Power Quality Improvement by using

STATCOM

Dissertation submitted to
National Institute of Technology, Agartala
for the award of the degree
of
Bachelor of Technology

by
Sunny Kumar (15uee155)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. R.N RAY

Department of Electrical Engineering

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AGARTALA

1
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words

and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited
and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all the
principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated any idea/data/fact/source in this submission. I understand that any
violation of the above will cause for disciplinary action by the institute and
other sources.

Sunny Kumar (15uee155)

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CERTIFICATE
It is certified that the work contained in this thesis titled “ Power Quality
improvement by using STATCOM“ , by

Sunny Kumar (15uee155)

has been carried out under my/our supervision and this work has not been
submitted elsewhere for a degree.

Signature of Supervisor(s)

3
4
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the project entitled, “Power Quality Improvement by

using STATCOM”
submitted by-

Sunny Kumar (15uee155)

is examined and accepted in fulfilling the requirement of final semester for

the degree of Bachelor of Technology, in Electrical Engineering.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS
EXAMINER:
………………………………

………………………………

………………………………

SUPERVISIOR:

……………………………..

……………………………..

……………………………..

CHAIRMAN:

……………………………..

…………………………….…………………………….

DATE: ……………………. PLACE: ……………............

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish to express profound gratitude and indebtedness to Assistant Prof.

Dr.R.N.RAY for providing me an opportunity to carry out the final year project under

his supervision. His sagacity and vision have played a vital role in guiding us

throughout the research. It has been a wonderful experience working under him, as

it has provided us a deep insight to the world of research. His valuable suggestions,

constant encouragement for excellence and continuous monitoring have propelled

me to complete the research with quality.

I am grateful to NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AGARTALA for

providing this excellent research opportunity to me. This gave us a chance to carve

our knowledge and reach a new horizon.

I am extremely grateful to all my friends and well-wishers for their valuable

assistance and co-operation, their encouragement and blessings earn deepest love,

respect and appreciation.

At last but not the least, I beholden to almighty for their blessings to help us to raise
our academic level to this stage.I pray for their benediction in my future endeavours.
May their blessings be showered on us for strength, wisdom and determination to
achieve goal in futur ealso!

Date :08-05-2019

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 CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. ( 13 )
1.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... (14)
2. POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY............................................... .(15)
3. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) ............... (16)
4. STATCOM components........................................................................... (17)
(a) IGBT or GTO based dc-to-ac inverters
(b) . L-C filter
(c) Control block
5. PRINCIPLE OF STATCOM OF VOLTAGE REGULATION .......... (18)
(a) voltage regulation without compensator
(b) voltage regulation using the STATCOM
6. BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE............................................................. (20)
1. Phase Shift Control

2. Decoupled Current Control (p-q theory)

3. Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage

4. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Method

7. Phase ShiftControl.......................................................................... 21

8. Decoupled Current Control (p-q theory) ................................. 23

9 simulation result................................................................... 25

a. simulation result with inductive load

b. simulation result with capacitive load

10.1. Harmonic analysis of load voltage wavefor……………………………..39

10. 2.Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation………………………..…………………40
11. Driver circuit……………………………………………………………….41
12.1 Components……………………………………………………………...42
12.2TLP250……………………………………………………………………43
13.Regulated DC power supply…………………………………..……..44
14. VI Characteristics………………………………...……46
15. CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………(49)
16. REFERENCES ………………………………………………………(50)

8
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.1. power quality and reliability ................................................................ (17)

Fig.2.block diagram of STATCOM circuit ................................................. (18)

Fig.3. (a) the equivalent circuit of load and supply system; (b) Phasor of
uncompensated line; (c) Phasor of the compensated line .............................. (20)

Fig.4. Block diagram of phase shift control ................................................... (23)

Fig.5. block diagram of decoupled theory based control of STATCOM ....(25)

Fig.6. Voltage dip mitigation by using capacitor bank .......................... (26)

Fig.7.Voltage improvement by using capacitor bank......... (27)

Fig.8 PWM based model in Simpowersystem ..... (28)

Fig.9 .Voltage controller of STATCOM ....................... (29)

Fig.10 Voltage controller implemented in SimPowerSystems ............. (30)

Fig.11..Voltage dip mitigation in radial line system by using statcom (31)

Fig.12 Result of voltage improvement by using statcom ........... (32)

Fig.13. Result of voltage improvement and reactive power supply

.................................................... (33)

Fig.14. Result of reactive power injection by statcom.

............................................................................................................ (33)

Fig.15. .load voltage, reactive power compensated.

