SPEEDAM 2010

International Symposium on Power Electronics,

Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion

Analytical Methods for the Accurate

Computation of Stator Leakage Inductances in
Multi-Phase Synchronous Machines
A. Tessarolo*, D. Giulivo**
*
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
**
Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali—Motors, Generators and Drives, Monfalcone, Italy

Abstract—Multi-phase machines are of increasing
importance in today’s electric drives and generation
systems. While in three-phase machines stator leakage flux
phenomena are usually described with a single parameter, a
higher number of independent leakage inductances is
required as the number of phases increases. The impact of
leakage inductances on multi-phase machine performance,
especially in PWM inverter-supplied motors, is proved by
many studies. Hence the need originates for the
electromagnetic designer to have easy-to-use but sufficiently
accurate calculation formulas giving the complete set of
mutual inductance in a multi-phase machine. This paper
aims at providing such formulas making abstraction of the
particular phase arrangement in the stator winding and
under the hypothesis of equal phase belts. The computation
algorithms provided are assessed against measurements on
actual machines wherever possible; otherwise accurate
Finite Element (FE) analyses are used for validation.
Index Terms—AC motor drives, Inductance, Machine
windings.
I. INTRODUCTION
The role of multi-phase machines in today’s electrical
drives is highlighted by recent surveys on this topic [1],
[2]. The advantages of using a number of stator phases
higher than three are significant in many regards, like
power rating enhancement, drive fault tolerance,
performance improvement and the possibility of new
multi-motor architectures [2]. Synchronous machines
with multi-phase windings, in particular, are important
wherever the electric machine size and performance
requirements discourage the use of induction motors [1].
In three-phase machines, stator leakage flux
phenomena are exhaustively accounted for through a
single parameter in the dq0 equivalent circuit [3]. As the
number of stator phases increases, however, the number
of stator leakage inductances to be considered grows
accordingly due to the mutual magnetic couplings among
phases [4].
Recent and past studies have shown how stator
leakage inductances may strongly impact on multiphase
machine performance, especially under inverter supply.
For example, circulation current harmonics which appear
in multi-phase machines (like split-phase motors) when
supplied by voltage-source inverters have an amplitude
which mainly depends on stator leakage inductances [5],
[6]. Also in multi-phase synchronous motors, supplied by
Load-Commutated Inverters, these parameters play a
remarkable role in determining the current dynamics
during normal and abnormal commutation transients as
discussed in [7].
Despite of their practical importance, stator leakage
inductances in multiphase machine design and analysis
are often approached through heuristic and coarse
approximations. Examples of commonly used
simplifications are: in [4] only self leakage inductances
are accounted for, while mutual ones are ignored; in [5]
the end-coil leakage inductance portion is supposed to be
proportional to the slot leakage inductance one; finally,
only slot leakage fluxes are considered in [8]; air-gap
leakage inductances are neglected in the mentioned
references and also in the testing procedures proposed in
[3].
The aforementioned approximations are partly due to
the objective difficulty of accurately computing the
parameters in issue analytically, i.e. without resorting to
complete geometric models of the machine, to be
processed though detailed and time-consuming Finite
Element (FE) analyses [12]. Moreover, test procedures
for measuring stator leakage inductances in synchronous
machines are quite critical, even in case of ordinary three-
phase windings [9].
This paper proposes a set of analytical techniques
(partly original and partly derived from past cited works)
that can be employed for a fast but sufficiently accurate
computation of stator leakage inductances of multi-phase
machines without using FE techniques.
The proposed methods apply to any number of stator
phases and hold for both symmetrical and asymmetrical
winding configurations [2]. The assumptions are made
that leakage inductances are not affected by magnetic
saturation (which is reasonable except in fault and
overload conditions [11]). Furthermore, the n-phase
winding is supposed of double-layer imbricated-coil type
with an integer number of slots/pole/phase and with n
phase belts per pole.
The proposed analytical techniques are validated
against experimental measurements wherever possible.
As an alternative FE simulations are used for assessment.

