Specifications of a glazed ceramic tile

1. 1. BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY MME

442 Specifications of a Glazed Ceramic Tile Submitted by: Md. Mohaimenul Islam ID:
1411004 Partners ID: i) 1411005 Project ID: 14 Group: 02
2. 2. GLAZED CERAMIC TILE Ceramic tiles have quickly become one of the most
popular types of materials used in a home. Ceramic tile is made up of sand, natural
products, and clays and once it has been moulded into shape they are then fired in a kiln.
When making ceramic tiles they can either be glazed or unglazed, but the majority of
homeowners have glazed ceramic tiles in their home. BENEFITS:  Durability 
Resistance  Color performance  Hygienic USE OF GLAZE IN CERAMICS: Ceramic
glazes are both useful and decorative. Unglazed ceramics are porous. Glaze coats ceramic
surfaces, making them impermeable and waterproof. Glazes are also an expressive
medium for artists.
3. 3. OUR SAMPLE VISUAL EXAMINATION  Glazed ceramic tile  Thickness is 7.57
mm (> 7.5 mm)  Made by RAK CERAMICS  The sample is a wall tile  Rectangular
tile  Area is 300*200 mm2  Red body and white glaze
4. 4. CHARACTERISTICS  We will follow the Bangladeshi Standards which is adopted
from International Standard (ISO-10545)  ISO 10545 consists of the following parts,
under the general title Ceramic Tiles: Part 1: Sampling and basis for acceptance Part 2:
Determination of dimensions and surface quality Part 3: Determination of water
absorption, apparent porosity, apparent relative density and bulk density Part 4:
Determination of modulus of rupture and breaking strength Part 5: Determination of
impact resistance by measurement of coefficient of restitution Part 6: Determination of
resistance to deep abrasion for unglazed tiles Part 7: Determination of resistance to
surface abrasion for glazed tiles Part 8: Determination of linear thermal expansion Part 9:
Determination of resistance to thermal shock Part 10: Determination of moisture
expansion Part 11: Determination of crazing resistance for glazed tiles Part 12:
Determination of frost resistance Part 13: Determination of chemical resistance Part 14:
Determination of resistance to stains Among these tests, we have conducted some tests
that are necessary for a glazed ceramic tile
5. 5. Length and width  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2  Measured the length
and width of the sample. Then we averaged the values.  Then we calculated the
deviation and compared it with ISO 13006 International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5%
Sample specifications: 0.3% Result: satisfied Thickness  Standard test method: BS EN
ISO 10545-2  Measured the thickness of the sample. Then we averaged the values. 
Then we calculated the deviation and compared it with ISO 13006 International Standard
ISO 13006: +/- 10% Sample specifications: 4.18% Result: satisfied
6. 6. Rectangle squareness  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2  Measured the
length and width of the sample. Then we calculated the area and averaged it.  Then we
calculated the deviation from 200*300mm2 and compared it with ISO 13006
International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample specifications: 0.46% Result:
satisfied Straightness of sides  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2  Measured
the angle of two planes from different point.  Then we calculated the deviation and
 compared it with ISO 13006 International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample
specifications: 0.39% Result: satisfied
7. 7. Surface flatness  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-2  Machine name:
Mitutoyo absolute  Using the machine we measured the waveness of the sample at 10
different points.  Then we measured thickness at 10 different points and after
calculation, we found the flatness.  Then we compared it with ISO 13006 . The sample
flatness should not exceed 0.5% International Standard ISO 13006: +/- 0.5% Sample
specifications: 0.22% Result: satisfied
8. 8. Water absorption test  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-3  Cut 3 small
square pieces from the sample and kept it inside a furnace for 30 minutes  Then we
weighted the samples(m1) and kept them inside water for 24 hours.  We then dried the
sample for 15 minutes in the environment and weighted the mass(m2).  After
calculation, we determined the porosity, density and water absorption.  Water
absorption, E= 𝑚2−𝑚1 𝑚1 ∗ 100%  We compared it with ISO 13006
9. 9. Sample ID E, % 01 13.57 02 12.13 03 14.67 15%<E<10% ISO 13006 specifications:
10%<E<20% Result: Satisfactory Group BIII(GL) as E>10% (According to UNI EN
14411 Standard) For 02 number sample , Water absorption, E = 𝑚2−𝑚1 𝑚1 ∗ 100
=12.10448418% E>10%
10. 10. Modulus Of Rupture (MOR)  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-4  To
measure the MOR, we used the three point bending test method  We put the sample into
the machine and then applied force. A curve was formed before breaking.  From this
curve, we get the value of Breaking load, F  After calculation we get the MOR and
