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f(x) = 3x + 1
and assign some values to x near but not equal, to a specific number, say 2. We construct a tables of
values as shown below:
The tables show that when x is near 2, whether a little less 2, or a little greater than 2, f(x) =
3x+1 is nearer 7. In other words, “3x+1 approaches the number 7 as a limit when x approaches 2” The
abbreviated symbolic form for this statement is
3x + 1 7 as x 2
We may say also that “the limit of 3x+1 as x approaches 2 is 7.” In symbol we write this as
lim (3𝑥 + 1) = 7
𝑥→2
From our intuitive discussion above, we may formulate the following definition of the limit of a
function.
DEFINITION: Let f(x) be any function and let a and L be numbers. If we can make f(x) as close to L as we
desire by choosing x sufficiently close to a, then we say that the limit of f(x) as x approaches a is L.
Try this!
1. lim (𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4) Ans. 14
𝑋→2
2𝑡 2 +1
4. lim 𝑡 2 +3𝑡−4 Ans. -1/4
𝑋→0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
5. lim𝜋 Ans. 0
𝜃→ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
2
INDETERMINATE FORM
Which is undefined. This limit is usually found into a form to which the theorems on limits can be used.
Try this!
𝑥 2 −4
1. lim = lim 𝑥 + 2 Ans. 4
𝑋→2 𝑥−2 𝑋→2
(𝑥+3)2 −9 𝑥+6
2. lim 2𝑥
= lim Ans. 3
𝑋→0 𝑋→0 2
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1
3. lim = lim 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Ans. ½
𝑋→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑋→0
INFINITY
Let f(x) be a function If we can make f(x) as large as we desire by making x close enough, but not
equal, to a real number a, then we describe this situation by writing
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = ∞
𝒙→𝒂
In particular consider the function f(x) = 1/x. The table shows that as x takes on values
successively approaching the number 0, the value of 1/x grows larger and larger. We say that 1/x
becomes infinite as x approaches 0 and indicate this by writing
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =∞
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
LIMIT AT INFINITY
A function f(x) may have a finite limit even when the independent variable x becomes infinite.
This statement “x becomes infinite is customarily expressed in symbolism by “x ∞”.
Consider again the function f(x) = 1/x. It can be shown that 1/x approaches a finite limit (the
number zero as x increases without bound. That is,
1/x 0 as x∞
We shall consider this fact as an additional theorem on limits and in symbol we write,
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→∞ 𝒙
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→∞ 𝒙𝒏
𝑁(𝑥) ∞
A function 𝑓(𝑥) = = may assume indeterminate form. However, the limit of f(x) as x becomes
𝐷(𝑥) ∞
infinite may be definite. To find this limit we first divide N(x) and D(X) by the highest power of x. Then
1
we evaluate limit by use of lim = 0.
𝑥→∞ 𝑥
EXAMPLE:
4𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −6
Evaluate lim
𝑋→∞ 2𝑥 3 +5𝑥+3
Solution: Divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power of x, 𝑥 3 , we get
3 6
4𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 −6 4+ − 3
𝑥 𝑥
lim 3 = lim 5 3
𝑋→∞ 2𝑥 +5𝑥+3 𝑋→∞ 2+ 2 − 3
𝑥 𝑥
4+0−0
=2+0+0
=2
DERIVATIVES
𝛥𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+𝛥𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
Fill in this slope formula:
𝚫𝐱
=
𝚫𝐱
𝒅
D1. (𝒄) = 𝟎 Constant Rule
𝒅𝒙
𝒅
D2. (𝒙) = 𝟏 Identity Function Rule
𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
D3. (𝒄𝒖) = 𝒄
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
D4. (𝒖𝒏 ) = 𝒏𝒖𝒏−𝟏 Power Rule
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
D5. (𝒖 + 𝒗) = + 𝒅𝒙 Sum Rule
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
D6. (𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 + 𝒗 𝒅𝒙 Product Rule
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖
D7. ( )= 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Quotient Rule
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅𝒙
D8. (√𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝟐√𝒖
𝒅 𝟏 −𝒏 𝒅𝒖
D9. ( ) = 𝒖𝒏+𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝒏
Try this!
4 1 1 4
4. Find y’ if y= √𝑥 + 𝑥 + √𝑥 Ans.
3
+ 2 − 𝑥2
2√𝑥 3𝑥 ⁄3
3
5. Find y’ if y=√3𝑥 + 2 Ans. 2√3𝑥+2
2
6. Find y’ if y=√2𝑥 − 7 Ans.
3
2
3(2𝑥−7)3
3 12𝑥 2 −24𝑥+9
10. Find y’ if y=2𝑥(𝑥 − )2 Ans.
2 2
𝑥 −1
13. Find y’ if y= Ans.
𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2
𝑥 2 +1 −4𝑥
14. Find y’ if y=𝑥 2 −1 Ans. (𝑥 2 −1)2
𝑥+2 −5
15. Find y’ if y=𝑥−3 Ans. (𝑥−3)2
Chain Rule
Try this!
3
6. Find y’ if y=√7 + √3𝑥 + 1 Ans.
4√3𝑥+1√7+√3𝑥+1
2
8
7. Find y’ if y=√1 − 8𝑥 Ans.− 3 (1 − 8𝑧)−3
3
𝑥 2 +1 2 −8𝑥(𝑥 2 +1)
8. Find y’ if y=( ) Ans.
𝑥 2 −1 (𝑥 2 −1)3