Low Cost, Portable Briquetting Machine - Rural Use: Project Reference No.: 39S - Be - 1791

LOW COST, PORTABLE BRIQUETTING MACHINE -
RURAL USE
PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_1791

COLLEGE : GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY, BENGALURU
BRANCH : DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GUIDE : MR. AMITH D GANGADHAR
STUDENTS : MR. KISHAN B S
MR. KIRAN KUMAR
MR. SANTHOSH T J
MR. CHARAN RAJ
ABSTRACT
There has been a recent push to replace the burning of fossil fuels with biomass. The
replacement of this non renewable resources with biological waste would lower the overall
pollution of the world . The waste biomass like dry leaves, sawdust, rice husk, coffee husk etc..
are gathered and compressed into briquettes , these briquettes can also be transported and used
as fuel to generate heat. It is high time to take initiative to turn Biomass into a source of
energy. Hence here we take responsibility in converting agricultural and forestry waste into
useful biomass briquettes , which can also be used as a substitute for Coal.
There are different machine available in market but those machine are bulky and are costly,
Hence here we developed a portable, low cost briquetting machine, which makes use of simple
mechanism to convert the biological waste into useful briquette. Any waste or any proportion
can be used but with proper binding agent. Some raw material do not require any binding agent
if we use high pressure compression.
The paper presents the results of a project focused on the development of briquettes from the
waste wood (sawdust) resulting from the main waste from timber companies. This waste wood
currently lacks a useful purpose, and its indiscriminate burning generates CO and CO2
emissions. Sawmill waste is a big problem especially in urban cities. These wastes are burnt
openly which is causing environmental pollution. The wastes can be converted to wealth
thereby providing jobs for many unemployed citizens. The principles of machine design were
employed to design the essential parts such as hopper, sliding member, cylinder, hydraulic jack
and grinding unit.
LOW COST, PORTABLE BRIQUETTING MACHINE - RURAL USE
1. INTRODUCTION
Households in rural India are highly dependent on firewood as their main source of energy, partly
because non-bio fuels tend to be expensive, and access to affordable fuel alternatives to coal, gas,
kerosene and electricity for cooking and heating is limited. Approximately 96% of rural
households are estimated to be using bio fuels. These fuels dominate the domestic sector and are
primarily used for cooking. Fuel wood is the primary energy source for cooking used by rural
households (78%) In actual volumes as well, fuel wood ranks first, at 252.1 million tonnes,
followed by dung-cakes, at 106.9 million tonnes and agricultural residue, at 99.2 million tonnes of
annual consumption . Similarly, the per capita consumption figures are also high for fuel wood at
250 kg, 50 kg for animal dung and 134 kg for crop residues This is further corroborated by the
energy consumption estimation given by NCAER .
Many of the developing countries produce huge quantities of agro residues but they are used
inefficiently causing extensive pollution to the environment. The major residues are rice husk,
coffee husk, coir pith, jute sticks, groundnut shells, mustard stalks and cotton stalks. Sawdust, a
milling residue is also available in huge quantity. Apart from the problems of transportation,
storage, and handling, the direct burning of loose biomass in conventional grates is associated
with very low thermal efficiency and widespread air pollution. The conversion efficiencies are as
low as 40% with particulate emissions in the flue gases in excess of 3000 mg/ Nm2. In addition, a
large percentage of un burnt carbonaceous ash has to be disposed of. In the case of rice husk, this
amounts to more than 40% of the feed burnt. As a typical example, about 800 tonnes of rice husk
ash are generated every day in Ludhiana (Punjab) as a result of burning 2000 tonnes of husk.
Briquetting of the husk could mitigate these pollution problems while at the same time making use
of this important industrial/domestic energy resource. The briquettes can be used for domestic
purposes (cooking, heating, barbequing) and industrial purposes (agro-industries, food processing)
in both rural and urban areas. Thus Biomass briquetting is the densification of loose biomass
material to produce compact solid composites of different sizes with the application of pressure.
Briquetting of residues takes place with the application of pressure, heat and binding agent on the
loose materials to produce the briquettes. The potential of biomass briquetting in India was
estimated at 61,000 MW, while the estimated employment generation by the industry is about
15.52 million and the farmers earn about $ 6 per ton of farm residues.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 1

The end use of briquettes is mainly for replacing coal substitution in industrial process heat
applications (steam generation, melting metals, space heating, brick kilns, tea curing, etc) and
power generation through gasification of biomass briquettes
There has been a recent push to replace the burning of fossil fuel with biomass. The replacement
of this non renewable resources with biological waste would lower the overall pollution of world.
We often see the dry wastes getting burned on the roadside, dump yard, polluting the atmosphere
and causing many problem. Here we have taken initiative to turn waste biomass into a source of
energy. And also to reduce the volume of shredded waste and hence decrease the cost of waste
management. To achieve this , we fabricate a briquetting machine at low cost.
This machine efficiently produces briquettes by compressing the grinded dry waste. These
briquettes are very different from charcoal because they do not have large concentration of
carbonaceous substances and added materials. Compared to fossil fuels , the briquettes produce
low net total green house gas emission , because the materials used are already a part of the
carbon cycle. Hence this briquettes are good replacement for fossil fuel such as oil or coal. In
addition to the cost savings associated with reducing the volume of waste compressed briquettes
can also be used as a fuel for starting fires or as an insulating materials. There has been a move to
the use of briquettes in the developed world , where they are used to heat industrial boilers in
order to produce electricity from steam. Biomass Briquettes are a renewable source of energy and
avoid fossil carbon to the atmosphere. Biomass briquettes also provide more calorific value/kg
and save around 30 to 40% of boiler fuel costs. Burning of wood briquettes is far more efficient
than burning firewood. Moisture content of a briquette can also be as low as 4% where as green
firewood may be as high as 65%.

