Universidad de Manila

Cecilia Muñoz Palma St., cor. Antonio Villegas St.,

Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila

Aftermath of Procrastination on the Academic Performances

Of Senior High School Students in
Universidad de Manila

An Undergraduate Research Paper Presented

To Universidad de Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Senior High School Major

In Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Submitted to:
Prof. Reginald Pabico

Aquino, Lexter T.
Balay, Harold Louise S.
Eugenio, Jeremiah Ryugi Mari P.
Jasmin, Florence Marianne M.
Macapagal, Macriz C.
Sibayan, Camille M.

2019
 Universidad de Manila
Cecilia Muñoz Palma St., cor. Antonio Villegas St.,
Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila

Chapter 1

I. Introduction

Nowadays, procrastination has become a common practice used by people in their

daily lifestyle. Almost every person does this habit, not knowing that this is not a simple

habit to be shook off, procrastination is seemingly harmless, yet it induces various

consequences. However, it mostly affects students as they tend to delay academic tasks.

According to Solomon and Rothblum (1994), academic procrastination refers to the

tendency to put off or delay tasks related to one’s study so that they are either not fully

completed by their due dates or have to be rushed to be finished. Studies have shown

that up to 70 percent of the students procrastinate on a regular basis (e.g. Shouwenburg,

2004).

Instead of writing term papers and preparing for the examinations, they surf

through the internet and communicate through social media (Grund et. al. 2012). Jamella

Balondo, a Grade 11 student, undergo difficulties in her performances in school because

of procrastination she was influenced by peers. As a result, she comes with an

unorganized ideas and thoughts on recitation and produced bad outcomes in class

performances.

Students of the Senior High School in Universidad de Manila are just ones

belonging to a common group of students striving hard to excel beyond usual academic
capacities. Although, inevitably, these students are hooked in the habit of delaying the

management of tasks and instead, leisure and various forms of recreation are done.

Hereupon occurs the habit of procrastinating.

Contemporarily, millennial students rely on the convenience given by the

technology regarding to finishing school works. However, every student must be aware

that using mobile gadgets while doing school business may risk it to not be finished.

Frequently, students get distracted by different forms of recreation and procrastinate

instead. Yaakub (2002) proved that procrastination is widespread to the age range of the

teenagers. According to Pychyl (2008) we procrastinate mainly because of our irrational

beliefs and attitude towards to the given task.

Such habit impacts negatively on students’ personality, their learnings and their

supposed achievements almost in all levels of studies and subjects (Irshad Hussaina and

Sarwat Sultan 2010). So, we must be able to set a pace that meets the expectations on

high performances within a period of specific time. It should be kept in mind that taking a

break is different from delaying tasks. Students should not overwork, however wasting

time on unproductive doings must be avoided.

Most of the senior high students in Universidad de Manila is affected by

procrastination that led them to experience obscure serious matters. Not only does this

habit occur on certain schools yet everywhere. Awareness on this matter is very

significant to this point, since almost all of the students as on large regions, countries,

procrastination is internationally widespread, students become really prone to having

such habit.
 Procrastination might seem harmless, though actually, it hideously causes

negative consequences. It affects their performance in their study which causes them to

get unsatisfactory remarks as expected from living with this habit. This study is very

significant in promoting awareness on the said habit, for it will help students acknowledge

the substance of time management.

Even decades before, procrastination among students is very common. It can be

through going to a friend’s house just for fun, playing games, taking a nap, watching TV

or even just daydreaming, doing these instead of managing assignments or projects.

Contemporarily, with the use of technological devices and gadgets such as mobile

phones, computers and the Internet, these assisted procrastination. Especially, with the

use of social media platforms and mobile gaming, leaving your tasks for such

entertainment will cause big impacts on time management negatively.

With all the above-mentioned points, as Universidad de Manila Senior High School

researchers, our objective is to find out what are the aftermaths of the students’

procrastination on their study and their performance in our school.

