04 ZHAO EC FireDesign WS PDF

Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 1
Fire resistance assessment of steel structures
Basic design methods

Worked examples
ZHAO Bin
CEN/TC250 HG-Fire Convenor

CTICM
email: binzhao@cticm.com
Fire resistance assessment of
steel structures
Basic design methods of EN1993-1-2
Fire part of Eurocode 3

Fire parts of Eurocodes 2 to 6 and 9
Following common layout to provide design rules for fire

resistance of various types of structures:
General
 Scope, application field, definitions, symbols and units
Basic principles
 Performances requirements, design values of material properties
and assessment approaches
Material properties
 Mechanical and thermal properties at elevated temperatures
Assessment methods for fire resistance
Constructional details
Annexes
 Additional information: common case - more detailed design rules
Fire resistance – European classes
Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows:

• Relevant time of fire exposure during which the corresponding fire
resistance function of a structure is maintained despite fire actions
According to European standard, 3 criteria to define the fire
resistance:
R – load bearing function
E – integrity separating function
I – thermal insulating separation function
Above criteria may be required individually or in combination:
•separating only: integrity (criterion E) and, when requested, insulation
(criterion I)
•load bearing only: mechanical resistance (criterion R)
•separating and load bearing: criteria R, E and, when requested I
R – load bearing function

Capacity of a structure to maintain its required mechanical resistance in
case of fire
Mechanical loading
E – integrity separating function

Capacity of a structure to maintain its required integrity separating
function to hot gases in case of fire
With or without additional
mechanical loading
hot gas
heat
200, 300,
400°C, …
(no limitation)
I – thermal insulation separating function

Capacity of a structure to maintain its required thermal insulation
separating function in case of fire
With or without
additional
mechanical
loading
hot gas
heat
Average temperature rise
≤140 K (under standard fire)
Maximum temperature rise
≤ 180 K (under standard fire)
Scope of fire part of Eurocode 3
Only load bearing function R of steel structures is covered

by the design rules of the fire part of Eurocode 3
Load bearing function of a structure is satisfied only if during

the relevant duration of fire exposure t
Efi,d,t  Rfi,d,t
where
Efi,d,t : design effect of actions (Eurocodes 0 and 1)
Rfi,d,t : corresponding design resistance of the
structure at instant t
Covered field
• Carbon structural steel:
 all types of structural members
 grades in S235, S275, S355, S420 & S460
• Cold-formed carbon structural steel:

 members in accordance with EN 1993-1-3
• Stainless structural steel:

 5 commonly used grades for building sector
 no specific simple design rules
• Both internal and external steel structures

Load bearing function R in fire and ambiant temperature design

Constant room temperature (20 °C)
Load increase
Mr(20°C) Fire design

Cold design Constant loading
Temperature increase Mr(crit)

until the collapse at Mr()
Mr(20°C)
instant t
Fire resistance assessment of steel
structures according to Eurocode 3
Eurocodes allow fire

resistance to be established • Usually only directly
in any of 3 “domains”: feasible using
advanced calculation
models.
Time: tfi.d ≥ tfi.requ
• Feasible by hand
Load resistance: Rfi.d.t ≥ Efi.d.t calculation. Find
reduced resistance at
Temperature: cr.d ≥ d required resistance
time.
• Most usual simple EC3
tfi.d : design fire resistance time method. Find critical
temperature for
tfi.requ : required fire resistance time loading, compare with
design temperature.
Application of EC3 for fire resistance
assessment – basic knowledge
Actions on structures exposed to fire

• Thermal actions
• Mechanical actions Eurocodes 0 and 1
• Load level in fire situation
Design approaches
• Member analysis
• Analysis of parts of the structure
• Global structural analysis
Material properties at elevated temperatures