................................ (35)
Fig.16. Simulink model of compensated lines with capacitive load
................ (36)

Fig17. Voltage improvement in load 1 and source 1. ............... (37)

Fig.18. Reactive power of compensated lines with capacitive load

........................................................ (37)

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Fig.19. Voltage improvement in load 2 and source 2.... (38)

Fig.20 Comparison of voltage improvement on load 2 side.…… … (38)

Fig.21Comparison of voltage improvement with and without statcom.. (39)

Fig.22 . Driver circuit.. (43)
Fig.23. Pin diagram of TLP 250…….. (44)
Fig.24. Regulated DC power supply (45)
Fig.25. VI characteristics. (47)

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11
 ABSTRACT:

Maximum AC loads consumes reactive power, it causes poor

power quality in power system. The STATCOM is a compensating
device which is used to control the flow of reactive power in the
distribution systems. The complete background of the
compensating devices and power electronic application in
compensating devices is presented in this paper and also the
compensation using the STATCOM modeling is also discussed.
The detailed modeling and simulations of different control
strategies are presented and implemented along with the
necessary equations in the MATLAB simulink using the simpower
systems tool boxes. The PI controllers are used for the
implementation of the models and are discussed. Simulation
results are we discussed and various case studies applied
depending on the various loads like resistive, inductive and
capacitive on the STATCOM simulink models and the simulation
results are studied.
Keywords : Reactive power compensation, STATCOM, d-
qmodel, power control and power quality.

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1. INTRODUCTION
In the early days of power transmission in the late 19th century problems like voltage deviation
during load changes and power transfer limitation were observed due to reactive power
unbalances. Most of the AC loads are consuming reactive power due to presence of reactance.
Heavy consumption of reactive power causes poor voltage quality. Today these Problems have
even higher impact on reliable and secure power supply in the world of Globalization and
Privatization of electrical systems and energy transfer. The development in fast and reliable
semiconductors devices (GTO and IGBT) allowed new power electronic Configurations to be
introduced to the tasks of power Transmission and load flow control. The FACTS devices offer a
fast and reliable control over the transmission parameters, i.e. Voltage, line impedance, and phase
angle between the sending end voltage and receiving end voltage. On the other hand the custom
power is for low voltage distribution, and improving the poor quality and reliability of supply
affecting sensitive loads. Custom power devices are very similar to the FACTS. Most widely
known custom power devices are STATCOM, UPQC, DVR among them STATCOM is very well
known and can provide cost effective solution for the compensation of reactive power and
unbalance loading in distribution system.

The performance of the STATCOM depends on the control algorithm i.e. the extraction of the current
components. For this purpose there are many control schemes which are reported in the literature and
some of these are instantaneous reactive power (IRP) theory, instantaneous compensation,
instantaneous symmetrical components, synchronous reference frame (SRF) theory, computation
based on per phase basis, and scheme based on neural network. Among these control schemes
instantaneous r eactive power theory and synchronous rotating reference frame are most widely used.
This paper focuses on the compensating the voltage sag, swells and momentary interruptions. The
dynamic performance is analyzed and verified through simulation. It is a custom power device which
is gaining a fast publicity during these days due to its exceptional features like it provides fast response,
suitable for dynamic load response or voltage regulation and automation needs, Both leading and
lagging VARS can be provided, to correct voltage surges or sags caused by reactive power demands
STATCOM can be applied on wide range of distribution and transmission voltage, overload capability
of this provides reserve energy for transients.

The causes of power quality problems are generally complex and difficult to detect. Technically
speaking, the ideal AC line supply by the utility system should be a pure sine wave of fundamental
frequency (50/60Hz).Different power quality problems, their characterization methods and possible
causes are discussed above and which are responsible for the lack of quality power which affects the
customer in many ways. We can therefore conclude that the lack of quality power can cause loss of
production, damage of equipment or appliances or can even be detrimental to human health. It is
therefore imperative that a high standard of power quality is maintained. This project demonstrates that
the power electronic based power conditioning using custom power devices like STATCOM can be
effectively utilized to improve the quality of power supplied to the customers. The aim of the paper is
shows to implement STATCOM with control strategies in the MATLAB,

13
simulink using Simpower systems tool box and to verify the results through various case studies
applying different loads and study them in detail.

2. POWER QUALITY AND RELIABILITY:

Power quality and reliability cost the industry large amounts due to mainly sags and short-term
interruptions. Distorted and unwanted voltage wave forms, too. And themain concern for the
consumers of electricity was the reliability of supply. Here we define the reliability as the continuity
of supply. As shown in Fig.1, the problem of distribution lines is divided into two major categories.
First group is power quality, second is power reliability. First group consists of harmonic distortions,
impulses and swells. Second group consists of voltage sags and outages. Voltage sags is much more
serious and can cause a large amount of damage. If exceeds a few cycle, motors, robots, servo drives
and machine tools cannot maintain control of process. Both the reliability and quality of supply are
equally important. For example, a consumer that is connected to the same bus that supplies a large
motor load may have to face a severe dip in his supply voltage every time the motor load is switched
on. In some extreme cases even we have to bear the black outs which is not acceptable to the
consumers. There are also sensitive loads such as hospitals (life support, operation theatre, and patient
database system), processing plants, air traffic control, financial institutions and numerous other data
processing and service providers that require clean and uninterrupted power. In processing plants, a
batch of product can be ruined by voltage dip of very short duration. Such customers are very wary of
such dips since each dip can cost them a substantial amount of money. Even short dips are sufficient
to cause contactors on motor drives to drop out. Stoppage in a portion of process can destroy the
conditions for quality control of product and require restarting of production. Thus in this scenario in
which consumers increasingly demand the quality power, the term power quality (PQ) attains increased
significance.