This study is primarily for the purpose of letting the students apprehend the effects

of procrastination in their academic performances and to prevent this habit among the

Universidad de Manila’s Senior High School students, which will promote awareness to

this habit and greater academic performance.

II. Statement of the Problem

 The objective of this phenomenological study is to determine, one-by-one, the

causes and effects of procrastination. As well as to promote awareness on this certain

widespread negative habit.

This research aims to answer the following questions:

1. How do most students procrastinate and how long does it usually last?

2. What factors provoke students to procrastinate?

3. How do mobile gadgets, internet and other activities affect the students’

performance in school?

4. How do mobile gadgets, internet and other activities affect the students’

lifestyles?

5. Why do students choose to procrastinate instead of finishing their significant

tasks?

6. How could students avoid the habit of procrastinating?

III. Scope and Delimitation

This study will be focusing on the factors and aftermaths of procrastination on the

academic performance of the Senior High School students of Universidad de Manila

(UDM) in the city of Manila for the school year 2018-2019. The data gathering will be

conducted from September until the end of the semester.

 Open-ended questionnaire/checklist will serve as the main instrument for the data

gathering. The results of this study will be beneficial to all students, especially to the main

subjects, the SHS students for they will be aware of the habit that they should be shaking

off so they could be more competent on academic aspects.

IV. Significance of the Study

There are plenty of researches and studies done about procrastination that can be

found on books and on the internet, assuring it is a serious matter that needs to be taken

action. The purpose of this study is to spread awareness and the necessity for

procrastination to be far from the habits and routines of the students. This study will be

beneficial to the following:

To the students, they may experience a normal excellence and knowledge on

subjects they never had time to learn and study clearly. Greater academic performance

would lead them to having high ideals and be qualified for the life of doing jobs and

managing professions.

To the society, if awareness will be well-promoted, in the near future, society

would have enough quality workers, employees and professionals to work and help

elevate the condition of the economic state of our country.

 Universidad de Manila
Cecilia Muñoz Palma St., cor. Antonio Villegas St.,
Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila

Chapter II

Theoretical Framework

All of us are aware of the feeling of stress throughout working and even in studying.

Especially in students, time management usually becomes a problem, including the habit

of delaying significant tasks. There are many factors that affect the proneness on

procrastinating of students, as well as there’s a variety studies and researches done

about this certain topic.

Review of Related Literature

Foreign Literature

Explained by Knaus (2002) is the idea underlying the habit procrastination is that

‘later is better’ and this is also a usual dilemma behind ‘tomorrow outlook’. Although every

day after promising the task to be done, it always gets delayed still unless until an

ultimatum comes in to definitely push one to work on a task to be done immediately

without any decent quality.

Bluml, Lee, Pychyl, Thibodeau (2000), have discussed that it is generally known

that when one put something off quite logical and makes individual feels good. This is

particularly true when they put some aversive tasks off and do some enjoyable instead.
 According to the Ancient Egyptians, procrastination has a very sinful and evil

connotation. Ferrari and his colleagues noted that “one denoted the useful habit of

avoiding unnecessary work and impulsive effort, while the other denoted the harmful

habits of laziness in completing a task necessary for subsistence, such as tilling the fields

at the appropriate time of year in the Nile flood cycle.

Local Literature

Procrastination is delaying something one needs to do, as described by Lucille

Evangelista, a psychologist. It was stated that it is evident when someone says “mamaya

na” or “saka na may ginagawa pa ako,” phrases manifesting the characteristics of a

procrastinator. As she has stated, it is considered chronic if it is already habitual, when

one does this for a long time, or maybe trying to change such behavior that recurs.

Stated by Felipe Miranda, on Chasing the Wind article, much of the Philippine

history yields to an analysis considering the habit of procrastination to be the dominant

way of life in his country. Subsequently, after more than three hundred years of Spanish

rule, close to half – some would even say a full – century of American primacy. The most

main reason why this is, is the country’s commons as well as the authorities tend to avoid

any serious confrontation with their objective challenges of poverty, criminality, corruption

and systematic oligarchy.

