Lab Report 01

Power System

Submitted to :
Mam Noor Saif
Submitted by:
Muhammad Ans
Semester Spring 2019

Department of Electrical Energy System Engineering

U.S. - Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E)
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar Pakistan
Experiment 01 : Switch ON/ Switch OFF in the case of DC supply.

1) Switch ON with R using relay:

In this experiment, we will carry out switching operation on a purely ohmic load using a relay, and
measure the resultant voltage curve on an oscilloscope. In this process, we will learn about the behavior
of real switches and the function of the “Transient Event Analyzer” virtual instrument.

A) TURN ON Response:

Perform the following settings on the transient event analyzer.


Inputs Register DC Diagram
Channel A: 20 V Time: 500 ms X axis: 500 ms
Channel B: 20 V Amplitude: 100% Y axis: -2 Vmin, 10.5
Vmax
Switch on


To measure the voltage across the line resistor R, connect the Uni Train-I interface analog input across the
resistor. Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

Conclusion:

The upper diagram about the switching response shows that

 The voltage comes on at instant t=0
 The switching response appears to be ideal.
 The lower diagram about the switching response shows that
 The voltage comes on with a delay.
 Repeated switch-on/switch-off takes place
 The variation in time scale (the interference is also present during the first measurement, but not
detectable there.) 
 The reason for the relay’s observed switching response is 
 That the relay is san electromechanical component whose behavior is less than ideal,
consequently its contacts do not engage directly but bounce back.
Experiment 2: Switch-On & Switch-Off with R using an electronic switch
Procedure:
The circuit board containing the components R, L, C and relay, is connected to UniTrain apparatus. Then it is
interfaced with computer through USB connection. The workspace named TranV2 is opened and following
settings are selected

Inputs Register DC Diagram

Channel A: 20 V Time: 500 ms X axis: 500 ms
Channel B: 20 V Amplitude: 100% Y axis: -2 Vmin, 10.5 Vmax
Switch on

Switch On Response
When the UniTrain’s-Interface analog-input (A) is connected across R to measure the voltage across it
and the circuit is switched on (by clicking Run button), the voltage reaches its maximum with some
delay and without any transients. The delay is due to the presence of relay, which is a slow acting
electro-mechanical device. The absence of transients is due to the absence of L & C components.

Switch Off Response

When same experiment is conducted for switch off conditions (switch-off selected in DC Register), the
voltage becomes zero at t=0s with a delay which is due to the relay.

Results:
• Relay is a responsible for delayed Voltage set-up due to the contact’s bounce resulting in interference.
• Resistive component does not cause any transients (i.e. response is ideal).
• The more the time is reduced for simulation, greater is the delay because relay does not respond
quickly.

Experiment 3: Switch-On & Switch-Off with RC circuit

Objectives:

In this experiment, we will carry out switch –on and switch-off operations with an ohmic- capacitive load using
an electronic switch, and measure the resultant voltage curve on a transient event analyzer. In this process we
will learn about the capacitor’s functions as well as the transient event analyzer’s advance capabilities.

Procedure:
The main circuit board containing the components R, L, C and relay, is connected to UniTrain apparatus
and is interfaced with computer through USB connection. The workspace named TranV2 is opened and
following settings are selected

Inputs Register DC Diagram

 Channel A: 20 V Time: 20 ms X axis: 20 ms
Channel B: 20 V Amplitude: 100% Y axis: -2 Vmin, 10.5
Vmax
Switch on



Switch On Response:

In two steps, measure the circuit’s three relevant voltages UDC, UR and Uc.

 UDC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A to the analog output.
 UR: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across
R. Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.
 UC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across C.
 On the transient event analyzer set channel B to storage
 Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

Results:
 The value of the DC voltage across R at the instant of switch-on.
 10V
 The value of the DC voltage across R at the steady state.
 0V
 The value of the DC voltage across C at the instant of switch-on.
 0V
 The value of the DC voltage across C at the steady state.
 10V
 The characteristics of the current in the capacitor
 Is directly proportional to the characteristics of the voltage UR.
 The sum of UR and UC.
 Is equal to the UDC.
 After a period exceeding the time constant by a factor of 4.
 The final values are practically attained.
 In the steady state.
 No current flows.

Switch Off Response :

 Alter the following parameter on the transient event analyzer
 SWITCH-OFF
 Restart the measurements by pressing the RUN button
 In two steps, measure the circuit’s three relevant voltages UDC, UR and Uc.

 UDC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A to the analog output.
 UR: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across
R. Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

 UC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across C.

