CLAUSES - MỆNH

ĐỀ
NHÓM 6
 Members:
Hoàng Thị Quỳnh Trang

Nguyễn Thị Phi Nhung

Lê Trương Linh Nhi

Ngô Thị Thục Oanh

Nguyễn Viết Quỳnh

 CONTENT
I Definitions

. 2
II Kinds of clauses

.
. 1. Elements in a clause
1
2. Main clauses

3. Subordinate clauses
I. definitions
• Clause is a group of words that contains (at
least) a subject and a finite verb.
• Unlike a phrase, a clause is a group of words
that has a subject and a predicate but is not a
complete sentence.
e.g: - You must keep calm.
- The teacher said that the examination
would not be easy
II. KINDS OF
1. Elements in a Clause
CLAUSES
a. In terms of the clause elements (subject, verb, etc)
1. SVA: Nam is in the class.
2. SVC: Nam is a student.
3. SVO: Nam is writing a letter.
4. SVOA: Nam is putting a pen on the table.
5. SVOC: Nam has proved his girlfriend honest
6. SVOO: Nam gives me a book.
7. SV: Nam is sleeping.
II. KINDS OF
1. Elements in a Clause
CLAUSES
a. In terms of the clause elements (subject, verb, etc)
b. In terms of the verb phrase structure
1. Finite clauses
2. Non-finite clauses
3. Verbless clauses.
II. KINDS OF
1. Elements in a Clause
CLAUSES
a. In terms of the clause elements (subject, verb, etc)
b. In terms of the verb phrase structure
c. In terms of clause function
1. Main clauses and subordinate clauses
(noun clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses.)
 2.Main clauses
• Main clauses (or an independent clause) contains a subject and a verb and
expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself.

• A main clause is formed with:

Subject + Verb (+ Complement)

e.g: - Students normally spend four years in college.

- Because the cost of education has been rising, many
students are having financial problems.
3. Subordinate clauses
• Subordinate clauses (or dependent clauses) begins with a subordinator
(when, while, if…), followed by a subject, verb, and complement. It does
not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a sentence.

• A subordinate clause is formed with:

Subordinator + subject + verb +(complement)

e.g: -…….when he returned home

-…….because I had a job interview...

a list of common subordinators is given below:
after since because how which

before while that what who

until as though where whom

when if even though wherever although

whenever as if unless whether so that

as soon as whereas till in oder that provided

• Subordinate clauses include noun clauses, adjective/relative clauses, and

adverbial clauses.
3.1. Noun clauses
• A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. It can be a
subject, object, complement or in apposition to a noun.
• Noun clauses are subdivided into 3 kinds:
- That clauses
- Wh-question clauses
- Yes/No question clauses.
a. That clauses
• Introductory Clause Verbs
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
(V+ that…) (V+ (to sb) that...) (V+ Oi +that…) (V+ (Oi) +that...)

No indirect Indirect object optional; required with Indirect object

object TO required with indirect indirect object optional
object
-agree -admit -assure -promise
-answer -explain -convince -show
-assert -mention -inform -teach
-conclude -point out -notify -warn
-know -prove -remind -write
-notice -reply -tell
-realize
-state
-think

• For example:
-We know that women have higher verbal IQs than men. (G1)
-The defense attorney proved (to the jury) that his client was not guilty. (G2)
-The doctor assured the worried parents that their chills would recover. (G3)
-He promised (them) that they could see their child immediately after the operation. (G4)
b. Wh-question clauses
• Begin with a question word (who, why, what etc.).
• Are formed from a direct wh-question that is first changed into a statement.
e.g: - “Who is at the door?”  I wonder who is at the door.
- “What happened?”  Please tell me what happened.
• Do not take question word order and a question mark

e.g: - “Where does she live?”  I don’t know where she lives
 I don’t know where does she lives?  Wrong
c. Yes/no question clauses
• Begin with whether (in formal English) or if (commonly used).
• Are made from yes/no questions.
• Do not take question word order and a question mark.
e.g: “Do final examinations begin next month?”
 Do you know if final examinations begin next month?
“Will the university accept late registration?”
 We would like to inquire whether (or not) the university will
3.2. Adjective clauses
• An adjective (or relative) clause is a subordinate clause introduced by a
relative pronoun or relative adverb.
• It functions as an adjective; that is, it modifies, describes, identifies, or
gives further information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause.

