ATERRADO, EDSEL THADDEUS
AR573 – HOUSING FINALS REVIEWER
NOMADIC SETTLEMENT:
Lifestyle:
 Hunters and Gatherers
 Exploitive of environment but still sustainable
 Very mobile social units
 Small groups of 20-30 people with herds of
wild animals
 Loose sense of territoriality
Environmental Factors:
 Climate
 Potential for natural calamities
 Presence of fertile soil, bodies of water, and
other natural resources
 Slope, terrain, and other forms of natural
defenses
Dwelling Type:
 Resource-based dwellings
 Light, perishable materials
 Cave dwellings and tents
 Mostly had 1 room
AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT:
 Invention of plough and other agri dev’ts
 Food Supply was controlled rendering Slash
& Burn Farming obsolete
 Clans settled in the same location
 Organization and Hierarchy
Basis and Important Elements
 Communal Fire at the Center
 Peripheral Protection
 Division of Farm Lots
 Grids as channel for movement
Contemporary Versions:
 Radiocentric Planning -
Intramuros
 Circumferential Roads
 Rectlinear Planning -
Manhattan
Examples of Settlements During Ancient
Times:
Jerico (Early Settlement in Israel 9000 BC)
 Well-organized community of about 3000
people
 Built around a reliable source of fresh water
 Only 3 hectares and enclosed within a
circular stone wall
 Overrun in about 6500 BC
 Rectangular layouts followed
Khirokitia (Early Settlement in Cyprus 5500
BC)
 Basic architectural unit was a circular
structure with a flat roof
 1st documented settlement with streets
 Narrow main street heading uphill; Wider
terminal, may be social spot
 Settlement that grew because of migration
Catalhuyuk (Early Settlement in Turkey)
 Largest neolithic city: 13 hectares; 10,000
people
 Intricately assembled complex without
streets; walls against each other for
protection and ease of construction
 Included shrines and quarters for specialized
crafts, production of paintings, textile, metal,
etc.
RISE OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION:
Cities in the Fertile Crescent were formed by the
Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of
Mesopotamia.
 Eridu – acknowledged as the oldest city
 Damascus – oldest continually inhabited city
 Babylon – largest city with 80,000
inhabitants
CITIES FROM CLASSICAL TO MEDIEVAL
PERIOD:
Greek Classical Cities:
 Because of frequent wars, Greeks built forts
on hills or mountaintops
 Polis : city-state
 Ideal size of polis: 5000 male citizens
 Polis was the center of community life
 Hippodamus : the first noted urban planner;
introduced the grid system
 Ideal City to be inhabited by 10,000 men;
divided into 3 sections (artisans, farmers,
military), with the land divided also into
sacred, public, and private
 Miletus had the prototype plan of
Hippodamus
Roman Classical Cities:
 Adopted Greek forms but with a monumental
scale that had social hierarchy
 Cities were not defensive
 Public works and arts were incorporated into
city design
 Basic housing units reflected social classes
(ie. domus and insulae)
 Romans as engineers: built aqueducts,
elaborate plumbing system, network of
paved roads, etc
 Roman Forums : symbol of power and
center of activities
Medieval Ages – Decline of Roman Empire:
Decline of Roman power left many outposts all
over Europe where growth revolved around.
Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads
and sequenced views of cathedrals or military
fortifications.
Medieval Ages – Spread of Christianity:
The Christian church influenced both politics and
society in medieval civilization; united Europe.
Medieval Ages - Feudalism:
Many towns were abandoned as people fled to
country estates. Society centered on lands held
by local lords and on manors.
Medieval Ages – Mercantilism:
 Relatively fragmented social organizations
 Development of coastal areas and ports
 Growth of retail outlets
 Growth of major population centers
 Congestion and Slums
Cities from Renaissance and Baroque Period:
Rebirth of classical towns:
 Piazza and public spaces
 Grand civic structures
 Wide regular and circumferential streets
Arts and architecture became major elements of
town planning and urban design.
“Ideal cities” were proposed.