Added by Aaron de Leon, he has always had the belief in the saying “Haste makes

waste.” Although there are some who possesses a natural given talent in producing

quality output given extreme time pressure, not everyone has the innate talent or skill.
 Review of Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Ferrari and Tice (2000) has conducted a study that determined procrastination as

a self-handicap. The study conducted was a product of two separate experiments. At the

initial experiment, 59 undergraduate students served as participants. The participants

were given 15 minutes to prepare for an “important” mathematical test that would

apparently be predictive of cognitive abilities.

Janssen and Carton (1999), analyzed the effects of locus of control and difficulty

of task on procrastination. The participants were 42 undergraduate students enrolled in

an introductory psychology course. According to Petri and Govern (2004), locus of control

is an individual’s expectation about the control of reinforcement. Individuals that have an

internal locus of control perceive rewards and punishments as a result of their own

behavior. On the other hand, individuals that have an external locus of control perceive

rewards and punishments as beyond their personal control.

Various physical, emotional and mental problems appear to be associated with

procrastination. It may create embarrassment and inferiority complex among students of

which the Thompson, Davidson, and Barber (1995) found negative relationship between

level of ego identity and procrastination.

Local Studies

According to the study of researcher students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Maynila (PLM), procrastination is one of the unpleasant traits of the Filipinos. It delays the

students’ productivity, waste a lot of time and will most probably cause hollow or

unsatisfying grades in their academic performances.

Based on the study of the La Salle University SY 2006-2007, 283 students were

examined based on their self-efficacy and academic performances through propulsive

sampling. The results were revealed that self-efficacy has a weak but highly significant

relationship to academic procrastination.

According to the study of the researcher students of UP Diliman having 217 of the

university students participate, the correlational analyses showed a positive relationship

between procrastination and shame-proneness, but no relationship with guilt-proneness.

Its relationship was fully mediated through the presence of negative emotions.

Researchers considered interventions that promote self-forgiveness could be beneficial

to those students that procrastinate.

Theoretical Framework

According to the theory Anxiety: Fear of Failure, Perfectionism, etc. (Ellis, 1973),

there is a host of anxiety-related reasons that have been thought to cause procrastination.

Essentially, people are believed to procrastinate on tasks because the task itself is

aversive or stressful. Consequently, those who are more susceptible to experiencing

stress should procrastinate more. There are a variety of conditions that make people

anxious, especially irrational beliefs. Irrational beliefs, cognition, or thought is a broad

term that includes several dysfunctional or anxiety-provoking worldviews. They are

characterized as: (1) almost certainly hindering the pursuit of happiness and fulfillment of

desires, and (2) almost completely arbitrary and unprovable. Some examples of irrational

beliefs are fear of failure and perfectionism.

The motivation for self-handicapping is often to protect self-esteem by giving

people an external reason, an “out,” if they fail to do well. Self-handicapping is when

people place obstacles that hinder their own good performance. However, self-

handicapping isn’t necessarily a form of procrastination, which is: “To voluntarily delay an

intended course of action despite expecting to be worse-off for the delay.” Self-

handicappers appear to be acting in their own self-interest, thinking they are protecting

themselves from shame and humiliation. Consequently, Dr. Clarry Lay, one of the first

researchers into procrastination and developer of the General Procrastination Scale,

concludes “to intend to put off some activity to protect one’s self-esteem in not a

procrastinatory behavior.”

Counterintuitively, Piers Steel concluded impulsive people may be more likely to

procrastinate as they are more involved in the desire of the moment and thereby focus

their attention upon them. Procrastinators tend to make plans to work but fail to act upon

them. They tend to choose short term benefits over long-term gains. He even pointed that

impulsiveness are factored by not only one decision making system in the body, but two.

The Prefrontal Cortex is responsible for long range thinking, such as what you’ll do next

week or a New Year’s resolution. It has good intention but tends to fall weak to the

impulsive need of the limbic system. The Limbic System is mostly concerned with

immediate and concrete rewards such as things you can instantly smell, touch, taste and
hear. It also has a direct connection with the brain’s amygdala where one’s basic emotion

arise. Therefore, it typically tends to override the Prefrontal Cortex that is concerned with

the future outcomes.

