KPTCL Design of Ehv Transmission Line

DESIGN OF EHV TRANSMISSION TOWERS 2019-20
CHAPTER-1
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL,

is the sole electricity transmission and distribution company in state of Karnataka Its
origin was in Karnataka Electricity Board. This electricity transmission and distribution
entity was corporatized to provide efficient and reliable electric power supply to the
people of Karnataka state.
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

companies act, 1956 and was incorporated on 28thJuly 1999. It is a company wholly
owned by the Government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs.1455
crores. KPTCL was formed on by carving out the transmission and distribution functions
of the erstwhile Karnataka electricity board (KEB).
KPTCL is headed by a Chairman and Managing Director at the Corporate Office. He is

assisted by 4 functional directors. The board of KPTCL consists of a maximum of 12
directors. Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the
functions of transmission and distribution of power in the entire state of Karnataka. It
operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission
(KERC). KPTCL purchases power from Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL),
which generates and operates major power generating projects in the state consisting of
Hydel, Thermal and other source.
KPTCL buys power from power generating companies like Karnataka Power Corporation
Limited (KPCL) and other IPPs (Independent Power Producers) like GMR, Jindal, Udupi
Power Corporation Limited (UPCL) etc., and sell them to their respective ESCOMS.
KPTCL purchases power from KPCL at the rate fixed by state Government from time to
time. KPTCL also purchases power from Central Government owned generating stations
like National Thermal Power Corporation, Neyveli Lignite Corporation and the Atomic
Power Stations at Kalpakkam and Kaiga. The approximate share of power from these
DEPT.EEE, SJBIT Page 1

generating stations is around 16%. KPTCL consumers of different categories spread all
over the state covering an area of 1.92 lakhs square Kilometers. To transmit and
distribute power in the state, it operates nearly more than 1500 sub stations.
1.1 HISTORY
The erstwhile Mysore State had the enviable and glorious position of establishing
the first major hydro-electric generating station at Shivasamudram as early as 1902 for
commercial operation. The art at that time was still in its infancy, even in the advanced
countries. The longest transmission line, at the highest voltage in the world, was
constructed to meet the power needs of mining operations at Kolar Gold Fields.The
generating capacity of the Shivanasamudram Power House gradually increased to 42
MW in stages. To meet the increasing demand for power, the Shimsha Generating
Station, with an installed capacity of 17.2 M. W, was commissioned in the year 1938.
The power demand was ever on the increase, for industries and rural electrification, and
additions to generating became imperative. The 1st stage of 48 MW and 2nd stage of 72
MW of the Mahatma Gandhi Hydro-Electric Station were commissioned during 1948 and
1952, respectively.
The State of Karnataka, with availability of cheap electric power, and other infrastructure
facilities, was conducive for increased tempo of industrial activity. It became necessary
therefore, to augment power generating capacity by harnessing the entire potential of the
Sharavathi Valley. The first unit of 89.1 MW was commissioned in 1964 and completed
in 1977.The demand for power saw a phenomenal increase in the mid-sixties and
onwards with the setting up of many public sector and private industries in the State. As
power generation in the State was entirely dependent on monsoon and was subject to its
vagaries, the State Government set up a coal based power plant at Raichur.
The present installed capacity of the power plant at Raichur is 1260 MWs.To augment
the energy resources of the State, the Kalinadi Project with an installed capacity of
810MW at Nagjhari Power House and 100 MW at Supa Dam Power House, with an
energy potential of 4,112 Mkwh, were set up. Subsequently, the Bhadra Project, with an
installed capacity of 33.2 MW, and the Thungabhadra Left Bank Power House, with an

installed capacity of 27 MW at Munirabad were commissioned during 1964 and 1965,

respectively.
The transmission and distribution system in the State was under the control of the
Government of Karnataka (then Mysore) till the year 1957. In the year 1957, Karnataka
Electricity Board was formed and the private distribution companies were amalgamated
with Karnataka Electricity Board. Till the year 1986, KEB was a profit making
organization. However, in the subsequent years, like other State Electricity Boards in the
country, KEB also started incurring losses, mainly due to the increase in agricultural
consumption and due to the implementation of the socio economic policies of the
Government the performance of the power sector was affected. To improve the
performance of the power sector and in tune with the reforms initiated by Government of
India, the Government of Karnataka came out with a general policy proposing
fundamental and radical reforms in the power sector.
Accordingly a bill, namely Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act was passed by the
Karnataka Legislature. The Reform bill has mandated major restructuring of the
Karnataka Electricity Board and its Corporatization. As part of Corporatization, the
Karnataka Electricity Board ceased to exist and the Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited to look after Transmission and Distribution in the State and VVNL
(Visweshwaraiah Vidyuth Nigama Limited) to look after the generating stations under
the control of erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board were constituted from 01.08.99.
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a company wholly owned by
the Government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs. 2182.32 crore.
KPTCL was formed on 1-8-1999 by carving out the Transmission and Distribution
functions of the erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board.
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the functions
of Transmission of power in the entire State of Karnataka and also Construction of
Stations & Transmission Lines and maintenance of 400/220/110/66 KV Sub-Stations.
Many new lines and Sub-Stations were added & existing stations were modified in the

Transmission network. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity

Regulatory Commission.
The various wings of KPTCL are as follows.

•Corporate Office at Kaveri Bhavan, Bangalore
• Six Transmission zones, each zone is headed by a Chief Engineer.
• State Load Despatch Centre
• SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).
KPTCL has 5 No. of 400 Kv Station, 101 No. of 220 Kv Station, 413 No. of 110 Kv
Station and 637 No. of 66 Kv Station. The Total Transmission Line in CKMs is 36124 as
on 31.03.2018. The annual turnover of the Organization was nearly Rs. 3380 crores
during the year 2016-17.
1.2 OVERVIEW
Government vide order No. 69 BSR 2001 Bangalore, dated 15/02/2002 has
unbundled KPTCL and formed four distribution companies. Consequent to this the
function of distribution of power has been totally separated from KPTCL. KPTCL is now
vested with the responsibility of transmitting power all over the State and construction
and maintenance of Stations and lines of 66KV and above.
The four newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on
30/04/2002, are Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Mangalore Electricity Supply
Company, Hubli Electricity Supply Company and Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company.
They have started functioning w.e.f. 01/06/2002. These companies are in charge of
distribution of power within their jurisdiction.
PCKL was incorporated on 20th August, 2007 under the Companies Act, 1956
and commenced its business operations with effect from 16th October, 2007. PCKL is
responsible for capacity addition and procuring power on behalf of the ESCOMs from
various sources including purchase of power through Energy Exchange, Banking
(SWAP) as well bilateral transactions. PCKL also co-ordinates with other States and
Central Government agencies on power related issues.
The Fifth Distribution Company Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation limited

is a company incorporated under the company act 1956 and is a successor entity to

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and MESCOM in respect

of Distribution and retail supply of Electric power for five districts. Its operation started
from 01.04.2005 as per the GOK order E.N.08 P.N.R 2005/262.
1.3 MISSION
The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is to

ensure reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices. The KPTCL is
committed to achieving this mission through.
▪ Encouraging Best practices in transmission & distribution.