• Thermal properties of steel
• Mechanical properties of steel → Reduction factors for both
strength and stiffness of steel
• Partial factors for fire design of steel structures
Different design approaches for mechanical response of

structure in fire
global structural analysis
analysis of parts of the

structure
member analysis (mainly

when verifying standard fire
resistance requirements)
Two types of design methods for assessing mechanical

response of steel structures in fire
 Simple calculation models
critical temperature Ordinary structural
fire design
mechanical model of steel
structural members
 Advanced calculation models

all types of steel structures Advanced and
numerical models based on: specific structural
fire design
 finite element method
 finite difference method
Application domain of different design methods for steel

structures under fire situation
 Thermal action defined under standard fire
Advanced
Type of Simple calculation Critical
calculation
analysis methods temperature
models
Member
Yes Yes Yes
analysis
Analysis of
parts of the Not applicable Not applicable Yes
structure
Global
structural Not applicable Not applicable Yes
analysis
Application domain of different design methods for steel

structures under fire situation
 Thermal action defined under natural fire
Advanced
Type of Simple calculation Critical
calculation
analysis methods temperature
models
Member Yes Yes
Yes
analysis (if available) (if available)
Analysis of
parts of the Not applicable Not applicable Yes
structure
Global
structural Not applicable Not applicable Yes
analysis
Thermal properties of steel at elevated temperatures

Thermal conductivity Specific Heat
(W/m°K) (J/kg°K)
60 5000
la = 45 W/m °K (EC4
50 simple calculation model) 4000 ca = 600 J/kg °K
40 (EC4 simple
3000 calculation model)
30
2000
20
1000
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (°C) Temperature (°C)
Density of steel: 7850 kg/m3

Thermal properties of steel at elevated temperatures

Thermal expansion of steel
L/L (x103)
20
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (°C)
Mechanical properties of steel at elevated temperatures
Reduction factors Normalised stress

20°C 200°C 400°C
1.0 Effective yield 1
strength ky, 500°C
0.8 0.8
obtained with
0.6 0.6 600°C
Elastic 2% strain
0.4 0.4
modulus 700°C
0.2 k 0.2 800°C
E,
0
0 300 600 900 1200 0 5 10 15 20
Temperature (°C)
2% Strain (%)
 Elastic modulus at 600°C  Yield strength at 600°C

reduced by about 70% reduced by over 50%
Partial factors of steel at elevated temperatures
Ambient Fire
Type of members
temperature design design
Cross-sections M0 = 1.0 M,fi = 1.0
Members with
M1 = 1.0 M,fi = 1.0
instability
Tension members
M2 = 1.25 M,fi = 1.0
to fracture
Joints M2 = 1.25 M,fi = 1.0
Establishing fire resistance of steel
structures using simple process
FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE

Action in fire situation Efi.d.t
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
Design load in fire situation

Either ….. Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i
j1 i2
Recommended, for practical

application refer to each
National Annex
Reduction factor
Or more
usefully…..
Efi.d.t  fiEd relative to ambient-
temperature design load
E fi,d,t relative to ambient-

fi,t 
On the other
temperature design
hand, load level
Rd resistance
Reduction factor for design load in fire situation
 GA Gk  y 2.1Qk.1
fi 
 GGk   Q.1Qk.1
Ambient temperature strength design
G = 1.35 Permanent loads;
Q.1 = 1.50 Combination factor; variable loads
In structural fire design

GA = 1.0 Permanent loads; accidental design situations
y2.1 = 0.3 Combination factor; variable loads, offices
Qk,1/Gk 1 2 3 4
fi 0.53 0.46 0.43 0.41

Classify member
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
Classification of steel members in fire
C1: M  Mpl f > freq

C2: M  Mpl f < freq
C3: M  Mel
C4: M  Meff, el
Temperature induced
 classified as at ambient temperature
 however, different value of  to take 235
  0.85
account of temperature influence fy

Classify member
Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

Rfi.d.20
Degree of utilisation
m0
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
The “Degree of Utilisation”

… is the design loading of a member in fire, E fi.d
m0 
as a proportion of its design resistance at
ambient temperature (t = 0) but including R fi.d.0
material partial factors for fire design.
A simple version of  can be used when no risk of

Degree of Utilisation: overall or lateral-torsional
buckling …
  M,fi   conservative if fi,t calculated
m 0  fi,t   as proportion of design
  M0  loading at ambient temperature.


