Fkdswhu 6

WKH KDUPRQLF RVFLOODWRU

Zh qrz frqvlghu dq h{whqghg h{dpsoh zklfk doorzv xv wr dsso| wkh wkhruhwlfdo dssdudwxv
frqvwuxfwhg lq suhylrxv vhfwlrqv1 Wkh h{dpsoh zh fkrrvh/ wkdw ri d sduwlfoh vxemhfwhg
wr d olqhdu uhvwrulqj irufh 0 wkh vr0fdoohg kduprqlf rvfloodwru 0 lv lpsruwdqw iru vhyhudo
uhdvrqv1 Iluvw/ lw lv rqh ri wkh uhodwlyho| vpdoo qxpehu ri txdqwxp phfkdqlfdo sureohpv
wkdw fdq eh vroyhg h{dfwo| dqg frpsohwho|1 Lq dgglwlrq/ wkh sureohp surylghv d edvlv iru
rxu xqghuvwdqglqj ri pdq| lpsruwdqw sk|vlfdo sureohpv/ lqfoxglqj prohfxodu yleudwlrqv/
wkh yleudwlrqdo h{flwdwlrqv ri vrolgv +l1h1/ skrqrqv,/ dqg wkh txdqwl}dwlrq ri wkh hohfwur0
pdjqhwlf hog +skrwrqv,1 Lq d uhdo vhqvh/ wkh rqh0glphqvlrqdo kduprqlf rvfloodwru lv wkh
pdlq exloglqj eorfn ri d juhdw ghdo ri txdqwxp hog wkhru|1

614 Vwdwhphqw ri wkh Sureohp

Zh frqvlghu d sduwlfoh ri pdvv p vxemhfw wr d olqhdu uhvwrulqj irufh I @ n{/ fruuhvsrqg0
lqj wr wkh txdgudwlf srwhqwldo
4 4
Y +{, @ n{5 @ p$ 5 {5 +614,
5 5
s
zkhuh $ @ n@p1 Lq wkh Kdplowrqldq ghvfulswlrq ri fodvvlfdo phfkdqlfv/ wkh v|vwhp
lv ghvfulehg e| wkh g|qdplfdo yduldeohv i{> sj/ dqg wkh hyroxwlrq lv jryhuqhg e| wkh
Kdplowrqldq
s5 4
K @W .Y @ . p$ 5 {5 = +615,
5p 5
Kdplowrq*v htxdwlrqv ri prwlrq
CK s
{b @ @ +616,
Cs p
CK
sb @  @ p$ 5 { +617,
C{
duh/ xsrq wdnlqj d vhfrqg ghulydwlyh/ htxlydohqw wr wkh idploldu Qhzwrqldq htxdwlrqv

{‚ . $ 5 { @ 3 s‚ . $ 5 s @ 3 +618,

zkrvh vroxwlrqv ohdg wr wkh idploldu rvfloodwru| ehkdylru

{+w, @ D vlq+$w . , +619,

s+w, @ Dp$ frv+$w . ,= +61:,

437 Wkh Kduprqlf Rvfloodwru

Lq sdvvlqj iurp d fodvvlfdo wuhdwphqw wr d txdqwxp phfkdqlfdo rqh/ wkh g|qdplfdo ydul0
deohv duh uhsodfhg e| rshudwruv
{$[
+61;,
s $ S @ |N
zklfk reh| wkh fdqrqlfdo frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv

^[> S ` @ l|= +61<,

Hyroxwlrq ri wkh txdqwxp phfkdqlfdo v|vwhp lv jryhuqhg e| wkh dvvrfldwhg Kdplowrqldq

rshudwru
S5 4
K@ . p$5 [ 5 = +6143,
5p 5

Vlqfh wkh v|vwhp lv frqvhuydwlyh +CK@Cw @ 3,/ wklv hyroxwlrq lv ehvw frqvlghuhg lq wkh
edvlv ri wkh hljhqvwdwhv m!q l ri wkh Kdplowrqldq/ zklfk duh dvvxphg wr vsdq wkh vsdfh ri d
vlqjoh sduwlfoh prylqj lq rqh0glphqvlrq/ dqg zklfk reh| wkh hqhuj| hljhqydoxh htxdwlrq