▪ Ensuring high order maintenance of all it's technical facilities.
▪ Emphasizing the best standards in customer service.
To be the best electricity utility in the country, the KPTCL pledges to optimize its
human and technical resources for the benefit of all its customers.
1.4 VISION OF THE ORGANIZATION
The vision of Karnataka power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is to
• To improve viability and customer standards in the past sector through

reforms package.
• To usher great transparency and accountability in the working of power
utilities.
• Changing environment as part of global movement.
• To gear itself to be market driven and customer friendly.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION
The main objectives to be pursued by the company are as follows.
• Acquire, Establish, Construct and Operate Extra High Voltage, High Voltage,
Line and Associate Substations.
• Purchase and Sale of electrical energy and coordinate with companies.
• Plan, Investigate and Prepare project reports and Load Forecast and Finalization
of contact for purchase of power from new generating plants.

1.6 FUNCTIONS OF ORGANIZATION
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the

functions of transmission of power in the entire at competitive rate by adopting best
technical, high order maintenance and best customer service to its customers. KPTCL
purchases power from Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPTCL) which generated
and operates major power generating projects of the state consisting of Hydel and
Thermal another sources .KPTCL purchases power from Karnataka Power Corporation
Limited (KPCL) at the rate fixed by the Government from time to time.
The two power houses one on the left bank of Tungabhadra board, which is represented
by the state governments of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Government of India and
20% of the energy generated by the above generating stations is the share by the above
stations is the share of Karnataka Power
Transmission Corporation Limited. Of central allocation of power out of NTPC,

NILL and MAPP generating stations at Ramagundam, Neyveli, and Chennai
respectively, the share of KPTCL is 16%. Only one Rural Electric Co-operative Society
viz., the Hukkeri Electric Cooperative Society Limited, at Hukkeri is functioning in
Karnataka (Hukkeri Taluk Belgaum District) which purchases bulk power from KPTCL /
VVNL and redistributes it to the consumer within the taluk.
1.7 MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF KPTCL
1. Dedication of improved power distribution network in Bijapur.

2. Inaugurations of multi circuit transmission lines from Khemar to Guruvaynakere
sub-station in Belthangdi taluk Dakshina Kannada district.
3. Launching of E-tendering in KPTCL.
4. Inauguration of substation at Kanpur and transmission from RTPS (Raichur
Thermal power station) to Gulbarga.
5. Laying of foundation stone for power sub-station at Humanabad Taluk, Bidar
District.

6. Highest ever-thermal generation of 10,292 milli units.

7. Highest wind generation 11.16-milli unit.
1.8 SUBSTATIONS & TRANSMISSION LINES
VOLTAGE NO. OF TRANSMISSION LINE

LEVEL STATIONS IN KM’s
400 KV 5 3568.456
220KV 105 11502.889
110KV 423 10712.139
66KV 657 11074.844
33KV 352 10028.280
TOTAL 1542 46886.608
Table 1.7 Statistical data of substation and transmission lines under KPTCL
To enable easier operation of the system KPTCL has been divided into 5 zones,
each headed by a Chief Engineer, 15 circles, each headed by a superintending Engineer,
57 divisions, each headed by an executive engineer and over to 270 sub stations, each
headed by an Assistant Executive Engineer. Maintenance of power supply and day to day
functioning are being looked after by the above Officers. The table 1.7 shows the number
of substations and transmission line that comes under the KPTCL as per 31/03/2019.
1.9 STATE POWER UTILITIES CHALLENGES AHEAD AND STRATEGIES
Many challenges lie ahead of power sector. Some of them are indicated below.
All these challenges have to be met squarely. Timely and well thought out strategies
would do a lot well to power sector in particular and state economy in general.

The difficulties faced in distribution of power and in maintenance of transmission lines

and to recover the money invested state power utilities has some different strategies they
are mention below.
To raise the required capital for the investment Program
The power sector needs huge investments both in transmission and distribution
areas to improve the quality of supply and services to consumers cater to the growth, as
well as to reduce losses. The balance sheets of the companies are not strong enough to
raise adequate capital required. The state government is also not in a position to invest
further in power sector.
Therefore, the power utilities have to strive to improve their financial, operational,
technical and commercial performance and to strengthen the balance sheets, besides
gaining the confidence of the stakeholders. This would not only reduce the dependence
on government for financial support but also helps utilities to generate better cash flows
that would enable them to raise the necessary capital for their investment programs. As
part of this effort, it is planned to have zero dependence on Government for finance.
Consequences of open access
Electricity act 2003 provides for non-discriminatory open access. As a result,

many revenue-yielding consumers may leave the supply company. Therefore, the
ESCOM.s have to function with such an operational efficiency that the consumer will not
leave them.
Higher Losses
Deep-rooted unethical practical practices have added much to the low

performance of the utilities. Unless these are kept under control and rooted out
completely no amount of efforts would yield positive results. Losses have to be brought
down to international levels.

Universal Metering and providing power to agriculture consumers
This is one area where the ESCOM.s has no choice but to supply power, though it
is not an economically viable option. Though Government provides subsidy for the
power supplied to these consumers itself has become a big challenge, as they are not
metered. To achieve this ESCOM.s have to create political will to go ahead with the task
of metering these installations.
Power Storage
Peak load shortages are there. These shortages lead to either power shedding or
procurement of costly power. Such situation is not good and needs to be overcome to
have optimum operational efficiency.

CHAPTER-2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT
Operation and maintenance department of KPTCL takes care of monitoring and

maintenance of the substation equipment and its operation. The operation and
maintenance department perform following functions inspecting, cleaning, servicing,
preserving, lubricating and adjustments as per the requirement. Such maintenance may
also include minor parts replacement that does not require the person performing the
work to have highly technical skills or to perform internal alignment.
Duties and responsibilities of operation and maintenance department of KPTCL.
• Scrutiny of transmission bills of ESCOMs, pursuance for arrears of the same with
ESCOMs and related work.
• Scrutiny of UI and back up charges bills to STOA customers, its pursuance for
payment, maintenance of open access pool A/c & related work.
• Rendering CGS UI bills to ESCOMs, monitoring of collection & remittance of
the same in time to POSOCO, maintenance of CGS pool A/c & related work.
• Scrutiny of wheeling and banking transactions attending to monthly energy
reconciliation meetings of TBC.
• Monitoring of energy balancing work.
An Operational & Maintenance Units is the primary link between the consumer and
the company. It is the lowest office in the hierarchy, where consumer relationship is
established. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of Assistant Engineer (AE) or Junior
Engineer (JE). The duties of the official in charges of an O&M Unit are as follows:
1) Receiving applications of power supply from prospective consumers.

2) Preparation of estimate to assess the expenditure involved and to obtain sanction
for incurring the expenditure for releasing connections.
3) Forwarding the application of the prospective consumer with their comments on
feasibility and estimate to the sanctioning authority.

4) Examination of the feasibility of power supply from the existing infrastructure.

5) Releasing service connection duly following the prescribed procedure on receipt
of power sanction from competent authorities.
2.1 SUB-DIVISIONAL OFFICES
A Sub-Division consists of three to five O & M Units and headed by an Officer of

the rank of Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE). He oversees the functioning of O&M
Units, so as to ensure smooth distribution of power in the jurisdictional area and
accounts. An Assistant Accounts Officer (AAO) / Senior Assistant (SA) are placed in the
Sub–Division to look after the Accounting and Finance related functions and report the
same to Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE). The duties of Sub–Divisional Officer are as
follows:
1) Sanctioning of service connections as per Powers vested with him.