Classify member

Rfi.d.20
m0
Building
regulations
Critical temperature
tfi.requ
cr
Critical temperature of steel members

•Basic assumption: uniform temperature of steel member
Standard fire
1000 1.0
Temperature (°C)
Strength reduction of
800 0.8
cr
steel member
600 0.6
µ0
400 0.4
Uniform heating of
200 steel member 0.2
tfi.d
0 0.0
Stable structure Designed
Time collapse
Critical temperature of steel members

Critical Temperature (°C)
• Based on standard 800
 1 
fire tests. Simple cr  39.19 ln  1  482
700  0.9674 m 3.833
0 
members only.
600 Class 1, 2, 3
• Non-slender sections sections
without instability 500
(Classes 1, 2, 3)
400
treated the same.
300 Class 4 sections
• Slender (Class 4)
sections treated 200
conservatively
(350°C) or Annex E 100
for more detailed
design rules 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Degree of Utilisation m0
Critical temperature of steel members under instability

using specific tabulated data based on:
• non-dimensional slenderness at instant 0 l fi,0
• and a specific load level m0 = Nfi,d,t / Npl,fi,0
• each steel grade has its own tabulated data
l fi,0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
m0
0.04 1000 977 949 913 880 839 787 742 696 678 659
0.06 900 885 866 837 795 756 700 679 656 630 602
0.08 860 839 811 785 749 697 674 647 616 588 564
0.10 820 797 780 752 703 677 648 614 585 557 527
0.12 792 777 755 719 685 656 622 588 559 526 474
0.14 775 757 730 694 668 636 597 567 533 487 373
0.16 758 737 705 681 652 615 580 546 507 408
0.18 742 717 691 668 636 596 563 524 453
0.20 725 698 680 655 619 582 545 503 384
0.22 708 689 669 641 603 568 528 457
0.24 696 679 658 628 591 554 511 406
0.26 688 670 647 615 579 540 485
STEEL TEMPERATURE
FIRE RESISTANCE (UNPROTECTED)
Action in fire situation Efi.d.t Find Section Factor
Am/V and ksh
Classify member

Rfi.d.20
m0
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
cr
Section factor:
bare steel members insulated steel members
Definition: ratio between “perimeter through which heat is

transferred to steel” and “steel volume”
Section factor Am/V - unprotected steel members

b
perimeter exposed perimeter 2(b+h)

c/s area c/s area c/s area
Temperature increase of unprotected steel – shadow effect

• ksh: shadow effect caused by local shielding of radiative
heat transfer, due to shape of steel profile, i.e.:
– profiles, shadow effect: yes
–
profiles, shadow effect: no
 < 180° (reduced radiation)
• Thermal radiation already taken into account, no shadow
effect; hence:
– Insulated steel members, shadow effect: no
• Calculation of shadow effect
A  Am Am  Am 
k sh  0.9  m   
 V b V V  V b
 = 180°
full radiation
STEEL TEMPERATURE
Am/V and ksh
Classify member
Step by step
Resistance at 20°C by fire rules calculation until
Rfi.d.20 fi,d = cr
at tfi.d
m0
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
cr
Temperature increase of unprotected steel

Temperature increase in time step t (≤ 5 seconds) :
k sh A m
Fire
Steel
a.t  hnet.d t temperature
temperature
c a a V
Heat flux hnet.d has 2 parts: Steel
Radiation:
hnet,r  5.67  10 res g  273  m  273 8

 4 4

Convection: Under standard fire situation
hnet,c  c g  m  res = f xm =0.7 and f = 1.0
c = 25 W/m²K
Steel temperature as function of Section Factor value