+K  Hq ,m!q l @ 3= +6144,

Dv zlwk dq| hljhqydoxh sureohp/ zh qhhg dq lqlwldo uhsuhvhqwdwlrq lq zklfk wr zrun1 Lq

wkh m{l uhsuhvhqwdwlrq/ dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh srvlwlrq rshudwru [> wklv
ehfrphv d glhuhqwldo htxdwlrq
 
|5 g5 !q 4 5{5  Hq ! +{, @ 3
 . p$ +6145,
5p g{5 5 q

iru wkh hljhqixqfwlrqv !q +{, @ k{m!q l1 Wkh qrwdwlrq wkdw zh kdyh lqwurgxfhg vxjjhvwv
d glvfuhwh vshfwuxp/ dqg/ lqghhg lw fdq eh dqwlflsdwhg wkdw doo ri wkh hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh
kduprqlf srwhqwldo pxvw eh erxqg vwdwhv1 Wklv iroorzv iurp wkh revhuydwlrq wkdw wkh
srwhqwldo hqhuj| ri wkh rvfloodwru ehfrphv lqqlwh dv m{m $ 41 Dv d uhvxow/ wkh zdyh
ixqfwlrq pxvw jr wr }hur dw odujh glvwdqfhv iurp wkh ruljlq lq rughu iru wkh hqhuj| ri wkh
v|vwhp wr uhpdlq qlwh1 Wkxv/ wkh deryh htxdwlrq lv wr eh vroyhg zlwk wkh erxqgdu|
frqglwlrq !q +{, $ 3 dv m{m $ 4/ fkdudfwhulvwlf ri d erxqg vwdwh vroxwlrq1

Ri frxuvh/ lw lv dovr srvvleoh wr vroyh wkh hljhqydoxh htxdwlrq lq wkh zdyh yhfwru ru pr0
phqwxp uhsuhvhqwdwlrq1 Lqghhg/ lq wkh mnl edvlv/ wkh hljhqydoxh htxdwlrq iru wkh kduprqlf
rvfloodwru lv dovr d vhfrqg rughu glhuhqwldo htxdwlrq
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5p 5 gn5

gxh wr wkh idfw wkdw { @ lg@gn lv d glhuhqwldo rshudwru lq wkdw uhsuhvhqwdwlrq1 Djdlq/
wklv hljhqydoxh htxdwlrq lv wr eh vroyhg xqghu wkh uhtxluhphqw wkdw wkh vroxwlrq ydqlvk dv
mnm $ 4> vr wkdw wkh hqhuj| ri wkh v|vwhp +lq wklv fdvh wkh nlqhwlf hqhuj|, eh qlwh1

D wudglwlrqdo dssurdfk frpprqo| wdnhq wr vroyh hlwkhu ri wkhvh htxdwlrqv lv wkh vr0fdoohg
srzhu vhulhv phwkrg/ wkh edvlf vwhsv ri zklfk zh hqxphudwh iru wkh vsdwldo hljhqixqfwlrqv
ehorz=
Vwdwhphqw ri wkh Sureohp 438

41 Ghwhuplqh iru odujh { wkdw wkh vroxwlrq kdv wkh dv|pswrwlf irup !+{,  D+{,h{ >
5

zkhuh  @ p$@5|> dqg D+{, lv vorzo| ydu|lqj lq {= Wklv dv|pswrwlf irup iroorzv
vlqfh iru odujh { wkh glhuhqwldo htxdwlrq fdq eh zulwwhq ^fi1 Ht1 +6145,` lq wkh
vlpsohu irup
g5 !q p5 $ 5 5
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g{5 |5
51 Dvvxph d srzhu vhulhv vroxwlrq ri wkh irup
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!+{, @ h{ dn {n
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+6148,
n
wr ghvfuleh wkh vorzo|0ydu|lqj ixqfwlrq D+{,> rewdlqlqj d uhfxuvlrq uhodwlrq iru wkh
frh!flhqwv dn =
61 Vkrz wkdw li wkh vhulhv grhv qrw whuplqdwh/ wkh vhulhv surgxfhg zloo |lhog d vroxwlrq
wkdw glyhujhv h{srqhqwldoo| dv h{ iru odujh {= Ghgxfh/ wkhuhe|/ wkdw wkh vroxwlrqv
5

fruuhvsrqglqj wr sk|vlfdoo| dffhswdeoh vroxwlrqv pxvw kdyh vhulhv zklfk whuplqdwh/

l1h1/ iru zklfk D+{, lv d sro|qrpldo lq {1
71 Ghgxfh wkh ydoxhv ri hqhuj| Hq iru zklfk wkh vhulhv whuplqdwhv/ wkhuhe| vroylqj wkh
hljhqydoxh sureohp1