Transmission lines are exposed to the forces of nature. Furthermore, each transmission line has
its load ability limit that is often determined by either stability constraints or by thermal limits or
by the dielectric limits. Even though the power quality problem is distribution side problem,
transmission lines are often having an impact on the quality of the power supplied. It is however
to be noted that while most problems associated with the transmission systems arise due to the
forces of nature or due to the interconnection of power systems, individual customers are
responsible for more substantial fraction of the problems of power distribution systems.

14
 Fig.1. power quality and reliability

3. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)

The Static Compensator (STATCOM) is a voltage source inverter based static compensator
(similar in many respects to the DVR) that is used for the correction of bus voltage sags.
Connection (shunt) to the distribution network is via a standard power distribution transformer.
The STATCOM is capable of generating continuously variable inductive or capacitive shunt
compensation at a level up its maximum MVA rating. The STATCOM continuously checks the
line waveform with respect to a reference ac signal, and therefore, it can provide the correct amount
of leading or lagging reactive current compensation to reduce the amount of voltage fluctuations.
The major components of a STATCOM are shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a dc capacitor, one or
more inverter modules, an ac filter, a transformer to match the inverter output to the line voltage,
and a PWM control strategy. In this STATCOM implementation, a voltage-source inverter
converts a dc voltage into a three-phase ac voltage that is synchronized with, and connected to the
ac line through a small tie reactor and capacitor.

15
 Fig.2.block diagram of DSTA

STATCOM circuit

4. STATCOM components:
STATCOM involves mainly three parts IGBT or GTO based dc-to-ac inverters: These inverters are
used which create an output voltage wave that’s controlled in magnitude and phase angle to produce
either leading or lagging reactive current, depending on the compensation required. L-C filter: The LC
filter is used which reduces harmonics and matches inverter output impedance to enable multiple
parallel inverters to share current. The LC filter is chosen in accordance with the type of the system
and the harmonics present at the output of the inverter. Control block: Control block is used which
switch Pure Wave STATCOM modules as required. They can control external devices such as
mechanically switched capacitor banks too. These control blocks are designed based on the various
control theories and algorithms like instantaneous PQ theory, synchronous frame theory etc.. All these
different algorithms are discussed in the next chapter.

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5. PRINCIPLE OF STATCOM OF VOLTAGE REGULATION
voltage regulation without compensator Voltage E and V mean source voltage and PCC voltage
respectively. Without a voltage compensator, the PCC voltage drop caused by the load current, is
as shown in Fig.3 (b) as ∆V
= +

3(a).

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 3(b)

3(c)
Fig.3. (a) the equivalent circuit of load and supply system; (b) Phasor of uncompensated line;
(c) Phasor of the compensated line

18
The voltage change has a component ∆VR in phase with V and a component ∆Vx , in quadrature
with V, which are illustrated in Fig.3(b). it is clear that both magnitude and phase of V , relative
to the supply voltage E, are the functions magnitude and phase of load current, namely voltage
drop depends on the both the real and reactive power of the load. The component ∆V can be
written as

B: voltage regulation using the STATCOM Fig.3(c) shows the vector diagram with voltage
compensation. By adding a compensator in parallel with the Vload, it is possible to make E by
controlling the current of the compensator.
= +

Where is compensator current BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE of a STATCOM is similar to

that of synchronous machine. The synchronous machine will provide lagging current when under
excited and leading current when over excited.

6.BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE

STATCOM can generate and absorb reactive power similar to that of synchronous machine and it can
also exchange real power if provided with an external device DC source. 1) Exchange of reactive
power:- if the output voltage of the voltage source converter is greater than the system voltage then the
STATCOM will act as capacitor and generate reactive power(i.e.. provide lagging current to the
system) 2) Exchange of real power: as the switching devices are not loss less there is a need for the
DC capacitor to provide the required real power to the switches. Hence there is a need for real power
exchange with an AC system to make the capacitor voltage constant in case of direct voltage control.
There is also a real power exchange with the AC system if STATCOM id provided with an external
DC source to regulate the voltage incase of very low voltage in the distribution system or in case of
faults. And if the VSC output voltage leads the system voltage then the real power from the capacitor
or the DC source will be supplied to the AC system to regulate the system voltage to the =1p.u or to
make the capacitor voltage constant. Hence the exchange of real power and reactive power of the
voltage source converter with AC system is the major required phenomenon for the regulation in the
transmission as well as in the distribution system. For reactive power compensation, STATCOM
provides reactive power as needed by the load and therefore the source current remains at unity power
factor (UPF). Since only real power is being supplied by the source, load balancing is achieved by
making the source reference current balanced. The reference source current used to decide the
switching of the STATCOM has real fundamental frequency component of the load current which is
being extracted by these techniques. A STATCOM at the transmission level handles only fundamental
reactive power and provides voltage support while as a STATCOM is employed at the distribution
level or at the