Settlements in the Americas mostly followed
European city plans:
 Medieval Organic City : from boug (military
town) and fauborg (citizen’s town) of the
medieval ages
 Medieval Bastide : from French bastide (grid
or linear plans reflecting flexibility)
 Laws of the Indies Town : King Philip II of
Spain’s city guidelines that produced 3 types
of towns (pueblo, presidio, mission)
 English Renaissance : The European
Planned City (eg. Savannah)
Industrial Revolution:
 Assembly line, product standardization, mass
production
 Development of the railway system
 High-density settlements
 Blight in the inner cities
 Development of Suburbia
 Automobiles & highways
INTERNATIONALIZATION AND
GLOBALIZATION:
Internationalization:
 One Nation – One Product
 Requires specialization
 Local version : OTOP
Globalization:
 Creation of components of several products
 Homogenous nations
Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements
1976 UN Conference on Human Settlements:
“Human settlements means the totality of the
human community – whether city, town, or
village – with all the social, material,
organizational, spiritual, and cultural elements
that sustain it.
The fabric of human settlements consists of
physical elements (shelter, infrastructure, and
services) to which these elements provide the
material support.”
Ekistics: The Science of Human Settlements
Ekistics:
 From the Greek word “oikos” (home) and
“oiko” (settling down)
 Term coined by Greek planner
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis
 Science of human settlements
Ekistics Premise:
“Human settlements are susceptible of
systematic investigation”
Objectives of Ekistics as a Science:
 To understand the concepts and means of
implementing facts, concepts, and ideas
related to human settlements
 To re-examine all principles and theories,
and to readjust the disciplines and
professions connected with settlements
Ekistics Target:
 To build a city of optimum size that
considers human dimensions
Human Settlement:
 Living organism ruled by its own laws
 Settlement or place inhabited by man
 Cluster of dwellings of any type or size,
where human beings live
 Created through movement of man in space,
and definition of boundaries of territorial
interest for physical and institutional
purposes
5 Principles Behind the Creation of Human
Settlements:
 Maximization of man’s potential contacts
with the elements of nature (water and
trees), with other people, and with the works
of man (buildings and roads)
 Minimization of the effort required for the 4 Basic Groups:
achievement of man’s actual and potential
 Minor Shells or elementary units (man,
contacts
room, house)
 Optimization of man’s protective space,
 Micro-settlements – units smaller than, or
which means the selection of such a distance
as small as the traditional town where people
from other persons, animals, or objects, that
achieve interconnection by walking
he can keep his contacts with them (ie. 1st
 Meso-settlements – between traditional
principle) without any kind of sensory or
town and conurbation, within which one can
psychological discomfort
commute daily
 Optimization of the quality of man’s
 Macro-settlements – whose largest possible
relationship with his environment, which
expression is the ecumenopolis
consists of nature, society, shells, and
networks
 Man organizes his settlements in an attempt
to achieve an optimum synthesis of the
other 4 principles, and this optimization is
dependent on time and space, on actual
conditions, and on man’s ability to create a
synthesis
Successful Human Settlements:
Balance between Man-Made and Man-
Environments

4 Basic Parts of Composite Human

Settlements:
 The Homogenous Parts – the fields
 The Central Parts – the built-up village
 The Circulatory Parts – the roads and paths
within the fields
 The Special Parts – eg. a monastery
contained within the homogenous part
Classification of Human Settlements:
By Ekistic Units:
Ekistic Logarithmic Scale (ELS) – 15 Ekistic Units
By Ekistic Elements:
Content:
 Man – creates & inhabits settlements
 Society – group of man (anthropos)
 Networks – systems which facilitate the
functioning of the settlement
Container / Physical Settlement:
 Nature – site on which settlements are built;
natural (land, air, water)
 Shells – structures within which man lives &
carries out different functions
 Nature:
 Geologic resources
 Topographic resources
 Soil resources
 Water resources
 Plant life
 Animal life
 Climate
Networks:
 Water supply systems
 Power supply systems
 Transportation systems (water, road, rail, air)
 Communication systems
 Sewerage and drainage
 Physical lay-out (Ekistic Plan)
Anthropos (Man): 
 Biological needs (space, air, temperature) By Evolutionary Phases
 Sensation and perceptions Micro Scale:
 (5 senses)
 Specific area at a limited period of time.
