CHAPTER II

This chapter represents the review on related literature and studies regarding topic about

the factors affecting the performance of Biological Science majors in Licensure Examination for

Teachers (LET)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The performance of graduates in licensure examination and their employability are key

performance indicators in quality assurance. The quality of teacher education curriculum offered

by universities is measured by the graduates’ performance in the licensure examination for

teachers and their employability in teaching. The examination is necessary before an education

graduate student becomes a licensed teacher. Licensure Examination for Teachers assesses the

depth of understanding of a particular student and how well would he be able to teach when

given the opportunity.

There are several factors that affect the performance of students in the Licensure

Examination for Teachers. Pilarta (2011), in her study entitled, “Status of Public Secondary

Schools in Abra”, exposed that the administrators’ present position and administrative

experience had a significant relationship with their performance. The adequacy of physical plant

and facilities, instructional materials, and support services were associated with the performance

of the administrators. Teachers’ position, number of trainings attended and number of

preparations, on the other hand, as well as the land area of the school, adequacy of instructional

materials and physical plant and facilities were significantly related with their performance. The

administrators’ performance also had a significant relationship with the performance of the

school particularly on repetition rate.

 According to Pachejo and Allaga (2013), Curriculum misalignment including failure to

fulfill educational trainings and mock examinations were the problems encountered by the

education graduates. Losing quality educational system largely affects the academic, social and

pedagogical learning of the examinees resulting in to loss of motivation, interest and

determination in their examination.

Pachejo and Allaga (2013), also stated in the study they conducted in Rizal Technological

University that Academic Performance of examinees in the field of Specialization (Computer

Education, English, Filipino, Mathematics, Science and Social Studies), General Education

(Social Sciences, Mathematics, Science, Filipino and English) and Professional Education,

serves as the key factor in their L.E.T. performance. Study have been revealed that academic

grades of the student serves as the predictor in achieving 90% of passing rate for 2010 board

examination.

On the other hand, competency of reviewers also has an effect on the performance of

students in the Licensure Examination for Teachers. academic performance in terms of

Specialization (Computer Education, English, Filipino, Mathematics, Science and Social

Studies), General Education (Social Sciences, Mathematics, Science, Filipino and English) and

Professional Education serves as the strong predictor of Board Examination Performance

(Pascua and Navalta, 2011), (Pachejo and Allaga, 2013), (Garcia, 2010) and (Figuerres, 2010). It

has been recommended to continually conduct comprehensive or mock examinations to

education graduates before taking Licensure Examination for Teachers to increase their

probability in passing the board examination (Riney et al, 2006), (Tella, 2008) and (Xu and Ye,

2014).
 Faltado (2014), found out that type of school is not a factor in passing the examination

while the admission and retention policy, curriculum and instruction, and faculty competence are

significantly correlated with the performance in the examination Pascua and Navalta (2011),

moreover, also found out in their study that the degree course; Grade Point Average, English

proficiency, and Admission Test Score indicated significant relationship with LET performance

of graduates of the Nueva Vizcaya State University Marpa (2014), revealed that the Philippine

Normal University admission test and College grade point average significantly predicted

performance of graduates in the Licensure Examination The study of Castillo (2011), disclosed

that the academic achievement of the graduates in general education subjects was found to be the

best determinant of success of the BSEd graduates in the LET.

This research paper adopts the idea of other researchers wherein in their study, they

found out that there are particular things that determine the success in the Licensure Examination

for Teachers. The research studies conducted by Pascua (2011), Navalta (2011), Marla (2014) &

Castillo (2011) only falls under a certain conclusion that academic performance, grade point

average and English proficiency should be molded by teachers.

These studies only suggest that the variety of performance of teacher education graduates in the

Licensure Examination for Teachers is an important determinant of the performance of the

teacher education graduates in the Licensure Examination for Teachers.

In the study conducted by Arenillo (2009), found that there was a significant relationship

between the board performances of graduates with the knowledge they obtained in their pre-

service education.