2) Approving works mainly in the nature of maintenance works as per power vested
with him.
3) Maintenance of lines, cables and equipment to ensure smooth and quality power
supply to the consumers.
4) Attending/Monitoring of consumer complaints regarding power supply in terms
of its quality, interruption and other technical matters and billing related
problems.
5) Proposition of Augmentation works to cater to the needs of public.
6) Monitoring of works.
7) Raising bills in respect of all consumers in the jurisdictional area.
2.2 DIVISIONAL OFFICES
A Division has two or five Sub-Divisions under its jurisdiction. It is purely an

administrative office and does not deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an
Officer of the rank of Executive Engineer (EE) and assisted by sub–ordinate Officers. An
Accounts Officer (AO) is also placed in the Division Office to look after the Financial
and Accounting functions of the Division. The duties of Divisional Officer are as follows

1) Overseeing the functioning of the sub–division as per specified parameters and

regulations.
2) Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.
3) Approving works both in nature of maintenance and Capital works as per power
vested with him.
4) Approval of Augmentation works within the powers vested with him.
5) Procurement of men and materials within the powers vested with him.
6) Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and
ensuring timely completion of the same.
7) Rendering periodical statistical information of Head Office and other offices.
2.3 CIRCLE OFFICES
A Circle has three to four Divisions under its jurisdiction. It is also an

administrative office which doesn’t interact with consumers directly. It is headed by an
Officer of the rank of Superintending Engineer (SE) and assisted by subordinate Officers.
A Deputy Controller of Accounts (DCA) is placed in the Circle Office to look after the
Financial and Accounting functions of the Circle.
2.4 ZONAL OFFICE
A Zone has two Circle Offices under its jurisdiction. It is also an administrative
office which doesn’t interact with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the
rank of Chief Engineer (CE) and assisted by sub-ordinate officers. A Controller of
Accounts (CA) is placed in the Zonal Office to look after the Financial and Accounting
functions of the Zone.
1. Overseeing the functioning of the jurisdictional Circle, Division and Sub-

Divisions as per specified parameters and regulations.
2. Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.
3. Approving works both in nature of maintenance works and Capital works as per
power vested with him.
4. Approval of Augmentation works within the powers vested with him.

5. Procurement of men and materials within the powers vested with him.
6. Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and
ensuring timely completion of the same.
7. Rendering periodical statistical information to Head Office and other Offices.
2.5 TECHNICAL INITIATIVE OF KPTCL
Technological advances along with new designs and construction techniques have
helped the Transco cope with a number of challenges. For instance, to overcome space
constraints owing to rapid urbanization in the state, KPTCL has designed narrow-base
towers at different voltage levels to replace the conventional broad-base towers.
Another initiative taken by KPTCL has been to update its design methodology for
transmission towers from the old design code IS-802 (1977) to IS-802 (1995). Towers
based on the old design were capable of being thermally loaded only up to 75 degree
Celsius and were based on the older wind zones classification. With the change in
standard, the tower’s conductor temperature can be raised up to 85 0C, thus, improving
the power handling capacity of the transmission line. Also, now all 220 kV towers have
been standardized as per the revised standard.
Further, to address right-of-way (RoW) issues and build transmission lines in forest areas,
KPTCL initiated the use of V-string insulators in place of I-string insulators. This has
enabled the company to upgrade the existing 110 kV Varahi Shimoga single circuit (SC)
line at the Varahi hydel power generating station to a 220 kV double circuit (DC) line
keeping the same corridor width of 22 meter’s.
Another technology that the Transco is deploying to optimize space is monopoles.

In January 2018, a 220 kV line, passing through an industrial area (Jigani industrial area),
was constructed using monopoles, which helped to lay the line in the median of the road
with a narrow width (1.5 meters). In addition, KPTCL used single side cross arm towers
to avoid cutting of trees on both sides of the line corridor and reduce the RoW to half the
recommended width for conventional towers with cross arms on both sides.

New substations based on gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) and hybrid technologies are
also being deployed actively. For instance, the Transco has undertaken the construction
of a 2×500 MVA, 400/220 kV GIS substation at Mylsandra in south Bengaluru; a 2×150
MVA, 220/66 kV GIS substation at Koramangala, ITI and Brindavana in Bengaluru; and
a 1×100 MVA, 220/66 kV hybrid substation at Channapatna in Ramanagara district. It
has also laid a 220 kV, 2,000 square mm power cable to evacuate power from the
400/220 kV Yelahanka substation in Bangalore.
2.6 FUTURE PLANS OF KPTCL
Over the next few years, KPTCL aims to install a total of 451 substations – 208 at
the 66 kV level, 172 at 110 kV, 58 at 220 kV and 13 at the 400 kV level. The Transco
also plans to install transmission lines of 15,152 ckt. km with 4,346 ckt. km at 66 kV,
3,496 ckt. km at 110 kV, 4,470 ckt. km at 220 kV and 2,840 ckt. km at 400 kV. The
outlay for the projects in 2018-19 is Rs 30,000 million.
Further, to cater to the evacuation needs of the upcoming wind and solar power projects
in Karnataka, KPTCL has launched projects, which are currently in the pipeline. Under
Phases I and II of the GEC project, KPTCL has planned several line and substation
projects in the 400-220 kV range.
The company is also planning to deploy new-generation conductors in its network such
as high-temperature low-sag (HTLS). The existing 66 kV SC transmission lines in
Bangalore city, which were commissioned nearly four decades ago using ACSR
(Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced), are now proposed to be replaced with HTLS
conductors by KPTCL. That said, the Transco is facing challenges pertaining to Right of
way and evacuation of the growing renewable energy generation in the state, more so as
these projects have a must-run status. The increase in renewable energy penetration and
expansion of the transmission network must go hand in hand. Thus, KPTCL’s efforts for
scaling up investments in transmission infrastructure can help the state successfully meet
its renewable energy goals.

CHAPTER-3
INTRODUCTION TO EHVAC TRANSMISSION TOWERS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The requirement of electricity uses has continued to grow in every country, the
amount of requirement being bigger in the developing countries. The transmission line
towers are considered one of maximum important life-line structures that help in
transmitting electric powered energy. The Transmission towers are essential for the cause
of providing electricity to diverse areas of the nation. In present situation, there may be
growth in building of power stations and consequent increase in energy transmission
traces from the producing stations to the distinct corners. Interconnections between
structures also are growing to enhance reliability and financial system. Transmission line
should be solid and punctiliously designed so that they do now not fail all through herbal
catastrophe and should agree to the countrywide and global popular. The planning and
designing of a transmission line encompass some of requirements of both structural and
electric. From the electrical point of view, the most important requirement is insulation
and safe clearances of the strength sporting conductors from the ground.
The cross-segment of conductors, the spacing between conductors, and the area of ground
wires with appreciate to the conductors will decide the design of towers and foundations.
Transmission line is an incorporated device inclusive of conductor subsystem, ground
cord subsystem and one subsystem for each category of guide structure. Mechanical
supports of transmission line represent a considerable portion of the price of the road and
that they play a crucial position in the reliable power transmission. They are designed and
built in huge form of shapes, types, sizes, configurations and materials. The supporting
shape types utilized in transmission lines normally fall into one of the three categories:
lattice, pole and guyed. The supports of EHV transmission traces are usually steel lattice
towers. The value of towers constitutes approximately sector to half of the fee of
transmission line and for this reason ultimate tower design will bring in substantial
savings.