 Emotional needs (human relations, security,
beauty) Macro Scale:
 Moral values  Nomadic
Society:  Agricultural
 Urban
 Population composition and density  Urban-industrial
 Social stratification  By Factors and Discipline
 Cultural patterns
 Economic development
 Education
 Health and welfare
 Law and administration
Shell:
 Housing
 Community services (schools, hospitals, etc)
 Shopping centers and markets
 Recreational facilities
 Civic and business centers
 Industry
 Transportation centers
By Sizes
 Sizes of the 5 elements and their
combinations (people, land area)
By Location of Settlements
 Plains, mountains, coastal, etc.
By Relationship between Settlements
 Hierarchical and non-hierarchical
By Physical Forms
 Form as the expression of content, function,
and structure
By Time Dimension
 Age of settlements and their place in the
continuum (past, present, future)
 Static or dynamic character and the whole
process of growth
By Degree of Society’s Conscious
Involvement in the Settlement Creation
 Natural and planned settlements
By Institutions, Legislations, and
Administration Created by Society
EO 419 : Creating a Task Force on Human
Settlements
 September 19, 1973
 Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
 Overall framework plan that will pinpoint
areas for priority areas for human settlement
projects
 Project identification, preparation, and dev’t
of prototypes, together with
recommendations on planning and bldg.
design, mgt. and funding scheme
 A national housing program for human
settlements, specifying therein the
organization, funding, construction, building
and local materials development strategies
and projects
11 Basic Services in a Settlement to meet the
needs of man:
 Water – adequate, affordable, and reliable
supply
 Power – rural electrification through
conventional and non-conventional means
 Food – abundant supply, properly and
efficiently distributed
 Shelter – proper land use and decent
housing for everyone
 Clothing and Cottage Industries – income-
augmenting activities; adequate clothing
 Health – basic health care for everyone
through community-based facilities
 Education and Culture – functional literacy
and an appreciation of things Filipino
 Sports and Recreation – more community-
based facilities and activities
 Ecological Balance – proper and productive
interaction of man and his environment
 Mobility – systems that facilitate transport
and communication
 Livelihood – a proper economic base for
every community
RA 7279: Urban Development and Housing
Act
 March 24, 1992
 Pres. Corazon Aquino
 National Urban Development and Housing
Framework
 Land Use Inventory, Acquisition, and
Disposition
 Socialized Housing
 Areas for Priority Development, Zonal
Improvement Program, Sites and Slum
Improvement, and Resettlement Programs
Sites
 Urban Renewal and Resettlement
 Community Mortgage Program
RA 7279: Urban Development and Housing
Act
 Uplift the conditions of the
underprivileged and homeless citizens in
urban areas and in resettlement areas by
making available to them decent housing at
affordable cost, basic services, and
employment opportunities
 Provide for the rational use and
development of urban land
 Adopt workable policies to regulate and
direct urban growth and expansion towards a
dispersed urban net and more balanced
urban-rural interdependence
 Provide for an equitable land tenure
systems that shall guarantee security of
tenure to program beneficiaries but shall
respect the rights of small property owners
and ensure the payment of just
compensation
 Encourage more effective people’s
participation in the urban development
process
 Improve the capability of LGUs in
undertaking urban development and housing
programs and projects
HOUSING PROGRAMS IN THE PHILIPPINES:
Typical Housing Typologies:
1. Single Detached
- Free standing residential building
- Unit layout can be flexible at lower
densities.
- Type of house for larger lot sizes.
- Design do not permit the use of a firewall
at one side of the property.
2. Duplex (Semi-Attached)
- defined as a dwelling having apartments
with separate entrances for two families.
- two-story houses having a complete
apartment on each floor and also side-
by-side apartments on a single lot that
share a common wall.
3. Rowhouse
- series of houses, often of similar or
identical design, situated side by side
and joined by common walls.
- Common types:
Apartments
Town Houses
Pabahay
4. Multi-Family Dwellings
- Four or more dwelling units in a
detached building,
- designed with massing and details to
appear similar to a very large single
detached house.