 Bare steel profiles
Temperature [°C]
800
30
600 minutes
400 15 minutes
200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

ksh Am/V (m-1)
STEEL TEMPERATURE
Am/V and ksh
Classify member
Step by step
at tfi.d
m0
Is
Building
regulations
Critical temperature tfi.d ≥ tfi.requ
tfi.requ
cr ??
STEEL TEMPERATURE
FIRE RESISTANCE (PROTECTED)
Ap/V
Classify member

Rfi.d.20
m0
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
cr
Section factor Ap/V - protected steel members

b
inner perimeter
Steel perimeter of board 2(b+h)
steel c/s area steel c/s area c/s area
STEEL TEMPERATURE
Ap/V
Classify member
Step by step
at tfi.d
m0
Building
regulations
tfi.requ
cr
Temperature increase of protected steel members

Fire
• Some heat stored in protection temperature
layer. Steel
• Heat stored in protection layer temperature
relative to heat stored in steel
c pp Ap
f dp Steel
c a a V
Protection
• Temperature rise of steel in time dp
increment t (≤ 30 seconds)
lp / dp A p  1 
a.t   g,t  a,t t  e f / 10  1g,t
c a a V  1  f / 3 
Examples of protected steel members
1000
Temperature [oC]
800 Standard fire curve

600 Am / V = 100 [m-1]
400
Ap/V = 100 [m-1]
200 + insulation
0
0 20 40 60
Time [min]
STEEL TEMPERATURE
Ap/V
Classify member
Iterate temp./time
Rfi.d.20 until fi,d > cr
at tfi.d
m0
Is Building
regulations
Critical temperature tfi.d > tfi.requ
tfi.requ
cr ??
Simple load-bearing design rules
Tension, simple bending and members under compression

without instability behaviour (classes 1 to 3)
classes
class 3
1 and 2
Fc
- -
D Mfi,t,Rd  Ft  D
+ + Ft
fy, Simple bending
+ - Nfi,t,Rd  At  fy,
At
Tension or compression
Cross Temperature Stress Load bearing
section Distibution capacity
Adaptation factors - beam with concrete slab on top flange

Adaptation factors used to allow for non-
uniform temperature distribution for both
Moment Resistance:
  M,1  1
Mfi,t,Rd  MRdk y.  

  M,fi  12
Shear Resistance:
Temp   M,1 
Vfi,t,Rd  VRdk y.. max  


 M,fi 
1=1.0 for uniform c/s temperature, 0.7 or 0.85 for slab on top flange.
2=0.85 at supports of statically indeterminate beam, 1.0 for
all other cases (temperature distribution along beam).
Members under bending or/and compression with instability

behaviour (classes 1 to 3)
P (l)
1.0
Lfi 0.5
0
Section and l
temperature Specific buckling curve
Load bearing capacity: Nfi,t,Rd = (l) Nfi,pl,Rd

(l)  resistance and stiffness of cross section +
buckling length Lfi and a specific buckling curve
Design buckling length of steel columns in fire situation

Braced structures
Continued or ends maintained columns
Same fire resistance R between columns and floor members
Lfi=0.7L2
L2
Bracing
system
Lfi=0.5L1
L1
Design recommendations for steel joints

 Check of thermal resistance of steel joints
 df   df 
  of steel jo int  min imum value of  
 l f c  lf m
of any of the connected members
 Check of utilisation of steel joints

c,fi of steel joint ≤ maximum value of m,fi of any
of the connected members
More detailed simple design rules for steel joints

 Annex D
Design rules for external steel works

Facade Partition
wall wall
Flame
Beam Floor
Column
Corridor
Opening
Fire in one
compartment
Simple design rules

 Thermal action: annex B of EC1
 Heating of steel: annex B of EC3
Advanced fire resistance design tools
Application example of advanced thermal analysis

• Heating of fire insulated steel joint for R90
Main
beam
Secondary
beam
Numerical model of Temperature field of Temperature field of
fire insulated joint fire insulated joint steel parts of the joint
Advanced fire resistance design tools
Application example of advanced structural analysis

