DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE
DESIGN
CENG 144
Engr. MARCELO T. ABRERA, Jr.
Instructor
T-BEAMS
is the result of slabs and beams placed monolithically.

The beams will have extra widths at their tops called “flanges”

The part of the T-beam below the slab is referred to as the “web” or
“stem”

The beam may be called L SHAPED if the stem is at the end of the
slab.
ACI Section 6.3.2
T-BEAMS
The neutral axis (NA) of T-beams can fall either in the flange or in
the web, depending on the proportions of the slabs and stems.
T-BEAMS
A beam does not really have to look like a T-BEAM to be one
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS IS SIMILAR TO…
Stage 3
Simple steps to obtain the nominal or theoretical moment strength
of the beam:

1. Compute the total tensile force 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 .

2. Equate the total compression force 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 to T and

solve for a. In this expression, ab is the assumed area stressed in
compression at 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′. The compression force C and the tensile
force T must be equal to maintain equilibrium at the section.

3. Calculate the distance between the centers of gravity of T

𝑎
and C. (For rectangular cross-section, it equals 𝑑 − 2 .)

4. Determine 𝑀𝑛 , which equals T or C times the distance

between their centers of gravity.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

1. Check 𝐴𝑠 as per ACI Section 9.6.1.2

2. Compute the total tensile force 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 .

3. Equate the total compression force 𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑐 to T and

solve for 𝐴𝑐 . In this expression, 𝐴𝑐 is the assumed area stressed in
compression at 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′. The compression force C and the tensile
force T must be equal to maintain equilibrium at the section.
ANALYSIS OF T-BEAMS

4. Calculate 𝜖𝑡 , including a and c. Classify whether tension-

controlled, transition, or compression-controlled. Solve for ∅.

5. Determine ∅𝑀𝑛 , which equals to ∅ times T or C times the

distance between their centers of gravity.
Determine the design strength of the T beam
shown in the figure with 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and 𝒇𝒚 =
𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊. The beam has a 30-ft span and is cast
integrally with a floor slab that is 4 in. thick. The
clear distance between webs is 50 in.

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟔𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

Next
Compute the design strength for the T-beam shown
in the figure, in which 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and 𝒇𝒚 =
𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

DESIGN OF T-BEAMS

Steel Area 𝐴𝑠 is usually required in many design problems

Assumptions:

The lever arm from the center of gravity of the compression block
to the center of gravity of the steel is estimated to equal the larger
h
of 0.9d or d − 2f , and from this value, called z, a trial steel area is
Mn
calculated As = . Then the value of the estimated lever arm is
fy z
checked. If there is much difference, the estimated value of z is
revised and a new 𝐴𝑠 is determined. The process is continued until
the change in 𝐴𝑠 is quite small.
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown in the
figure for which 𝒃𝒘 and 𝒅 are given. 𝑴𝑫 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕,
𝑴𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕 , 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 , 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 , and
simple span = 20 ft.

Answer
 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝟐

Next
Design a T-beam for the floor system shown in the
figure for which 𝒃𝒘 and 𝒅 are given. 𝑴𝑫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑 −
𝒇𝒕, 𝑴𝑳 = 𝟒𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕, 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊, 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊,
and simple span = 18 ft.

Answer
 back

𝒃 = 𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏
𝒉 = 𝟑𝟒 𝒊𝒏
𝒅 = 𝟑𝟏 𝒊𝒏
Use 6 #9 bars

Next
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
beam with both tensile and compressive steel.

Occasionally, space or aesthetic requirements

limit beams to such small sizes that
compression steel is needed in addition to
tensile steel.

To increase the moment capacity of a beam beyond that of a

tensilely reinforced beam with maximum percentage of steel (when
𝜖𝑡 = 0.005), it is necessary to introduce another resisting couple of
the beam

Tests of doubly reinforced concrete beams have shown that even if

the compression concrete crushes, the beam may very well not
collapse if the compression steel is enclosed by stirrups
ACI Section 9.7.6.4.1

ACI Section 9.7.6.4.2

ACI Section 9.7.6.4.3
ACI Section 9.7.6.4.3
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
When compression steel is used, the nominal resisting moment of
the beam is assumed to consist of two parts:
(1) the part due to the resistance of the compression concrete
and the balancing tensile reinforcement, and
(2) the part due to the nominal moment capacity of the
compression steel and the balancing amount of the additional
tensile steel.
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
𝐴𝑠2 is computed with the following equation:
DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM
Determine the design moment capacity of the beam
shown in the figure for which 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and
𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟓𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

Next
Compute the design moment strength of the
section shown in the figure if 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and
𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 back

∅𝑴𝒏 = 𝟒𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕

Next
Compute the design moment strength, ∅𝑴𝒏 ,
of the beam shown if 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 and 𝒇′𝒄 =
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊.

Answer
 back

Next
Determine the theoretical area of reinforcing steel
required for the T-beam shown if 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊, 𝒇𝒚 =
𝟔𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 , 𝑴𝒖 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒊𝒑 − 𝒇𝒕 , and 𝑳 = 𝟐𝟖 𝒇𝒕 . Clear
distance between flanges = 3 ft.

Answer
 back

Next
Determine the design moment strength of the beam
shown if 𝒇′𝒄 = 𝟐𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂, and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂. Is the steel
reinforcement sufficient to ensure tensile behavior:
that is, 𝝐𝒕 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓?

Answer
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