compare it with ISO 13006
11. 11. Calculation The modulus of rupture, R, expressed in newtons per square millimeter ,
is calculated by means of Formula (2): R= 𝟑𝑭𝒍 𝟐 𝟐𝒃𝒉 𝟐 where F ; breaking load,
expressed in newtons=0.089*1000 newtons l2 ; span between the support rods in mm;
=170mm b ; width of the test specimen, in mm; = 26.7325mm h ; minimum thickness of
the test specimen measured after the test along the broken edge, = 7.57mm So, R=
𝟑∗.𝟎𝟖𝟗∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝟐∗𝟐𝟔.𝟕𝟑𝟐𝟓∗𝟕.𝟓𝟕 𝟐 = 14.185 N/mm2 International Standard ISO
13006: R >= 12 N/mm2 if thickness > 7.50mm Our sample has thickness > 7.50mm and
R=14.185 N/mm2 Result: Passed
12. 12. Breaking Strength  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-4  To measure the
Breaking Strength, we used the three point bending test method.  The process of MOR
and Breaking Strength is same  Breaking Strength, S= 𝐹𝑙2 𝑏  After calculation we get
the Breaking Strength and compare it with ISO 13006 Calculation The breaking strength,
S, expressed in newtons, is calculated by means of Formula (1): S= 𝑭𝒍 𝟐 𝒃 =
0.089∗1000∗170 26.7375 = 565.9777N where F is the breaking load, expressed in
newtons= 0.089 KN l2 is the span between the support rods in mm = 170 mm b is the
width of the test specimen, in mm. =26.7375mm International Standard ISO 13006: S >=
600 N if thickness > 7.50mm Our sample has thickness > 7.50mm and S= 565.9777 N
Result: Failed
13. 13. Resistance to Surface Abrasion  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-7 
Machine name: EJ PAYNE ABRASION MACHINE  The stroke length was kept
70mm.  The machine scratched the surface and left a mark.  Then we took the sample
under microscope and observed. International Standard ISO 13006: The Scratch should
 not be very deep Sample specifications: The mark found on the glaze was not deep
scratch Result: satisfactory
14. 14. Resistance to Thermal Shock  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-9  We cut
a small square piece from the sample.  It was taken to a furnace and heated at 1450C for
20 minutes.  Then it was moved out from the furnace and immedietly immersed inside
water(150C).  After drying for 5 minutes, we repeated the process for 5 times.  Then
we observed the sample with our naked eyes. International Standard ISO 13006: No
visible defect Sample specifications: No visible defect Result: satisfied
15. 15. Resistance to Chemical Attack  Standard test method: BS EN ISO 10545-13  A
small piece was cut from the original sample.  It was dipped inside solutions mentioned
the table.  Then it was taken out and we observed the sample. International Standard
ISO 13006: No visible effect Sample specifications: No visible effect Result: satisfactory
16. 16. Name Standard Result Length & Width BS EN ISO 10545-2 Thickness BS EN ISO
10545-2 Rectangle squareness BS EN ISO 10545-2 Straightness of sides BS EN ISO
10545-2 Surface flatness BS EN ISO 10545-2 Water absorption BS EN ISO 10545-3
MOR BS EN ISO 10545-4 Breaking Strength BS EN ISO 10545-4 Surface Abrasion BS
EN ISO 10545-7 Resistance to thermal shock BS EN ISO 10545-9 Resistance to
chemicals BS EN ISO 10545-13
17. 17.  Red body and white body Ceramic tiles are made with finest quality clays and with
chamotte (a ceramic raw material with high percentage of silica).  These raw materials
are submitted to dry grinding and suitably mixed and wet and then pressed with hydraulic
presses.  Quick-cycle support firing is obtained via roller kilns reaching temperatures of
approximately 1100 °C.  After glazing is applied, the product is sintered in a single-
layer roller kiln at approximately 1030 °C. Process
18. 18. Reason of Breaking Failure  Bulk Density of our sample = 1.794587 gm/cc and the
real density of our sample is 1.057. So, the percentage of porosity = 1.794587−1.057
1.794587 ∗ 100% = 41.1% . But the porosity must be limited to 20-30%. So, the porosity
of our sample was higher than average. So, it couldn’t sustain the load and failed much
faster than expected.  During the pressing, there were healthy percentage of moisture
present in the sample. As a result, it created porosity during heating. And they remained
at the sample and didn’t fill up during sintering process.  The raw materials were not
very much uniform. As a result, the course particles created higher porosity percentage
thus decreasing the breaking strength.
19. 19. Property upgrade  Before mixing raw materials, its’ uniformity must be maintained.
So the particles should go through mechanical milling process. Milling will disperse their
size and will make them fine particles. So, their mechanical property will be increased.
Thus, Breaking Strength can be increased.  At the time of applying glazing, spray
coating is used. But it has some disadvantages as surface finish is comparatively bad. So
Digital Ink Injection system is a better way than spray coating. In this process, everything
is controlled by computer. So, the glazed coating can be applied over the full surface. As
a result, surface finish will be increased. Thus, Surface flatness can be increased.