1.1 RAW MATERIAL FOR BRIQUETTE:
Biomass briquettes are a bio fuel substitute to coal and charcoal. Biomass briquettes are made
from agricultural and forestry waste. The low density biomass(agricultural and forestry waste)
is converted into high density biomass briquettes with the help of a briquetting machine that
uses binder or binder less technique, without using any type of chemical so it is 100% natural.
The major raw material for biomass briquette are, Mustard Stalks, Sawdust, Rice Husk, Coffee
Husk, Coir Pitch, Jute Sticks, Sugarcane Bagasse, Groundnut Shell, Cotton Stalks, Caster Seed
Shells / Stalk, Wood Chips, Bamboo Dust, Tobacco Waste, Tea Waste, maize stalks, bajra
cobs, Arhar stalks, Paddy Straw, Wheat Straw, Sunflower Stalk, Palm Husk, Soya bean Husk,
Veneer Residues, Barks & Straws, Leafs, Pine Niddle, Seeds Cases etc.
Biomass Briquette are widely used for any type of thermal application like steam generation in
boilers, in furnace & foundries (It can be used for metal heating & melting where melting point
is less than 1000d/cel.), for heating purpose (Residential & Commercial Heating for winter,
heating in Cold areas and Hotels, Canteens, Cafeterias and house hold kitchen appliances etc),
drying process and in gasification plant replacing conventional solid fuels like Coal and
Firewood and liquid fuels like Diesel, Kerosene, Furnace Oil (FO), etc.
A popular form of biomass briquettes emerging in developed countries is called Sawdust

Briquettes. It takes the waste by-product of saw mills such as sawdust, compressed it in the
cylinder and is extruded out of the cylinder to make a reconstituted log that can replace
firewood. The process is carried out in two phases i.e with and without the binding agent. In
the process of without binding agent the natural lignin in the wood binds the particles of wood
together to form a solid. Burning a Sawdust Briquettes is far more efficient than burning
firewood. Moisture content of a briquette can be as low as 4%, whereas that of firewood may
be as high as 60%.

1.2 BINDERS :
Starch
Starch is the most common binder though it is usually expensive. It doesn't have to be an food
grade. In general, about 4-8% of starch is needed to make the briquettes. Starch sources can be
corn starch, wheat starch, maize flour, wheat flour, rice flour, cassava flour, potato starch, etc.
To use the starch as a binder, you must first gelatinize the starch, which is added to water and
heated to form a sticky consistency, then adding to the mixer to be mixed with the charcoal
powder.
Clay
Clay is widely available at almost no cost in many areas. A briquette can contain about 15% of
clay. Clay does not add to the heating value of the briquette. If too much clay is added, the
briquette will ignite and burn poorly or not at all. Besides, clay will turn into ash after burning,
which blocks the passage of radiant heat, resulting in the loss of heating value of the charcoal.
Gum Arabic
Gum Arabic, also known as acacia gum, is a natural gum harvested from acacia tree, which is
very common in Africa Sahel, especially Senegal, Sudan, Somalia, etc. Gum Arabic is
successfully being used as binder material for charcoal briquette. It does not emit heavy smoke,
nor is thermal treatment needed.
Molasses
Molasses is a by-product of the sugarcane industry. One ton of briquettes needs about 20-25%
molasses. Briquettes binded by molasses burn well, but have an unpleasant smell during
combustion. To avoid this, thermal treatment can be applied before using the briquette, which
is also called ”curing”.
Wood Tar and Pitch

Wood tar arises during the carbonization process and are recovered from stationary kilns and
retorts. Pitch is a viscous liquid that remains after the distillation of coal tar. Tar is more liquid
while pitch is more solid. Both of them require re-carbonization to avoid the emission of heavy
smoke which may generate adverse health.

Besides, cow dung and paper pulp also can be the binding material for briquettes. Cow dung is
available mainly in rural areas. Waste papers are torn to small pieces and soaked in water to
form a gelatinized paste.
By going through the several journal we came to know that using starch as a binder has more
advantages than other binders. Even though the price of the flour needed to prepare starch is
high, the minimum usage of starch as a binder makes it economical.

1.3 PROPERTIES OF BIOMASS :
Agro Wastes Cal./kg. Ash Content

Babool Wood 4707 K. 0.90%
Bagasse 4700 K. 1.80%
Bamboo Dust 3700 K. 8.00%
Barks Wood 3900 K. 4.40%
Castor Seed Shells 3860 K. 8.00%
Coffee Husk 4200 K. 5.30%
Coir Pitch 4146 K. 13.60%
Cotton Stalks / Chips 4200 K. 3.01%
Forestry Waste 3000 K. 7.00%
Groundnut Shell 4500 K. 3.80%
Jute Waste 4800 K. 3.00%
Mustard Shell 4300 K. 3.70%
Mustard Stalk 4200 K. 3.40%
Paddy Straw 3469 K. 15.50%
Palm Husk 3900 K. 4.90%
Rice Husks 3200 K. 22.20%
Saw Dust 4400 K. 1.20%
Soya bean Husk 4170 K. 4.10%
Sugarcane Waste 3700 K. 10.00%
Sunflower Stalk 4300 K. 4.30%
Tea Waste 4000 K. 6.70%
Tobacco Waste 1100 K. 49.40%
Wheat Straw 4000 K. 8.00%
Wood Chips 4300 K. 1.20%

1.4 COMPARED TO COAL :
The use of biomass briquettes has been steadily increasing as industries realize the benefits of
decreasing pollution through the use of biomass briquettes. Briquettes provide
higher calorific value per rupee than coal when used for firing industrial boilers. Along with
higher calorific value, biomass briquettes on average saved 30–40% of boiler fuel cost. But
other sources suggest that cofiring is more expensive due to the widespread availability of coal
and its low cost. However, in the long run, briquettes can only limit the use of coal to a small
extent, but it is increasingly being pursued by industries and factories all over the world. Both
raw materials can be produced or mined domestically in the United States, creating a fuel
source that is free from foreign dependence and less polluting than raw fossil fuel incineration.
Environmentally, the use of biomass briquettes produces much fewer greenhouse gases,
specifically, 13.8% to 41.7% CO2 and NOX. There was also a reduction from 11.1% to 38.5%
in SO2 emissions when compared to coal from three different leading producers, EKCC Coal,
Decanter Coal, and Alden Coal. Biomass briquettes are also fairly resistant to water
degradation, an improvement over the difficulties encountered with the burning of wet coal.
However, the briquettes are best used only as a supplement to coal. The use of cofiring creates
an energy that is not as high as pure coal, but emits fewer pollutants and cuts down on the
release of previously sequestered carbon.[12] The continuous release of carbon and other
greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere leads to an increase in global temperatures. The use of
cofiring does not stop this process but decreases the relative emissions of coal power plants

2. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to fabricate a low cost portable briquetting machine for rural
use. There has been a recent push to replace the burning of fossil fuel with biomass. The
replacement of this non renewable fuels with product of biological waste would lower overall
pollution in world. It is high time to take an initiative to turn waste biomass into a source of
energy. The waste biomass like dry leaves, sawdust, rice husk, coffee husk etc.. are gathered and
compressed into briquettes , these briquettes can also be transported and used as fuel to generate
heat. These briquettes are replacement for fossil fuel such as oil and coal and also provide more
calorific value per Kg and these products are available at low cost thus saves 30 to 40% of the
boiler fuel cost. Burning of the these briquettes are more efficient than burning the fire wood.
The objective of this project is also to decrease the volume of shredded waste and thereby
reducing the cost and fuel required in disposal process. In addition to cost saving these
compressed briquettes can also be used as a fuel for starting fires or as an insulating material.
And also for domestic use like cooking, heating water etc in rural areas. The use of biomass
briquettes produces much fewer green house gases, specifically 13.8% to 41.7% CO2 and NOx .