The most supported theory to help cease procrastination is the Temporal

Motivation Theory: Core Theory of The Procrastination Equation (TMT) formulated by

Piers Steel with the help of the basis formed by George A. Miller of the American

Psychological Association who wrote the book “The Nature of Procrastination”. Temporal

Motivation Theory (aka The Procrastination Equation) represents the most recent

developments in motivational research; it is an integrative theory from which most other

motivational theories can be derived. It suggests that the reasons why people make any

decision can be largely represented by the following equation:

Motivation indicates the drive or preference for a course of action, what economists

call utility. Naturally, the higher the utility, the greater the preference. On the top of the

equation, the numerator, we have two variables: Expectancy and Value. Expectancy

refers to the odds or chance of an outcome occurring while Value refers to how rewarding

that outcome is. Naturally, we would like to choose pursuits that give us a good chance

of having a pleasing outcome. On the bottom of the equation, the denominator, we also

have two variables. Impulsiveness refers to your sensitivity to delay. The more impulsive

you are, the less you like to delay gratification. Finally, Delay indicates how long, on
average, you must wait to receive the payout, that is the expected reward. Since delay is

in the bottom of the equation, the longer the delay, the less motivated we feel about taking

actions. Even more important regarding procrastination is the effects of delay. We like our

rewards not only to be large but also to be immediate.

Consequently, we will most likely procrastinate any tasks that are unpleasant in

the present and offer rewards only in the distant future. In other words, many would be

more likely to put off higher priority tasks if there are options available that are immediately

pleasurable (even if they have sizeable but delayed costs). People tend to call such

options temptations.
 RESEARCH PARADIGM

INPUT PROCESS
Profile of SHS students Analysis of data through:
A) age A) questionnaires
B) grade level B) informal interviews
C) activity that they do when
they procrastinate
Time spent of SHS students
in
A) school
B) procrastinating
OUTPUT
Data Collection
Known the aftermath of procrastination of SHS
students in their academic performance
Common activity that SHS students perform
while procrastinating.
Awareness of procrastination within students
would be promoted and taken action.
 Definition of Terms

Impulsiveness – the condition of being impulsive or tending to do things suddenly and

without any careful thought

Locus – a central or main place where something happens or is found

Mañana Habit – A pattern of behavior of Filipinos to procrastinate or delay the duty

Self-efficacy – One’s confidence and belief on himself/herself to achieve his/her goals

Self-handicapping – It occurs when a person has enough discouragement on

himself/herself that he/she prohibits a talent to be shown

Sustenance – the amount of food, money, etc. that is needed to stay alive

Tilling – the preparation of (soil, a piece of land, etc.) for growing crops

Ultimatum – a final threat; a promise that force or punishment will be used if someone

does not do what is wanted

Oligarchy – a country, business, etc., that is controlled by a small group of people

 Universidad de Manila
Cecilia Muñoz Palma St., cor. Antonio Villegas St.,
Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila

Chapter 3

Methodology

This qualitative study aims to know the primary causes and effects of

procrastination. Particularly focusing on the Senior High School students in Universidad

de Manila.

Research Design

This research utilizes a qualitative design through phenomenological design to

have a detailed analysis.

This research design is appropriate in this study as the data collection will involve

subjective data and will also involve experiences which later on will be analyzed and

interpreted.

Sample and Sampling Technique

The purposive sampling technique is used to choose which respondents to have

for the study. This technique involves handpicking subjects that may suit some particular

attributes. The process of selecting the respondents is non-probability sampling in which

not all the students have an equal chance of being selected.

 The researchers will select an amount of 30 participants as the size of the sample.

