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OBSTETRICS
Perils of the new labor management guidelines
Wayne R. Cohen, MD; Emanuel A. Friedman, Med ScD
selection biases, which also cast doubt on labor arrest. Such dropouts usually are active phase.23 Observations of dilata-
the validity of their findings. Women not random. Slow progressing labors tion data make it clear the active phase
with rapidly progressing labors tend to often dropped out early, making the can begin anywhere from 3-6 cm, and,
present themselves for obstetric care and average time intervals for the remaining occasionally, earlier or later, depending
be first examined at more advanced women appear shorter than otherwise. on the individual labor.23,41 Using an
cervical dilatation than those with longer The degree of bias depends on the inci- arbitrary cutoff sacrifices accuracy for
labor. Thus, the intervals at the distal dence of first-stage caesarean delivery. ease, and this unnecessary over-
end of the dilatation curve are likely to Unfortunately, we have not yet recog- simplification risks incorrect diagnosis.
have been loaded with progressively nized an easy solution to overcome this The transition from the latent phase to
more rapid labors. This may explain informed censoring.” the active phase can be correctly identi-
the exponential nature of the dilatation To summarize, Zhang and colleagues fied only by interpretation of serial
curve derived in this manner. It may also have themselves acknowledged that clinical examinations for each patient as
explain why the descent curve, which both the selection biases and the unad- her labor progresses.
was unencumbered by that problem justed confounders likely influenced the Consider, for example, a labor that
because all patients were present and shape of their dilatation curve either by begins with the cervix 2 cm dilated for
under observation for their entire second slowing the early aspects of the active several hours. It then dilates rapidly to
stage, looks very much like that origi- phase (or the transition from latent 5 cm in 1 hour, but fails to dilate further
nally reported.11 to active phase) or speeding the late as- over the next 2 hours. According to the
In addition, the labor curves of Zhang pects of the active phase, or both. The new guidelines, that would be normal
et al were generated after excluding combined effect of these biases probably latent-phase labor. To us it is an arrest of
women delivered by cesarean. Many of explains in part their finding that the dilatation in active-phase labor that re-
these were undoubtedly having slow, rate of active-phase dilatation increases quires thorough evaluation to search
dysfunctional labor patterns that led to exponentially, rather than linearly as for a cause. The likelihood that it will
a diagnosis of dystocia and the need Friedman and many others have previ- resolve itself (as many arrest disorders
for cesarean delivery. Their exclusion is ously found.6-10,25-31,35-46 do) or would benefit from oxytocin
likely, therefore, to have falsely increased stimulation would depend on the clinical
the average rate of dilatation in residual Transition to active phase circumstances, determinable by evalua-
study cases, contributing to the expo- One critically important way in which tion of mother and fetus. If there were
nential appearance of the curves. Zhang the new guidelines depart from the old significant molding and a narrow pelvis,
et al also excluded women whose cervix is in identifying the transition from little would be gained by further labor,
was >6 cm dilated at admission, prob- latent to active phase during the first and the fetus might be exposed to un-
ably thus excluding many of the most stage. It is widely, but erroneously, necessary risk.67,68
rapid labors and contributing to the concluded from the Friedman dilatation
overall appearance of slow average curve that the active phase of labor be- Diagnosis of arrest of dilatation
dilatation. gins at 4 cm. Some studies have even Under the new guidelines, neither pro-
In fact, these and other biases were used 3 cm as the definition of entry into tracted active phase nor arrest of dilata-
acknowledged by Zhang and his col- active phase.64-66 According to the tion should be diagnosed in a nullipara
leagues.63 They stated that the fact that guidelines, the active phase begins at before 6 cm cervical dilatation, and the
their study excluded first-stage cesareans 6 cm. The difference is of critical lower limit of normal active-phase dila-
“limit[ed] the generalizability of the importance, because it has a dramatic tation is about 0.5 cm/h, rather than the
results.” They also acknowledged the effect on whether dysfunctional labor 1.0 or 1.2 cm/h reported by Friedman
probable disparity in dilatation rates can be diagnosed early in the active and others. The guidelines do recognize
among parturients admitted at different phase. Important labor abnormalities that there can be slow but progressive
time points in labor, thus raising doubts (protracted active phase and arrest of first-stage dilatation (protracted active
about the comparability of data derived dilatation) that would be identified by phase), and that it should not be an
from these sequential points. They the Friedman curve prior to 6 cm of indication for cesarean delivery, but
further reported that their labor curves dilatation would be classified as normal they conflate protracted active phase and
“are unadjusted for potential con- by the new guidelines. arrest of dilatation, despite evidence
founders, such as oxytocin use. While it Why the active phase of first-stage la- that they may be distinct disorders that
is technically possible to control for bor has been inferred to begin at 4 cm is respond differently to therapy and have a
confounders.it complicates the inter- puzzling. We, in fact, have never sug- different prognosis.10,23 A protracted
pretation of the results..” They also gested that the active phase begins at active phase, unless it has been caused
acknowledged that “.time intervals for either 4 or 3 cm of cervical dilatation; on by factors that inhibit contractility, such
more advanced cervical dilation were the contrary, we have expressly discour- as anesthesia, infection, and (possibly)
affected to an extent by dropout of aged the use of any specific degree of obesity, does not respond to oxytocin
women because of caesarean delivery for dilatation for the identification of the stimulation with an increased rate of