3. LITERATURE REVIEW :
J.T. Oladeji, [1] the findings of his study have shown that, the briquettes produced from rice
husk and corncob would make good biomass fuels. However, from the study, it can be
concluded that, briquette from corncob has more positive attributes of biomass fuel than rice
husk briquette. Finally, the study also concluded that, both briquettes will not crumble during
transportation and storage because the values obtained for their relaxed densities are closed to
the maximum densities of the briquettes from the two residues.
S. H. Sengar , A. G. Mohod , Y. P. Khandetod , S. S.Patil , A. D. Chendake [2] have

observed that the Cashew nut shell, grass and rice husk were used as major biomass in the form
of raw biomass, hydrolyzed biomass and carbonized biomass. Carbonized biomass was found
suitable as compared to raw (as such) and hydrolyzed biomass for briquetted fuel. The
briquettes were prepared on screw press extruder briquetting machine for different
combinations of major biomass. The prepared briquettes after sun drying were subjected to
various tests for assessing the quality of fuel. The suitability of briquetted fuel as domestic fuel
was studied with standard water boiling test. Cashew shell briquettes burnt with good flame in
cook stove and observed 15.5 per cent thermal efficiency. Better results in cashew shell
briquettes related to calorific value, shattering indices test, tumbling test, degree of
densification, energy density ratio, resistance to water penetration and water boiling test as
compared to grass and rice husk briquettes were observed. Calorific value was found more in
cashew shell briquetted fuel as 5154.58 kcal/kg. Net Present Value of cashew shell, grass and
rice husk briquettes were 1935370.8, 2256434.38 and 631948.8 respectively. Payback period
for cashew shell, grass, rice husk briquettes were 8.1, 7.56 and 29.35 months
respectively.Benefit Cost Ratio for cashew shell, grass, and rice husk briquettes were 2.8, 2.93
and 1.51 respectively.
A. Olorunnisola [3] said that the wood in form of fuel wood, twigs and charcoal has been the
major source of renewable energy in Nigeria, accounting for about 51% of the total annual
energy consumption. The other sources of energy include natural gas (5.2%), hydroelectricity
(3.1%), and petroleum products (41.3%) (Akinbami, 2001). The demand for fuel wood is
expected to have risen to about 213.4 x103 metric tones, while the supply would have
decreased to about 28.4x103 metric tones by the year 2030 (Adegbulugbe, 1994). The
decreasing availability of fuel wood, coupled with the ever-rising prices of kerosene and
cooking gas in Nigeria, draw attention to the need to consider alternative sources of energy for

domestic and cottage level industrial use inthe country. Such energy sources should be
renewable and should be accessible to poor. Asrightly noted by Stout and Best (2001), a
transition to a sustainable energy system is urgently needed in the developing countries such as
Nigeria. This should, of necessity, be characterized by a departure from the present subsistence
–level energy usage levels based on decreasing firewood resources, to a situation where human
and farming activities would be based on sustainable and diversified energy forms. An energy
source that meets such sustainability requirements is fuel briquette. If produced at low cost and
made conveniently accessible to consumers, briquettes could serve as complements to firewood
and charcoal for domestic cooking and agro-industrial operations, thereby reducing the high
demand for both. Besides, briquettes have advantages over fuel wood in terms of greater heat
intensity, cleanliness, convenience in use, and relatively smaller space requirement for storage.
Previous studies have shown that waste paper could be mixed with other biomass materials to
produce relatively cheap and durable binder-less briquettes Demirbas and Sahin, 1998; Yaman
et al.2000) Attempts have also been made in the past to create fuel from newspaper by rolling
them up into ‘logs’. However, it was found that the product did not burn well (Arnold 1998). In
the present study, efforts were made to produce binder-less briquettes from a mixture of waste
paper and coconut husk particles at low pressures of these briquettes were also determined.
Idah, P. A , Mopah, E. J. [4] has studied The effect on environment by agricultural and other
industrial wastes is on the increase and is causing a lot of problem. Adequate means of
disposing these wastes are lacking, hence, converting them to other useful products such as
briquettes for domestic fuel is desirable. In this work, the energy values of briquettes made
from some of these agricultural by-products using two binders were assessed. Wastes from rice
husk, maize cob, groundnut shell and sugarcane baggasse were turned to briquettes using two
different types of agricultural by-product binders (banana peel and cassava peel gel). The
briquettes were subjected to energy evaluation test using the Fulton XRY-1B Oxygen Bomb
Calorimeter. The mean bulk densities of the briquettes produced from rice husk, maize cob,
groundnut shell and sugar cane baggasse were 0.75g/cm3, 0.69g/cm3, 0.81g/cm3 and
0.65g/cm3, respectively. The results obtained showed that the average energy values of the
briquettes produced using cassava peel as binder from rice husk, maize cob, groundnut shell
and sugarcane bagasse were 26.612MJ/Kg, 28.255MJ/Kg, 33.703MJ/Kg and 32.762MJ/Kg,
respectively. The corresponding average values for those produced using banana peel as
binders were 29.980MJ/g, 28.981MJ/g, 32.432MJ/g, 31.508MJ/g for rice husk, maize cob,
groundnut shell and sugarcane baggasse, respectively. The results indicate that briquettes

produced from groundnut shell using cassava peel gave the highest energy value of 33.70
MJ/kg while those obtained from rice husk using cassava peel gave the lowest calorific value
of 26.61MJ/kg and these were significantly different(p ≤ 0.05). The briquette from groundnut
shell is therefore more suitable for starting and maintaining fire for cooking and other domestic
heating. The briquettes from these by-products in terms of energy values are ranked as follows:
groundnut shell > sugar cane baggasse > maize cob > rice husk. The effective utilization of
these agricultural by-products as high grade solid fuel can reduce environmental pollution
resulting from the wastes and also help in minimizing the energy crisis resulting from non-
renewable energy sources like petroleum products as domestic fuel.
Harshita Jain , Y. Vijayalakshmi , T. Neeraja [5] have derived an experimental research