• An adjective clause comes right after the noun/pronoun it modifies.

• A relative pronoun may be the subject or object of its own clause.
 3.2. Adjective clauses
Subordinator Meaning
Relative pronouns Who People (S)
Whom People (O)
Whose + noun People/things (possessive)

That ( used in restrictive clauses People/things

only)
Which Things
Relative adverbs When Time
Where Place
Why Reason

• Adjective clauses are subdivided into 2 kinds: Restrictive (or Defining)

relative clauses and Non-restrictive (or Non-Defining) relative clauses.
3.2. Adjective clauses
a. Restrictive (or Defining) relative clauses

Relative pronoun + verb

(Who, which, that)

- Defining adjective clause: is a clause that plays a necessary

role in expressing the meaning of a sentence.
- When this clause is removed from the sentence, the sentence
will express a completely different meaning.
- Clauses of this type have no comma separated before their
relative pronoun/adverb.
e.g: - Japan is the country that sold the most coffee.
 Adj clauses: that sold the most coffee
3.2. Adjective clauses
a. Restrictive (or Defining) relative clauses
b. Non-Restrictive (or Non-Defining) relative clauses
relative adverb + subject + verb
(When, where, why)

- Indefinite adjective clause: is a clause that adds meaning to a

sentence that is not necessarily present in the sentence.

- When this clause is removed from the sentence, the sentence

does not lose its basic meaning.
- This clause is separated from the main clause by a comma
before their relative pronoun/adverb.
e.g: - America earned 1.7 million euros from coffee sales,
which made it the most profitable country.
 Adj clauses: which made it the most profitable country
3.3. Adverbial clauses
• An adverbial clause is a dependent clause introduced by a subordinating
conjunction .
• The subordinating conjunction shows the relationship between the
adverbial clause and the rest of the sentence in terms of time , place ,
reason , purpose , manner , result etc.
e.g: - I talked to Bill before he left
=  I talked to Bill earlier = I talked to Bill at ten o’clock
• We sometimes use more than one adverbial clause in a sentence
e.g: - Don’t touch the paint before it has dried +
because bubbles may form + if anything touches it.
e.g: - There were delays because the weather was bad
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
- They are introduced by when ( ever ) , while , as soon as ,
after , before , since , until , as etc.
e.g: - After people moved to urban areas , they had less protein
in their diet
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
- They are introduced by where, wherever, everywhere,
anywhere
e.g: - Most people prefer to shop where they can be
sure of quality .
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
- They are introduced by as, as if, as though, and answer the
question : how?
e.g: - They fought as heroes do.
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
- They are introduced by as + dv + as, and answer the question:
How far?
e.g: - Every morning Sue jogs on the
beach as far as she can
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
e. Frequency clauses
- It uses to answer the question : How often?
e.g: - Roses speaks English as often as
she attend the event
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
e. Frequency clauses
f. Result clauses
- They are introduced So, so...that, such...that
e.g: - The concert’s ticket so expensive
that I can’t buy it.
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
e. Frequency clauses
f. Result clauses
g. Reason clauses
- They are introduced As, since, seeing that, because,...etc.

e.g: - As he was tired, he came back home.

3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
e. Frequency clauses
f. Result clauses
g. Reason clauses
h. Purpose clauses
- They are introduced So that, in order that, for fear that(+
should), in case
e.g: - I must stay at home incase my friends
should come to see me..
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
e. Frequency clauses
f. Result clauses
g. Reason clauses
h. Purpose clauses
i. Concession/Contrast clauses
- They are introduced Though, although, even though, no
matter how/what..., while, whereas
e.g: - Although he was ill, he went to school.
3.2. Adverbial clauses
a. Time clauses
b. Place clauses
c. Manner clauses
d. Distance clauses
e. Frequency clauses
f. Result clauses
g. Reason clauses
h. Purpose clauses
i. Concession/Contrast clauses
k. Condition clauses
- They are introduced Unless, if, as long as
e.g: - I will never help him unless he gives up his
bad habit..
Thank you!