3.2 NECESSITY OF EHV AC TRANSMISSION LINES
The necessity of EHV AC transmission is primarily due to following reasons.
• Increase in size of generating units.

In order to reduce the investment cost per KW, the size of generating units
has been constantly increased during the past years. Transmission of large amount
of power over long distances is technically economically feasible only at voltages
in the EHV and UHV range.
• Pithead steam plants and remote hydro plants.
The cost of transportation is an appreciable part of the cost of coal fields.
Sometimes the bottlenecks in transportation tend to starve the steam plants
resulting in fall of generation. One method to avoid such situations is to have
super thermal power plants near coal fields. These steam plants are known as
pithead steam plant. Similarly, some prospective hydro sites are situated in remote
areas. Moreover, the scarcity of sites having favorable characteristics is forcing
many utilities, all over the world, to build large sized steam plants in remote areas
safe away from load centers. EHVAC transmission systems are needed to transmit
large amounts of power over long distances from these plants to load centers.
• Surge impedance loading (SIL).
The concept of surge impedance loading yields a simple method to
compare the approximate load carrying capability of lines at different voltage
levels. Surge impedance loading (SIL) is the power that a line carries when each
phase is terminated by a load equal to the surge impedance of a line is equal to
√L/C where L is the series inductance per unit length and C is the shunt
capacitance per unit length.
If V is the line to neutral voltage,
SIL equals to 3V2/Zc.
At this loading the reactive power consumed by the line inductance (i.e. WLI2) is
approximately equal to various power generated by the line capacitance (i.e.
WCV2).

• Transmission.
The number of circuits and the land requirement for transmission
decreases with the adoption of higher transmission voltage.
• Line costs.
The line installation cost per MW per KM decreases with increase in voltage
level. Moreover, the impact of the cost of losses on the overall transmission costs
can be substantially different at different voltage levels.
• With the increase in transmission voltage, for same amount of power to be

transmitted, current in the line decreases which reduces I2R losses. This will lead
to increase in transmission efficiency.
• With the decrease in current, size of conductor requirement reduces which
decreases the volume of conductor.
• The transmission capacity is proportional to square of operating voltages. This is
transmission capacity of line increases with increase in voltage.
• It is economical with EHVAC transmission to interconnect the power systems of
large scale.
3.3 TRANSMISSION LINE EXECUTION SURVEY AND PROFILE PLOTTING
A transmission line is one of essential infrastructures of the power supply system.

In the site evaluation process for those facilities, it is necessary to carefully consider not
only technical issues, but also the impact on natural environment, the influence on local
communities, and various regulations. To achieve optimum line length, minimize rocky
and water terrains, reduced tower angle cut points, ROW issues etc. it is necessary to
have detailed survey, profile of transmission line route.
Why Surveying Is Important?
• To optimize cost of transmission line, Line length, number of locations,

deviations. Minimum river crossings, Minimum forest areas, Accessibility, right
of way considerations.
• To assess route constraints and do construction planning.

• To ensure statutory clearances, Ground clearance. Horizontal/Right of way

clearance and Clearances from power lines, railway lines, road crossings etc.
3.4 ADVANTAGES OF EHV AC TRANSMISSION LINES
• Voltage regulation is improved.

• The volume of conductor material decreases.
• Installation cost of the transmission line per KM decreases.
• The transmission capacity of the line increases.
• The interconnection of the power systems on a large scale is possible.
• Reduction in rights of way.
• Flexibility for future system growth.
• The number of circuits and the land requirement reduces a transmission voltage
increases.
3.5 COMPONENTS OF EHV AC TRANSMISSION LINES
➢ Power Conductor.
➢ Earth wire.
➢ Insulators and hardware.
➢ Conductor & G/w accessories.
➢ Super structure.
➢ Tower accessories.
➢ Tower foundation.
➢ Earthing of tower.

CHAPTER-4
TASKS PERFORMED
4.1 DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION TOWER
The main supporting unit of overhead transmission line is transmission tower.

Transmission towers have to carry the heavy transmission conductor at a sufficient safe
height from ground. In addition to that all towers have to sustain all kinds of natural
calamities. So transmission tower designing is an important engineering job where all
three basic engineering concepts, civil, mechanical and electrical engineering concepts
are equally applicable.
1. Earth wires: As shown in fig 4.1, It Protects to power conductors from lightning
surges, and provides continuous earth. It also acts as return path for the fault current.
Fig 4.1 Tower structure

2. Power Conductors: As shown in fig 4.1, It Carry the requisite power at various
voltages, Size & No. of conductor per phase is decided on the quantum of power & the
voltage of the line.
3. Jumpers: As shown in fig 4.1, it connecting two adjacent spans in tension tower.
4. Insulators and Hardware’s: As shown in fig 4.1, it is used to insulate the conductor live
point from the metallic cross arm.Insulator string of porcelain disc toughened glass disc,
long rod & silicon rubber composite insulators are adopted.
4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF EHV TOWERS
Broader classification of EHV towers.
4.2.1 Transmission towers are categorized as
• Self-supporting Towers.
Towers may be self-supporting and capable of resisting all forces due to

conductor loads, unbalanced conductors, wind and ice in any direction. Such towers often
have approximately square bases and usually four points of contact with the ground.
• Guyed Towers.
A guyed mast has a very small footprint and relies on guy wires in tension to
support the structure and any unbalanced tension load from the conductors. A guyed
tower can be made in a V shape, which saves weight and cost.
These towers can be further classified based on the material used for construction of
towers.
a) LATTICE TYPE FABRICATED STEEL STRUCTURES
A lattice tower as shown in the figure 4.2.1(a) is a framework construction made

of steel or aluminium sections. Lattice towers are used for power lines of all voltages, and
are the most common type for high-voltage transmission lines. Lattice towers are usually
made of galvanized steel. Aluminium is used for reduced weight, such as in mountainous

areas where structures are placed by helicopter. Aluminium is also used in environments
that would be corrosive to steel. The extra material cost of aluminium towers will be
offset by lower installation cost. Design of aluminium lattice towers is similar to that for
steel, but must take into account aluminium’s lower Young's modulus.
Fig 4.2.1(a) Lattice type fabricated steel tower.

b) HIGH TENSILE STEEL TUBULAR POLES (MONO POLES)
Fig 4.2.1(b) High tensile steel tubular poles.

Poles made of tubular steel as shown in the fig 4.2.1(b) generally are assembled at
the factory and placed on the right-of-way afterward. Because of its durability and ease of
manufacturing and installation, many utilities in recent years prefer the use of monopole
steel or concrete towers over lattice steel for new power lines and tower replacements.
c) RCC/PSC/SPUN CONCRETE POLES
Concrete pylons as shown in the figure 4.2.1(c) are used in Germany. Normally
only for the lines with operating voltages below 30 kV. In exceptional cases, concrete
pylons are used also for 110 kV lines, as well as for the public grid or for
the railway traction current grid. In Switzerland, concrete pylons with heights of up to
59.5 meter’s are used.
Fig 4.2.1(c) RCC/PSC/spun concrete pole.
4.2.2 ACCORDING TO THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION
There are four types of transmission tower-
1. A – type tower – angle of deviation 0o to 2o
These towers are used as tangent towers for straight run of the transmission line.
These are called suspension or tangent towers. These towers can carry only vertical loads
and are designed for carrying the weight of the conductor, insulators and other
accessories.