Lq zkdw iroorzv zh wdnh d glhuhqw dssurdfk/ gxh wr Gludf/ wkdw doorzv xv xowlpdwho| wr
rewdlq doo hljhqixqfwlrqv iurp wkh vroxwlrq wr d vlpsoh uvw0rughu glhuhqwldo htxdwlrq1
Wklv dojheudlf phwkrg xvhv wkh ixqgdphqwdo frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv wr gluhfwo| ghgxfh wkh
vshfwuxp dqg ghjhqhudf| ri wkh kduprqlf rvfloodwru Kdplowrqldq1

61414 Dojheudlf Dssurdfk wr wkh Txdqwxp Kduprqlf Rvfloodwru

Wr idflolwdwh rxu vwxg| zh ehjlq e| lqwurgxflqj vrph vlpsoli|lqj qrwdwlrq1 Zh revhuyh
uvw wkdw wkh fodvvlfdo kduprqlf rvfloodwru srvvhvvhv d qdwxudo iuhtxhqf| $= Txdqwxp
phfkdqlfdoo| wklv lpsolhv wkh h{lvwhqfh ri d qdwxudo hqhuj| vfdoh %3 @ |$1 Wkxv/ wkh
Kdplowrqldq/ zklfk lwvhoi kdv xqlwv ri hqhuj|/ fdq eh zulwwhq lq wkh irup
 
S5 4 5 5 |$ 4 S 5 4 5 5
K @ . p$ [ @ . p$ [ +6149,
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uhsuhvhqw glphqvlrqohvv prphqwxp dqg srvlwlrq rshudwruv/ uhvshfwlyho|1 +Qrwh wkdw zh
duh uhod{lqj rxu frqyhqwlrq ri uhsuhvhqwlqj rshudwruv e| fdslwdo ohwwhuv1, Lw lv uhdglo|
yhulhg wkdw wkhvh qhz rshudwruv reh| d glphqvlrqohvv irup
^t> s` @ l +6154,
439 Wkh Kduprqlf Rvfloodwru

ri wkh fdqrqlfdo frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv/ dqg dsduw iurp d voljkwo| glhuhqw qrupdol}dwlrq/
wkh hljhqvwdwhv imtlj dqg imslj ri wkhvh rshudwruv duh hvvhqwldoo| wkrvh ri wkhlu glphqvlrq0
doo| fruuhfw frxqwhusduwv im{lj dqg imnlj= Wkhuh lv d uhsuhvhqwdwlrq dvvrfldwhg zlwk hdfk
vhw ri vwdwhv/ vr wkdw ] ]
gt mtlktm @ 4 @ gs mslksm +6155,

ktmt 3 l @ +t  t 3 , ksms3 l @ +s  s3 ,

lq whupv ri zklfk zh fdq h{sdqg dqg duelwudu| vwdwh ri wkh v|vwhp +zklfk lv wkdw ri d
sduwlfoh prylqj lq rqh0glphqvlrq,1 Wkxv/ zh fdq zulwh
] 4 ] 4
m#l @ gt #+t,mtl @ gs #+s,msl> +6156,
4 4
zklfk ghqh frqyhqlhqw srvlwlrq dqg prphqwxp zdyhixqfwlrqv/ #+t, dqg #+s,> uhvshf0
wlyho|1 Zh fdq/ pruhryhu/ h{sdqg hdfk edvlv nhw lq whupv ri wkh edvlv yhfwruv ri wkh
rwkhu uhsuhvhqwdwlrq mxvw dv zh fdq iru wkh qrupdo vwdwhv ri wkh srvlwlrq dqg zdyhyhfwru
uhsuhvhqwdwlrqv=
] 4
msl @ +5, 4@5 gt hlst mtl
4
] 4
mtl @ +5, 4@5 gs hlst msl= +6157,
4
Ilqdoo|/ lw lv vwudljkwiruzdug wr vkrz wkdw lq wkh mtl uhsuhvhqwdwlrq s dfwv olnh d glhuhqwldo
rshudwru/ l1h1/
g#+t,
s#+t, $ l +6158,
gt
dqg lq wkh msl uhsuhvhqwdwlrq t dfwv olnh d glhuhqwldo rshudwru
g#+s,
t#+s, $ l = +6159,
gs