• failure mode of bare steel structures exposed to fire
Fire
wall
Fire resistance assessment of
steel structures
Worked examples
according to fire part of Eurocode 3

Building in steel structure
Office building with 6 levels of floor

• Standard fire resistance requirement: R60
Composite
slab Bracing
system
3.4x6 = 20.4 m
3.4 m
Structure grid of the steel building
Plan view of the steel structure

• two span continuous composite slab
S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
7m
C
Bracing
system
S2
S1 - S1
Sizes of the structural members
Structural members
• Composite slab:
 Total thickness: 12 cm
 Steel deck: COFRAPLUS60
 Thickness of steel deck: 0.75 mm
 Continuous slab over 2 spans
• Common secondary beams:
 IPE360 with steel grade of S275
• Internal main beams:
 HEA360 with steel grade of S275
• Columns for ground level:
 Edge columns (ground level): HEA300 with steel grade of S275
 Central columns (ground level): HEB300 with steel grade of S275
Design loads of the steel structure
Actions (for all floor levels)

• Self weight G1:
 composite slab unit weight: 2.12 kN/m²
 steel structural members: according to
their sizes
• Permanent load G2:
 finishing, embedded services, partitions: 1.50 kN/m²
• Permanent load G3:
 Façade cladding load: 2.00 kN/m
• Characteristic values of variable loads and y factors
Type qk y1 y2
Live load on floors 4.0 kN/m² 0.7 0.6
Snow on roof 1.7 kN/m² 0.2 0.0

Selected worked examples
1. Secondary beams under end support of the continuous slabs

2. Secondary beams under central support of the continuous slabs
3. Simply supported central main beams
4. Central columns at ground level S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
4 3
7m
2 Bracing system
S2 1
S1 - S1
Worked example 1
Secondary beams under end support of the continuous slabs

S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
7m
C
Bracing system
S2 1
S1 - S1
1. Secondary beams under end
support of the continuous slabs
Step 1: Design mechanical action in fire design

• Summary of input data
two span
Office
continuous slab
qs(Gk = 3.62 kN/m²; Qk = 4.0 kN/m²)
qb(Gk = 8.705 kN/m; Qk =9.0 kN/m)

Studied system
End support of the slab = 0.75 qs x l
Self weight of IPE360 = 0.56 kN/m 7m
Step 1: Design mechanical action in fire situation

• Design load in fire situation
Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i

j1 i2
qfi,d,t  Gb  0.75  Gk,1  y2,1Qk,1  l  14.105 kN / m

end support
0.6 (meeting area)
of 2 span slab
qfi,d,tL2
Mfi,d,t   86.4 kNm 14.105 kN/m
8
qfi,d,tL
Vfi,d,t   49.4 kN
2
Step 2: Classify member

• Bending member (IPE360)
Relation 4.2 of Eurocode 3 part 1-2
  0.85 235 fy  0.786

S275 MRd

Table 5.2 of Eurocode 3 part 1-1 -

+
c t w  72 Web class 1 Pure bending
= 37.3 = 56.6 Section
c t f  9 Flange class 1
class 1
= 4.96 = 7.07
Step 3: Design resistance at ambient 14.105 kN/m

temperature
• Design resistance at ambient temperature
according to §6.2.5 and §6.2.6 of Eurocode 3
part 1-1
 Moment resistance (relation 6.13) IPE360
Wpl,y
Wpl,y fy (cm3)
1019.15
MRd  Mpl,Rd   280.3 kNm
 M0
Av
(cm²) 35.14
 Vertical shear resistance (relation 6.18)
VRd  Vpl,Rd 
A v fy  3   557.9 kN M0 = 1
 M0
Step 4: Degree of utilisation 14.105 kN/m

• with respect to two resistances
• without consideration of adaptation factors 1
and 2
 Relative to moment resistance (relation 4.24)

 M0 Mfi,d,t  M0
m0,M  fi,M   0.308
 M,fi MRd  M,fi
 Relative to vertical shear resistance (relation 4.24)
 M0 Vfi,d,t  M0
m0,V  fi,V   0.088
 M,fi VRd  M,fi
M0 = M,fi = 1