2. B – type tower – angle of deviation 2o to 15o
These towers can be used as sectionalizing towers without angle and angle towers
3. C – type tower – angle of deviation 15o to 30o
They are also being used as transposition towers without any angle.
4. D – type tower – angle of deviation 30o to 60o
These towers can be used as Dead End or anchor towers without any angle on the tower.
These towers are usually provided as terminal towers near gantry with slack span on one
side or as anchoring tower before major river crossing, power line crossing, railway
crossings etc.
4.2.3 As per the force applied by the conductor on the cross arms
The transmission towers can be categorized in another way.
a) Tangent suspension tower
Tangent suspension tower Suspension towers are used primarily on tangents but
often are designed to withstand angles in the line up to two degrees or higher in addition
to the wind, ice, and broken-conductor loads. If the transmission line traverses relatively
flat, featureless terrain, 90 percent of the line may be composed of this type of tower.
Thus the design of tangent tower provides the greatest opportunity for the structural
engineer to minimize the total weight of steel required.
b) Angle tower or tension tower
Angle towers Angle towers, sometimes called semi-anchor towers, are used where
the lines make a horizontal angle greater than two degrees. As they must resist a
transverse load from the components of the line tension induced by this angle, in addition
to the usual wind, ice and broken conductor loads, they are necessarily heavier than
suspension towers. Unless restricted by site conditions, or influenced by conductor
tensions, angle towers should be located so that the axis of the cross-arms bisects the
angle formed by the conductors. Theoretically, different line angles require different

towers, but for economy there is a limiting number of different towers which should be
used. This number is a function of the entire factors which make the total erected cost of
a tower line. However, experience has shown that the following angle towers are
generally suitable for most of the lines.
1. Light angle - 2 to 150-line deviation.
2. Medium angle - 15 to 300-line deviation.
3. Heavy angle - 30 to 600-line deviation (and dead end).
While the angles of line deviation are for the normal span, the span may be
increased up to an optimum limit by reducing the angle of line deviation and vice versa.
IS: 802 (Part I) - 1977also recommends the above classification. The loadings on a tower
in the case of a 60-degree angle condition and dead-end condition are almost the same.
As the numbers of locations at which 60degree angle towers and dead-end towers are
required are comparatively few, it is economical to design the heavy angle towers both
for the 60degree angle condition and dead-end condition, whichever is more stringent for
each individual structural member.
All B, C and D types of transmission towers come under this category.
Apart from the above customized type of tower, the tower is designed to meet special
usages listed below,
4.2.4 SPECIAL TYPE TOWER
a) River crossing tower
The height and weight of the towers vary considerably depending on the span,
minimum clearance above water, ice and wind loads, number of `unbroken conductors,
etc. Usually the governing specification requires that towers employed for crossing of
navigable water ways be designed for heavy loading conditions and utilize larger
minimum size members than the remainder of the line. In addition to these structural

requirements, it is often necessary to limit the height of tall crossing towers because of
the hazard they present to aircraft.
b) Railway/ Highway crossing tower
Angle or dead end towers (Type B,C or D) with suitable extensions and with
double tension insulator strings are employed for railway crossing in conformity with the
relevant specification of Railway Authorities.Angle towers (Type B,C or D) with suitable
extension and with double tension strings are employed for high way crossing. Angle
towers are used for National High way crossing to make the crossing span as a single
section so as to facilitate independent and prompt stringing.
c) Transposition tower
Power transmission lines are transposed primarily to eliminate or reduce

disturbances in the neighboring communication circuits produced by the geometric
imbalance of power lines. An incidental effect of transposing power line section is the
geometric balancing of such circuits between terminals which assumes balanced
conditions at every point of the power transmission system. Improvements and
developments in both the communications and power fields have, however, greatly
reduced the need for transposition of high voltage lines at close intervals. In fact, in India,
the central standing committee for coordination of power and telecommunication system
has ruled that "the power supply authorities need not provide transposition on power lines
for coordination with telecommunication lines".
4.3 TYPICAL CONFIGURATION OF TOWERS
4.3.1 Single circuit towers.
Single-Circuit Steel Structures- Normally, steel construction is used for all

voltages above 110 kV. Steel structures are also used for lower voltages under special
conditions such as crossings over navigable streams where high clearance and long spans
are required as shown in fig 4.3.1, for approach spans into substations and switchyards,

and for extra-heavy loadings. Steel transmission line structures are usually of the self-
supporting type and are designed in three general types:
(1) Tangent, (2) angle, and (3) dead end, according to their function in the line. For many
year’s steel structures were designated by a nomenclature system in which identifying
letters were used.
S = Suspension
L = Light
T = Tension
M = Medium
A = Angle
H = Heavy
D = Double Circuit
TR = Transposition
Thus, an SAL-type structure was a single-circuit, suspension, angle structure designed for
light climatic loading. In 1975, the system was changed, and a two-digit number is now
used as a basic designation for a set of structures designed for a specific voltage and for
specific loadings. The first digit indicates the voltage; for example, a 2 indicates 220 kV.
The second digit is a design designator for a particular series of towers.
This system permits the steel structure designers to immediately identify the basic set of
structures used for any given line. The following letters are added to the two-digit
number to designate the function of the structure.
S = Suspension
X = Heavier suspension with small line angle (0’to 50) capability
ST = Heavier suspension type, no line angle capability, outside phases in suspension,

center phase dead-ended
A = Angle (insulators in suspension)
T = Tension with small line angle (0’ to 5 “) capability
Y = Tension with large line angle (5’ to 30 “) capability

D = Dead end with variable line angle capability
R = Transposition
Thus, a type 30s structure would be a 345kV suspension structure with a design
designation of zero. The limitations of a given set of structures will depend upon
conductor size, maximum tension in the conductors and overhead ground wires, and the
loading area where the structures are to be used.
• Pylon type with Right angle triangle Configuration.

• Pylon type with Delta Configuration.
• Corset type with Horizontal Configuration.
Fig 4.3.1 Single circuit towers
4.3.2 Double circuit towers
Double-circuit steel structures may be used where it is necessary to place two

transmission lines on a restricted right-of-way as shown in fig 4.3.2, or if it is desired to
reduce the cost of two lines along the same route. On double-circuit structures, the

conductors for each circuit are arranged vertically on one side of the structure. In areas
where snow and ice loading are not expected, the conductors may be located directly
above one another; however, where snow and ice loading are expected, it is desirable to
offset the center conductor to minimize the possibility of any contact between the
conductors. Contact can be caused by galloping conductors or uneven snow and ice
loading on the conductors. Double-circuit steel structures are constructed in the same
general types as the single-circuit structures. The Double Circuit towers are used while
crossing reserved forest, major river crossings, narrow corridors near switchyards etc. so
as to make provision for future transmission lines since the approval from various
authorities can be obtained at one time (for example, from forest, aviation authorities etc.)
and to minimize expenditure in laying foundations in rivers.
• Pylon type with Vertical Configuration.