19
load end for power factor improvement and voltage regulation. STATCOM can be one of the
viable alternatives to SVC in a distribution network. Additionally, a STATCOM can also behave
as a shunt active filter, to eliminate unbalance or distortions in the source current or the supply
voltage as per the IEEE-519 standard limits. Since a STATCOM is such a multifunctional device,
the main objective of any control algorithm should be to make it flexible and easy to implement in
addition to exploiting its multi functionality to the maximum. The main objective of any
compensation scheme is that it should have a fast response, flexible and easy to implement. The
control algorithms of a STATCOM are mainly implemented in the following steps: Measurements
of system voltages and current and signal conditioning Calculation of compensating signals
Generation of firing angles of switching devices Generation of proper PWM firing is the most
important part of STATCOM control and has a great impact on the compensation objectives,
transient as well as steady state performance. Since a STATCOM shares many concepts to that of
a STATCOM at transmission level, a few control algorithms have been directly implemented to a
STATCOM, incorporating Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching, rather than Fundamental
Frequency switching (FFS) methods. This project makes attempt to compare the following
schemes of a STATCOM for reactive power compensation and power factor correction based on:

1. Phase Shift Control

2. Decoupled Current Control (p-q theory)

3. Regulation of ac bus and dc link voltage

4. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Method

5. Adaline Based Control Algorithm (in this paper we are not discussing about this controller)

The performance of STATCOM with different control schemes have been tested through digital
simulations with the different system parameters. The switch on time of the STATCOM and the
load change time are also mentioned.

7. Phase Shift Control

In this control algorithm the voltage regulation is achieved in a STATCOM by the measurement
of the rms voltage at the load point and no reactive power measurements are required. Fig.4 shows
the block diagram of the implemented scheme.

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 15

fig: 4(a) control block of PCM method

fig:4(b) circuit of PCM

21
Sinusoidal PWM technique is used which is simple and gives a good response. The error signal
obtained by comparing the measured system rms voltage and the reference voltage, is fed to a PI
controller which generates the angle which decides the necessary phase shift between the output
voltage of the VSC and the AC terminal voltage. This angle is summed with the phase angle of
the balanced supply voltages, assumed to be equally spaced at 120 degrees, to produce the desired
synchronizing signal required to operate the PWM generator. In this algorithm the D.C. voltage is
maintained constant using a separate dc source.

8. Decoupled Current Control p-q theory

This algorithm requires the measurement of instantaneous values of three phase voltage and
current. Fig.5. shows the block diagram representation of the control scheme. The compensation
is achieved by the control of id and iq. Using the definition of the instantaneous reactive power
theory for a balanced three phase three wire system, the quadrature component of the voltage is
always zero, the real (p) and the reactive power (q) injected into the system by the STATCOM can
be expressed under the dq reference frame

as:

Since vq=0, id and iq completely describe the instantaneous value of real and reactive powers produced
by the STATCOM when the system voltage remains constant. Therefore the instantaneous three phase
current measured is transformed by abc to dqo transformation. The decoupled daxis component id and
q axis component iq are regulated by two separate PI regulators. The instantaneous id reference and
the instantaneous iq reference are obtained by the control of the dc voltage and the ac terminal voltage
measured. Thus, instantaneous current tracking control is achieved using four PI regulators. A Phase
Locked Loop (PLL) is used to synchronize the control loop to the ac supply so as to operate in the abc
to dqo reference frame. The instantaneous active and reactive powers p and q can be decomposed into
an average and an oscillatory component.

Where p and q are the average part and ~ p and ~ q are oscillatory part of real and reactive
instantaneous powers. The compensating currents are calculated to compensate the instantaneous
reactive power and the oscillatory component of the instantaneous active power. In this case the

22
source transmits only the non-oscillating component of active power. Therefore the reference
source currents is * and is *  in α-β coordinate are expressed as:

These currents can be transformed in a-b-c quantities to find the reference currents in a-b-c
coordinate.

fig5: block diagram of decoupled theory based control of STATCOM

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9. SIMULATION RESULT
In this work, the performance of VSC based power devices acting as a voltage controller is
investigated. Moreover, it is assumed that the converter is directly controlled (i.e., both the angular
position and the magnitude of the output voltage are controllable by appropriate on/off signals) for
this it requires measurement of the rms voltage and current at the load point. The STATCOM is
commonly used for voltage sags mitigation and harmonic elimination at the point of connection.
The STATCOM employs the same blocks as the DVR, but in this application the coupling
transformer is connected in shunt with the ac system, as illustrated in Fig.6. The VSC generates a
three-phase ac output current which is controllable in phase and magnitude. These currents are
injected into the ac distribution system in order to maintain the load voltage at the desired voltage
reference. Active and reactive power exchanges between the VSC connected in shunt with the ac
system provides a multifunctional topology which can be used for up to three quite distinct
purposes:

1) Voltage deep mitigation.