Wr surfhhg/ lw lv xvhixo wr qrwh wkdw wkh Kdplowrqldq iru wkh fruuhvsrqglqj fodvvlfdo
sureohp lv idfwrul}deoh/ l1h1/ li t dqg s zhuh fodvvlfdo yduldeohv zh frxog zulwh
|$ 5 4
K@ +t . s5 , @ |$+t . ls,+t  ls,= +lq wkh fodvvlfdo olplw,1 +615:,
5 5
Wkh idfw wkdw t dqg s gr qrw frppxwh uhqghuv wklv idfwrul}dwlrq lqydolg/ exw lw grhv ohdg
xv wr frqvlghu wkh qrq0Khuplwldq rshudwruv
4 4
d @ s +t . ls, d. @ s +t  ls, +615;,
5 5
lq whupv ri zklfk rxu ruljlqdo rshudwruv t dqg s fdq eh zulwwhq
4 l
t @ s +d. . d, s @ s +d.  d,= +615<,
5 5
Wkh surgxfw ri d. dqg d lv hdvlo| hydoxdwhg=
4 4
d. d @ +t  ls,+t . ls, @ ^t 5 . s5 . l+ts  st,`= +6163,
5 5
Vwdwhphqw ri wkh Sureohp 43:

Uhfrjql}lqj wkh frppxwdwru ^t> s` @ l lq wklv odvw h{suhvvlrq zh qg wkdw

4 4
d. d @ +t 5 . s5 ,  = +6164,
5 5
Wklv lghqwlw| doorzv xv wr h{suhvv wkh kduprqlf rvfloodwru Kdplowrqldq lq wkh irup
|$ 5 4
K@ +s . t 5 , @ |$+d. d . ,= +6165,
5 5
Lqwurgxflqj rqh ixuwkhu elw ri vlpsoli|lqj qrwdwlrq/ zh ghqrwh e|

Q @ d. d +6166,

wkh rshudwru surgxfw ri d. dqg d1 Wkxv/ wkh Kdplowrqldq K fdq eh zulwwhq lq wkh
iroorzlqj vlpsoh dqg vxjjhvwlyh irup
4
K @ +Q . ,|$= +6167,
5

Lw lv reylrxv wkdw wkh hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh +pdqlihvwo| Khuplwldq, rshudwru Q @ d. d duh

dovr hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh kduprqlf rvfloodwru Kdplowrqldq1 Lqghhg/ li zh fdq qg d frpsohwh
vhw ri hljhqvwdwhv mql vxfk wkdw
Q mql @ qmql> +6168,
wkhq wkhvh vwdwhv zloo dovr eh hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh Kdplowrqldq/ l1h1/
4 4
Kmql @ +Q . ,|$mql @ +q . ,|$mql @ Hq mql +6169,
5 5
zkhuh Hq @ +q . 45 ,|$= Wkxv/ zh fkdqjh rxu ruljlqdo qrwdwlrq iru wkh hqhuj| hljhqvwdwhv
vr wkdw mql @ m!q l= Lw lv lpsruwdqw wr vwuhvv wkdw/ dw wklv srlqw/ zh kdyhq*w uhdoo| grqh
dq|wklqj/ vlqfh zh grq*w nqrz zkdw ydoxhv duh lq wkh vshfwuxp ri wkh rshudwru Q @ d. d=
Zh kdyh vlpso| wudqvihuuhg wkh hljhqydoxh sureohp wkdw zh kdyh wr vroyh wr wkdw ri wkh
rshudwru Q/ udwkhu wkdq wkh rshudwru K= Zh zloo uhihu wr wkh rshudwru Q dv wkh qxpehu
rshudwru/ ehfdxvh/ dv zh zloo vhh/ lw frxqwv wkh qxpehu ri hqhuj| txdqwd/ lq xqlwv ri |$>
dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh v|vwhp1 Rxu jrdo lq zkdw iroorzv lv wr xvh wkh frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv
reh|hg e| wkh qhz rshudwruv d> d. > dqg Q @ d. d> wr ghgxfh wkh vwuxfwxuh ri wkh hqhuj|
hljhqvwdwhv ri wklv v|vwhp1