978-1-4244-4987-3/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE

845
 Fig. 4. Mapping a 5-phase winding into an equivalent 5-phase scheme.

Fig. 1. Conventional phase arrangement scheme for an n-phase

machine. (a) Position of phase axes, with angles in electrical radians;
(b) double-layer short-pitch phase-belt arrangement.

More precisely: experimental results are used to

validate slot and end-coil leakage inductances by means Fig. 2. Mapping a dual-star winding into an equivalent 6-phase scheme.
of measurements on two high-power synchronous
machines (a 12-phase round-rotor motor and a 6-phase Once the winding is mapped into its equivalent scheme
salient 8-pole generator), following the testing guidelines arranged as per Fig. 1, the problem reduces to
provided in [3], [7], [10]; FE simulations are used to determining n leakage inductance values λ0, λ1, ..., λn1:
assess air-gap leakage inductances and for assessing the the generic λk is the self inductance if k=0, while for k=1,
dependency of slot leakage inductances on the coil pitch. ..., n1 it indicates the mutual inductance between two
phases displaced by k phase belts (i.e. by k/n electrical
II. A GENERALIZED APPROACH TO MULTI-PHASE WINDING radians) apart.
SCHEMES Each λk can be expressed as the sum of three
There are several kinds of multi-phase winding components λsk, λek, λak which respectively represent the
schemes [1], [2]. The main distinction is between slot, end-coil and air-gap leakage components.
symmetrical configurations (where phases are In the following Sections, the focus is on separately
sequentially distributed over a double pole span) and determining analytical expression for such these leakage
asymmetrical configurations, the most important of which components λsk, λek, λak.
are the so called “split-phase” or “multiple-star”
arrangements (where phases are grouped into multiple III. SLOT LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES
suitably-displaced three-phase sets).
Slot leakage fluxes are due to the field lines, produced
In this paper we try to make abstraction from the
by stator conductors, which do not pass the air-gap and
particular multi-phase scheme in establishing the
cross the slot region for some of their length.
algorithms for self and mutual inductance determination.
For this purpose, we propose to map a generic n-phase In three-phase machines, self and mutual slot leakage
winding (with n phase belts per pole) into an equivalent inductances can be analytically computed by means of
scheme with sequentially distributed phases arranged as suitable slot permeance coefficients combined with
per Fig. 1, similarly to what already done in [10], [13].
For illustration purpose, the mapping procedure is
exemplified in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 respectively in the case
of a dual-star and a symmetrical 5-phase windings. The
former is mapped into a 6-phase and the latter into a 5-
phase scheme, both having phase belts arranged
sequentially as per Fig. 1. The phases of the original
winding are mapped univocally into those of the
equivalent scheme as per Table I and II.

TABLE I
MAPPING TABLE FOR DUAL-STAR WINDING
Original phase U,1 U,2 V,1 V,2 W,1 W,2
Corresponding phase 1 2 5 6 3 4

TABLE II
MAPPING TABLE FOR FIVE-PHASE WINDING
Original phase 1 2 3 4 5
Corresponding phase 1 3 5 2 4 Fig. 3. Mapping a 5-phase winding into an equivalent 5-phase scheme.

