone, 2005).
in locomotion and aid with
feeding.

Additional Questions:
1. Theorize on the function of the legs based on forms. Legs located in the cephalothorax are used for walking and the swimmerets are used for swimming.
2. On which segments do the wings attach? The thorax is the middle region of the body, and it bears the legs and wings
3. Where is the anus of heart urchins located? Heart urchins have well-developed petals and the anus is on the side of the skeleton instead of on the aboral surface.

Websites

https://cronodon.com/BioTech/Ophiuroids.html
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/28%3A_Invertebrates/28.5%3A_Superphylum_Deuterost
omia/28.5B%3A_Classes_of_Echinoderms
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/invertebrates/starfish.htm
https://www.thoughtco.com/madreporite-definition-2291661
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-echinodermata/
Works Cited

Austin Community College District. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.austincc.edu/.

comenius.susqu.edu. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/animals/protostomes/ecdysozoa/hexapoda/hexapoda-synoptic-description.html.
Enchanted Learning. (2018). Crustacean Printouts. Retrieved from Enchanted Learning: https://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/invertebrates/crustacean/
Follo, J., & Fautin, D. G. (2001). Echinoidea. Retrieved from Abnimal Diversity Web: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Echinoidea/
Houseman, J. G. (n.d.). Suphylum Chelicerata. Retrieved from http://salinella.bio.uottawa.ca:
http://salinella.bio.uottawa.ca/digitalzoology/ArthChel/default.php?Chel_Chel_Readabout.htm
lucidcentral.org. (n.d.). Key to Australian Freshwater and Terrestrial Invertebrates: Phylum Arthropoda, Subphylum Chelicerata. Retrieved from Lucid Central :
https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/Starting%20key/Media/HTML/Arthropoda%20Chelicerata.html
Meyers, C. K. (1994). Class Holothuroidea. Retrieved from http://jupiter.plymouth.edu: http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/holothuroidea.html
Mulcrone, R. S. (2005, January 28). Holothuroidea. Retrieved from Animal Diversity Web: https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Holothuroidea/
New World Encyclopedia. (2018, November 2). Myriapoda. Retrieved from New World Encyclopedia: https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Myriapoda
Polinovi Follow. (2016, November 30). Hexapoda. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/polinovi/hexapoda.Telnes, K. (2019, December 19). Sea Urchins -
Echinoidea. Retrieved from Kåre Telnes: http://www.seawater.no/fauna/echinodermata/Echinoidea.html
ucmp.berkeley.edu. (2002, May). Crustaceamorpha: Metamorphosis and Larvae. Retrieved from ucmp.berkeley.edu:
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/crustacea/metamorphosis.html
Ziser Lecture Notes. (2012). Arthropods - Chelicerates. Retrieved from austincc.edu: https://www.austincc.edu/sziser/Biol%201413/LectureNotes/lnexamIII/Arthropods-
Chelicerates.pdf
Zoll, T. J. (1994). Tara J. Zoll. Retrieved from upiter.plymouth.edu: http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/echinoidea.html