Wkh frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv wkdw zh zloo qhhg duh hdvlo| rewdlqhg1 Zh qrwh/ uvw/ wkdw
4 4 l
^d> d. ` @ ^t . ls> t  ls` @ +l^s> t`  l^t> s`, @ +^t> s` . ^t> s`, +616:,
5 5 5
zklfk wkh fdqrqlfdo frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv uhgxfh wr

^d> d. ` @ 4= +616;,

Rqh frqvhtxhqfh ri wklv uhodwlrq lv wkdw dd. @ d. d . 4> vr wkdw zh fdq zulwh

dd. @ Q . 4= +616<,

Qh{w/ zh hydoxdwh wkh frppxwdwru

^Q> d` @ ^d. d> d` @ d. ^d> d` . ^d. > d`d +6173,

43; Wkh Kduprqlf Rvfloodwru

zklfk rxu suhylrxv uhvxow uhgxfhv wr

^Q> d` @ d= +6174,

Ilqdoo|/ zh hydoxdwh

^Q> d. ` @ ^d. d> d. ` @ d. ^d> d. ` . ^d. > d. `d +6175,

zklfk uhgxfhv wr
^Q> d. ` @ d. = +6176,
Frpelqlqj wkhvh uhodwlrqv/ zh kdyh wkh iroorzlqj forvhg dojheud ri frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv

^d> d. ` @ 4 ^Q> d` @ d ^Q> d. ` @ d. = +6177,

61415 Vshfwuxp dqg Hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh Qxpehu Rshudwru Q

Xvlqj wkh frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrqv rewdlqhg deryh/ zh qrz ghgxfh d qxpehu ri edvlf surs0
huwlhv dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh hljhqvwdwhv ri wkh qxpehu rshudwru Q dqg/ khqfh/ ri wkh hljhq0
vwdwhv ri wkh kduprqlf rvfloodwru Kdplowrqldq K1 Lq zkdw iroorzv/ zh ehjlq e| vlpso|
dvvxplqj wkh h{lvwhqfh ri dw ohdvw rqh qrq}hur hljhqyhfwru mql ri wkh revhuydeoh Q= Wklv
lv d wulyldo dvvxpswlrq/ vlqfh Q lv d vlpsoh ixqfwlrq ri wkh revhuydeoh K> dqg lv wkhuhiruh
dq revhuydeoh ri wkh v|vwhp1 Wklv dvvxpswlrq wkhq doorzv xv wr suryh wkh iroorzlqj=

41, Srvlwlylw| ri hljhqydoxhv= Li mql lv d qrq}hur hljhqyhfwru ri wkh rshudwru Q / dqg q lv

wkh dvvrfldwhg hljhqydoxh/ wkhq q  31 Lq rwkhu zrugv/ wkh hljhqydoxhv ri Q duh srvlwlyh
ghqlwh1
Surri= Wklv mxvw iroorzv iurp wkh reylrxv srvlwlylw| ri wkh rshudwru Q @ d. d> zklfk
lpsolhv wkdw li Q mql @ qmql wkhq

kqmQ mql @ qkqmql @ kqmd. dmql @ mmdmqlmm5 +6178,

vr wkdw
mmdmqlmm5
q@  3= +6179,
kqmql
zklfk suryhv wkh dvvhuwlrq1

51, Dfwlrq ri d. rq hljhqyhfwruv ri Q = Li mql lv dq hljhqyhfwru ri wkh rshudwru Q zlwk

hljhqydoxh q> wkhq wkh yhfwru
mq. l @ d. mql +617:,
lv dq hljhqyhfwru ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh q . 4=
Surri= Zh frqvlghu wkh dfwlrq ri Q rq wkh vwdwh mq. l> dqg xvh wkh frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrq
^Q> d. ` @ d. > wr ghgxfh wkdw Q d. @ d. Q . d. @ d. +Q . 4,> dqg khqfh