2) Reactive power compensation.

Fig.6. Voltage dip mitigation by using capacitor bank.

24
 Fig.7. Voltage improvement by using capacitor bank.

When we are applying the voltage across the transmission line the voltage dip occur due to the connection of load.
To mitigate the voltage dip we have used capacitor bank.

25
PWM Based Model of VSC
In the PWM based model, the switching elements– IGBTs/diodes, the PWM signal generator and
the dc capacitor are explicitly represented. Considering the STATCOM as a voltage controller.
Such a model consists of a six-pulse voltage-source converter using IGBTs/diodes,
a 10000-µF dc capacitor, a PWM signal generator with switching frequency equal to 3 kHz, a
passive filter to eliminate harmonic components, and a voltage controller as that shown in Fig.7.
The dc voltage (Vdc) is measured and sent to the controller as well as the three-phase terminal
voltages (VABC ) and the injected three-phase currents (Iabc ). Va, Vb and Vc are voltages at the
converter output.

Fig.8. PWM based model of VSC implemented in SimPowerSystems.

26
 Fig.9:Voltage controller of STATCOM

Fig.7, and its simpower systems implementation is presented in Fig.8. Which employs the dq0 rotating
reference frames because it offers higher accuracy than stationary frame based techniques. In this
figure, VABC are the three-phase terminal voltages, Iabc are the three-phase currents injected by the
devices into the network, Vrms is the rms terminal voltage, Vdc is the dc voltage measured in the
capacitor and the superscripts * indicate reference values. Such controller employs a PLL (Phase
Locked Loop) to synchronize the three-phase voltages at the converter output with the zero crossings
of the fundamental component of the phase-A terminal voltage. Therefore, the PLL provides the angle
φ to the abc-to-dq0 (and dq0-to-abc) transformation. There are also four PI regulators. The first one is
responsible for controlling the terminal voltage through the reactive power exchange with the ac
network This PI regulator provides the reactive current reference Iq*, which is limited between +1 pu
capacitive and -1 pu inductive. This regulator has one droop characteristic, usually ±5%, which allows
the terminal voltage to suffer only small variations. Another PI regulator is responsible for keeping
constant the dc voltage through a small active power exchange with the ac network, compensating the
active power losses in the transformer and inverter. This PI regulator provides the active current
reference Id*. The other two PI regulators determine voltage reference Vd* and Vq*, which are sent
to the PWM signal generator of the converter, after a dq0-to-abc transformation. Finally, Vabc* are
the three-phase voltages desired at the converter output. The simulink implementation of Fig.8 is
shown in Fig.9.

27
 Fig.10.Voltage controller implemented in SimPowerSystems.

Initially there is a fixed inductive load is connected to the line. After .1 second the circuit breaker
.is closed and the terminal voltage is decreased to.8pu. The top window shows the change in the
three phase voltage waveforms, the second window shows the changes in the currents when the
inductive load is applied after.1seconds and the bottom window shows the magnitude of the
voltage. This simulation is shown in Fig.10 and results are shown in Fig.11.

28
RADIAL LINE SYSTEM:

Fig.11. Voltage dip mitigation in radial line system by using statcom.

29
Fig.12. Result of voltage improvement by using statcom.

Case: 2 ( An capacitive load is applied at .5 seconds after the start of the simulation) Initially there
is a fixed inductive load is connected to the line. After 0.5 seconds start of the simulation the circuit
breaker is closed. The top window shows the changes in the three phas voltage waveform, the
second window shows the changes in the currents when the capacitive load is applied after 0.5
seconds and the bottom window shows the magnitude of the voltage. The simulation block is
shown in Fig.12 and corresponding results are shown in fig 13

30
Fig 13: Result of voltage improvement and reactive power supply.

Fig.14. Result of reactive power injection by statcom.

31
With STATCOM compensation:
Case: 1 (an inductive load is applied .5 seconds after the start of the simulation) Considering that
the STATCOM is connected in shunt with the line. Initially there is a fixed inductive load is
connected to the line. After 0.5 seconds the circuit breaker is closed an inductive load is applied,
but in both the cases we observe that there is no drop in the terminal voltage due to the injection
of reactive power by the STATCOM.

Therefore the load is maintained at unity power factor. The top window shows that there is no
change in the voltage waveform and it is maintained at unity power factor. The second window
shows the variations in the currents when inductive loads are applied at different instances of the
simulation. The simulation block and corresponding results for this case are shown in Fig.14 and
Fig.15 respectively and the real and reactive powers are shown in Fig.18.M.

32
Fig 15: load voltage , Reactive power compensated.

33
Case:2 (an capacitive load is applied at .2seconds after the start of the simulation) Considering that
the STATCOM is connected in shunt with the line. Initially there is a fixed inductive load is
connected to the line. After 0.5 seconds the circuit breaker is closed a capacitive load is applied,
but in both the cases we observe that there is no rise in the terminal voltage due to the absorption
of reactive power by the Statcom.

fig16: Simulink model of compensated line with capacitive load when line fed from both end

34
 fig17: : Voltage improvement in load 1 and source 1.

fig18: reactive power with compensated line with capacitive load

35
Fig.19. Voltage improvement in source 2 and load 2 side.

Fig.20. Comparison of voltage improvement on load 2 side.