design was adopted to conduct the present investigation. For the present study six biomass
materials namely Charcoal Dust, Saw dust Rice Husk, Dry Leaves, Wood Chips, Groundnut
Shells and two binders namely Cow dung and Starch were identified. The commercially
available briquetting machine of 5 horsepower motor was selected for making the briquettes.
Subjective evaluation of physical properties of briquette i.e. texture, cohesiveness, moisture,
shape, evenness of surface and appearance of surface was conducted by a panel of 6 judges
comprising of staff and PhD graduate students of College of Home Science. The data obtained
from the experimental tests was compiled, tabulated and statistically analyzed by mean and
standard deviation. The data obtained from subjective evaluation was consolidated by averages,
standard deviation. The calorific value of all prepared briquettes was measured by using bomb
calorimeter. The results indicate that briquettes made from charcoal dust and other biomass
materials with starch combinations were found to be best in physical characteristics with
highest scores whereas briquettes made from charcoal dust other biomass materials with cow
dung combinations were found to be highest in calorific value. The results show that when cow
dung is used as binder with charcoal dust and other biomass materials, it was giving higher
calorific value The use of starch as binder with charcoal dust and other biomass materials was
making briquettes smooth in texture, compact, dry, uniform, even without cracks and shiny.
Daham Shyamalee , A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe , N.S. Senanayaka [6] found that the Biomass
briquettes are often used as an energy source for cooking purpose and in some industries like
bricks and bakery. The briquettes are produced by densification of waste biomass using various
processes. In this study manual densification of saw dust was tested with three different
binding agents; dry cow dung, wheat flour, and paper pulp. The samples with cow dung as

binding agent failed with mould detaching and minimum required binder percentage for other
two binders for successful forming were found to be 30%. Density of briquettes with 30%
binder of wheat flour and paper pulp was found to be 373.7 kg/m3 and 289.8 kg/m3
respectively. Natural drying time was evaluated at 86~89% relative humidity and 25~30oC
ambient temperature. The time for achieving 15% moisture content (wet basis) was 55 hours.
Compressive strength of the briquettes was tested for binder percentages of 30%, 40% and 50%
(dry basis) of wheat flour and paper pulp binders. Results indicated that compressive strength
increased with the increase of binder percentage. The briquettes with paper binder exhibited
comparatively high compressive strength compared to wheat flour binder. Calorific values of
briquettes formed having 30% paper binder and 30% wheat flour binder were found as
18.14MJ/kg and 20.04MJkg respectively, whereas the value of pure saw dust was 18.8 MJ/kg.
The briquettes formed with paper pulp gave the minimum energy cost, the value being
0.16Rs./MJ.
Riya Roy [7] has found that the Briquettes produced from ligno cellulosic waste, through a
simple process and low cost are an excellent source of energy and environmentally benign,
ideal for replacing fossil fuels in this day. In the present research, an experimental study was
undertaken for production and quality analysis of different briquettes using dry leaves, wheat
straw & saw dust as the feed stocks & paper pulp, cow dung as binder. These briquettes were
analysed by using proximate analysis. The results were then compared with a commercially
available cow dung briquettes. Results showed that briquettes produced by using these feed
stocks and cow dung as a binder had a calorific value of 5920.40kCal/kg, which was higher
than other briquettes used paper pulp (5874.12kCal/kg) as a binder and also higher than the
commercially available cow dung briquettes (3452.34kCal/kg). Other properties like
percentage of ash content, sulphur content & chloride content were less and also there was an
increased percentage of volatile matter when compared to traditional cow dung briquettes.
Thus produced biomass briquettes can be used as a replacement for the commercially available
cow dung briquettes.
Olawale J. Okegbile, Abdulkadir B. Hassan, Abubakar Mohammed*, Barakat J. Irekeola

[8] have tested effect of starch and gum arabic as binders in the combustion characteristics of
briquette prepared from sawdust of different ratios wa s investigated. Briquettes of sawdust
were produced by mixing with different binders and agglomerate using starch paste and gum
arabic. The mixture wa s compressed at 110kN using manually operated hydraulic briquette

machine and sun dried. Water boiling test was employed to obtain percentage heat uti- lized,
specific fuel consumption and time spent to boil 1kg water. The calorific value, the volatile
matter and flame temperature were determined. Results showed that the briquette formed using
starch as a binder performed better in all aspect than the gum arabic.
Ogwu, I.Y, Tembe, E.T, and Shomkegh, S.A.[9] have Compared performance in calorific
value was determined from the binary and tertiary combination of briquettes produced from
biomass materials (sawdust) of Afzelia africana, Daniella oliveri and Rice husk at 20% 30%,
and 40% starch binder levels. From the proximate analysis of the samples, it was observed that
there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the densities, Percentage Ash content,
Percentage Volatile matter and Percentage Fixed carbon of the samples. A progressive increase
in heating value was observed among briquettes produced as the starch level increased.
Briquettes produced at the tertiary combination of Afzelia africana + Daniella oliveri + Rice
husk biomass recorded the highest heating value of 4827.20kcal/kg at 40% starch level while
Daniella oliveri + Rice husk briquettes at binary level recorded the least heating value of
4586.72kcal/kg at 20% starch level. Among the various starch levels the tertiary combination
had the least Ash content of 4.30% at 40% starch level while Daniella oliveri + Rice husk
briquettes at 20% starch level had the highest Ash content of 9.29%. It is therefore
recommended that 40% starch level be used for briquettes production .
Emerhi, E. A.[10] have found that the calorific value of briquettes produced from mixed
sawdust of three tropical hardwood species bonded with different binding agents (starch, cow
dung and wood ash). Sawdust from each of the species was mixed with the binder in ratio of
70:30 for cow dung and wood ash and 70:15 of starch. The sawdust where mixed in a ratio
50:50 for each briquette combination produced. Combustion related properties namely
percentage volatile matter, percentage ash content, percentage fixed carbon and calorific value
of the briquettes where determined. All processing variables assessed in this study were not
significantly different except for percentage fixed carbon at five percent level of probability.
The result shows that briquette produced from sample of Afzelia africana and Terminalia
superba combination bonded with starch had the highest calorific value of 33116kcal/kg while
briquette produced from sample of Afzelia Africana and Terminalia superba bonded with ash
had the least calorific value of 23991kcal/kg. Since the aim of briquetting is to produce
briquette that will serve as good source of fuel and support combustion, the best briquette was
produced when sawdust was mixed with starch.