Then divide them into 3 groups, with 10 participants each from different strands in Senior

High School: 1st group from STEM, 2nd group from HE, and the 3rd group from ABM.
 Validity and Reliability

Data gathering instruments of this study consists of subjectively answerable

questions, substantially relating to the habit procrastination. Answers collected are

presumably sufficient and accurately satisfactory for the validity information needed by

the researchers to prove and support this research.

Information that is to be gathered within the process of this research would be

considered reliable through the method of internal consistency. Questions prepared are

correlating on each other for stabilizing a more centralized point of the respondents’

answers significant for the study.

Statistical Treatment

Negative study habits, particularly procrastination, might be seemingly an innocent

activity yet it actually is an underrated widespread phenomenon. It is why some experts

were alarmed and are continuously studying about this certain habit. According to the

American Psychological Association, between 80 and 95 percent of students

procrastinate in spite of tasks.

Stated by APS Fellow Joseph Ferrari, a professor of psychology and a pioneer of

modern research, his works has found that as many as 20 percent of people may be

chronic procrastinators. Chronic cases are known to be caused by depression or by some

certain mental illnesses, mostly Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD).

Formed and supported studies only prove procrastination can’t do any good,

making experts eager to suffice the necessity to slow down the increasing rate of people

who execute this habit.

 Presentation and Analysis of Data

1st Question: In a scale of 1 – 5, how busy is your schedule?

Subjective Choices Frequency of Answers

1 – Not busy 1

2 – Slightly busy 0

3 – Moderately busy 9

4 – Busy 13

5 – Very busy 7

As manifested by the results, 43 percent of the respondents answered 4 which

says they have a busy schedule. There is only one that considered himself/herself not

busy at all. However, 23 percent responded that they are very busy, 5 coming from STEM

and 2 from HE.

2nd Question: How do you mostly spend your leisure time?

Subjective Choices Frequency of Answers

Surfing the net 14

Playing video/mobile games 6

Resting/relaxing 13
 Going out 5

Others, then specified 5

Here, the researchers can conclude that internet access and relaxation are the

commonly done recreational activities by students. 47 percent said they surf the net, half

of them from STEM, and the rest from ABM and HE. Half of the 43 percent that said they

relax as well came from STEM. Others have specified answers saying they do house

chores and even school works, still.

3rd Question: Which do you prefer to finish first? (with equal necessity)

Subjective Choices Frequency of Answers

Easier tasks 14

Harder tasks 16

The respondents seemed to almost be divided completely as shown by their

answers. This just means that students really have their own studying habits executed

through their tasks. Though harder tasks are still chosen by more respondents, saying

they’d rather exert full effort initially then just glide by with the easy ones.
4th Question: Approximately, how long is your usage of gadgets lasting in a day?

Legends of Choices Frequency of Answers

A few minutes 1

1 – 2 hours 3

3 – 4 hours 14

5 – 6 hours 10

Others, then specified 2

As to what can be seen here, we can already presume that most students really

immerse themselves with their electronic devices. 47 percent responded that they use

gadgets for 3 – 4 hours, which is common on these days, but it still is definitely a lot of

time to be consumed through their gadgets. 33 percent have even admitted they stay on

their screens for 5 – 6 hours a day. Then there’d these 2 respondents who use gadgets

for a surreal 6 hours above duration.

5th Question: When do you usually submit your projects from the deadline?

Legends of Choices Frequency of Answers

A week earlier 2

Days earlier 2

A day earlier 1

Exact deadline 22

Late 3

Never 0

The results manifest the fact that only a few students strive to immediately comply

to their necessities in school. 73 percent of answers says they submit at the exact

deadline: coming from all the STEM student respondents, 70% of ABM and half of the HE

students. Considering the lists of pending tasks, procrastination is the only probable

cause to lead them to move and hurry last minute.

6th Question: Which effective study habit/learning technique do you prefer to help you?

Legends of Choices Frequency of Answers

Making checklists 15

Prioritizing tasks 17

Others, then specified 2

Here, what can be concluded is that most students prefer to be prepared with their

checklists of prioritized tasks. 57 percent prefers prioritizing their tasks which mostly is a

proper and sufficient mindset yet still needs to correspond with the determination and will

of the students to work on their tasks. Others have specified just studying, even before

and after the discussion with the teacher.