Q mq. l @ Q d. mql @ d. +Q . 4,mql @ d. +q . 4,mql @ +q . 4,+d. mql, +617;,

vr wkdw
Q mq. l @ +q . 4,mq. l +617<,
vkrzlqj wkdw mq. l reh|v wkh hljhqydoxh htxdwlrq1 Qrwh wkdw wkh yhfwru mq. l lv qrq}hur/
vlqfh
kq. mq. l @ kqmdd. mql @ kqmQ . 4mql @ +q . 4,kqmql A 3 +6183,
Vwdwhphqw ri wkh Sureohp 43<

Dv d fruroodu|/ lw iroorzv wkdw li wkhuh h{lvwv rqh qrq}hur hljhqyhfwru mql> wkhq wkhuh
qhfhvvdulo| h{lvwv dq lqqlwh vhtxhqfh ri hljhqyhfwruv imql> d. mql> +d. ,5 mql>   j dvvrfldwhg
zlwk d fruuhvsrqglqj lqfuhdvlqj vhtxhqfh iq> q . 4> q . 5>   j ri hljhqydoxhv wkdw fdq eh
rewdlqhg e| uhshdwhg dssolfdwlrq ri wkh rshudwru d. wr wkh vwdwh mql= Iru wklv uhdvrq/
wkh rshudwru d. lv riwhq uhihuuhg wr dv wkh udlvlqj rshudwru ru wkh fuhdwlrq rshudwru/
ehfdxvh/ dv zh zloo vhh/ lw dfwv wr fuhdwh txdqwd ri hqhuj| lq wkh v|vwhp1

61, Dfwlrq ri d rq hljhqyhfwruv ri Q = Li mql lv dq hljhqyhfwru ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh q>

dqg li mq l lv ghqhg wkurxjk wkh uhodwlrq

mq l @ dmql +6184,

wkhq wkhuh duh wzr srvvlelolwlhv/ rqh ri zklfk pxvw eh wuxh/ hlwkhu= +l, wkh nhw mq l lv wkh
qxoo yhfwru/ lq zklfk fdvh q @ 3> ru +ll, wkh nhw mq l lv dq hljhqyhfwru ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh
q  4=
Surri ri +l,= Zh qrwh uvw wkdw li mq l @ 3 > wkhq

kq mq l @ 3 @ kqmd. dmql @ kqmQmql @ qkqmql +6185,

vkrzlqj wkdw q @ 3> vlqfh mql lv e| dvvxpswlrq qrq}hur1 Frqyhuvho|/ li q @ 3> wkh vdph
h{suhvvlrq uhdg iurp uljkw wr ohiw vkrzv wkdw kq mq l @ 3> zklfk lpsolhv wkdw mq l lv wkh
qxoo yhfwru1 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh/ zh vhh wkdw dq| hljhqyhfwru m3l ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh q @ 3
reh|v wkh htxdwlrq
dm3l @ 3=

Surri ri +ll,= Li q 9@ 3> wkhq wkh dujxphqw deryh vkrzv wkdw mq l lv qrw wkh qxoo yhfwru/
vlqfh wkhq kq mq l @ qkqmql 9@ 31 Zh wkhq frqvlghu wkh dfwlrq ri Q rq mq l dqg xvh wkh
frppxwdwlrq uhodwlrq ^Q> d` @ d> wr ghgxfh wkdw Q d @ dQ  d @ d+Q  4,> vr wkdw

Q mq l @ Qdmql @ d+Q  4,mql @ d+q  4,mql @ +q  4,+dmql, +6186,

dqg wkxv
Qmq l @ +q  4,mq l= +6187,
Wklv odvw htxdwlrq vkrzv wkdw mq l lv d qrq}hur hljhqyhfwru ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh vpdoohu
e| rqh wkdq wkdw ri wkh hljhqyhfwru mql= Wklv lpsolhv/ dv d fruroodu|/ wkdw li wkhuh h{lvwv rqh
qrq}hur hljhqyhfwru mql wkhq wkhuh h{lvwv d vhtxhqfh ri hljhqyhfwruv imql> dmql> d5 mql>   j
dvvrfldwhg zlwk d fruuhvsrqglqj vhtxhqfh ri ghfuhdvlqj hljhqydoxhv iq> q  4> q  5>   j>
zklfk fdq eh rewdlqhg e| uhshdwhg dssolfdwlrq ri wkh rshudwru d= Iru wklv uhdvrq/ wkh
rshudwru d lv riwhq uhihuuhg wr dv wkh orzhulqj rshudwru ru dqqlklodwlrq rshudwru/
ehfdxvh lw dfwv wr dqqlklodwh ru uhgxfh wkh qxpehu ri hqhuj| txdqwd lq wkh v|vwhp1