36
Fig.21. comparison of voltage improvement with statcom and without statcom.

37
10.1 Harmonic Analysis of Load Voltage Waveforms

Fourier series expansion for pole voltage and line voltage are as shown.

…………………………………………

Using above equations the expressions for remaining pole and line voltages can be written
simply by shifting the time (ωt) origin by the phase shift angle. Accordingly the
expressions for pole voltage and line voltage are written below.

It may be verified that difference of and leads to the expression for . The expression for a
particular harmonic component in the voltage waveforms is determined simply by
substituting ‘n’ in above equations by the harmonic order. Accordingly the fundamental
magnitude of line voltages , and can be written as:

The three fundamental line voltages are balanced (have identical magnitudes and are phase
apart by 1200). For most practical loads only the fundamental component of the inverter
output voltage is of interest. However the inverter output also contains significant amount of
higher order harmonic voltages that cause undesirable distortion of the output waveform. It
may, though, be noted that there are no even harmonics and the line voltages are free from
3rd and multiples of 3rd order harmonics. Also, as the harmonic order (n) increases their
magnitudes decrease inversely with the harmonic order. When expressed as a fraction of
fundamental voltage magnitude, the line voltage distortions are mainly due to 20% of 5th
harmonic, nearly 14% of 7th, nearly 9% of 11th and nearly 8% of 13th harmonic. Since most
loads are inductive in nature with a low pass filter type characteristics the effect of very high
order harmonics may be neglected. It may be noted that though the pole voltages have 3rd
and multiples of 3rd order harmonic distortions, the line voltages are free from these
distortions. Hence the load neutral point, rather than being connected to the mid-potentian

38
point of the input dc supply (as in a single-phase half bridge inverter), is deliberately left
floating. The floating neutral point does not allow a closed path for the 3rd and multiples of
3rd harmonic currents to flow (3rd or multiples of 3rd harmonic current, if present in the load
phases, have identical instantaneous magnitudes in all the three phases and their algebraic
sum needs to flow in or out of the load neutral point). By keeping the load neutral point
floating, not only the need for bringing out the mid-potential point of dc supply is done away
with, the triplen harmonic distortions of the load current is totally eliminated. Since there are
no triplen harmonic currents in the load, the load-phase voltages are also free from triplen
harmonic distortions. In fact the six-stepped load-phase voltages shown in Fig. 35.2 are found
to be free from triplen harmonics. It turns out that by removing all triplen harmonics from the
square-shaped pole voltage waveform one can arrive at the corresponding load-phase (six-
stepped) voltage waveform. Accordingly the load-phase voltages may be expressed in terms
of its harmonic contents as shown below.

For a balanced three-phase load, the instantaneous magnitude of any phase current can be
determined by superposition of different harmonic currents of the phase. For a simple three
phase R-L load, the phase-A current expression in terms of resistance (R) and inductance
(L) of the load may be written as:

A close look at above eqn. will reveal that for a purely inductive 3-phase load the 5th, 7th,
11th and 13th harmonic distortion in the load current (as a percentage of fundamental
component of current) will respectively be 4%, 2.04%, 0.83% and 0.59%. These distortions
are much less than the corresponding distortions in the load voltage waveforms. As a result
the load current for highly inductive R-L load will have close to sinusoidal shape.

10.2. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation

In a simple source voltage inverter, the switches can be turned ON and OFF as needed. During
each cycle, the switch is turned on or off once. This results in a square waveform. However, if
the switch is turned on for a number of times, a harmonic profile that is improved waveform
is obtained.

39
PWM is a technique that is used to reduce the overall harmonic distortion (THD) in a load
current.The sinusoidal PWM waveform is obtained by comparing the desired modulated
waveform with a triangular waveform of high frequency. Regardless of whether the voltage of
the signal is smaller or larger than that of the carrier waveform, the resulting output voltage of
the DC bus is either negative or positive.

The sinusoidal amplitude is given as Am and that of the carrier triangle is give as Ac. For
sinusoidal PWM, the modulating index m is given by Am/Ac.

