Language / THREE

Scope, Sequence (with brief notes includes)

A. PRONOUNS:

Personal pronouns
Personal Pronouns have the following characteristics

 three (3) persons

1. first person, 2. second person, 3. third person
 three (3) genders
1. feminine 2. masculine 3. Neuter
 two (2) numbers
1. singular 2. plural

Types of Personal Pronouns

1. Subjective Personal Pronouns (subject pronouns) -EFGC 2, pp. 126-131,

supplementary
notes/exercises

I we you he she it they

Uses of Subject Pronouns:

a. As a subject of the sentence
e. g She is a good singer
Tina and I are friends.
b. As a predicate nominative (are placed after a linking verb)
e.g That was me on the phone.
My best friends are they.

His car is new. (his modifies car)

2. Object Pronouns me, us, you, him, her, it, them -EFGC2, pp.150-
155/supplementary
notes/exercises
- Are used after action verbs.
e.g. Daniel saw the children in the airport.
Daniel saw them at the airport.

Our teacher helped Karla and I answer the Math problem.

Our teacher helped us answer the Math problem.
- Are used after preposition (to, with, for, new, from)
e.g. This gift is for Mom.
This gift is for her.
Marga can come with me.
3. Possessive Pronouns/Possessive Adjectives - EFGC2, pp. 166-172/
supplementary
notes/exercises
1. Possessive Pronouns
  Possessive pronouns are words like mine, yours, ours, his, hers and
theirs.
 Are used alone
e.g. The keys are hers.
The bag is yours.
2. Possessive Adjectives
 Are words like my, our, your, his, her and their.
 Are used before nouns
e.g. That is his car.
Have you seen my keys

Pronouns and Antecedents Agreement - EFGC2,pp.205-208/supplementary notes/exercises

 The noun or group of words a pronoun refers to is called an antecedent.

 Pronouns and antecedents must agree in number and gender.
e.g. Dad sold his old car.
(Dad is the antecedent of his)

The children submitted their repeats on time.

(Children is the antecedent of them)

Other Kinds of Pronouns

1. Demonstratives -EFGC, pp. 185-190/supplementary notes/exercises

a. Demonstrative pronouns
- point to something specific that can be either near or far in distance on time.
- Demonstrative pronouns are:
1. this 2. that 3. these 4. Those

Uses of demonstrative pronouns.

a. as a subject
ex. Those are tall trees.
b. as a direct object
ex. I want this.
V DO

b. Demonstrative Adjectives
- Used to modify a noun
- Come before a noun in a sentence
- Common demonstrative adjectives are:
1. this 2. that 3. these 4. those

2. Interrogative Pronouns - Supplementary notes/exercises

 pronouns that ask questions

The 5 interrogative pronouns are:
 what – used to and questions about people or objects.
 What do you want for dinner? (object)
 What is your friend’s name? (person)
 which – used to ask questions about people or objects
 Which of these ladies is your mother? (person)
  Which color do you prefer? (object)
 who – used to ask questions about people
 Who is going to take out the trash? (person)
 Who was driving the car? (person)
 whose – used to ask questions about people or objects, always related to
possession.
 Whose sweater is this?
 Whose parents are those?

3. Reflexive/ Intensive Pronouns (Compound Personal Pronouns) - Supplementary notes/

Exercises
myself – yourself – himself – herself – itself – ourselves – yourselves - themselves

a. Reflexive Pronouns
- are objects that refer to the subject.
1. As a direct object (comes after an action verb)
e.g. The boy saw himself in the mirror.
The men slapped themselves hard.
2. As an indirect object (comes between the action verb and a direct object)
e.g. Ivy baked herself a cake.
We bought ourselves new shirts.
b. Intensive Pronouns
- Serve to emphasize the subjects on their antecedents and are placed after
them or at the end of sentences.
e.g. I myself gave the orders.
Sheila approved the purchase herself.
Note: If an intensive pronoun is removed from the sentence, the sentence still
makes sense.

B. VERBS

- are action words in a sentence that describes what the subject is doing.

 Three (3) types of verbs:

1. Action verbs - EFGC2, pp.219-222/RNHL2,pp. 95-97/supplementary
notes/exercises
- tells what someone is something (the subject) does.
- may be:
a) Physical (pray, eat, jump, run, play)
b) Mental (think, love, dream, remember)
2. Linking verbs - EFGC2, pp. 240-242/supplementary notes/exercises
- connect the subject of the sentence with a predicate noun, predicate
pronoun, and predicate adjective
- do not show action but express a state of being

The forms of “be” verbs are linking verbs:

am is are was be been being were

e.g. Mr. Sanchez is a teacher.

The children are noisy.

 Other linking verbs are related with the senses.

feel look smell sound taste

Other linking verbs are:

grow appear become remain

These verbs can be linking verbs or action verbs:

e.g. (as a linking verb, it is followed by an adjective)

The cake tastes delicious.

(as an action verb, it is followed by a noun or a direct object)

I tasted the cake.

3. Helping (auxiliary)) verbs

 Help the main verbs and together they form a verb phrase
 The helping verbs are:
am are were has do did
is was have had doss
verb phrase

e.g. Mom is baking cupcakes.

HV MV verb phrase

The farmers have harvested their corps.

HV MV

Regular and Irregular Verbs

1. Regular Verbs
- Are verbs that form the past tense by adding the letter “d” or “ed”.

A list of some common regular verbs

answer clap deliver jump pray
ask carry enjoy hug scold
attend cry enter love walk
brush call greet knock wash
bake dance guide plant work
Note: To be memorized by the students.
2. Irregular Verbs
- Are verbs which don’t take on the regular spelling patterns.

A list of some common irregular verbs

go – went drive – drove send – sent

see – saw run – ran write – written

eat – ate write – wrote sleep – slept

make – made take – took drink – drank

buy – bought speak – spoke find – found

get – got teach – taught spend – spent

 sell – sold wear – wore feed – fed

win – won say – said give – gave

ring – rang

TENSES OF VERBS

a. Simple Tenses
1. Simple Present Tense
- Something happens repeatedly, regularly for general facts
(signal words: every day, always, usually)
e.g. Mom cleans the house every day.
We speak English. (general fact)
2. Simple Past Tense
- Used for events that started and finished in the past.
(signal words: yesterday, last week, a while ago)
e.g. We went to China last year.
He called ten minutes ago.
3. Simple Future Tense
- for plans, arrangements, and predictions
- two forms of future tense
a. going to b. “will”/ “shall”
(signal words: tomorrow, later, tonight, next week)

b . Progressive Tenses

1. present progressive tense

 shows an action is in progress now
 add the present form of “to be” (am – is – are) before the –ing verb
am eating are playing

(signal words: now, at the moment, this week)

e.g. Mom is cooking dinner now.

I am studying at the moment.

2. Past Progressive Tense

- Shows an action that was in progress in the past
- Add the past form “to be” (was, were) before the –ing form of the verb
was crying were praying

(signal words: while, when)

e.g. While we were watching TV, Andy was surfing the internet.

Dad was reading when the phone rang.

3. Future Progressive Tense

- Shows an action that will be in progress
- Add “will be” + -ing form of the verb will be drinking will be going
(signal words: tomorrow, next year/ month/ week)

e.g. They will be attending the party tomorrow.

The family will be going to church next week.

B. SPELLING