Interpretation of Data

The students chosen to respond to the survey through questionnaires are initially

observed by their academic diversities. Almost all these student respondents can be

easily considered as procrastinators. Gadgets and internet usage are very usual activities

students these days execute. In spite the fact that they consider themselves busy, they

stay on their screens for an average on all students of 5 hours a day.

Even with proper study habits, with a negative habit procrastination, students

would prefer relaxing or scrolling through the social media over the stress of busyness

causing them to worry last minute and hurry to catch the deadline.
 Universidad de Manila
Cecilia Muñoz Palma St., cor. Antonio Villegas St.,
Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila

Chapter 5

Significant Findings

In the previous studies, procrastination is the idea of "Later is better" and the usual

dilemma behind "tomorrow outlook". (Knaus, 2002) Based from the study, the

researchers found that many of the students procrastinate then with the lack of time, they

pass their projects on the exact deadline rather than before the deadline.

The researchers also found that procrastination is just a way to evade heavy tasks

and to relax and rest. In the study of Bluml, et. al., 2000, they have discussed that

procrastination is generally known that when one put something off quite logical and make

the individual feel good.

The study of Bluml et. al is true when the researchers of the current study found

that their respondents put some tasks off and do enjoyable tasks instead. This is

supported by the data stated and interpreted in Chapter 4.

The researchers found that most of the respondents use mobile gadgets as a way

to procrastinate since they spent hours on mobile phones as stated in Chapter 4. It causes

to delay tasks and the respondents to enjoy instead. As described by Evangelista, it was

evident that procrastination is just delaying something one needs to do by saying

"mamaya na" or "saka na may ginagawa pa ako".

 There is a strong evidence of how procrastination affects the students' academic

performance from the data gathered of the researchers. It is how they pass their projects

on the deadline, while some pass is after deadline or never pass at all. As stated by Aaron

de Leon, he has always had the belief in the saying "Haste makes waste." Although there

are some who possesses a natural given talent in producing quality output given extreme

time pressure, not everyone has the innate talent or skill.

The researchers observed that more than half of the respondents said that they

finish harder tasks first than easier tasks first. This is counterintuitive since the data stated

that most of the respondents like to procrastinate.

With the limited time to work around the time spent on procrastinating by the

respondents, the researchers however noticed that they are efficient with their time on

how they will use it to finish hard tasks. In the data in Chapter 4, the respondents use

learning techniques such as prioritizing tasks and making checklists to finish tasks after

they spent those time in procrastinating.

As stated by the data in Chapter 4, this pressure on the limited amount of time can

result to various problems. Thompson, Davidson, and Barber (1995) found negative

relationship between level of ego identity and procrastination. Their study stated that

various physical, emotional and mental problems appear to be associated with

procrastination.

The results of study strongly supported the theory of direct negative aftermath of

procrastination in academic performances of those who procrastinate, based from all the
data stated in Chapter 4. The respondents of the study are procrastinating, and it shows

effect on time efficiency and academic performance.

Based on the study of the La Salle University S.Y. 2006 - 2007, 283 students were

examined based on their self-efficacy and academic performances through propulsive

sampling. The results were revealed that self-efficacy has a weak but highly significant

relationship to academic procrastination.

According to another study of the researcher students of UP Diliman having 217

of the university students participate, the correlational analyses showed a positive

relationship between procrastination and shame-proneness, but no relationship with guilt-

proneness.

These studies and findings of other researchers and the current findings of the

current study were found significant as this support the theory of procrastination having

to a negative impact on academic performance of the students.

Conclusion

With the support of the data gathered, the researchers are now able to conclude that:

a. Based on the most responses, the researchers can infer that students would

most likely take a break from the stress they experience or just scrolling through social

media. Which can be considered as their resort from the pressure they get from the

stressful tasks, as manifested from the great amount of responses saying they’re busy.
 - Moreover, most of the students have said that they have a busy schedule,

considering this fact, most of them responded as well that they use gadgets for a long

period each day. From this, the researchers can conclude that most of the students are

executing the characteristics of a procrastinator.

b. Researchers can conclude that students are usually motivated to procrastinate

because of the convenience and easiness of access to the internet through their gadgets.