A three-phase inverter, can be used to output a three-phase sine modulated pole-voltage pulses.
Switches in each of the three poles of the inverter are individually controlled as per the
technique discussed in the previous section. For a balanced three-phase output voltage from the
inverter poles, the three sinusoidal modulating signals (one for each pole) must also be balanced
three-phase signals. The carrier waveform for all the three poles may remain identical. The
fundamental components of individual pole output voltages (for 0< <1) will thus be proportional
to the corresponding modulating signals. For m = 1, the rms magnitude
of line-to-line voltage (fundamental component) output by the inverter will be equal to
2√32 × (= 0.612E dc ).
√

11. DRIVER CIRCUIT

A gate driver is a power amplifier that accepts a low-power input from a controller IC and
produces a high-current drive input for the gate of a high-power transistor such as an IGBT or
power MOSFET. Gate drivers can be provided either on-chip or as a discrete module.
IGBT Driver Circuits

IGBT is a voltage controlled device (charging the gate capacitor). The table below
shows typical control voltages for both types of drivers:

Switch On +15 V
Switch Off -5V

40
The driver circuit typically consists of three sides:

I. Primary side: On the primary side of the IGBT driver circuit the input signals
are received
II. Isolation between Primary and secondary: Isolation of primary and secondary sides
of the driver circuit is generally accomplished by use of transformers or optocouplers
(LEDs and phototransistors).
III. Secondary side: On the secondary side of the driver circuit, input signals are
amplified and used to control the switching of the IGBTs.
The figure below is the circuit of the driver used

Fig 22. Driver circuit

12.1 Components
The components used in the construction of this driver circuits are:
I. Optocoupler IC (TLP250)
II.Resistor (R1-330Ω, R2-470 Ω, R3-10 Ω, R4-1kΩ)
III.Capacitor (C1, C2-100µF)
IV. Zener (5v, .5W)
8.1.1 Calculation of the above specified values
R1- The current to turn on input LED is 10 mA. 5V is connected between pin 2and 3.

41
 LED has a drop of 1.7V.
The value of R1=50−.011⋅7= 330 ohm

R2- Voltage across R2=15V.

Voltage of Zener=5V. Wattage of Zener=.5W
Max Current through Zener=.1A
(R2)min =0⋅115 = 150 ohm. The value of R2 should be more than 150 but it cannot be very high. So a safe value is chosen 470 ohm .

R4- R4 is connected to discharge the static charge accumulated at gate of IGBT. R4 cannot
be very low as all the current would flow throw it.It cannot be very high as it would not be
able to discharge the charges.Hence a safe value of 1Kohm is chosen.
Capacitor C1 and C2 are connected to stablise the DC voltage.

12.2 TLP 250

TLP250 is an optocoupler generally used in MOSFET and IGBT gate driver circuits.
The pin configuration of TLP 250 is shown below.

Fig23. Pin diagram of TLP 250

42
Input stage have a light emitting diode and output stage have photo diode. Whenever
input stage LED light falls on output stage photo diode output is high. Pins 1 and 4 is
not connected to any point physically. Pins 2 and 3 are anode and cathode points of
input stage. Pin 8 is use to provide power supply to TLP250 and pin 5 is ground which
provides return path to power supply. Pin 6 and 7 is internally connected to each other.
Output can be taken from either pin 6 and 7.

Thus it acts as an isolation between output power circuit and input signal circuit and
thus does not allow disturbance from power circuit to enter signal circuit.

13. REGULATED DC POWER SUPPLY

Regulated dc supply is required to supply power to the driver circuit of the switches.
A minimum of 4 dc supply is needed to drive the 6 switches of an inverter.

Fig24. Regulated DC power supply

43
Steps involved in obtaining regulated dc supply
1.Stepping down AC level- a 230/20 V transformer is used
2.Rectification- Single phase diode bridge rectifier is used.
3.Filteration- Capacitor filter used
4. Regulation- using IC 7815

7815 gives a regulated voltage of 15V , Zener adds extra 5V to give a total of
20V.

Advantages of STATCOM

1. It occupies a small footprint, for it replaces passive banks of circuit

elements by compact electronic converters;

2. It offers modular, factory-built equipment, thereby reducing site work

and commissioning time; and

3. It uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its

environmental impact.

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14.V-I CHARACTERISTICS OF STATCOM


A typical V-I characteristic of a STATCOM is depicted in Fig.



The STATCOM can supply both the capacitive and the inductive
compensation and is able to independently control its output current over
the rated maximum capacitive or inductive range irrespective of the
amount of ac-system voltage.



The STATCOM can provide full capacitive-reactive power at any system
voltage—even as low as 0.15 pu.

Fig.25. VI characteristics.

The characteristic of a STATCOM reveals another strength of this
technology: that it is capable of yielding the full output of capacitive
generation almost independently of the system voltage (constant-current
output at lower voltages). This capability is particularly useful for
situations in which the STATCOM is needed to support the system voltage

45
 during and after faults where voltage collapse would otherwise be a
limiting factor.



Figure illustrates that the STATCOM has an increased transient rating in
both the capacitive- and the inductive-operating regions.



The maximum attainable transient overcurrent in the capacitive region is
determined by the maximum current turn-off capability of the converter
switches.

In the inductive region, the converter switches are naturally commutated;
therefore, the transient-current rating of the STATCOM is limited by the
maximum allowable junction temperature of the converter switches.


In practice, the semiconductor switches of the converter are not lossless, so
the energy stored in the dc capacitor is eventually used to meet the internal
losses of the converter, and the dc capacitor voltage diminishes.