5. Medium-Rise Housing
- three to five storey walk-up buildings in
high-density urban areas.
6. High-Rise Residential Buildings
- Rising at least eight stories on a small
footprint, this type is characterized by
interior access to units, and a limited
range of unit types.
Batasang Pambansa 220 (BP 220)
- Regulatory set of standards and technical
requirements
- low-cost land development and housing
- Economic and Socialized Housing
- Low-income sector in urban and rural areas
HOUSING TERMINOLOGIES:
Core House/ Core Shelter
- Central or basic part of dwelling unit to which
further improvement can be added
- -Basic dwelling spaces: open living area, toilet,
CORE SHELTER PROGRAM (CSP) Occupancy Rate –
CORE HOUSE PROGRAM (CHP)
Number of persons or households per rooms or
Low cost strategy particularly suited to provide per dwelling.
housing solutions for low-income families.
Off-site Housing –
Maximize number of potential beneficiaries
Housing provided for a community on sites other
Community Space –
than those land they occupied
Shared community facilities within the site or
Example is a relocation housing
housing project: parks, playgrounds, church
sites, community centers. On-site Housing –
Homeowners Association – Housing provided for a community on sites
originally they occupied.
Non-profit, legally constituted organization of
dwellers within a particular housing community. Self-Help Housing –
Functions provides: security, maintenance, and Housing built by the owner.
other similar service to the community
Amortization –
Homesite –
the process by which your loan principal
Parcel of land suitable for a dwelling unit usually decreases over the life of your loan.
within a developed or developable subdivision.
Liquidation of a future obligation by periodic
charges against the capital account
Housing Density –
Ratio of number of dwellings to a given unit area Bridge Financing –
express in dwelling units per hectare or acre.
financial assistance extended to private
Housing Project – developers of housing projects for site
development and construction of dwelling units in
Planned residential development.
the form of short term loans, with interest lower
Consist of buildings, group of buildings, orgroup than prime commercial bank rates.
of individual or multiple dwelling units
Sweat Equity –
Utilities and other facilities
in lieu of cash equity, participation of recipients of
Land Conversion – housing assistance in the form of labor.
Legal process of reclassifying land uses, esp.
agricultural land to residential use.
Under responsibility and authority of Department
of Agrarian Reform.
RESPONSE TO HOUSING PROBLEM IN THE PMS – Presidential Management Staff
PHILIPPINES: Government and Private Sector
DBM – Development Bank of the Philippines
December 17, 1986
MMDA – Metropolitan Manila Development
Executive Order 90: The National Shelter Authority
Program (NSP) and the creation of Housing and
Key Housing Agencies Functions:
Urban Development Coordinating Council
(HUDCC) • HUDCC: planning and technical assistance,
policy making body, program design and
March 24, 1992
monitoring.
Republic Act No. 7279: Urban Development • NHA: delivery of housing program. Sole
Housing Act of 1992 (UDHA) national agency mandated to engage in
housing production for low income
NATIONAL SHELTER PROGRAMS:
families.
Implementing Machineries
• HIGC: guarantee schemes to encourage
Key Housing Agencies: financial institutions
• HLURB: Extend planning assistance to LGU’s,
HUDCC – Housing and Urban Development Review and ratify Land use plans. Enforce
Coordinating Council zoning regulations
NHA – National Housing Authority • NHMFC: bank of housing industry, primary
institution for generating mortgages
NHMFC – National Home Mortgage Finance • LGUs: comprehensive land use plans
Corporation • NEDA: data for forward planning
HIGC – Home Insurance Guarantee Corporation • Private sector and NGOs: investments
• Project Beneficiaries: involvement in
HLURB – Housing and Land Use Regulatory programs
Board
Funding Agencies:
SSS – Social Security System
GSIS – Government Service Insurance System
HDMF – Home Development Mutual Fund
Support Agencies:
DOF – Department of Finance
DPWH – Department of Public Works and
Highways
DBM – Department of Budget and Management
NEDA – National Economic & Development
Authority