• Pylon type with Vertical Configuration.
• Pylon type with Delta Configuration.
Fig 4.3.2 Double circuit tower

4.3.3 Multi circuit towers
To transmit bulk power at an economical rate, Multi circuit towers are used. It
may be mentioned here that a double circuit line is cheaper than two independent single
circuit lines and four circuit line cheaper than two double circuit lines. However, the
capital outlays involved become heavy and it is not easy to visualize the manner in which
the loads build up and the power flow takes place in the long term prospective. Further,
reliability considerations become very important at extra high voltages. A balance has
therefore to be struck between the two somewhat opposing considerations as shown in fig
4.3.3.
• Pylon type with Vertical Configuration

• Pylon type with Vertical & Horizontal Configuration
Fig 4.3.3 Multi circuit towers

4.4 PARTS OF TOWER
Fig 4.4 Parts of tower.
The components of transmission line got own respective electrical and mechanical
characteristic. Transmission tower is consisting of the following components.
1. GW peak.
2. Cage.
3. Cross arm.
4. Bracing.
5. Normal tower body.

6. Redundant member.
7. Body extension.
8. Tower leg.
9. Stub.
10. Foundation.
4.4.1 GW PEAK
The Peak of transmission tower is mainly used for lay ground wire in suspension
clamp and tension clamp in suspension and angle tower locations. Peak is a portion of the
above vertical configuration of top cross arm. We can simply say that Peak is the section
above the boom in case of the horizontal section of tower. The peak height depends on
the specific angle of shield and clearance of mid span.
4.4.2 CAGE
The area between tower body and peak is known as the cage of the Transmission
Tower. The main vertical section of any transmission tower is named as cage. Normally
cross section of cage takes square shape and the shape is also depending on the height of
the transmission line.
4.4.3 CROSS ARM
Cross Arm is one of the key component of transmission line and it holds the
power conductor. Cross arm can vary due to the location and power carried by the
transmission line. Number of cross arms depend on the number of circuits consist in
Transmission Line.
4.4.4 BODY EXTENSION
All towers are designed in such a way that they can be provided with standard tower
extensions. Extensions are designed as +3, +6 +9 and + 25 in Meters. These extensions
can be used along with standard towers to provide sufficient clearance over ground or
while crossing power lines, Railway lines, highways, undulated, uneven ground etc. Leg
extensions are designed to provide extension to tower legs which are located at uneven
ground where different legs of the tower are at different levels.

4.4.5 BRACING
Bracings are used to interconnect the legs of transmission lines and framing angel
of bracing and main leg of transmission towers should not exceed more than 15 degrees.
Members of transmission towers are designed to compression and tension loads.
4.4.6 NORMAL TOWER BODY
Tower body is the main part of the tower which connects the boom and the cage
to tower foundation on body extension or the leg extension. The shape of the body is
square type and tower body consist two columns which connected are the end of the
foundations.
4.4.7 REDUNDANT MEMBER
Redundant sub-members usually require only one bolt connection to transfer their
nominal loads. Thus, gusset plates can easily be avoided if clipping and coping are used
to advantage. Typical connections indicate the methods of clipping or turning members in
or out to keep the number of bolts to a minimum.
4.4.8 STUB-SETTING
The portion of tower which goes into the foundation is called stub. Stub setting is
to be done very correctly in position to keep the tower square in alignment and to give
correct slope of the leg member tower. Hence template is used for this. The templates are
located over the location. At each horizontal member of template grooves are cut,
through which strings are attached. The intersection of strings gives the center point of
the tower base.
This point should be made to coincide with nail point on the tower stake. A string
should be stretched in the line with nail points on the center peg and the two adjacent 5m
pegs. The top of all the stubs should be to one level to ensure verticality of the tower.
This is done by leveling instruments. The stub after setting will be encased with concrete
in the shape according to the drawings. The bottom half is in the shape of truncated

pyramid and the top half, narrow neck of square section. The mixture of concrete is the
ratio of 1:2:4.
BACK FILLING The back filling of pits is done with earth, stones, boulders removed
from the pits should be stacked inside the tower base. The earth should be thoroughly
wetted and consolidated in 15cm layer. The templates should be in correct position. The
tops of concrete left above the ground level should be kept wet for 14 days.
4.4.9 FOUNDATION
Foundation of any structure plays an important role in safety and satisfactory

performance of the structure as it transmits mechanical loads of the electrical
transmission system to earth. A transmission structure Without having a sound and safe
foundation, it cannot perform the functions for which it has been designed.
The foundations in various types of soils have to be designed to suit the soil conditions of
particular type. In addition to foundations of normal towers, there are situations where
considering techno-economical aspect for special towers required or river crossing which
may be located either on the bank of the river or in the mind stream or both, pile
foundation may be provided.
The foundation of towers is normally subjected to three types of forces. These are:
a) The compression or downward thrust.

b) The tension or uplift.
c) The lateral forces of side thrusts in both transverse and longitudinal directions.
CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION
Depending on the type of soil the sub-soil water table and the presence of surface
water four types of foundation will be used for each type of tower location.
Classified in the following manner.
1. Normal dry type: To be used for location in normal day cohesive or non-cohesive.
Soils.

2. Wet type: Is used for locations.

I. Here sub-soil water is met at 1.5 m or more below the ground line.
II. Which are in surface water for long periods with water penetration not
exceeding one meter below the ground line.
III. Black cotton soils.
3. Partially sub-merged type: To be used at locations where sub soil water table is
met between 4.5, meter below the ground line.
4. Fully sub-merged type: To be used at locations where sub-soil water table is met
at less than 4.5, meter below the ground line.
In addition to the above depending on the site conditions other types of foundations may
be introduced suitable for-
I. Intermediate conditions under the above classification to effect more

economy.
II. For locations in hilly and rocky areas.
III. For locations where special foundations are necessitated.
4.5 DESIGN OF TOWER
4.5.1 FACTORS GOVERNING TOWER CONFIGURATION
Depending upon the requirements of transmission system, various line

configurations have to be considered ranging from single circuit horizontal to double
circuit vertical structures with single or V-strings in all phase, as well as any combination
of these.
The configuration of a transmission line tower depends on:
a) The minimum ground clearance of the lowest conductor point above the ground
level.
b) The length of the insulator string.
c) The minimum clearance to be maintained between conductors& between
conductor and tower.
d) The location of ground wire with respect to outer most conductors.

e) The mid span clearance required from considerations of the dynamic behavior of
conductor and lightening protection of the line.
4.6 TOWER GEOMETRY
4.6.1 MIDSPAN CLEARANCES
In order to prevent clashing and flashover between conductors in mid span, the
conductors shall be attached to the support at a proper distance from each other.
According to the results of the questionnaire, the determination of the clearances between
the conductors at mid span is more complex than at the tower. The conductor sag at mid
span changes mainly with. The clearance is indicated in 4.6.1(a).
• The conductor temperature.