This habit is also caused by the pressuring stress by the heaviness of the tasks given

without them knowing how to react the proper way. Students resort to procrastination from

being frustrated by stress.

c. As the tabulated data shows, the students’ average usage of gadgets is around

5 hours. Pending tasks are still pending through days while students stick to

procrastinating through various ways, escaping from the stress that they are supposed to

make some good out of.

- Excessive usage of gadgets and the internet, resulting for them to hurry at the

last minute to work for their tasks, and merely submitting their requirements at the exact

deadline, and some even late or beyond the set deadline.

d. From the responses gathered, manifesting an average usage of gadgets for a

periodic duration, student respondents mostly spend their hours relaxing and avoiding the

stress their supposed to tackle optimistically.

 - Aversive tasks are aversive, because of the discouragement of the students to

work for the supposed tasks. Enough motivation to exert an adequate amount of effort

would be a great stepping stone for these procrastinators.

e. The researchers conclude that most of the respondents choose to procrastinate

rather than finishing supposed tasks for various factors:

- Schedule, most students are required to go to school and comprehend lectures

for half a day, left with pending projects, assignments and group activities that all require

great stress tolerance. Students’ excessive busyness, caused by procrastinating in the

first place, even causes much more procrastinating just to avoid their tasks.

- Reward, students would most likely procrastinate as well from the lack of

motivation to start working for their tasks in the first place. They would be hastily moving

if it were for a high-compensating doing

- Convenience, most of them also procrastinate for the convenience of the

entertainment they get through the internet. It is very, very easy to make access to the

stress-relieving tools everyone may have, a smartphone, a computer, then the internet

everywhere.

convenience, easy access, reward, poor motivation

f. Researchers conclude that students can avoid and even overcome the habit of

procrastinating. This is for many effective ways, as:

 - Proper reaction, regarding to the introduction of such number of tasks to the

students, they must still maintain their collectiveness and just remember or take note of

all the given tasks immediately.

- Prioritization, tasks must be prioritized and be ordered to be done firstly ranging

from the most necessary ones until the least necessary tasks to be finished. Students

mustn’t hesitate which project to finish first, they should just make a realistic process of

finishing a tedious task.

- Right motivation, students must also set a proper study habit/learning technique

that they will definitely follow to make sure that it is an effective one. Rewards to be

considered must be regarding with how satisfying a task is to finish because of its

necessity.

Recommendation

Through the process of the making of this study, the researchers have had some

realization that led them to suggest for future studies on this topic to:

a. Have a broader scope of the questions that would make an outcome of greater

amount of answers sufficient for a lot of skepticism on this topic.

b. Have a larger scope for the sample size and a more immersing data gathering

instruments for greater accuracy of the results to be concluded.

 References

 Analysis of procrastination among university students:

(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810017593?fbclid=IwAR2IV

Wj-JnwTVQVTC2bQHCv1ZJneKctzRMGGPa4A_VA5ElrUhyQJLENsmVA)

 Academic Procrastination and Achievement Goal Orientation as Predictors of

Academic Performance of Selected College Students

(https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=5575&fbclid=IwAR1spzon74o592BLM5B4iVN97bI1Ir

E50GW7UNV9lK3HdoookNHW0lJJBqk)

 Study on Procrastination on Pamantasang Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM)

(http://www.academia.edu/download/51504464/Thesis_First_Draft.docx)

 Procrastination as a way of life

(https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2003/11/18/228364/procrastination-way-

life?fbclid=IwAR3-vO94CtHD_vW_YhcnEAGB4sXN4JFzlD2oPtfTIq1gS-

hWXbHe3q0c_oo)

 Why do people procrastinate?

(https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/543439/why-do-people-procrastinate)