 On the transient event analyzer set channel B to storage Ud.
Restart the measurements by pressing the RUN button

Results:
 The value of the DC voltage across R at the instant of switch-off.
 -10V
 The value of the DC voltage across R at the steady state.
 0V
 The value of the DC voltage across C at the instant of switch-off.
 10V
 The value of the DC voltage across C at the steady state.
 0V
 The voltage across resistor is negative because
 The capacitor now discharge via resistor, thereby changing the voltage’s
direction.

Experiment 4: Switch-On & Switch-Off with RL circuit

Objectives:
In this experiment, we will carry out switch –on and switch-off operations with an ohmic-
inductive load using an electronic switch, and measure the resultant voltage curve on a transient
event analyzer. In this process we will learn about the role played by inductance.

Procedure:
The main circuit board containing the components R, L, C and relay, is connected to UniTrain
apparatus and is interfaced with computer through USB connection. The workspace named TranV2 is opened
and following settings are selected

Inputs Register DC Diagram

Channel A: 20 V Time: 20 ms X axis: 20 ms
Channel B: 20 V Amplitude: 100% Y axis: -2 Vmin, 10.5
Vmax
Switch on
 Switch On Response :
Perform the following parameters

In two steps, measure the circuit’s three relevant voltages UDC, UR and UL.

 UDC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A to the analog output.
UR: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across R.

Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

 UL: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across C.
 On the transient event analyzer set channel B to storage D.

Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

Results:

 The value of the voltage across R at the instant of switch-on.

 0V
 The value of the voltage across R at the steady state.
 9V
 The value of the voltage across L at the instant of switch-on.

 10V
 The value of the voltage across L at the steady state.
 1V
 At the switch-on instant
 Inductance play the dominant role.
 The sum of UR and UL.
 Is equal to the UDC.
 The current through R and L.
 Is directly proportional to the voltage UR.
 In the steady state.
 Current is limited by R.
 The voltage across inductor do not drop back to 0V because.
The inductance is not ideal and incorporates an ohmic resistance of about 120Ω.
Switch Off Response :

In two steps, measure the circuit’s three relevant voltages UDC, UR and Uc.

 UDC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A to the analog output.
 UR: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B
across R. Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

 UL: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across L.

 On the transient event analyzer set channel B to storage
Ud. Restart the measurements by pressing the RUN button

Results:
 The value of the voltage across R at the instant of switch-off.
 9V
 The value of the voltage across R at the switch–off process.
 0V
 The value of the voltage across L at the instant of switch-off.
 -9V
 The value of the voltage across L at the switch–off process.
 0V
 The voltage across inductor L is negative because.
The energy stored in the inductor discharges via the resistor, in which process the voltage
across L changes sign.

Experiment No:05 Switch ON/ switch-Off with RLC:

Objectives:
In this experiment, we will carry out switch–on and switch-off operations with an ohmic-inductive load
using an electronic switch, and measure the resultant voltage curve on a transient event analyzer. In this
process we will become acquainted with the switch-on and switch-off responses of a strongly attenuated
oscillating circuit.
Procedure:
The main circuit board containing the components R, L, C and relay, is connected to UniTrain apparatus
and is interfaced with computer through USB connection. The workspace named TranV2 is opened and
following settings are selected

Inputs Register DC Diagram

Channel A: 20 V Time: 20 ms X axis: 20 ms
Channel B: 20 V Amplitude: 100% Y axis: -2 Vmin, 10.5
Vmax
Switch on

Switch-on response:
Perform the following parameters.

In two steps, measure the circuit’s three relevant voltages UDC, UR, UC and UL.

 UDC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A to the analog output.
 UR: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B
across R. Start the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

 UC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A across C.

 UL: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across L.
 On the transient event analyzer, set channel A to storage C,and channel B
to storage D.
Restart the measurement by pressing the RUN button.

Results:
 The component plays a dominant role at turn-on instant (t=0)
 Is the inductance because it prevents abrupt change in the current.
 The component plays a dominant role after switch-on (t=24ms)
 Is the capacitance because it has stopped the flow of current due to
the capacitor’s fully charged state.
 The component plays a dominant role at the switch-off instant (t=50ms).
 Is the inductance because it prevents abrupt change in the current.
 The component plays a dominant role after switch-on (t=74ms)
Is the capacitance because it has stopped the flow of current due to the capacitor’s fully
discharged state.

Response Frequency:
Perform the following parameters

In two steps, measure the circuit’s three relevant voltages UDC, UR, UC and UL.

 UDC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input A to the analog output.
 UC: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across C. Start the

measurement by pressing the RUN button.

 UL: connect the Uni-Train-I interface analog input B across L.
 On the transient event analyzer, set channel B to storage D. Restart the
measurement by pressing the RUN button.

Results:
 The resonant frequency from the capacitor voltage is.
 55 Hz.
 The resonant frequency of the circuit, in which C= 2.2µF and L=2.5 H is
 67 Hz.