4. METHODOLOGY
The project is done in 2 phases
 DESIGNING
 FABRICATION
4.1 DESIGINING :
Initially we selected the size (radius = 7cm) of the briquette as a constant factor and based on
this we started to design a briquetting machine. In order to obtain a briquette of radius 7cms
we needed to design a cylinder of the same diameter, where the raw material are compressed.
And this cylinder has piston at the bottom ( connected to the plunger of jack) and closing plate
at the top of the cylinder, both piston and closing plate should withstand the high pressure
applied by the jack. In order to make the briquette highly compact we need to apply high
pressure, so thickness of the cylinder is made large to withstand this pressure. Here the screw
jack is used to apply the pressure and based on the amount of pressure the capacity of the jack
is selected. And here we are using 2 ton capacity jack.
In this project our aim is to produce 4 to 5 briquette for one completely filled hopper, so
hopper is designed by considering the 5 times the volume of cylinder and this calculation is
done in detail in further section.
After designing the hopper and cylinder now its time to consider the size of the raw material
to be compressed. By going through the several journal we came to know that the raw
material of size in between 3 to 5mm can be easily bounded and has a high calorific value.
Since it is not possible to obtain the raw material of the size we needed readily from the mill
so the need for the grinding unit became the major factor.
In grinding unit it consists of Blade, Sieve plate and Motor. In order to obtain the raw material
of the required size the blade and sieve plate have to be designed. Based on the size of the raw
material sieve of 5 mm is selected. To grind the raw material speed at which blade rotates
became important factor, so we took the motor of 10,000 RPM . Because we noticed that at
high speed material can be grinded very easily to the required size. And we designed a blade
made of stainless steel, because this has high strength.

After grinding now time to carry the raw material to the cylinder , to do this the carrying unit
have been designed. Here we have used a sliding type carrying unit, which can slide along
the guide ways.
Figure 1 Front view

4.2 FABRICATION :
Fabrication of the machine is divided into Three separate units to make it portable
1.GRINDING UNIT
2.CARRIER UNIT
3.COMPRESSING UNIT
4.2.1. GRINDING UNIT :

This unit consists of a Hopper, Motor, Grinder Blade, Sieve plate .
The hopper is placed on the hollow circular disc and is supported by two vertical stands which is
placed diametrically opposite to each other. The blade grinder and sieve plate is placed inside the
hopper. The motor required to rotate the grinding blades is mounted on the vertical support
provided on the hollow disc.
MACHINE ELEMENTS OF GRINDING UNIT :

4.2.1.1 Hopper :
This is where the raw material (saw dust , coffee husk etc) is fed into the machine. It is made of
mild steel, and is conical in shape. It is placed on the hollow circular disc, which acts as
supporting member and also the hollow in the disc guides the grinded materials to the box placed
under the disc. The size of the hopper is designed such that by one completely filled hopper we
are able to produce 4 to 5 briquettes, which can increase the production rate.
Figure 2 : Hopper
[ Dimensions of hopper : Larger diameter = 32 cm, Smaller diameter =23 cm and

Length=35cm. Material : Mild steel ]

4.2.1.2 Motor :
Here we have used an AC motor of 750Watts , 230 Volts and 18000 RPM (with no load ). And
we have used a regulator to control the speed of the blade which is connected to the motor, as
required on the amount of raw material to be grinded inside the hopper. The motor is placed on
the circular disc with the legs as shown.
Figure 3 : Motor with legs
[ Motor specification : Ac motor 750 Watts, 230 Volts and 18000rpm, weighs1.8Kg ]
4.2.1.3 Blade :
This acts as a grinding member, and is made up of stainless steel. Based on the power input
from regulator the blade rotates at certain RPM and grinds the raw materials, which then passes
through the sieve plate.
Figure 4 : Grinding blade

[ Dimensions of blade : Width = 1.5cm and length = 25cm. Material : Stainless steel ]
4.2.1.4 Sieve plate :

Through which the grinded raw material passes and collected in the sliding member. The size
of sieve 5mm. This dimension is taken by referring journals, which says that the sieve size
between 3mm to 5mm is best suited for good compactness. Here the sieve plate made by
cutting the sieve in circular shape and placed in between the two thin hollow disc with nut and
bolt arrangement .
Figure 5 Sieve plate

4.2.2 CARRIER UNIT :

This unit is consists of guide ways and sliding member.
Guide ways are used to guide the sliding member through it , so that the sliding member can
move easily in the specified path to carries the grinded raw materials from the hopper to the
cylinder ( compressing unit). The guide ways are attached to the thick hollow disc to which the
legs are attached to that act as a support.
Sliding member is rectangular box ,it is used to carry the raw material from the hopper to the
cylinder.
4.2.2.1 Guide ways :

It is used for the easy movement of sliding member and also guide sliding member in specified
path to carry the grinded raw materials from hopper to the cylinder. The arrangement of guide
ways are as shown in the figure. It has a thick hollow circular disc at the top , which is used to
act as a supporting unit for the hopper and the motor. The hopper is directly placed on disc , but
motor is placed at a certain height from the disc with small legs provided at the four corner .
Guide ways are also made up of mild steel.
Figure 6 : Guide ways

4.2.2.2 Sliding member :

It is a rectangular box(23*23*23) used for carrying the grinded raw material from hopper to
the cylinder. The top portion of the box is kept open to fill grinded raw material to the box .
And the bottom portion has a small circular hole which is used to fill raw material to the
cylinder.
It also has a stopper connected to one end of rectangular box ,which does not allow the grinded
raw material to move out of the hopper. Because as the sliding member moved from initial
position i.e under the hopper to cylinder position, the raw material may move out of the hopper,
so to avoid the wastage of grinded raw material the stoppers are used.
It is made up of mild steel and is as shown in the figure
Figure 7 : Sliding member

4.2.3 COMPRESSING UNIT :
It consists of a Telescopic jack, cylinder and a piston.

The hydraulic compressor drives the piston inside the cylinder, here are we using a special type
of jack which upon rotation move the piston in and out of the cylinder. The piston and cylinder
are machined to the close dimensional tolerance so that the piston moves easily inside the
cylinder.
The grinded raw materials are input to the cylinder , these materials inside the cylinder are
compressed into briquettes upon the application of force by the jack. Thus formed briquettes are
taken out by pulling the plate at the top of the cylinder. The whole unit is supported by a rigid
frame provided for jack.
4.2.3.1 Telescopic jack :
It acts as compressing unit and is as shown below. Here we are using a special type jack, which
upon the clockwise rotation of the handle moves the piston out of the jack and compress the raw
material in cylinder. And upon anti-clock wise rotation moves the piston inwards.
Figure 8 : Telescopic jack
[ Telescopic jack specification : 2 Ton capacity , plunger can extrude to maximum of 25cm
height ]