71, Wkh hljhqydoxhv ri Q duh wkh qrq0qhjdwlyh lqwhjhuv 0 Zh fdq qrz dvvhuw wkdw wkh
vshfwuxp ri wkh qxpehu rshudwru Q frqvlvwv ri wkh qxpehuv q @ 3> 4> 5>   1 Wr suryh wklv/
dvvxph wkdw wkhuh h{lvwv d +qhfhvvdulo| srvlwlyh, hljhqydoxh q  3 ri Q zklfk lv qrw lq wklv
vhw1 Jlyhq dq| qrq}hur hljhqyhfwru mql zlwk wklv hljhqydoxh/ zh frxog wkhq surgxfh qrq0
qxoo hljhqvwdwhv ri Q zlwk qhjdwlyh hljhqydoxhv e| uhshdwhg dssolfdwlrq ri wkh orzhulqj
rshudwru d= Wklv zrxog ylrodwh rxu surri wkdw Q kdv qr qhjdwlyh hljhqydoxhv1 Rq wkh rwkhu
kdqg/ li q lv d srvlwlyh lqwhjhu ru }hur/ wkhq wkh vhtxhqfh ri hljhqydoxhv whuplqdwhv dw }hur
ehiruh lw fdq surgxfh qhjdwlyh hljhqydoxhv1 Wkdw lv/ li q @ 3> wkh vhtxhqfh whuplqdwhv
lpphgldwho|/ zlwk
dm3l @ 3=
443 Wkh Kduprqlf Rvfloodwru

+Qrwh wkdw m3l rq wkh ohiw lv wkh hljhqyhfwru zlwk hljhqydoxh 3> zkloh wkh 3 rq wkh uljkw
lv wkh qxoo yhfwru1, Li q lv d srvlwlyh lqwhjhu/ wkhq wkh vhtxhqfh whuplqdwhv diwhu h{dfwo|
q vwhsv/ l1h1/ dq4 mql lv dq hljhqydoxh ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh 3> vr e| rxu suhylrxv uhvxow
dq mql @ 3= Wkxv wkh rqo| srvvleoh ydoxhv iru wkh hljhqydoxhv ri q duh wkh qrq0qhjdwlyh
lqwhjhuv1 Vlqfh rqh ri wkhvh lv/ e| dvvxpswlrq/ qrw qxoo/ zh fdq surgxfh doo wkrvh zlwk
orzhu +srvlwlyh, lqwhjhu ydoxhv e| dssolfdwlrq ri d dqg doo wkrvh zlwk kljkhu lqwhjhu ydoxhv
e| dssolfdwlrq ri d. 1 Wkxv/ doo ydoxhv lq wkh vhw q @ 3> 4> 5>    pxvw eh hljhqydoxhv ri Q 1
Wklv vwloo ohdyhv wkh txhvwlrq ri ghjhqhudf|/ l1h1/ wkh srvvlelolw| wkdw wkhuh pd| eh pruh
wkdq rqh olqhduo| lqghshqghqw hljhqyhfwru iru d jlyhq hljhqydoxh q=

81, Wkh hljhqydoxhv ri Q duh qrqghjhqhudwh 0 Zh zloo uvw vkrz wkdw li wkh hljhqydoxh
q lv qrqghjhqhudwh/ wkhq vr lv q . 41 Wr vhh wklv/ dvvxph wkdw q lv qrqghjhqhudwh/ dqg
ohw m!q.4 l dqg m#q.4 l eh wzr duelwudu| hljhqvwdwhv ri Q kdylqj hljhqydoxh q . 4= Iurp
wkhvh vwdwhv zh fdq wkhq surgxfh wkh vwdwhv m!q l @ dm!q.4 l dqg m#q l @ dm#q.4 l> zklfk
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vr duh olqhduo| ghshqghqw1 Iru wzr yhfwruv/ olqhdu ghshqghqfh lpsolhv sursruwlrqdolw|/ vr
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wkhq uhyhdov wkdw

