TEACHER: MRS.

GLADYS GAPOL APIAG

STUDENT: MS. LUZ P. BUHIAN

 LESSON 1

THE READING PROCESS

Learning to read means learning to pronounce words and to recognize words and
deduce their meaning.

Reading is more than recognizing printed letters or words and that it is also a very
complex process that requires careful attention. Some expert recognized for their effort of
unlocking the mysteries behind the reading process: like reading is a complex system of
deriving meaning from print and reading is going beyond merely decoding the symbols on
the page. It is stated also that good readers are active readers, mentally engaged and
socially active around reading tasks.

The ability to read requires proficiency in a number of language domains which includes
phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and reading comprehension.

My Learning Insights

Reading is the complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning. It

is a form of language processing. Success in this process is measured as reading
comprehension. The reading process requires continuous practice, development, and
refinement. Reading requires creativity and critical analysis.

I am being able to cope up about the complexity of the reading process which is
being proposed by various authors and experts. My favorite one is “Reading is asking
questions of printed text. And reading with comprehension becomes a matter of getting
your questions answered” by Frank Smith.

Having an idea which I can compare and contrast the traditional and modern
definitions of reading is so much to be proud of as a student.
 LESSON 2

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF READING

According to Damian Sofsian, reading is important because it is well known fact that when
there were no tv or computers, it was a primary leisure activity. It offers a productive approach to
improve vocabulary and word power. Reading half an hour a day keep abreast of the various styles
of writing and new vocabulary. Reading helps in mental development and is known to stimulate the
muscles of the eyes.

Ruchi Sapra also stated that a book is a fragile creature. Our present knowledge is all just
because of our books. There was not any use of technology name Internet in the old days and at
that time; books were the only source of spreading knowledge.

Why should we read ? by Jawaharlal Nehru. We read because books give us the experiences
and thoughts of innumerable others, often the wisest of their generation and lift us out of our
narrow ruts.

My Learning Insights

The ability to read and comprehend what has been read is significant for many reasons.
Through reading and comprehending, humans acquire knowledge and understanding of the world
around them. This allows us to cooperate and accomplish tasks that we would not be able to do
without instructions and/or examples

The habit of reading helps us readers to encounter new words and phrases that they come
across in everyday conversations. It will become a healthy addiction and adds to the information
available on various topics. It helps us to stay in-touch with contemporary writers. Reading is the
best thing to make your mind relax.

Believing that reading won’t costs you anything if you are having curiosity to taste the
pudding of success.
 LESSON 3

FACTORS AFFECTING READING POWER

Snow, Burns and Griffin classify the factors that affect reading. First is the physical and clinical factors
which basically referred to the physical health of an individual, then predictors of school entry, next is acquired
knowledge of literacy, family-based risk factors and neighborhood , community and school-based factors.

According to Keith Lenz, different readers will interpret an author’s message in different ways.
Comprehension is affected by the reader’s knowledge of the topic, knowledge of language structures, knowledge
of text genres and etc. It is also affected by the quality of the reading material. The type of instruction that a
student receives will also affect reading comprehension.

My Learning Insights

After identifying the various factors affecting reading abilities, I can now understand even more why other
students is not capable of reading so. It is just a matter of how eager we are as a student for us to learn better.
Aside from pointing out the factors that affects the reading power, it also contributes to reading success.

Reading is important not just by reading the text written but also comprehending what you’ve read.
Considering all factors stated above, reading is not as easy as counting 1,2,3, it is a complex matter that needs to
be taught and learned and to be continue in different forms throughout a student’s life.
 LESSON 4

DEVELOPMENTAL READING STAGES

Jean Chall (1983) proposed a five-stage development. Stage 0 through stage 2 are the
“ learning to read’ stages of development while stage 3 through stage 5 are stages where the
child is “reading to learn”.

The first stage is the reading readiness/pre reading, next is Initial reading or decoding,
then fluency, followed by reading for learning the new stage, Multiple viewpoints stage and
lastly is Construction and reconstruction stage.