846
factors to account for the coil pitch [14]. The method has
been extended to five-phase [15] and six-phase windings
[6], [8]. In the proposed paper, a easy-to-handle analytical
formula is derived to extend the computation for any
number n of phases.
The final expression proposed (whose derivation is
given in Appendix A) is
λsk =
2 pq
{(Lt + Lb )δ k ,0 + (1 + δ k ,0 )⋅ M tb
b2
[
⋅ R (1 − k − n(1 − r ) ) − R(1 − k − nr ) } ]
with the following set of definitions:
p: number of pole pairs;
q: the number of slots per phase belt;
b: the number of parallel ways per phase;
Lt: self-inductance (due to slot leakage flux) of a coil
side lying in the top layer (air-gap slot side);
Lb: self-inductance (due to slot leakage flux) of a coil
side lying on the bottom layer (opposite the air-gap);
Mtb: mutual inductance (to to slot leakage flux) of two
coil sides lying in the same slot;
δi,j: Kronecker symbol, such that δi,j=1 if i=j and δi,j=0
otherwise;
R(x) ramp function, such that R(x)=0 if x0 and R(x)=x
otherwise.
The derivation of (1) is reported in Appendix A. As
concerns parameters Lt, Lb and Mtb, they can be difficult
to find analytically for a generic slot shape. Nevertheless,
for rectangular slot cross sections (typical of high-power
machines wound with flat turns) a simple expression can
be given for them as follows:
N 2 Lμ 0 (hs − Khc ) / ws
with the following definitions:
N: number of turns per coil;
L: useful core length;
ws: slot width;
hs: slot height;
h c: individual coil height;
μ0: magnetic permeability air;
κ: 5/3 to compute Lt, 2/3 to compute Lb, 3/2 for Mtb.
The derivation of (2) is omitted for the sake of brevity
since it follows well-established methods for computing
classical slot permeance factors [14].
IV. END-COIL LEAKAGE INDUCTANCES
A method for computing end-coil leakage inductances
in three-phase turboalternators is proposed in [16] based
on Neumann integrals and on the principle of mirror
images to account for the magnetic core effects. An
extension of the method to poly-phase windings, along
with a refinement of self leakage inductance computation,
is proposed in [10], where also some experimental
validation results are presented considering 6-phase, 9-
phase and 12-phase machines. For the extensive
analytical procedures to determine end-coil leakage
inductances λek reference is then made to [10].
V. AIR-GAP LEAKAGE INDUCTANCE
The air-gap leakage inductance is due to the stator-
produced flux lines that partly flow through the air-gap
but do not contribute to the fundamental of the air-gap
field. In other words, the air-gap field is the consequence
of the spatial harmonics (excluding the first) of the air-
(1)
gap field produced by a stator phase.
The approach proposed for the analytical air-gap
leakage inductance computation is based on the winding
function theory extended to machines with possibly non-
uniform air-gap [18]. According to this theory, the total
mutual inductance (including both leakage and useful
fluxes) between the i-th and j-th phases due to air-gap
flux can be computed as:
2π
³
M i , j = R L μ 0 P( x − xr )Wi ( x)W j ( x)dx (2)
0
where:
xr: rotor position;
R: air-gap average radius;
L: useful core length;
Wi(x): phase winding function of phase i;
P(x): air-gap permeance function.
Analytical expressions for P(x) and Wi(x) are proposed
in the following subsections.
A. Permeance function
The permeance function P(x) is the inverse of the
reluctance function, which expresses the reluctance
(2) opposed by the air-gap to stator flux passing as a function
of the angular coordinate x. In round-rotor machines with
no air-gap slot openings, P(x) is a constant equal to the
reciprocal of the air-gap width. In general, P(x) should
account for possible rotor saliencies and stator slot
openings as well. For this purpose P(x) is written as:
Psal ( x) Pslot ( x)
P( x) = (3)
g
where
g minimum air-gap width;
Psal(x): factor accounting for saliency effects;
Pslot(x): factor accounting for slotting effects.
The factor Psal(x) can be estimated based on the
approximation that the air-gap width, in salient pole
machines, results from superimposing a constant and a
sine wave with a period equal to a pole pitch (i.e. π in
electrical radians), that is:
P sal ( x) = 1 + D sin(2 x) (4)
The value of D can be determined considering that, in
the hypothesis of sinusoidal winding distribution [i.e.
Wi(x)∝cos(x)] and neglecting slotting effects [i.e.
Pslot(x)=1], the self inductance Mi,i of a generic phase i,
847
Fig. 4. Phase self inductance of a salient-pole machine as a function of
the rotor position neglecting higher-order harmonics.