4.2.3.2 Cylinder :
Here the grinded raw materials are compressed into a briquettes . Its houses the piston at one
end and the closing plate at other end. Upon application of force by the Telescopic jack on the
piston (with closing plate in closed position), the raw material are compressed into briquettes .
Cylinder is made up of mild steel with steel coating
Figure 9 : Cylinder with Piston
[ Dimension of cylinder : Outer diameter = 9 cm
Inner diameter = 7 cm
Length = 20 cm
Material : Mild Steel with coating ]

4.3. VOLUME CALCULATION OF HOPPER

Initially we took diameter of the briquette as constant factor and based on this we started to
design a machine. We aimed at producing a briquette of 7 cm diameter , to do so we needed a
cylinder of same diameter with 20cm length i.e cylinder of diameter 7cm (r = 3.5 cm) and
length 20cm ( h = 20 cm ) . And also thickness of the cylinder is also major factor because ,
since we are applying a high pressure the cylinder must withstand this pressure , so we took the
cylinder of 1 cm thick. So after compressing the powdered raw material in the cylinder we will
get a briquette of 7cm diameter and 7cm height. Based on this we have done dimension
calculation for hopper.
Volume of cylinder = π×r×r×h

Volume of cylinde = 3.14×3.5×3.5×20
= 769.69 cc
When the raw material grinded in the by blade in the hopper, the volume of raw material added
to hopper will be reduced to approximately 1/3rd of its initial volume after grinding , so to get
the volume raw material required need multiply volume of cylinder by 3.
And since we are aiming to produce 5 briquettes for one completely filled hopper then again
multiply volume by 5.
so we get
Volume as = 769.69×3×5
= 11545.35 cc

So to get this volume we need to build a hopper of dimension as shown below.

By trail and error method we decided the dimension of the hopper
( r1 =16cm r2 = 13.5cm, h = 18cm )
Volume of hopper = 1/3×π(r1×r1 + r1×r2 + r2×r2) ×h

= 1/3×3.14× (13.5^2 + 13.5×16 + 16^2) ×18
= 12,332.32 cc
( It is almost close to 11545.35 cc )
So by considering the hopper of dimension ( r1 =16cm r2 = 13.5cm, h = 18cm ) ,the required

volume of raw material can be grinded in the hopper and manufacturing of 4 to 5 briquettes can
be easily done.

5.CONSTRUCTION OF BRIQUETTING MACHINE :
The arrangement of all the component of briquetting machine is as shown in the figure. It
consists of a hopper, blade, motor, sieve plate, guide ways, sliding member, cylinder and a
Telescopic jack.
The conical shaped hopper is placed on the hollow circular disc with a nut and bolt
arrangement. The dimension of the hopper is found by the volume calculation given at the
section 4.3. Inside the hopper it consists of a motor with a grinding blade, which is used to
grind the raw material inside the hopper. The motor is covered with plastic material in order to
avoid the entry of dust particle into the motor. The regulator is used to vary the speed of the
motor based on amount of raw material in the hopper . In-between the motor assembly and the
blade the sieve plate is placed, which allows only the grinded raw material to pass through it.
The size of sieve is 5mm, which is made by cutting the mesh in a circular shape and held
rigidly in between two hollow circular disc. And it is also very important to note that the sieve
size between 3mm to 5 mm is best suited ( from journals ).
The hopper with motor and a sieve is placed o hollow circular disc which acts as a supporting
member. Then the guide ways are connected to the this at bottom, which is used to guide the
sliding member . This guide ways are closed with thin sheet metal at the bottom in order to
keep the grinded raw material in the sliding member till it reaches the cylinder because the
sliding member has a hole at the bottom , so that this materials may get emptied .
The sliding member is a rectangular box with a top surface open and hole at its bottom . Top
surface kept open in order to fill the materials to the sliding member so that it can be carried
along guide ways and fill the cylinder by the small hole at its bottom. And it also has a
stopper, which is made by a thin sheet metal connected to one end of the box at the top
portion.
Here Cylinder acts as a compressing unit which is placed at the end of the guide ways i.e
opposite to the hopper. The top surface of the cylinder remains open during the filling raw
material to cylinder by the sliding member through the small hole at bottom. After complete
filling of the cylinder the top portion is closed by locking mechanism, and the compressive
force is applied to the raw material in the cylinder to form a briquette. At the bottom of
cylinder Telescopic jack is placed, which acts as compressing unit.

The piston is welded to the plunger of the jack and is inserted at the bottom. This whole
assembly is placed on the four legs.
The whole arrangement is as shown in the figure
Figure 10 : Final assembly

6. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BRIQUETTING MACHINE :
Here we are using Saw dust, Coffee husk, Dry leaves and Rice husk etc as a raw materials .
These raw materials are gathered and are added to the hopper in required ratio to get the
compact briquette. After filling the raw materials the top portion of hopper is closed this is
because due to high speed of the blade the raw material may move out. These raw materials are
grinded by the blade , which is driven by the motor. Here the regulator is used to regulate the
speed of the blade so that the grinding operation can be controlled. That is by using high speed
rotation the raw materials are finely grinded and so on for the medium speed. These grinded
raw materials are allowed to pass through the sieve plate , which is placed in between the blade
and motor ( size of sieve 5 mm ).
After complete grinding of the raw materials in the hopper the motor is switched off. These
grinded raw materials are stored at the bottom of hopper and sliding member. Sliding member
is a rectangular box with top portion open and having small hole at the bottom. This sliding
member is dragged along the guide ways to fill the grinded raw material in the sliding member
to the cylinder through the small hole at its bottom. While filling the cylinder with grinded raw
materials the bottom portion of the hopper is closed by the stopper. And also the bottom
portion of cylinder is closed by the piston.
After complete filling of the cylinder with raw materials, the sliding member is moved back to
its initial position. Now the top portion of the cylinder is closed by the locking mechanism.
Then the lever of Telescopic jack is rotated in clock wise direction to move the piston upwards
and to compress the raw materials into briquette. Now the locking cap at the top of the cylinder
is opened and the lever of jack is further rotated to move the briquette out of the cylinder. Then
the lever is rotated in anti clockwise direction to move the piston to its initial position for
preparing another briquette and this process further repeated to manufacture a briquette in
continuous manner.