• The ice load.
Fig 4.6.1(a) Different clearances in transmission line

4.6.2 MAXIMUM SAG
The size and type of conductor, wind and climatic Conditions of the region and
span length determine the conductor sag and tensions. Span length is fixed from
economic considerations. The maximum sag for conductor span occurs at the maximum
temperature and still wind conditions. This maximum value of sag is taken into
consideration in fixing the overall height of the steel structures as shown in fig 4.6.1(a).
In snow regions, the maximum sag may occur even at 0OC with conductors loaded with
ice in still wind conditions. While working out tension in arriving at the maximum sag,
the following stipulations laid down, in I.E. Rules (1956) are to be satisfied.
i. The minimum factor of safety for conductors shall be based on their ultimate
tensile strength.
ii. The conductor tension at 32OC (90OF) without external load shall not exceed the
following percentages of the ultimate tensile strength of the conductor.
Initial unloaded tension. 35%
Final Unloaded tension. 25%.
The difference in level between the points of support and the lowest point on the
conductor is called as sag.
Keeping the desired sag in overhead power lines is an important consideration. If

the amount of sag is very low, the conductor is exposed to a higher mechanical tension
which may break the conductor. Whereas, if the amount of sag is very high, the
conductor may swing at higher amplitudes due to the wind and may contact with
alongside conductors. Lower sag means tight conductor and higher tension. Higher sag
means loose conductor and lower tension. Therefore, a suitable value of sag is calculated
so that the conductor remains in safe tension limit keeping the sag minimum.
➢ The tension at any point on the conductor acts tangentially. Therefore, the tension
at the lowermost point on the conductor is horizontal.
➢ The horizontal component of tension at any point on the conductor is constant.

➢ The tension at the support points is nearly equal to the horizontal component of
tension at any point on the conductor.
4.6.3 SPACING OF CONDUCTORS
The spacing of conductors is determined by considerations which are partly

electrical and partly mechanical. The material and diameter of the conductors should also
be considered when deciding the spacing, because a smaller conductor especially if made
of aluminum, having a small weight in relation to the area presented to a cross wind, will
swing synchronously (in phase) with the wind, but with long spans and small wires, there
is always the possibility of the conductor swinging non- synchronously, and the size of
the conductor and the maximum sag at the center of span are factors which should be
taken into account in determining distance apart at which they should be strung.
4.6.4 TOWER HEIGHT
The factors governing the height of a tower are: (a) Minimum permissible ground
clearance (H1) (b) Maximum sag (H2). (c) Vertical spacing between conductors (H3). (d)
Vertical clearance between ground wire and top conductor (H4). Thus the total height of
the tower is given by H = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4 in the case of a double circuit tower with
vertical configuration of conductors as shown in fig 4.6.4.
Fig 4.6.4 Separation of Tower into different level of heights.

4.6.5 VERTICAL CLEARANCE BETWEEN GROUND WIRE AND TOP

CONDUCTOR
This is governed by the angle of shielding i.e. the angle which the line joining the
ground wire and the outermost conductor makes with the vertical, required for the
interruption of direct lightning strikes at the ground and the minimum mid span clearance
between the ground wire and the top power conductor. The shield angle varies from
about 20 degrees 30 degrees, depending on the configuration of conductors and the
number of ground wires (one or two) provided.
4.6.6 BASE WIDTH OF TOWER
The spacing between the tower footings i.e., base width at concrete level is the
distance from the center of gravity of the corner leg angle to that of the adjacent corner
leg angle. Higher the Base Width Lower will be the foundation Forces and hence lower
foundation cost. But weight of the tower will be marginally higher. Similarly, lower the
base width, higher will be foundation forces and hence higher foundation cost. But
marginally lower will be the weight of the tower.
4.6.7 NARROW BASED TOWER
In case of cities where space constraints/ Corridor problems are encountered

tower with narrow base are to be designed sacrificing the economy. The base width of the
tower is to be decided to suit the site condition.
4.6.8 CROSS ARM SPREAD AND VERTICAL SEPARATION BETWEEN TWO

CROSS ARM
Cross arm spread and vertical separation between two cross arm depends on
voltage of the line, depth of Jumper drop in case of anchor towers, Angle of deviation,
type & length of insulators (I string or V string) in case of suspension tower & Live metal
clearances required for various swing angle of suspension string / Jumper drop as per IS:
5613 Part 2, Sec.1.

4.6.9 MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE GROUND CLEARANCE
From safety considerations, power conductors along the route of the transmission
line should maintain clearances to ground in open country, national highway, rivers,
railway tracks, tele-communication lines, other power lines etc. as laid down in the Indian
Electricity Rule or standards or code of practice in vogue.
The different clearances followed at different EHV transmission line are shown in fig
4.6.9(a).
Fig 4.6.9(a). Clearances for various EHV line.
The different conductor to conductor spacing in towers of various EHV transmission line
is shown in fig 4.6.9(b).

Fig 4.6.9(b) Conductor to Conductor spacing in towers
4.7 DESIGN SPAN
4.7.1 NORMAL SPAN
The horizontal distance between two electrical supports is called the span. If the
weight of a conductor is uniformly distributed along the line, then it is assumed that a
freely suspended conductor shape is a parabola. The shape of sag increases with the
increase in the length of the span. It is the most economic span for which the line is
designed over ground so that requisite ground clearance is obtained at max. prescribed
temperature.
The following Normal span are adopted in KPTCL
For 400KV lines --- 400M.

4.7.2 WIND SPAN
The mathematical average of the back span and the forespan. It is used in
calculating the wind load that the conductor imposes on the supporting structure. This
may also be referred to as the horizontal span.
Wind is assumed to act transversely on conductor and it is taken as half the sum of
adjacent spans. In the tower designs wind span is considered as 1.1 times the Normal
spans.
4.7.3 WEIGHT SPAN
The term weight span means the equivalent length of the weight of conductor
supported at any one tower at minimum temperature in still air. The maximum and
minimum (can be negative) weight of conductor is calculated based on this span. Further
this length can vary depend on support type and loading type (Normal working / Broken
wire).
It is the horizontal distance between two lowest points or Null point of the conductor on
the two adjacent spans. In the design of tower of normal terrain, the weight span is
considered as 1.5 times the Normal span. In case of Hilly terrains weight spans of twice
or thrice the Normal span are considered in the design.
4.7.3 RULING SPAN
A ruling span, also known as equivalent span or mean effective span (MES), is an
assumed uniform design span which approximately portray the mechanical performance
of a section of line between its dead-end supports. The ruling span is used in the design
and construction of a line to provide a uniform span length which is a function of the
various lengths of spans between dead-ends. This uniform span length allows sags and
clearance to be readily calculated for structure spotting and conductor stringing.
During stringing and sagging, the conductors are placed on the travelers (or rollers) and
are dead-ended at the ends of the stringing section of the line. While the conductor is on
travelers and free to move between spans, the conductor tensions, and length in any span

is a function of the combined averaged tension of all the spans and the total conductor
length of the dead-ended stringing section.
When the spans are of unequal length and the supports are of varying elevations, the
mathematics become too complicated to be easily calculated. The assumptions of Ruling
Span Theory:
a) The supports are at equal elevations.

b) The horizontal tension is constant throughout the stringing section.
c) The uneven spans are replaced by a series of equal spans.
This ruling span rules the behavior of the sagged section of the line. The sag
characteristics of the ruling span set the sag characteristics of every span in the section. If
conductors are installed using a sag-tension table with the wrong ruling span, actual final
sags and tension will not be the same as predicted. The greater the difference, the greater
the error!
The wind span and weight span at different terrain level is illustrated at below figures
4.7(a), 4.7(b), 4.7(c)
Fig 4.7(a) Span at FLAT terrain

Fig 4.7(b) Span at Hilly terrain with maximum positive weight span
Fig 4.7(c) Span at Hilly terrain with maximum negative weight span

4.8 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF ANAND RAO CIRCLE 220/66 KV SUB

STATION
Fig 4.8 SLD of 220KV/66KV substation at Anand Rao circle.