computed from (2), must take the well-known profile

shown in Fig. 4, where Lmd and Lmq are phase inductances
along d and q axes. By imposing such condition one
finds:
Lmq − Lmd
D= (5)
Lmd
Fig. 5. FE-analysis of a salient-pole machine (dual-star 8-pole) for the
Concerning slotting effects, quite accurate results have determination of its air-gap field profile.
been found using Weber approximation for the air-gap
field dips caused by slot openings [19]. This
approximation leads to write: C. Numerical example and assessment
2α The aforementioned analytical expressions are
ª Z mod( x, 2π / Z ) º illustrated and assessed by applying them to a salient pole
Pslot ( x) = 1 − 2β cos « » (6)
¬ 2 ¼ synchronous machine whose cross-section is shown in
Fig. 5. Fig. 6 shows the comparison between the air-gap
where Z is the number of slots per pole pairs and non- flux density profiles produced by a stator phase energized
dimensional coefficients α, β depend on slot opening ws, with current I and obtained in two independent ways:
tooth width wt and air-gap width θ as follows: form the FE solution of the model and using the winding
and permeance function approach. For the latter method,
α = wt / ws , β =
(1 − u )2 , u=
ws §w ·
2

+ 1 + ¨ s ¸ . (7)
( )
the flux density is computed as:
2 1+ u 2 2θ © 2θ ¹
B( x)=μ 0 P( x− xr )Wi ( x) I (10)
If also the rotor surface were slotted, an additional
factor should be included in (3) to account for that. where the permeance function P(x) and the winding
function Wi(x) of the energized phase are computed as per
B. Winidng funcion the previous subsections. The comparison is shown in the
The winding function of a machine circuit expresses
the spatial MMF distribution produced in the air-gap by a
unity current flowing in that circuit. By summing the
contributions of all the active conductors of a phase and
using Fourier series decomposition, the following
expression of Wi(x) is obtained:
­ ª § i − 1 ·º ½
Wi ( x) = ¦ ® Ah cos«h¨ x −
h =1,3, 5, 7 ,... ¯ ¬ ©
π¸ ¾
n ¹»¼ ¿
(8)

Nn 1 § πh · § πhr ·
Ah = 8q sin¨ ¸ sin ¨ ¸ (9)
b h2 © 2n ¹ © 2 ¹
where:
N: number of series-connected turns per coil;
r: coil to pole pitch ratio.
It is remarked that the first term (h=1) of (8) represents
the fundamental of air-gap MMF produced by a phase,
while the other terms represent the higher-order space
Fig. 6. Comparison of air-gap profiles obtained analytically and from
harmonic components of the MMF field. FE simulations (Fig. 5).

848
two cases when the energized phase axis is aligned to
either the d or q axes (Fig. 5). It can be seen that in both
cases the accordance between analytical and numerical
results is satisfactory, which confirms the appropriateness
of the proposed winding and permeance function
formulations to study the air-gap field of salient-pole
synchronous machines.
D. Computation of air-gap inductances
The winding function Wi(x) given by (8) and (9) can
be decomposed as follows:
§ i −1 ·
Wi ( x) = A1 cos¨ x − π¸
© n ¹
(11)
­ ª § i − 1 ·º ½
+ ¦ ® Ah cos«h¨ x −
h =3,5, 7 ,... ¯ ¬ ©
π ¸» ¾
n ¹¼ ¿

so as to separate the fundamental (first term) from the

higher-order harmonics. By substituting (11) into (2) and
also making use of (4) and (6), the expansion is obtained
reported at the bottom of the page. In such expansion two
terms are isolated: the first considers only the
contribution of MMF fundamental without slotting
effects, the second (equal to the sought air-gap leakage
inductance λak ) collects all other contributions.

