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Cheene Mae Deocampo Dr. Judy Gigare

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Aila Jane O. Vestidas
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Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relations hips or ratios between two
or more substances undergoing a physical change or chemical
change (chemical reaction).

 The word derives from the Greek words: stoicheion (meaning "element")
ad metron (meaning "to measure"). Most often, stoichiometry calculations deal with
the mass or volumes of products and reactants.

What Is Stoichiometry?

 Jeremias Benjaim Richter defined stoichiometry in 1792 as the science of measuring

quantities or mass ratios of chemical elements. You might be given a chemical
equation and the mass of one reactant or product and asked to determine the
quantity of another reactant or product in the equation. Or, you might be given the
quantities of reactants and products and asked to write the balanced equation that
fits the math.

What is Stoichiometry used for?

 Converting between different units

 Forming ratios between products and reactants
 Describing ratios between compounds in a reaction
 Calculating quantities of products or reactants (in mass, moles, volume, etc.)
Laws of Chemical Combination for Elements And Compounds

1. Law of Conservation of Mass

 In simple terms, this law states that matter can neither be created nor
destroyed. In other words, the total mass, that is, the sum of mass of reacting
mixture and the products formed remains constant. Antoine Lavoisier gave
this law in the year 1789 based on the data he obtained after carefully
studying numerous combustion reactions.

 For example, when wood burns, the mass of the soot, ashes, and gases, equals
the original mass of the charcoal and the oxygen when it first reacted. So the
mass of the product equals the mass of the reactant.

2. Law of Definite Proportions

 Joseph Proust, a French chemist stated that the proportion of elements by

weight in a given compound will always remain exactly the same. In simple
terms we can say that, irrespective of its source, origin or its quantity, the
percent composition of elements by weight in a given compound will always
remain the same.

 For example, the compound, water. Whatever the source of water, its
composition is that of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.

3. Law of Multiple Proportions

 This law states that if two elements combine to form more than one
compound, the masses of these elements in the reaction are in the ratio of
small whole numbers. This law was given by Dalton in the year 1803.

 The law of multiple proportions, states that when two elements combine to
form more than one compound, the mass of one element, which combines
with a fixed mass of the other element, will always be ratios of whole
numbers.

4. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes

 In 1808, Gay Lussac gave this law based on his observations. This law states
that when gases are produced or combine in a chemical reaction, they do so
in simple ratio by volume given that all the gases are at same temperature
and pressure. This law can be considered as another form of law of definite
proportions. The only difference between these two laws of chemical
 combination is that Gay Lussac’s Law is stated with respect to volume while
law of definite proportions is stated with respect to mass.

5. Avogadro’s Law

 Avogadro proposed this law in the year 1811. It stated that under same
conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volume of all the gases
contains equal number of molecules. This implies that 2 liters of hydrogen
will have the same number of molecules as 2 liters of oxygen given that both
the gases are at same temperature and pressure.

 The laws of chemical combination discussed above form the base for
quantitative study of chemical reactions. Join Byju’s to learn more about the
laws of chemical combination in the most simplified ways.

Atomic Mass – Element

 The mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is

approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the
mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of
different isotopes.

 The mass of an element is found on the periodic table.

Compound Mass - Counting Atoms

 For the mass of a compound, you have to consider both the number and types of
atoms.
 A subscript (number appearing below) indicates the number of atoms (if molecule)
or ions (if formula unit).

Example

 CH4 (methane) contains 1 atom of carbon and 4 atoms of hydrogen.

 AlPO4 (aluminum phosphate)contains 1 ion of aluminum and 1 ion of phosphate but
it also contains 1 atom of aluminum, 1 atom of phosphorus and 4 atoms of oxygen.

We need to use the numbers of atoms in our calculation of molar mass.

 If subscripts appear outside of parentheses, you need to multiply.

Example:

Mg(NO3 ) 2 contains:
1 atom Magnesium
2 atoms of Nitrogen (2 x 1)
6 atoms of Oxygen (2 x 3)

 If you have a hydrate (crystal with water enclosed) the formula will look something
like this: CuSO4 . 5H2O
 You need to multiply the number in front of the water molecule to get the correct
number of atoms

CuSO4 . 5H2O

Copper – 1 atom, Sulfur – 1atom, Oxygen – 4 atoms

Hydrogen – 10 atoms, Oxygen – 5 atoms

Or

Cu -1, S – 1, O - (4 + 5) = 9atoms, H – 10atoms

Mass Calculation – Compound

 Multiply the number of atoms of each element in the compound by its

corresponding mass from the periodic table (round to two decimal places)
 Round the product to the same number of significant digits as the mass
 Add the products and round based on rule – least number of decimal places
 Unit is amu

Examples:

BaCl2  ( 1 atom Ba x 137.33 ) + (2 atoms Cl x 35.45 ) = 137.33 + 70.90 = 208.23 amu

Ba – 1 atom x 137.33 = 137.33

Cl - 2 atoms x 35.45 = 70.90__
208.23 amu

Mg(NO3 )2  (1 atom Mg x 24.30) + ((2x1) atoms nitrogen x 14.01) + ((2x3) atoms oxygen x
16.00) = 24.30 + 28.02 + 96.00 = 148.32 amu
 Mg – 1atom x 24.30 = 24.30
N – 2 atoms x 14.01 = 28.02
O – 6 atoms x 16.00 = 96.00
148.32 amu

Molar Mass – Element

 The molar mass is a physical property defined as the mass of a given substance
divided by the amount of substance. The base SI unit for molar mass is kg/mol.

 The mass of one mole of an element is equivalent to its atomic mass.

 Example: one atom of sodium has a mass of 22.99 amu;

 22.99 grams Na = 1 mole Na

 Molar mass is the mass of one mole of any substance.

 Molar Mass Sodium = 22.99 g/mol

Examples

 BaCl2  ( 1 atom Ba x 137.33 ) + (2 atoms Cl x 35.45 ) = 137.33 + 70.90 = 208.23

g/mol

 Mg(NO3 ) 2  (1 atom Mg x 24.31) + ((2x1) atoms nitrogen x 14.01) + ((2x3) atoms

oxygen x 16.00) = 24.31 + 28.02 + 96.00 = 148.33 g/mol

Molar Mass Practice

1. Sodium chloride,NaCl
NaCl  (1 x 22.99) + ( 1 x 35.45) = 58.44 g/mol

2. Lithium Phosphate, Li3PO4

Li3PO4  (3 x 6.94) + (1 x 30.97) + (4 x 16.00) = 20.8 +30.97 + 64.00 = 115.77 
115.8g/mol

3. Manganese (VII) carbonate, Mn2 (CO3 ) 2

Mn2 (CO3 ) 2  (2 x 54.94) + (2 x 12.01) + (6 x 16.00) = 109.9 + 24.02 + 96.00 =
229.92  229.9 g/mol
4. Ferric chloride hexahydrate, FeCl3 . 6H2O
FeCl3 . 6H2O  (1 x 55.85) + (3 x 35.45) + (6 x 18.02) = 55.85 + 106.4 + 108.1 =
270.35  270.4 g/mol