Stages of reading process are #1 Making Early connections, #2 Forming a story by connecting
pictures #3 Transitional picture reading #4 Advanced picture reading #5 early print reading #6
early strategic reading and #7 moderate strategic reading

My Learning Insights

It is important to note that reading is a process that changes as the reader becomes
more able and proficient. Her stages described what students typically had to master before
moving to the next stage. More recent research has modified these stages, particularly the
early stages. However, Chall's work is still useful in how we understand learning to read and
reading to learn. The grade levels assigned to the stages relate to typical learners.

Reading skills just like success, are not achieved overnight. It takes time and much
effort before a person could learn how to efficiently read.
 LESSON 5

DEVELOPMENTAL READING PROGRAM

- It is a systematic and scientific instruction in reading skills and
strategies. It seeks to generate a favourable attitude toward the
reading process.
- To concretely illustrate the program, Goodell developed a skills
ladder which puts emphasis on certain skills at a time.
- Barbara Peterson and Gay Pinnell developed a list of important
behaviours to teach during the stages of reading development.It is
classified into five: Early Emergent 1-4 level: Emergent 5-8 level:
Developing 9-15 level: Early independent 16-20 level: and
Independent 21 and beyond.

My Learning Insights

Developmental reading program helps students who are able

readers continue to be taught reading skills in a sequential program of
instruction, designed to reinforced and extend the skills and appreciations
acquired and to develop new skills as they are needed.

This program is carefully crafted to address the needs of the learners to become
a better and more efficient readers. It may not be completed overnight, but
atleast, we have something to lean on to the near future.
 LESSON 6

READING MODELS

Researchers have shown that readers process text in different ways. They
have also identified reading models that aim to explain how the complex process
of reading taeks place. Liu and Boothe, Walter and Stringer describe these
models as Bottom up reading model which says reading is driven by a process
that results in meaning and proceeds from part to whole. Next is Top down
reading model which suggests that processing of a text begins in the mind of the
readers with meaning. The last one is Interactive reading model which
recognizes the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes.

My Learning Insights

MODELS of READING is to be able to teach reading, it is important to

understand what happens when we read.

In BOTTOM-UP READING MODEL • It is a reading model that emphasizes the

written or printed text. • It emphasizes the ability to decode or put into sound
what is seen in the text. • Readers derive meaning in a linear manner

While TOP-DOWN READING MODEL • It is a model in which TOP is the higher

order mental and BOTTOM as the physical text on the page. It is where meaning
takes precedence over structure.

Lastly INTERACTIVE READING MODEL is a• Combination of Bottom-up and Top-

down processes. • Good readers are both good decoders and good interpreters
of the text.
 LESSON 7

COMPREHENSION AND LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION

Comprehension is the capacity of the mind to perceive and understand.

Indicators of learners’ reading comprehension are construction of meaning

from text, ability to use appropriate strategies to synthesize what they read, retelling
text orally and/or in written form and lastly responding to text in oral discussion and
written form.

R.M. Ruddell categories comprehension into three levels: LITERAL, INTERPRETIVE and
APPLIED.

We must remember also the skills that are important for comprehension.

My Learning Insights

Comprehension plays a vial role in every aspects of reading especially for the
students. It is important to have this for the better. Without this, reading is pretty
much useless. Reading with comprehension is the key for a wide scoop of knowledge.

Note that the skills become more complicated , and when the most difficult
have been acquired, comprehension becomes successful.
 LESSON 8

COMPREHENSION STRATEGIES
Comprehension strategies can be categorized and labelled in different ways.
Heinemann Library, English Channel, Duggan and Payne, Lamb and Johnson , and
Schirmer outline some of the most common. These are: Skimming, Scanning, Extensive
Reading, Intensive Reading, Visualizing, Monitoring and repairing understanding,
Synthesizing, Determining important ideas, Inferring, Using background knowledge and
Questioning.

Develop a good background, know the structure of paragraphs, identify the type of
reasoning, Anticipate and predict, look for the method, create motivation, pay
attention,Highlight, build good vocabulary, use a systematic reading, and monitor
effectiveness. These are the ways on how to improve reading comprehension.