(bare beam)
•modification with consideration of adaptation
factors 1 and 2 for bare steel beams
 On the basis of relation 4.10

four sides exposed (see 4.1(16) of EN1994-1-2)
1  1.0 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.308

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.088
no adaptation factors for vertical shear
 Design value of degree of utilisation
m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.308
Step 5: Critical temperature 14.105 kN/m

(bare beam)
• with simple calculation rule
• with accurate reduction factor table
 Simple calculation rule (relation 4.22)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  660 C
 0.9674m0 
 Linear interpolation of the reduction factor ky, (table 3.1)
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  667 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Step 4b: Degree of utilisation 14.105 kN/m

(insulated beam)
factors 1 and 2 for insulated steel beams

three sides exposed (insulated)
1  0.85 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.262

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.088
m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.262
Step 5b: Critical temperature 14.105 kN/m

(insulated beam)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  684 C
 0.9674m0 
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  687 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Worked example 2
Secondary beams under central support of the continuous slabs

S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
7m
2 Bracing system
S2
S1 - S1
2. Secondary beams under central
support of the continuous slab

Office two span
continuous slab
qs(Gk = 3.62 kN/m²; Qk = 4.0 kN/m²)
qb(Gk = 14.135 kN/m; Qk =15.0 kN/m)

Studied system
Central support of slab = 1.25 qs x l
Self weight of IPE360 = 0.56 kN/m 7m 7m

Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i

j1 i2
qfi,d,t  1.25  Gk,1  y2,1Qk,1  l  23.135 kN / m

central
0.6
support of 2
span slab
Pfi,d,t = 23.135 kN/m

Two span
continuous beam

  0.85 235 fy  0.786

MRd

MRd

Table 5.2 of Eurocode 3 part 1-1 - +

+ -
= 37.3 = 56.6 Section
class 1
= 4.96 = 7.07
Step 3: Design resistance at ambient temperature

• two equal span continuous beam
 Plastic load-bearing capacity
• Moment resistance ratio
n  Mfi,0,Rd Mfi,0,Rd
L
• Plastic hinge position
L Mfi,0,Rd
  1 n  1 n
• Load-bearing capacity
qfi,0,Rd  2 M 
fi,0,Rd L 2 Mfi,0,Rd
• Necessary vertical shear resistance at central support

( n)
V fi,0,Rd  qfi,0,Rd L 2  M 
fi,0,Rd L
Step 3: Design resistance at ambient temperature

• Design resistance at ambient temperature according to
Eurocode 3 part 1-1
IPE360
Wpl,y
 Moment resistance (relation 6.13) 1019.15
(cm3)
Wpl,y fy Av
MRd  Mpl,Rd   280.3 kNm (cm²) 35.14
 M0
VRd  Vpl,Rd 
A v fy  3   557.9 kN M0 = 1
 M0
Step 3a: Design resistance at ambient temperature

(bare beam and four sides exposed)
Pfi,d,t = 23.135 kN/m
 Modify sagging moment resistance at 20°C (relation 4.10)

• refer to Step 3 for MRd
1  1.0 MRd  M0
M 
fi,0,Rd   280.3 kNm
2  1.0 
1 2  M,fi
 Modify hogging moment resistance at 20°C (relation 4.10)
1  1.0 MRd  M0
M 
fi,0,Rd   329.7 kNm
2  0.85 
1 2  M,fi
Step 3a: Design resistance at ambient temperature (bare beam)

•two equal span continuous beam and four sides exposed section
n  MRd

MRd

 2 2 1.176
  1 n  1 n  0.404
qfi,0,Rd  2 MRd

L2  70.1 kN / m
Step 4a: Degree of utilisation (bare beam)
m0  qfi,d,t qfi,0,Rd  0.330

Step 4a: Degree of utilisation (bare beam)

