Properties of Matter

Presented by

Jenner Periasamy
Engineering Manager, Heading India Engineering Centre – Industrial Pumps
CIRCOR Flow Technologies India Pvt Ltd
Chennai & Coimbatore
 ENGINEERING & ENGINEERS
Engineering is Engineering Engineering and
more valuable students are the Management are
than science most Intelligent interrelated

Engineers must Engineers know Engineers get a

love maths and everything about job with High
aren’t creative all machines Salary
ENGINEERING & ENGINEERS
What you know is important.

Where, When and How to use

your know-how is the most
important requirement in
Engineering & Science
Seminar Outline – Properties of matter
• Section 1: Stress in Beams
• Section 2: Tensile Strength
• Section 3: Twisting Couple
Section 1: Stress
• Overview – Types of Stress
• Practical Applications
Section 1: Basic Types of Stress
TYPE ILLUSTRATION Explanation
Tension – stretches or pulls
apart
Direct Normal Stress
Compression – shortens or
crushes

Bending - stretches and

Bending Stress squashes at the
same time.

Torsion Shear Twists

Section 1: Basic Types of Stress
TYPE ILLUSTRATION Explanation

Direct Shear Shear – pushed or pulled

apart in opposite directions

Beam Shear
Section 1: Practical Applications
 Section 1: Practical Applications

187m long Balanced Cantilever Bridge

having 137m central span over river
Chenab at Akhnoor, Jammu&Kashmir
Section 1: Practical Applications
Theory

Practical application
 Section 1: Practical Applications
Frame Structure
Frame structures achieve most of their
strength and rigidity from the way they
are assembled.

Most frameworks are built using a

combination of struts and ties
to make triangles.

Triangles make very strong and

rigid structures.
 Section 1: Practical Applications
Types of Loads to consider

• Self weight of beam

• Operating load – Open & Close
• Wind
• Snow & Rain
• Seismic Load- Earthquake
• Fabric stretch
• Expansion and Contraction due to Temperature
• Lifting, Installation & Commissioning
Section 1: Von-Mises Stress
• Not a true stress.
• Theoretical value to compare between the general
tri-dimensional stress with the uniaxial stress yield
limit.

• If the von Mises stress > simple tension yield limit

stress, then the material is expected to yield.

Von Mises stress of a gas tank

under pressure burst
Section 1: Von-Mises Stress – Cantilever I Beam

• Design a cantilever beam using mild steel as the

material, with a load capacity of 10,000 N.
• Yield stress value of mild steel is 2.5×108 Pa
• Max Von-Mises Stress = 13.2x107 Pa
• Check whether the design will withstand the design
load?
YES. Max Von Mises Stress of 1.32x108 < Yield stress of
2.5x108
Section 1: Different applications using Stress Analysis in Design
Medical - foot and ankle Civil Engineering – Suspension Bridge Electronics – IC Package

Electrical – Motor Transport – Sports Engineering –

Railway Wheel & Axle Tennis Racket
Automotive – Car crash
Section 2: Tensile Strength
• Stress-Strain curve
• Overview and importance
• Practical Application
Lesson 2: Tensile Strength
Stress – Strain curve
Section 2: Tensile Strength – Overview & Importance
• Ability to withstand tensile loads without failure.
• Higher Tensile Strength = Higher ability to withstand Tensile Load

Factors Typical Tensile Strength

Ultimate Tensile
• Molecular Structure Material
Strength (Mpa)
• Temperature Concrete 2-5
Marble 15
• Material Composition Rubber 16
▫ Pure Steel vs Alloy steel Bone 130
Bamboo 350-500
Tungsten 1,510
Diamond 2,800
Graphene 1,30,000
Section 2: Practical Application
Wire drawing
• Pulls a wire rod through a die
• Reduction in diameter
• Increases the length of the wire
• Several dies in succession for small diameter wire
• Improves material properties incl. Tensile strength
due to cold working
Section 2: Practical Application
Wire ropes
 Section 2: Practical Application
Continuous Rotary Extrusion
• Process used to produce different shaped
profiles from Aluminium, Copper and Brass rods
• Wheel with groove is used to pull the feedrod.
• When feed rod meets the abutment, heat is generated
by physical shear.
• Extrusion process begins when the metal
reaches plastic state and starts to flow
through the die.
Section 3: Twisting Couple
• Shaft subjected to Twisting Couple
• Torsional Failure modes
• Practical Applications
Section 3: Twisting Couple
Circular shafts subjected to twisting couple or torque
• Turbine exerts torque ‘T’ on the shaft
• Shaft transmits the torque to the generator
• Generator creates an equal and opposite
torque ‘T’
Section 3: Twisting Couple
Torsional Failure modes
Ductile Material • When subjected to torsion, a ductile specimen
breaks along a plane of maximum shear, i.e., a
plane perpendicular to the shaft axis.

Brittle Material
• When subjected to torsion, a brittle specimen
breaks along planes perpendicular to the
direction in which tension is a maximum, i.e.,
along surfaces at 45o to the shaft axis.
Section 3: Practical Application
Suspension Bridge Failure
Takoma Narrow Bridge – Case study Aeroelastic
Flutter
 SCIENCE IS ABOUT KNOWING.
ENGINEERING IS ABOUT DOING – Henry Petrokski
THANK YOU
Questions