However, when the STATCOM is used for reactive-power generation, the
converter itself can keep the capacitor charged to the required voltage level.
This task is accomplished by making the output voltages of the converter
lag behind the ac-system voltages by a small angle (usually in the 0.18–
0.28 range).



In this way, the converter absorbs a small amount of real power from the ac
system to meet its internal losses and keep the capacitor voltage at the
desired level.



The same mechanism can be used to increase or decrease the capacitor
voltage and thus, the amplitude of the converter-output voltage to control
the var generation or absorption.



The reactive- and real-power exchange between the STATCOM and the ac
system can be controlled independently of each other.



Any combination of real power generation or absorption with var generation
or absorption is achievable if the STATCOM is equipped with an energy-

46
storage device of suitable capacity, as depicted in Fig.With this capability,
extremely effective control strategies for the modulation of reactive- and
real-output power can be devised to improve the transient- and dynamic-
system-stability limits.

47
15. Conclusions
Custom Power (CP) devices can be used, at reasonable cost, to provide high power quality
and improved power service. Detailed modeling is presented and results are discussed with
different case studies. These Custom Power devices provide solutions to power quality at the
medium voltage distribution network level. This project presents the detailed modeling of one
of the custom power products, STATCOM is presented using instantaneous PQ theory, used
for the control of STATCOM are discussed. These control algorithms are described with the
help of simulation results under linear loads. The control scheme maintains the power balance
at the PCC to regulate the dc capacitor voltages. PWM control scheme only requires voltage
measurements. This characteristic makes it ideally suitable for low-voltage custom power
applications. The control scheme was tested under a wide range of operating conditions, and it
was observed to be very robust in every case. Extensive simulations were conducted to gain
insight into the impact of capacitor size on STATCOM harmonic generation, speed of response
of the PWM control and transient overshooting. It was observed that an undersized capacitor
degrades all three aspects. On the other hand, an oversized capacitor may also lead to a PWM
control with a sluggish response but it will reduce STATCOM harmonic generation and
transient overshooting. its control scheme should be such that in addition to complete reactive
power compensation, and voltage regulation and for achieving improved power quality levels
at the distribution end. And also we have seen that in case of transmission line feed from the
both end having more voltage improvement at the load end as compared to line feed from the
one end i.e., the radial line system.

48
49
References
[1] “Control Algorithms for Distribution Static Compensator” by Deepika Masand, Shailendra
Jain and Gayatri Agnihotri and Maulana Azad Dept. Of Electrical Engineering National
Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India.

[2] “A comparative study of Control algorithms for STATCOM for load compensation” by
Bhim Singh, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz
Khas, New Delhi .

[3] “The Concept and Operating Principles of a Mini Custom Power Park” by Arindam Ghosh,
Senior Member, IEEE, and Avinash Joshi Senior Member, IEEE.

[4] “Steady state modeling of custom power compensation power distribution networks” by P.
Pohjanheimo & E. Lakervi, Helsinki University of Technology, Power Systems Laboratory,
Finland .

[5] “Power Quality Enhancement with STATCOM for Small Isolated Alternator feeding
Distribution System” by Bhim Singh, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi.

[6] “FACTS and custom power equipment for the enhancement of power transmission system
performance and power quality” by John J. Paserba, Gregory F. Reed Mitsubishi electric power
products, inc.. Warren dale, Pennsylvania, U.S.A, Masatoshi takeda and tomoshiko Aritsuk,
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Japan .

[7] Benefits of SVC and STATCOM for Electric Utility Application” by M. Noroozian, SM
IEEE Åke, N Petersson, B. Thorvaldson, Bo A. Nilsson ABB Utilities, FACTS Division,
Västerås, Sweden and C.W. Taylor, Fellow IEEE Carson Taylor Seminars Portland, Oregon
USA.

[8] “An alternative cost-effective applications of power factor correction” by Richard A.

Flusher, member, IEEE .

[9] “Operation of a STATCOM in Voltage Control Mode” by Mahesh K. Mishra, Student

Member, IEEE, Arindam Ghosh, Senior Member, IEEE, and Avinash Joshi .

[10] “The role, of custom power products In enhancing power quality at industrial facilities”
by Michael D. Stump, P.E. Westinghouse generation Gerald J. Keane Power Westinghouse
and Frederick K. S. Leong Power Westinghouse Industry Services Asia private limited .

[11] “Modeling, Analysis and Performance of a STATCOM for Unbalanced and Non-Linear
Load” by Dinesh Kumar, Rajesh .

[12] “Voltage Sag and Swell Generator for the Evaluation of Custom Power Devices” by Y.H.
Chrmg. G.H Kwon T.B. Park and K. Y Lim.

50
[13] “Voltage Flicker Mitigation Using PWM-Based Distribution STATCOM” by J. Sun,
Student Member, IEEE, D. Czarkowski, Member, IEEE, and Z. Zabar, Senior Member, IEEE
.

[14] “Power Quality enhancement using custom power devices” by Arindam Ghosh and Gerard
Ledwich .

[15] “Understanding FACTS; Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission

Systems” by N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi.

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