d. m!q l @ d. dm!q.4 l @ Qm!q.4 l @ +q . 4,m!q.4 l

@ d. +m#q l, @ d. dm#q.4 l @ Q m#q.4 l @ +q . 4,m# q.4 l +6188,

iurp zklfk zh ghgxfh wkdw m!q.4 l @ m#q.4 l= Wklv vkrzv wkdw m!q.4 l dqg m#q.4 l duh
qhfhvvdulo| olqhduo| ghshqghqw1 Wkhuh lv dw prvw rqh olqhduo| lqghshqghqw hljhqyhfwru ri
Q zlwk hljhqydoxh q . 41 Khqfh/ li hljhqydoxh q lv qrqghjhqhudwh/ vr lv q . 4=

Wr frpsohwh wkh dujxphqw/ zh qrz vkrz wkdw wkhuh h{lvwv/ lq idfw/ h{dfwo| rqh
olqhduo| lqghshqghqw hljhqyhfwru m3l ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh q @ 3> iurp zklfk lw iroorzv wkdw
doo wkh hljhqydoxhv ri Q duh qrqghjhqhudwh1 Wr gr wklv zh h{solflwo| frqvwuxfw wkh fruuh0
vsrqglqj hljhqixqfwlrq !3 +t, @ ktm3l lq wkh srvlwlrq uhsuhvhqwdwlrq1 Wklv lv idflolwdwhg e|
wkh idfw/ vkrzq deryh/ wkdw dq| hljhqvwdwh m3l ri Q zlwk hljhqydoxh 3 lv dqqlklodwhg e|
wkh orzhulqj rshudwru/ l1h1/ lw reh|v wkh htxdwlrq

dm3l @ 3= +6189,

Xvlqj wkh uhodwlrq d @ s45 +t . ls,> wklv lpsolhv wkdw

4 4 g
ktmdm3l @ s ktmt . lsm3l @ s +t . ,!3 +t, @ 3 +618:,
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lq zklfk zh kdyh xvhg wkh glhuhqwldo irup wdnhq e| wkh rshudwru s lq wkh srvlwlrq uhsuh0
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Vwdwhphqw ri wkh Sureohp 444

Wkxv/ wkh hljhqixqfwlrqv ri Q zlwk q @ 3 glhu iurp rqh dqrwkhu rqo| wkurxjk dq ryhudoo
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Zh qrz vxppdul}h wkh uhvxowv ri wkh suhfhglqj vhulhv ri dujxphqwv1 Wkh vshfwuxp ri wkh
qxpehu rshudwru Q lv wkh vhw ri qrq0qhjdwlyh lqwhjhuv
vshfwuxp+Q , @ i3> 4> 5>   j= +6194,
Iru hdfk hohphqw lq wklv vhw/ wkhuh h{lvwv h{dfwo| rqh olqhduo| lqghshqghqw hljhqvwdwh
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qrqghjhqhudwh hqhujlhv
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hqhuj| txdqwd e| udlvlqj ru orzhulqj wkh ydoxh ri q1

-4 -2 00 2 4
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61416 Wkh Hqhuj| Edvlv

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d. mql @ q mq . 4l +619<,

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kqmdd. mql @ mq m5 +61:3,

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ehwzhhq edvlv yhfwruv zlwk qhljkerulqj hqhuj| hljhqydoxhv1 Iru wkh sxusrvh ri frqvwuxfw0
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d. mq  4l +d. ,5 mq  5l +d. ,q m3l

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ghulyhg hduolhu/ iurp zklfk lw iroorzv wkdw

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zklfk doorzv hdfk zdyh ixqfwlrq wr eh frqvwuxfwhg iurp wkh rqh suhfhglqj lw1

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41 Iru q @ 3 zh kdyh
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61 Iru q @ 5> zh kdyh

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0.7

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Vwdwhphqw ri wkh Sureohp 448

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d olwwoh dojheud1 Zlwk wklv ghqlwlrq/ wkh zdyh ixqfwlrq !q +t, fdq eh zulwwhq
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t lq hdfk hljhqvwdwh ydqlvkhv1

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