Universities and review center are the factors that largely affect their board examination

performance. Navalta, et.al (2006), stated in their study on the “Effectiveness of the LET
Review Program” that there is a significant difference on the LET performance between those

who enrolled and did not enroll the review program, and that those who enrolled in the review

program performed better than those who did not.

In relation to this, Pinol (2000), stated that the future of our generations of Filipinos to manage

their affairs depends to a great extent on teacher who trains students in proper attitudes, values,

and skills that will make them successful and happy individuals, good citizens, and productive

members of society. It is necessary to have a competent teacher to produce a successful student

in the future. To be able to be a competent teacher, one has to use variety of teaching styles. It

determines the capacity of a teacher to engage his students in activities that will improve their

skills and performance.

Another predictor of student's success in their performance in the Licensure Examination

is the teaching style used by their teachers back in college. According to Clotfelter et al. (2006)

teacher's experience, teaching styles, education, and licensure test scores have positive effects on

student's achievement.

Competency of teachers during instruction has a prior impact on the performance of

teacher education graduates thus provides a huge effect on their success in the Licensure

Examination for Teachers. Having a competent teacher shows how and why this is particularly

related with the performance of the students in the examination.

This study tackles about the factors that affect the performance of the students in the

Licensure Examination for Teachers and the researchers assumed that these factors include the

following: Review opportunities, Review preparations, Facilities, Competencies of teachers,

Competencies of reviewers, Curriculum, Teaching style of teachers and Adequacy of knowledge

in the Professional Education, General Education, and field of specialization.

The Licensure Examination for Teachers influences the overall quality of teachers and

teaching. The quality of teacher education and of professional development influences teachers’

knowledge and skills that is why it is important to know the significant relationship between

these factors and the performance of students in the Licensure Examination for Teachers. This

may be helpful in drawing out a finer solution in increasing the rate of those who pass the

examination.

DEFINITION OF VARIABLES

The theory of our study proposed that there are some factors that affects the performance

of Biological Science major students in the Licensure Examination for Teachers. This theory

shows some obvious variables such as the number of months devoted by the students in

preparing for the Licensure Examination. We can also imply that the factors affecting their

performance can also be the variables since a variable is any aspect of a theory that can vary or

change and is measurable. These variables can be classified as independent variable ( IV ) the

variable we start with ( the input variable ) and the dependent variable ( DV ) the variable we end

up with ( outcome variable.

Let's start with the independent variable. The independent variable includes the following

which are also considered to be the factors affecting the performance of students in the Licensure

Examination for Teachers: Review opportunities, Review preparations, Facilities, Competencies

of teachers, Competencies of reviewers, Curriculum, Teaching style of teachers and Adequacy of

knowledge in the Professional Education, General Education, and field of specialization.

 The dependent variable would be the actual performance of the student in the

examination Competencies of teachers, Competencies of reviewers, Curriculum, Teaching style

of teachers and Adequacy of knowledge in the Professional Education, General Education, and

field of specialization are just some of the variables that determine the success of the

performance of the teacher education graduates in the Licensure Examination for Teachers since

it is important to have a strong background knowledge that can be used when taking the exam.

This can only be shaped well if the teacher is competent and is able to attain his objectives in

teaching by using a variety of teaching styles.

Moreover, the number of hours they devoted in preparing for the Licensure Examination

is a variable that should be considered. It is helpful in tracing the cause why some students failed

to pass the examination. We can perceive that from this that they lack preparation.

Universities and review center are the factors that largely affect their board examination

performance. On the other hand, the dependent variable or the outcome variable is the

performance of the students in the Licensure Examination for Teachers. This variable is

dependent on the independent variables which were mentioned at the latter part of this. All of

these potential explanations and variables need to be addressed for the results of research to be

valid.

We could add addition variables, although adding more variable would only make the

study more complex. And it calls for a greater extent in researching.