VI. NUMERICAL FE VALIDATIONS Fig. 7. Models of (a) quadruple-star round rotor machine; (b) dual-star
salient-pole machines. Phase names are indicated for a winding layer
In this Section FE analyses are employed to and over a pole span.
numerically check the correctness and accuracy of the
calculation formulas provided for slot and air-gap leakage employed to assess (1) in case of the dual-star (6-pahse)
inductances. The reason why FE analysis are used in and quadruple-star (12-phase) synchronous machines
addition to experimental assessments (Section VII) (subsequently considered for experimental tests too)
consists of the large flexibility of the FE method, which whose cross sections are shown in Fig. 7. The use of FE
enables to simulate a wide variety of design solutions (for method enables to easily change the coil pitch so as to
example changing the coil pitch), while actual machines validate (1) over the entire range of interesting r values.
used for experiments inevitably offer a limited range of For the FE assessment of slot leakage inductances,
validation cases. Unfortunately, the FE method is not auxiliary points (Pb, Pt) are included in the model at each
extendable to validate end-coil leakage inductance slot opening (Fig. 8). Then, for any stator coil with sides
computation unless one resorts to 3D modelling Cb and Ct (Fig. 8), its flux linkage due to slot leakage
approaches, which are beyond the scope of this work. field is computed from FE analysis as follows:
A. Slot leakage inductances ­°ª 1 1 º
Unlike end-coil leakage fields, slot leakage one is
N L ®« ³³
°̄¬« Cb
C
Az ( x, y )dxdy−
C ³³ A ( x, y)dxdy»¼»
Ct
z
(14)
confined in the core region and can be accurately
determined with 2D FE techniques. These are next −[ Az ( Pb )− Az ( Pt )]}

2π
§ i−1 · § j−1 ·
M i , j = R Lμ0 A1 cos¨ x− π ¸cos¨ x− π ¸[1+Dsin(2 x−2 xr )]dx+λai− j
³
2
(12)
0
© n ¹ © n ¹

2α
ª Z mod(x− xr , 2π / Z ) º
2π
§ i −1 · § j −1 ·
λ a
i− j
=−2Rβ L μ 0 A1 cos¨ x− π ¸cos¨ x− π ¸ [1+ Dsin(2 x−2 xr )]cos«
³
2
» dx
0
© n ¹ © n ¹ ¬ 2 ¼
­ ½ (13)
ª Z mod(x− xr , 2π / Z ) º º
2π 2α
° ­ ª § i −1 ·º ª § i−1 ·º ½° ª
+ RLμ 0 ®
0 ° h =
³ ¦
3, 5 , 7 ,...
® Ah cos«h¨ x− π ¸» Am cos«m¨ x− π ¸» ¾¾[1+ Dsin(2 x−2 xr )]«1−2β cos«
¯ ¬ © n ¹ ¼ ¬ © n ¹ ¼ ¿° «
¬ ¬ 2 » » dx
¼ »¼
¯m=3,5,7,... ¿

849
 flux linkages thus obtained is assumed equal to the air-
gap leakage inductance and compared to the analytical
estimation through (13).
The results of the comparison, reported in Fig. 10,
show a good accordance between the numerical and
analytical evaluations both in the case of the salient-pole
machine and in the case of the round-rotor one. It is
however to be considered that, in a salient-pole machine,
the air-gap leakage inductance is slightly dependent on
Fig. 8. Sides (Cb, Ct) of a stator coil and auxiliary points (Pb, Pt) the rotor position as can be seen from (13), so diagrams
introduced for leakage inductance computation.. of Fig. 10a refer to a particular rotor position.