7. TESTING AND RESULTS :

By taking the briquette manufactured by the industry and the briquette manufactured by our
machine the calorific value have been calculated and are compared as follows .
Formulae for water equivalent of calorimeter :
𝐇×𝐌
𝑾= ×(CT + CF )
𝐓
Formulae for Calorific value of fuel sample
CV = 𝐓 × 𝐖 − (CT + CF )
Specification :
T - Final temperature rise of water in degree Celsius

M - Mass of the sample in grams
H - Known calorific value of benzoic acid in Cal / gm =6464Cal/gm
W - Water equivalent of the Calorimeter in Cal / deg
CVs - Calorific value of Fuel Sample
CVf - Calorific value of Fuse wire = 2.33 Cal /cm
CVt - Calorific value of the Thread wire = 2.1 Cal / cm
Calculation
Initial temperature = 28.1 OC
Rise in temperature = 28.80 OC
Difference in temperature = 0.7 OC
LF - Length of the Fuse wire = 10 cms
LT - Length of the Thread = 10 cm
CF - Heat liberated by the Fuse wire in Cal = 2.33 × LT.
= 2.33× 6
= 13.98 Cal
CF - Heat liberated by Thread in Cal = 2.1 × LT
= 2.1 × 10
= 21Cal

7.1 Industry sample ( 60% of sawdust, 30% of coffee husk and 10% coir pitch ):
Difference in temperature = 0.7 OC.
CV = T × W − (CT + CF )
CV( industrial ) = .7× 6699.97 − (21 + 13.8 )
= 4655.179 Kcal / kg
7.2 With Starch as binder ( 90% of saw dust, 6% of wheat flour and 4 % water )

Final temperature = 30.02 OC
Rise in temperature = .72 OC
CV ( with starch ) = T × W − (CT + CF )

= .72 × 6699.97 − (21 + 13.8 )
= 4789.17 Kcal / kg
7.3 Without starch as binder ( 49% of saw dust, 49 % of coffee husk and 2%
water ) :
Initial temperature = 30. 7 OC

Final temperature = 31.43 OC
CV (without starch) = T × W − (CT + CF )

= .73 × 6699.97 − ( 21 + 13.8 )
= 4856.17 Kcal / kg
From the above calculations it is found that the calorific value of Briquette with and without
binder are almost nearer, choosing any one of them is suggested.

BRIQUETTES PRODUCED :
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(a).Briquette produced from dry stick without binder .
(b).Briquette produced from sawdust without binder.
(c).Briquette produced from sawdust and coffee husk without binder.
(d).Briquette produce from sawdust, Coffee husk and Wheat flour as
binder.

8. ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTING :
Briquettes produced from briquetting of biomass are fairly good substitute for coal, lignite,
Firewood and offer numerous advantages
 This is one of the alternative methods to save the consumption and dependency on fuel
wood.
 Densities fuels are easy to handle, transport and store.
 They are uniform in size and quality.
 The process helps to solve the residual disposal problem.
 The process assists the reduction of fuel wood and deforestation.
 It provides additional income to farmers and creates jobs.
 Briquettes are cheaper than coal, oil or lignite once used cannot be replaced.
 There is no sulphur in briquettes.
 There is no fly ash when burning briquettes.
 Briquettes have a consistent quality, have high burning efficiency, and are ideally sized
for complete combustion.
 Since briquettes can be domestically made from plants and animal wastes, they are
consequently less expensive to produce, and thereby sold at lower prices.
 Compacting biomass waste into briquettes reduces the volume by 10 times, making it
much easier to store and transport than loose biomass waste
 The compression process allows the briquettes to burn for a lot longer than if it was
loose in its original condition.

9. SOCIAL BENEFITS OF USING BIOMASS BRIQUETTE :
 A tree saved is more than a tree grown

 The above Bio-Message is very clear. We need not spend more energy and money to
grow more trees if we could avoid using them.
 Thus, all ecological disaster arising from deforestation can be checked.
 Saves the environment from pollution, all conventional fuel pollutes the atmosphere.
 Avoids using conventional resources like coal which means that future generation will
not be deprived of its utility.
10. DISADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTING
 Undesirable combustion characteristics often observed e.g., poor ignitability, smoking,

etc.
 Tendency of briquettes to loosen when exposed to water or even high humidity weather

11. APPLICATION OF BIOMASS BRIQUETTES :
Biomass Briquette are widely used for any type of thermal application like steam generation in
boilers, in furnace & foundries (It can be used for metal heating & melting where melting point
is less than 1000d/cel.), for heating purpose (Residential & Commercial Heating for winter,
heating in Cold areas and Hotels, Canteens, Cafeterias and house hold kitchen appliances etc),
drying process and in gasification plant replacing conventional solid fuels like Coal and
Firewood and liquid fuels like Diesel, Kerosene, Furnace Oil (FO), etc.
Briquettes is a forth coming fuel of the world. An upcoming use of Briquettes is in Bio-
Gasifires for Thermal Applications and Electricity Generation. It’s a high quality asset towards
economical, ecological, & advanced environmental company policy
Briquetted fuel can be used by the industrial, commercial and household sectors. It is ideally
suited for use in the following areas:
Boilers (sugar mills, paper mills, chemical plants, Cement, food

processing units, oil extraction units etc.) using fuel for
steam generation and heating.
Forges and For metal heating and melting.

Foundries
Brick kilns and For firing of furnaces.

Ceramic Units
Residential For winter heating in cold areas and in restaurants, canteens

Heating etc.
Gasification The gas can be used to generate power, and eventually

replace coal based producer gas systems and oil firing in
furnaces.
Agriculture Heating Green houses , Nurseries and Chicken coops.

12. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK :
The machine fabricated require some human effort for compressing the raw material. The
requirement of human effort can be eliminated by using a less capacity motor to actuate the
telescopic jack gradually for compressing the feed stock. This increases the compression
pressure which helps in obtaining the good quality briquettes. And also this high pressure
causes raw material to bind stiffly and this may also lead to elimination of using binder.
By some minor changes in the compressing unit, the cylinder piston arrangement and inverted
position of jack will allow the operator to apply maximum pressure as much as possible. And
by using this mechanism fabrication cost can be reduced.
Any type of feed stock can be used apart from the saw dust, coffee husk, dry leaves and other
biological and non-biological waste can be compacted toreduce waste management cost and
facilitates the easy transportation of the same.