My Learning Insights

Reading comprehension requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding

ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Each of us can comprehend in reading
if we take it seriously. Also, knowing all the ways to improve comprehension is a hint
for us to learn from it.

.
 LESSON 9

EXPANDING YOUR VOCABULARY

Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and word meanings.

Rasekh said that successful language learners have their own special
way of dong it. They use learning strategies either consciously or
unconsciously when processing an information and performing task.

My Learning Insights

Vocabulary aid the learners in the process of mastering a target

language and research findings to improved proficiency or achievement
overall.

Vocabulary acquisition is not something that can ever be mastered

overnight ; it is something that expands and deepens over a course of a
lifetime.
 LESSON 10

ANALYZING ROOTS

Roots are base words to which other characters or letters like prefixes ad
suffixes are attached. It consistently mean the same thing and are the base for related
words. We often encounter roots of Greek or Latin origin in subjects like Science and
English. For example, the Greek word for earth- geo is the root word of geology,
archaeology, geological and geography.

There are lots of words that has common roots with different meanings.

My Learning Insights

We can finally get into roots. A root is a word part that provides the basic
meaning of a word. Roots and bases have this same function. However, there is one
important difference: a base holds the basic meaning of the word, but can stand alone.
Basically, a base could have affixes attached to it, but it does not have to. However, a
root must have an affix, or another root, attached to it in order to make it a whole
word.
 LESSON 11

BUILDING VOCABULARY THROUGH AFFIXES

- an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a new word or

word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or
inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound
morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
- morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. It is composed of
phonemes and graphemes.
- A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Adding it to the
beginning of one word changes it into another word.

My Learning Insights

Teaching affixes is an important part of building better readers.

Whether in the early years or advancing through college, all students
can learn to it and use that knowledge to become more
proficient in language arts. Affixes are roots that are
the essential building blocks of all words.
 LESSON 12

BUILDING VOCABULARY THROUGH ANTONYMS

Antonyms comes from the Greek word Anti (opposite) and anoma (name).

- are words that have contrasting, or opposite, meanings.

Types of antonyms are gradable antonyms, relational antonyms, auto-antonyms and

non-gradable adjectives.

My Learning Insights

An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another word..

Synonyms and antonyms are exactly the opposite. Understanding and using antonyms
can improve our writing skills and vocabulary knowledge.
 LESSON 13

BUILDING VOCABULARY THROUGH SYNONYMS

A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to or exactly the same meaning
as another word. It came from a Greek word syn (with) and anoma(name). Words that
are synonyms are said to be synonymous and the state of being a synonym is called
synonymy.

Synonyms are words that do not always mean the same thing – words that are
only similar in meaning but do not mean exactly the same thing; hence, we say that
there are no true or perfect synonyms.

My Learning Insights

The use of synonyms also helps to make your writing more vivid and to create a
more intriguing image in the mind of the reader. In writing, especially creative-writing,
repeating the same words numerous times can make writing dull or uninteresting.
Replacing a word with an equivalent one, perhaps even a more specific one, can
improve how you are communicating your ideas.
 LESSON 14

BUILDING VOCABULARY THROUGH CONTEXT CLUES

Context clues are hints that an author gives to help define a difficult or unusual
word within a book. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to
which it refers or it may follow in the next sentence.

Categories of context clues are example clues, comparison clues, contrast clues,
inferring meaning context, synonyms, definition and explanation.

My Learning Insights

Context clues are the words and sentences that surround a word and help
explain the word's meaning. Context clues are hugely important because their
comprehension and effective usage leads to academic success. They can increase the
child's vocabulary, reading comprehension, and make children better readers.
 LESSON 15

UNDERSTANDING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS

An idiom is a phrase or an expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal,
meaning. Categorized as formulaic language, an idiom's figurative meaning is different
from the literal meaning. There are thousands of idioms, occurring frequently in all
languages.

Idioms are previously considered informal expressions, but because of their

widespread use, idiomatic expressions seem to have found acceptance in formal
communications as well.