where: C coil cross-section area, N number of turns per VII. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATIONS
coil, L useful core length, Az vector potential (z
Some dedicated testing activities are performed on the
component) resulting from FE analysis. In fact, the first
two multiphase synchronous machines whose cross
term in square brackets is proportional to the total coil
sections are shown in Fig. 7 so as to obtain leakage
flux linkage, while the second term is proportional to the
inductance measurement values to compare with
total coil flux linkage minus the portion due to slot
computation results. Measurements are mainly collected
leakage field.
on the wound stators with the rotor removed, according to
The comparison between analytical and FE simulation
the testing guidelines provided in [9]. Because these
results is shown in Fig. 9 (each circle corresponds to a FE
guidelines apply to three-phase machines, an extension to
simulation), showing a very good matching.
a multiphase stator configuration is necessary. For this
B. Air-gap leakage inductances purpose, the methodology already described in [7], [10] is
In order to validate the expression (13) for air-gap followed: basically, while a stator phase is supplied with
leakage inductances, the generic stator phase “i” of the an AC current I, the open-circuit induced voltage is
example machines (Fig. 7) is energized with unity current measured on the other ones. This enables to determine
in the FE model and the vector potential Az(x) on the air- phase self and mutual inductances (λrrk) with the rotor
gap circumference is saved. The “air-gap flux linkage” of removed. As discussed in [3], each inductance λrrk with
phase j is computed using the values of Az in the points P the rotor removed can be written as:
below the slots where conductors of phase j are contained
λrrk = λsk + λek + λbk (15)
(Fig. 8), with the appropriate sign, so as to catch only the
air-gap flux linkage. The procedure is repeated twice: where λ k+λ k is the slot plus end-coil leakage component
s e

once taking the actual values of Az(x) and once taking and λbk is the term due to the flux passing through the
only the fundamental of Az(x). The subtraction of the two stator bore. This latter term can be easily determined (as
−4 −4
6×10 4×10
−3
1×10
−4 −4
4×10 2×10
−4
5×10
−4
2×10 0

−4 0
0 − 2×10

−4 −4 −4
− 2×10 − 4×10 − 5×10
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Fig. 9. Slot leakage phase inductances (self and mutual) as functions of the coil pitch for the 12-phase machine (a, b) and for the 6-phase machine (c).
Solid line diagrams are from analytical computation [eq. (1)], circled points are from FE analysis.

0,0003 2,50E-05

2,00E-05 analytical
0,0002
1,50E-05 fem
0,0001 1,00E-05

5,00E-06
henries
henries

0
0,00E+00
0 1 2 3 4 5
-0,0001 -5,00E-06 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
analytical -1,00E-05
-0,0002
fem -1,50E-05

-0,0003 -2,00E-05
k k

Fig. 10. Air-gap leakage inductances λ k computed analytically and from FEA: (a) for the 6-phase machine; (b) for the 12-phase machine.
a

850
 means of FE analysis taking into account different
numbers of phases and coil pitch values. Measurements
on a 6-phase (dual star) and 12-phase (quadruple star)
machines with the rotor removed are also presented and
compared with analytical results. All the validations
presented (both through measurements and FE
simulations) show a satisfactory matching with analytical
predictions.

Fig. 11. Search coil placed in the stator bore in a test with rotor APPENDIX A
removed.
In this Appendix the derivation of (1) is illustrated.
proposed in [16]) by means of FE analysis as well as the With the mapping procedure discussed in Section II,
slot leakage term λsk: the FE model is accurately any double-layer n-phase winding with coil to pole pitch
calibrated for this purpose with a search coil placed in the r can be represented as sketched in Fig. 13a. For the sake
stator bore (Fig. 11). Once λrrk, λbk and λsk are known, the of simplicity, Fig. 13a illustrates a 2-pole machine (the
extension to a generic number of pole pairs is
end-coil leakage inductances λek can be finally
determined by difference from (15). straightforward).
Given two generic and distinct phases i and j, such that
The values obtained with the described procedure are
k=|ij|, their respective phase belts may or may not
compared in Fig. 12 with those obtained with the
overlap depending on the coil pitch (changing the coil
proposed analytical computations [air-gap leakage
pitch is equivalent to “sliding” one winding layer keeping
components (from Fig. 10) are also added to visualize the
entity of the various leakage flux contributions]. Fig. 12 the other fixed). Let us call Z'i,j the overlapping fraction
of phase belts with equal sign belonging to phases i, j and
shows a satisfactory agreement.
Z''i,j the overlapping fraction of phase belts with opposite
VIII. CONCLUSIONS signs belonging to phases i, j. For example, it is evident
from Fig. 13a that if r=1 (full pitch winding) there is no
In this paper the analytical calculation of stator leakage overlapping between the phase belts of the two phases, so
inductances in multi-phase machine with n phases (either Z'i,j=Z''i,j=0. Conversely, a complete overlapping of the
symmetrically or asymmetrically distributed) is phase belts with equal sign (i.e. “+i”, “+j” and “i”, “j”;
addressed. Analytical expressions are proposed to
Z'i,j=1) occurs for coil pitch values r such that:
compute slot and air-gap leakage inductances based on
machine design data, while for the end-coil contribution π (1 − r ) = (π / n ) i − j (A1)
reference is made to previous works. The formulas for
slot and air-gap leakage inductances are assessed by while a complete overlapping between phase belts of