13. CONCLUSION :
A large volume of agricultural by products being generated in India and which constitute
environmental hazards. Call for effective utilisation of those high grade biomass material for
solid fuel called briquette . Hence it can be concluded that the waste material like dry leaves
,wheat straw, saw dust, etc are feed stocks for the biomass briquette . Generally dry leaves and
wheat straw are burnt to reduce waste , which causes several pollution to environment, but if
wisely handled these wastes can then could be a better option for briquetting. Hence for an
agricultural country like India that produces huge amount of agricultural waste every year, use
of these waste as a briquette can be economically viable, sustainable and environment friendly
solution.
And also as machine concerned , it can be concluded that by using simple mechanism with
widely available machine element the machine cost could be lowered and makes fabrication
economical and portable.

14. REFERENCES
[1]. Oladeji, J.T.2010. “Fuel Characterization of Briquettes Produced from Corncob and Rice
Husk Resides”.Pacific Journal of Science and Technology. 11(1):101-106.
[2]. S. H. Sengar , A. G. Mohod , Y. P. Khandetod , S. S.Patil , A. D. Chendake ,

"Performance of Briquetting Machine for Briquette Fuel", International Journal of Energy
Engineering, Vol.2 No.1, 2012, pp. 28-34. doi: 10.5923/j.ijee.20120201.05.
[3]. A. Olorunnisola “Production of Fuel Briquettes from Waste Paper and Coconut Husk
Admixtures”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript EE 06
006. Vol. IX. February, 2007
[4]. Idah, P. A1, Mopah, E. J2 1,2Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering,

Federal University of Technology, P.M. B. 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
[5]. Harshita Jain1 , Y. Vijayalakshmi2 , T. Neeraja3 1M.Sc. Scholar, Department of

Resource Management and Consumer Sciences, College of Home Science, Hyderabad-500001,
2Associate Professor, Department of Resource Management and Consumer Sciences, College
of Home Science, Hyderabad -500001, 3 Professor, Department of Resource Management and
Consumer Sciences, College of Home Science, Hyderabad -500001,
[6]. Daham Shyamalee 1, A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe 1, N.S. Senanayaka 2

1Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri
Lanka
[7]. Riya Roy M.Sc. (Environmental Science), Asutosh College, University of Calcutta,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
[8]. Olawale J. Okegbile, Abdulkadir B. Hassan, Abubakar Mohammed*, Barakat J.

Irekeola
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
[9]. Ogwu, I.Y1, Tembe, E.T2., and Shomkegh, S.A.3

1 and 2. Department of Forest Production and Products University of Agriculture Makurdi

3. Department of Social and Environmental Forestry University of Agriculture Makurdi
[10].Emerhi, E. A Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Delta State University, Awai Campus,
Asaba, Nigeria
[11] P.D.Grover, Agriwaste feed processing for energy conversion”, Proc. International
Conference 26-27, Bangkok, April 1996, 177-195.
[12] Khoa, TranMinh, S.C.Bhattacharya, Amur Ghulam Qambar, Study of agriwaste as a

source of energy in Vietnam, International Energy Journal, 21, 1999, 69-75.
[13] N.P.Singh, Agriwaste programme in India: an overview Proc. International Conference,

26-27 New Delhi, February 1996, 65-72.
[14] S.C. Bhattacharya, R.Bhatia, M.N .Islam, N.Shah, Densified biomass 8, Thailand,
1985, 255-266.
[15] A.K.Tripathi, P.V.R Iyer., T.C Kandpal., Questionnaire based survey of agriwaste
briquetting in India, MNES, International Journal of Ambient Energy 2(1) New Delhi, Jan
2000, 31-40.
[16] Filiz Karaosmanoglu, Biobriquetting of rapeseed cake, Energy Sources 22(3), 2000, 257-
267.
[17] P.D.Grover, S.K Mishra,., Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in India,
Proc. International Workshop on Biomass Briquetting, New Delhi, April 1995.
[18] A Koopmans, Proc. of the International Workshop on Biomass briquetting 23 Bangkok,

1996, 123-133.

Low Cost, Portable Briquetting Machine - Rural Use: Project Reference No.: 39S - Be - 1791

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LOW COST, PORTABLE BRIQUETTING MACHINE -

PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_BE_1791

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 2

1.1 RAW MATERIAL FOR BRIQUETTE:

A popular form of biomass briquettes emerging in developed countries is called Sawdust

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 3

Wood Tar and Pitch

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 4

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 5

1.3 PROPERTIES OF BIOMASS :

Agro Wastes Cal./kg. Ash Content

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 6

1.4 COMPARED TO COAL :

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 7

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 8

S. H. Sengar , A. G. Mohod , Y. P. Khandetod , S. S.Patil , A. D. Chendake [2] have

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 9

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 10

Harshita Jain , Y. Vijayalakshmi , T. Neeraja [5] have derived an experimental research

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 11

Olawale J. Okegbile, Abdulkadir B. Hassan, Abubakar Mohammed*, Barakat J. Irekeola

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 12

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 13

The project is done in 2 phases

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 14

Figure 1 Front view

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 15

4.2.1. GRINDING UNIT :

MACHINE ELEMENTS OF GRINDING UNIT :

[ Dimensions of hopper : Larger diameter = 32 cm, Smaller diameter =23 cm and

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 16

Figure 3 : Motor with legs

Figure 4 : Grinding blade

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 17

4.2.1.4 Sieve plate :

Figure 5 Sieve plate

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 18

4.2.2 CARRIER UNIT :

4.2.2.1 Guide ways :

Figure 6 : Guide ways

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 19

4.2.2.2 Sliding member :

Figure 7 : Sliding member

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 20

4.2.3 COMPRESSING UNIT :

It consists of a Telescopic jack, cylinder and a piston.

4.2.3.1 Telescopic jack :

Figure 8 : Telescopic jack

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 21

Figure 9 : Cylinder with Piston

[ Dimension of cylinder : Outer diameter = 9 cm

Material : Mild Steel with coating ]

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 22

4.3. VOLUME CALCULATION OF HOPPER

Volume of cylinder = π×r×r×h

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 23

So to get this volume we need to build a hopper of dimension as shown below.

( r1 =16cm r2 = 13.5cm, h = 18cm )

Volume of hopper = 1/3×π(r1×r1 + r1×r2 + r2×r2) ×h

( It is almost close to 11545.35 cc )

So by considering the hopper of dimension ( r1 =16cm r2 = 13.5cm, h = 18cm ) ,the required

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GAT Page 24