My Learning Insights

Idiomatic Expressions also lies in the fact that it is an everyday routine of the
native English speakers' language. Learning idiomatic expressions by non-natives leads
them to better English proficiency, help their second or foreign language seem more
native-like, and more creative.
 LESSON 17

READING TECHNIQUE – SQ3R

SQ3R is a useful reading technique for effective understanding and absorbing
written information. It helps the readers in creating a good mental framework of a
subject, into which they can put pieces of facts correctly.

SQ3R stands for

Survey: Familiarizing the reader with the material presented in a chapter.

Question: Formulating a question before reading

Read: Reading with a specific purpose

Recite: Allowing the reader to assess his understanding

Review: Challenges the reader to recall.

My Learning Insights

The SQ3R Method is a way to study, understand and remember written

information more quickly. The goal of this reading method is to help students to
efficiently and actively work on reading and understanding. It can be useful for
everyone who, in their work, studies or free time rely on written information and want
to understand it better.
 LESSON 18

NOTING DETAILS
It is important that we take note of the details that answer the wh-
questions. Details are small pieces of information that support the main
idea. Details may categorized as Examples, facts, statistics, reasons,
definitions and descriptions.

Details are important because they provide information about

story characters and setting, they help readers know what a
character is feeling or thinking, details provide you information
about a certain topic, details help you understand major and minor
points, give story a particular mood and details can be found in
text or illustrations

My Learning Insights

Whenever you are reading a text, you should be constantly noting

the important details. When discussing reading comprehension, think of
details as the individual features, facts or particulars in the text. These
details are essential to develop reading comprehension.

Details are essential part of a specific information. Lack of details

will lead to misunderstanding that is whay, noting details is pretty much
beneficial.
 LESSON 16

SKIMMING AND SCANNING

Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and
keywords to move quickly through text for slightly different purposes. Skimming is
reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the material. Scanning is reading
rapidly in order to find specific facts.

We must remember how to skim and how to scan for a text. It will surely help us
readers to improve our reading strategies.

My Learning Insights

Skimming involves not reading every word, but instead moving the eyes quickly
over the text and allowing the main ideas (nouns, verbs) to become obvious.

Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information, e.g. figures
or names. It can be contrasted with skimming, which is reading quickly to get a general
idea of meaning. ... Learners need to learn different ways and understand that choosing
how to read is an important step in building reading skills.
 LESSON 19

IDENTIFYING TOPICS, MAIN IDEAS, AND SUPPORTING DETAILS

A paragragh is a group of sentences related to a particular topic or a central theme.

The main Idea is the key concept being expressed by the text or paragraph. The sentence in
which the main idea is stated is the topic sentence.

It is important to find main ideas when reading because you can’t comprehend the subject
matter if you haven’t identified the topic, the main idea and the supporting details.

My Learning Insights

The main idea of a passage is often stated in a sentence within the passage. It helps
readers understand the most important idea about what is being read. The other sentences of
the passage include pieces of information that tell more about the most important idea. While
topic sentence it substantiates or supports an essay's thesis statement; it unifies the content of a
paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be
discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Supporting details often lead you to the stated
main idea also contain importantinformation that can help you formulate the main idea when it
is implied. It is useful to identify and understand supporting details because they can help you
grasp the organization of a paragraph.
 LESSON 20

MAKING INFERENCES

Making an inference involves using what you know to make a guess about what you
don't know or reading between the lines. Readers who make inferences use the clues in the text
along with their own experiences to help them figure out what is not directly said, making the
text personal and memorable.

- It is also called reading between the lines.

- Writers often tell you more than they frankly say. They give you hints and clues that help
you read between the lines. Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your
reading is called inferring.
- Inferences are evidence-based guesses.

My Learning Insights

Observations occur when we can see something happening. In contrast, inferences are
what we figure out based on an experience. Helping students understand when information is
implied, or not directly stated, will improve their skill in drawing conclusions and making
inferences. Making an inference involves using what you know to make a guess about
whatyou don't know or reading between the lines. Readers who make inferences use the clues
in the text along with their own experiences to help them figure out what is not directly
said, making the text personal and memorable.