•two equal spans continuous beam and four sides
exposed section
 Check of vertical shear resistance at central support
V(fi,n0),Rd  qfi,0,Rd L 2  Mfi,0,Rd L  292.4 kN
• Vertical shear resistance of the beam at central support
 M0 ( n)
Vfi,0,Rd  VRd  557.9 kN > Vfi,0,Rd
 M,fi
• As Vfi,0,Rd > V(fi,n0),Rd no further calculation is needed to modify the
degree of utilisation
Step 5a: Critical temperature (bare beam)

• with simple calculation rule (relation 4.22)
• with accurate reduction factor table (Table 3.1)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  649 C
 0.9674m0 
 Linear interpolation of the reduction factor ky, (Table 3.1)
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  658 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Step 3b: Design resistance at ambient temperature

(insulated beam – 3 sides exposed)
Pfi,d,t = 23.135 kN/m
 Modify sagging moment resistance at 20°C (relation 4.10)

• refer to Step 3 for MRd
1  0.85 MRd  M0
M 
fi,0,Rd     329.7 kNm
2  1.0 1 2  M,fi
 Modify hogging moment resistance at 20°C (relation 4.10)
1  0.85 MRd  M0
M 
    387.9 kNm
2  0.85 fi,0,Rd
1 2  M,fi
Step 3a: Design resistance at ambient temperature

n  MRd

MRd

 2 2 1.176
  1 n  1 n  0.404
qfi,0,Rd  2 MRd

L2  82.5 kN / m
Step 4b: Degree of utilisation
m0  qfi,d,t qfi,0,Rd  0.281

Step 4b: Degree of utilisation

• Two equal spans continuous beam
 Check of vertical shear resistance at central support
V(fi,n0),Rd  qfi,0,Rd L 2  Mfi,0,Rd L  344.0 kN
• Vertical shear resistance of the beam at central support
 M0 ( n)
Vfi,0,Rd  VRd  557.9 kN > Vfi,0,Rd
 M,fi
• As Vfi,0,Rd > V(fi,n0),Rd no further calculation is needed to modify the
degree of utilisation
Step 5b: Critical temperature

• with simple calculation rule (relation 4.22)
• with accurate reduction factor table (Table 3.1)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  674 C
 0.9674m0 
 Linear interpolation of the reduction factor ky, (Table 3.1)
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  679 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Worked example 3
Simply supported central main beams

S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
3
7m
C
Bracing system
S2
S1 - S1
3. Simply supported central
main beams

• Summary of input data Design load in
fire situation
Design load in
fire situation two span continuous
beam
Pfi,d,t
Studied system qb(Gk = 1.12 kN/m; Qk =0.0 kN/m)
Central support of secondary beam
= 1.25 q x L
3m
Self weight of HEA360 = 1.12 kN/m 6m
main beams

Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i

j1 i2
 Uniformely distributed load

qfi,d,t  Gk,1  y2,1Qk,1  1.12 kN / m
Self
0.6
weight
 Concentrated load from continuous secondary beam
Pfi,d,t  1.25  Gk,1  y 2,1Qk,1  L
 1.25  23.135  7  202.4 kN / m
design load of secondary beam
in fire situation
main beams

• both uniform and concentrated loads
 Design loading conditions in fire situation
202.4 kN
1.12 kN/m
 Applied bending moment and vertical shear

qfi,d,t l 2 Pfi,d,t l
Mfi,d,t    308.6 kNm
2 2
Pfi,d,t l3m
Vfi,d,t  qfi,d,t l   104.5 kN
2
main beams
Step 2: Classify member 1.12 kN/m 202.4 kN

• Bending member (HEA360)
  0.85 235 fy  0.786

S275

+
= 26.1 = 56.6 Section
class 1
= 6.74 = 7.07
main beams
Step 3: Design resistance at ambient 1.12 kN/m 202.4 kN

temperature
according to Eurocode 3 part 1-1
 Moment resistance (relation 6.13) HEA360
Wpl,y fy
Wpl,y
2088.47
MRd  Mpl,Rd   574.3 kNm (cm3)
 M0 Av
48.96
(cm²)
 Vertical shear resistance (relation 6.18) M0 = 1
VRd  Vpl,Rd 
A v fy  3   777.3 kN
 M0
main beams
Step 4: Degree of utilisation 1.12 kN/m 202.4 kN