Computed analytically Computed from measurement and calibrated FEA

0,0015 0,0015
air-gap air-gap
0,0013 0,0013
end-coil end-coil
0,0011 0,0011
slot slot
0,0009 0,0009
0,0007 0,0007
henries

henries

0,0005 0,0005
0,0003 0,0003
0,0001 0,0001
-0,0001 -0,0001
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0,0003 -0,0003
-0,0005 -0,0005
k k

Computed analytically Computed from measurement and calibrated FEA

5,00E-04 5,00E-04
4,00E-04 air-gap 4,00E-04 air-gap
end-coil end-coil
3,00E-04 3,00E-04
slot slot
2,00E-04 2,00E-04
henries

henries

1,00E-04 1,00E-04
0,00E+00 0,00E+00
-1,00E-04 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 -1,00E-04 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

-2,00E-04 -2,00E-04
k k

Fig. 12. Slot (λsk), end-coil (λek) and air-gap (λak) leakage inductances for (a) the 6-phase machine and (b) the 12-phase machine, from the proposed
analytical method (left side graphs) and from measurements and calibrated FE analysis (right-side graphs).

851

Fig. 13. (a) Conventional n-phase winding scheme; (b) Z'i,j and Z''i,j
diagrams.
opposite signs (i.e. “+i”, “j” and “i”, “+j”; Z''i,j=1)
occurs for those coil pitch ratios r such that:
π (1 − r ) = π − (π / n ) i − j
Based on similar geometric considerations, the
diagrams reported in Fig. 13b are obtained for the
functions Z'i,j and Z''i,j. Because Z'i,j and Z''i,j do not
depend on i, j individually but only on k=|ij|, it is
convenient to write them as Z'k and Z''k. Analytically,
these functions can be written in the form:
Z k′ = R(1 − k − n(1 − r ) )
Z k′′ = R (1 − k − nr )
where R(x) is the ramp function.
What proved above enables us to say that the two
phases i and j have 2pqZ'k shared slots where they have
equal directions and 2pqZ''k shared slots where they have
opposite directions. Calling Mtb the mutual inductance
between two coil sides lying in the same slot, the mutual
slot leakage inductance will then be:
2 pq(Z k′ − Z k′′)M tb
which is to divided by b2 in the case when there are b
parallel ways per phase. Considering (A3) and (A4), the
expression (1) is then proved for the case i≠j i.e. k≠0
(mutual inductance).
For the self inductance case (k=0), the contribution is
to be added of the self slot leakage inductance of each
coil side. Calling Lt and Lb such self inductances
respectively for a coil side placed in the top or bottom
layer, this contribution will be:
2 pq(Lt + Lb )
since each phase has 2pq coil sides lying in the top layer
and 2pq lying in the bottom layer. Furthermore we have
to consider possible slots occupied by coil sides of the
same phase: each of such slots gives a contribution of
2Mtb. This ends the proof of (1) also for the self leakage
inductance case (k=0).
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