Key features of substation.
• Incoming line: 1no. of 220kv from NRS 220kv substation by underground cable.
• Bus Bar scheme: Double bus bar with sectionalization of both 220kv and 66kv.
• Transformer: 2 transformers of 150 MVA each, 220/66kv of CGL Make.
• Surge arrester: 220KV, 40 KA and 66KV, 10KA.
• Circuit breaker: 220 KV, 1250amps,40 KA, SF6 circuit breaker.
66 KV, 1250 amps,40 KA, SF6 circuit breaker.
• Isolator: 220 KV, 1250A, 315KA and 66 KV, 315 KA horizontally operated.
• Current Transformer: 220 KV and 66KV.
• 220 KV CVT.
• Outgoing lines.
1. 66 KV line ‘C’ station.
2. 66 KV line ‘A’ station-1.
3. 66 KV line Victoria.
4. 66 KV line ‘A’ station-2.
5. 66 KV line kanteerava stadium.
6. 66 KV line (future).

REFLECTION NOTES
As part of academics under VTU, BE 6th sem. The student has to undergo
internship program for one month in any recognized organization to get exposed to
industrial environment and to form a bridge between the concepts studied in academics
and to relate those concepts in real time. During the vacation of 6th sem from 4th July
2019 to 31st July 2019. I carried out my internship in corporate office of KPTCL kaveri
bhavan. On the topic design of EHV transmission towers. I thank our HOD for permitting
me to carry out internship in kaveri bhavan KPTCL and also for extending his support in
completion of internship. I thank Mr. Syed Manzoor Hussain executive engineer (ele),
KPTCL kaveri bhavan and Mrs. Manjula B assistant executive engineer (ele), technical
section KPTCL kaveri bhavan for sharing their knowledge and guiding me throughout
my internship tenure and also every staff of kaveri bhavan helped me for successful
completion of internship.
A lot of technical knowledge have been imparted from the guide, how actually the design
of EHV tower takes place. Why they go for EHV transmission. How they select the land
for setting up the towers. Practically how they solve the difficulties that arise during the
erection. Which type of towers have to be selected and where they have to be placed.
How they take clearances for the conductors. Determining the span between the towers.
The prior knowledge on transmission lines helped me to understand better and grasp the
information quickly. I love the casual debates and discussion with the trainers and fellow
interns which brought more joy to learning and to share my knowledge with fellow
interns.
Along with the design of towers, I was also guided by other topics on design of
substation, substation automation system, different protection schemes, testing of
transformer and oil testing of transformer. It also helped me to gain some knowledge on
those topics and I detailly learnt about the different test of transformer oil and various
tests carried out to determine the characteristics of transformer oil. Also completely
studied about the designing of substation, how land selection, equipment selection, which
type of bus bar scheme is incorporated, and what kind of substation whether AIS or GIS
substation is selected, advantages of each type of system and how they gone implement
practically by eliminating all the difficulties. And also studied about the structure and
functioning of substation automation system, its advantages and disadvantages in
implementing it in the substation.
The most interesting part of internship program was visiting 220 KV/66KV at Anand Rao
circle and Sir M. Visvesvaraya 220/66/11 KV G.I.S. Sub-Station. Both were of different
kind one with more conventional type of air insulation (AIS), the other is the new kind of
substation with gas as a medium of insulation (GIS). Practically I was introduced to

visualize the equipment used in substation and how they operate and how the
maintenance work is carried out. How they place equipment. How the lay cables to the
control room? What all the operations they carry out in control room. How they monitor
the load without interruption. It gave a complete idea of power monitoring and
distribution techniques.
Apart from the technical knowledge there were some non-technical outcomes which
improved my verbal and communication skills. Time management skills were improved,
they even guided us how to crack the KPTCL exams. How to get prepared for
government exams. How to utilize the available resources to develop both personally and
academically. The awareness one has to create between the public in conserving energy
and to transform our self into good personality and also contribute to the growth of
society in a right way.
All the way in my training there was no hurry to finish the syllabus, each and every
doubts were cleared, gave us an opportunity to understand each and every concept.

REFERENCES AND ANNEXURE
1. https://www.slideshare.net/rssraaz/design-of-tower
2. http://www.electricalpowerenergy.com/2017/03/transmission-tower-height/
3. https://electricalstudy.sarutech.com/electrical-transmission-tower-types-and-
design/index.html
4. http://www.kptcl.com/
5. Transmission and distribution by U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi

KPTCL Design of Ehv Transmission Line

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KPTCL Design of Ehv Transmission Line

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DESIGN OF EHV TRANSMISSION TOWERS 2019-20

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION

KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL,

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

KPTCL is headed by a Chairman and Managing Director at the Corporate Office. He is

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installed capacity of 27 MW at Munirabad were commissioned during 1964 and 1965,

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

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Transmission network. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity

The various wings of KPTCL are as follows.

The Fifth Distribution Company Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation limited

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Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and MESCOM in respect

The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is to

▪ Encouraging Best practices in transmission & distribution.

1.4 VISION OF THE ORGANIZATION

The vision of Karnataka power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is to

• To improve viability and customer standards in the past sector through

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANIZATION

The main objectives to be pursued by the company are as follows.

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1.6 FUNCTIONS OF ORGANIZATION

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the

Transmission Corporation Limited. Of central allocation of power out of NTPC,

1.7 MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF KPTCL

1. Dedication of improved power distribution network in Bijapur.

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6. Highest ever-thermal generation of 10,292 milli units.

1.8 SUBSTATIONS & TRANSMISSION LINES

VOLTAGE NO. OF TRANSMISSION LINE

220KV 105 11502.889

110KV 423 10712.139

66KV 657 11074.844

33KV 352 10028.280

TOTAL 1542 46886.608

1.9 STATE POWER UTILITIES CHALLENGES AHEAD AND STRATEGIES

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The difficulties faced in distribution of power and in maintenance of transmission lines

To raise the required capital for the investment Program

Consequences of open access

Electricity act 2003 provides for non-discriminatory open access. As a result,

Deep-rooted unethical practical practices have added much to the low

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Universal Metering and providing power to agriculture consumers

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ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

Operation and maintenance department of KPTCL takes care of monitoring and

Duties and responsibilities of operation and maintenance department of KPTCL.

1) Receiving applications of power supply from prospective consumers.

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4) Examination of the feasibility of power supply from the existing infrastructure.

2.1 SUB-DIVISIONAL OFFICES

A Sub-Division consists of three to five O & M Units and headed by an Officer of

1) Sanctioning of service connections as per Powers vested with him.

2.2 DIVISIONAL OFFICES

A Division has two or five Sub-Divisions under its jurisdiction. It is purely an

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1) Overseeing the functioning of the sub–division as per specified parameters and

2.3 CIRCLE OFFICES

A Circle has three to four Divisions under its jurisdiction. It is also an