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Mekanisme Creep PDF
Mekanisme Creep PDF
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/3 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/4
Creep Testing and Steady-State Creep Rate
Stress and Temperature Effects
• Performed in uniaxial tension with specimens of similar
geometry to tensile testing • Creep is observed > 0.4Tm
• Brittle materials: uniaxial compression with cylindrical samples – below 0.4Tm, no plastic
(flaw effect minimized) strain with time.
• If stress OR temperature is
increased:
Creep Data
- the creep rate ……………
• Most important parameter is the steady-state creep rate (/t)
- instantaneous strain
• Used as a design parameter in structures which are expected to ……………..
last a long time (minimum strain) e.g. electric power and - steady-state creep rate
chemical plants ……………..
• Creep rupture lifetime (tr) is more important in design for short - creep rupture lifetime
lifetimes, e.g. gas turbine engine blades (F-18 turbine blade) ………………
- creep test continues until failure (creep rupture tests)
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/5 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/6
Vacancy diffusion
through bulk (Nabarro-
Herring Creep) or
along grain boundaries
(Coble creep). Hence
larger grains or single
grain/crystal is ………. Figure 6.57 Dislocations can ……… (a) when atoms leave the dislocation line
to create interstitials or to fill vacancies or (b) when atoms are attached to the
dislocation line by creating vacancies or eliminating interstitials. From “The
(c) Dislocation creep still science and Engineering of Materials” 4th edition by D.R. Askeland and P.P. Phule.
relies on vacancy diffusion.
When vacancies move faster metal creeps faster
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/15 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/16
Creep Mechanisms Generalized form of the Dorn Equation
Diffusion Creep
• Nabarro-Herring:
- bulk diffusion (from one side of a
grain to another)
- at higher T’s and lower σ’s D = diffusion coefficient
- occurs in crystalline and d = grain size
amorphous materials. b = Burgers vector
• Coble: k = Boltzmann’s constant
T = the absolute temperature (degrees Kelvin)
- diffusion of atoms along the grain
boundaries, which produces sliding G = the shear modulus
of the grain boundaries. = applied stress
n = stress exponent
Dislocation (Power-Law) Creep p = inverse grain size exponent
• Solute drag: Solutes migrate towards A = a dimensionless constant.
distorted regions around ’s to
Deformation mechanism maps (DMMs)
………. lattice strain ………..
See figure 7.14 (Courtney) This form of the Dorn equation applies
• Dislocation climb-glide
to all creep mechanisms
• There are others …
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/17 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/18
• Larson-Miller parameter:
P1 = T(C + log tr)
- C is a constant (~20)
- T is temperature (K)
- tr is the creep rupture life (hours)
• plot log versus log L-M parameter
i.e. for a given material at some specific stress level, the time-to-rupture will vary with
Representative values of the parameters n, p and approximate values of the constant A
temperature such that P1 remains …..……... Often plotted as Log stress vs Log P1.
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/19 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/20
Data Extrapolation-Larson-Miller parameter Example
Using the Larson–Miller data for S-590 iron shown in the figure below,
Table 13.3 (Dieter) Time compression operating conditions predict the time to rupture for a component that is subjected to a stress of
based on Larson-Miller parameter. C = 20 140 MPa (20,000 psi) at 800°C (1073 K).
much shorter
long times at low
times at higher
temperatures.
temperatures.
Note: not all materials have good L-M Parameter plots. Other
extrapolation methods can be used (e.g. Sherby-Dorn parameter,
Monkman-Grant method, ).
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/21 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/22
• Metallic materials commonly used for high temperature service include: Tantalum and molybdenum are often alloyed with stainless steel to improve
its corrosion resistance.
Stainless steels - Alloys based on Fe + carbon + Chromium (+
Nickel/Manganese…etc) Molybdenum alloys - extrusion dies and structural parts in space vehicles;
Tungsten alloys - incandescent light filaments, x-ray tubes, and welding
- Chromium provides oxidation resistance (1000oC) - gas turbines, steam
electrodes.
boilers …etc
Tantalum is immune to ………………… by virtually all environments at
Refractory metals temperatures below 150°C, and is frequently used in applications requiring
Superalloys such a corrosion-resistant material.
Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/23 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/24
Superalloys Superalloys
Composition
Superlative combinations of properties. Element Alloying Effect
(Weight %)
Most are used in aircraft turbine components, (exposure to severely oxidizing
Ni 50-55 Solid solution base
environments and high temperatures for reasonable time periods).
Mechanical integrity under these conditions is critical; density is important - Cr 17-21
centrifugal stresses are diminished in rotating members when the density is
…………. Nb 4.75-5.5
Classified according to predominant metal in the alloy,
Mo 2.8-3.3
Cobalt + alloying elements Although they are age hardenable, they
Iron + alloying elements retain remarkably high strengths at elevated Ti 0.65-1.15
Nickel + alloying elements temp. hence called superalloys!
Forms γ′
Alloying elements include the refractory metals (Nb, Mo, W, Ta), Cr and Ti. Al 0.2-0.8
Intermetallic and hardening
precipitate former
In addition to turbine applications, these alloys are utilized in nuclear reactors Oxidation resistance enhancer
Strengthens solid solution
and petrochemical equipment. Co ≤ 1.0 Raises γ′ solvus temperature
Sulfidation resistance enhancer
E.g. Alloy X : (bal Ni) + Cr 20.5-23.0, Fe 17.0-20.0, Co 0.5-2.5, Mo 8.0-10.0, W Cu ≤ 0.3 Strengthens solid solution
Dr.
•Dr.M.
M.Medraj
Medraj •Mech.Eng.
Mech. Eng.Dept.
Dept.–- Concordia
Concordia University
University •MECH 321Lecture
MSE 521 12/25
lecture 14/25 Dr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. – Concordia University MSE 521 Lecture 14/26
Superalloys
• nickel and cobalt superalloys are ………………… and ……………
strengthened to maximise their creep resistance
• superalloys are also grown as single crystals to eliminate ……….
………………thus improving the creep behaviour.
Next time:
Creep