will result in increased maternal and that fact and depending solely on dura- recommend manual rotation of the fetal
neonatal morbidity. tion of pushing risks making labors un- head in cases of malposition to avoid
The studies that purport to show that necessarily long and adds risk. A recent cesarean delivery. We agree that manual
the traditional second-stage labor data study of the effects of epidural medica- rotation (which requires skill and expe-
are incorrect demonstrate a similar tion suggested that the inhibition of la- rience to perform safely) can sometimes
pattern of descent to that described bor progress might be considerably be a useful tool. However, the recom-
by Friedman, but the lower limits of greater than has been assumed.89 mendation that manual rotation be
normal are slower, about 0.5 cm/h for Whether that observation is generaliz- employed without careful assessment of
nulliparas.11,88 The new guidelines able remains to be seen, but it underlines the pelvis is not responsible. Do we really
indicate that an “arrest of labor in the the fact that using duration as the sole want to rotate an occiput posterior
second stage” can be diagnosed only af- indicator of second-stage progress can fetus to an anterior position in an an-
ter a nullipara has been pushing for at lead the practitioner astray. thropoid pelvis with prominent ischial
least 3 hours and a multipara for 2 hours. We have long opposed the American spines, narrow forepelvis, and a deep
If epidural anesthesia is used, an addi- tradition of limiting the second stage to 2 sacral hollow? If such a fetus were to
tional hour is permissible, but then only hours, and of encouraging intense and deliver vaginally, would it not do so more
as long as progress is being documented. sustained pushing with each contrac- safely and easily in a posterior position,
Otherwise stated, 3 hours of maternal tion, which may not always be in the rather than being forced to accommo-
bearing-down efforts with no progress in best interests of fetus or mother.19,23,90 date to a pelvis less well suited to its
descent are acceptable. We are concerned Most, but not all, studies of the effect of further descent?
that this practice may expose the fetus to second-stage length found little effect
harm from excessive head compression. of duration per se on early neonatal
A recent influential report4 further outcome for second stages up to at least 3 Implementation
indicated that no progress in rotation hours,90-92 but there is little information It is simplistic and wrong to expect that
during these time periods also consti- on long-term maternal or neonatal any labor curve abnormality will neces-
tutes an arrest of labor in the second morbidity. Maternal infection and sarily signal that cesarean delivery is
stage. The proposal that lack of rotation, hemorrhage risk does tend to increase required. The clinical evaluation of labor
independent of descent, should be used after very long second-stage labors, due is essentially a process of serially esti-
as a diagnostic criterion is heterodox and in part to the associated high likelihood mating the likelihood of a safe vaginal
has not been substantiated. Rotation in of cesarean or operative vaginal delivery. delivery.23 Graphic labor patterns are
the second stage cannot occur without Unfortunately, most studies of the effect an excellent tool for that purpose, but
descent, and a normal second stage can of second-stage labor duration have not they should never be used in isolation,
occur without rotation. (For example, stratified cases according to whether the because many other factors contribute to
an occiput posterior-positioned fetus rate of descent was normal, and this may the probability of safe delivery. These
descending in an anthropoid pelvis may be a relevant factor.87 The consequences include the degree of cranial molding,
never rotate, and yet descend at a normal of the very long second stages advocated head position and attitude, and the
rate.) Therefore, we urge that the pres- in the new guidelines could be detri- bony architecture of the pelvis, all of
ence or absence of rotation not be used mental, especially when there is no which can be determined clinically. In
for the diagnosis of descent disorders. descent of the fetal head. Absent more addition, the response to oxytocin, the
There is no doubt that epidural anes- information about the consequences of fetal heart rate pattern, and factors such
thesia can lengthen the second stage, such labors for the maternal pelvic as fetal weight and sex, maternal body
probably by inhibiting the mother’s floor or for the fetus exposed to enor- mass, and the presence of infection are
ability to push or by relaxing pelvic floor mous intracranial pressures sufficient important in this regard.
musculature. The degree of inhibition to impair brain blood flow,67,68,93 the The average parturient in today’s
may be minimal or considerable. It var- new recommendations seem, at best, industrialized world is older, more
ies among patients, and probably de- incautious. obese, and more likely to have epidural
pends, among many factors, on the type Take as an example the case of a fetus anesthesia, induced labor, and a larger
and dose of analgesic and anesthetic in an occiput posterior position and baby than in generations past. That these
agents used. It is, therefore, reasonable marked cranial molding at the onset of factors may make dysfunctional labor
to consider epidural anesthesia as a cause the second stage, and with the leading more common is valuable information
of or contributor to a descent disorder. surface of the head at the level of the for the clinician, and should help guide
Its inhibitory effects can generally be ischial spines in a funnel pelvis. The decision-making, but should not neces-
overcome with oxytocin; but it is wise suggestion that the mother should sarily result in more cesarean deliveries
to remember that the presence of an remain in the second stage pushing for 3 for dystocia. A labor disorder merely
epidural block does not mean other, hours before intervention, even without tells us something about the labor
potentially insurmountable, causes of any progress in descent, seems to us that should prompt extra scrutiny and
abnormal descent are absent. Ignoring to invite peril. The new guidelines also reasoned analysis.
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