• with respect to two resistance forces
• without consideration of adaptation factors
1 and 2

m0,M  fi,M   0.537
m0,V  fi,V   0.134
M0 = M,fi = 1
main beams


three sides exposed (bare)
1  0.70 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.376

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.134
m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.376
main beams
Step 5: Critical temperature 1.12 kN/m 202.4 kN

(bare beams)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  629 C
 0.9674m0 
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  639 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
main beams
Step 4b: Degree of utilisation 1.12 kN/m 202.4 kN


1  0.85 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.457

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.134

m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.457
main beams
Step 5b: Critical temperature 1.12 kN/m 202.4 kN

(insulated beam)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  599 C
 0.9674m0 
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  606 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Worked examples
Central columns at ground level

S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
4
7m
C
Bracing system
S2
S1 - S1
4. Central column at ground level

202.4 kN 311.8x5 kN
Design load in
fire situation
Design load in 202.4 kN
fire situation
Studied system
3.4 m Design load per level
from secondary beam: 98.7 kN
Design load per level
from main beam: 209.2 kN
Self weight of HE300 = 1.15 kN/m

Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i

j1 i2
 Self weight of the column

qfi,d,t  1.148  3.4  3.9 kN / m
 Total concentrated axial load from steel beams
Pfi,d,t   Gk,1  y 2,1Qk,1 
 14.105  7  202.4  1.12  6  307.9 kN
secondary main
beam beam

 Total design loading conditions in fire
situation 1870.8 kN
Nfi,d,t  307.9  3.9  6  1870.8 kN
 Buckling length in fire situation

• pinned column base
L fi  0.7L  0.7  3.4  2.38 m


• Bending member
  0.85 235 fy  0.786

S275 HEB300

c t w  33 Web class 1 Compression
= 18.9 = 25.9 Section
class 1
= 6.2 = 7.07
Step 3: Design resistance at instant 0

(ambient temperature)
• Design resistance at instant 0 (ambient
temperature) according to Eurocode 3 part 1-2
 Plastic axial resistance HEB300

A
Npl,fi,0  A  fy M,fi  4099.7 kNm (cm²)
149.08
iz
 Non-dimensional slenderness (cm) 7.58
Afy L fi 1
lfi,0    0.362
Ncr iz 93.9
Step 4: Degree of utilisation for tabulated data

Nfi,d,t
m0   0.456
Npl,fi,0
Step 5: Critical temperature
• With lfi,0  0.362 and linear interpolation of tabulated data
l fi,0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
m0
… … … … … … … … … … … …
0.40 629 603 578 544 499
0.42 621 595 569 535 477
0.44 588 561

cr  560 C
613 525 455
0.46 604 581 553 516 433
0.48 597 573 545 506 411
0.50 590 566 536 494 367
0.52 584 559 528 477

Summary of critical temperatures
Critical temperatures of all calculated steel members

• Bare and insulated
Critical temperatures
Steel members (°C)
Bare Insulated
Secondary beams under end
1 667 687
support of continuous slab
Secondary beams under central
2 658 679
Simply supported central main
3 639 606
beam
4 Central column at ground level 560 560
Step 6: Heating of bare steel members under standard fire

Change of steel temperature in time t (Section 4.2.5.1 of EN1993-1-2):
a.t = ksh / (ca a ) Am/V hnet.d t 1000 Temperature (°C)

Four sides exposed: ISO834
800
• cr = 667 °C Bare
• Section factor: Am/V = 186 m-1 (IPE360)
600
• ksh = 0.9 x146/186 = 0.706 (relation 4.26a)
Net heat flux/unit area hnet.d for ISO834 400
Standard Fire (EN1991-1-2):
• Using f = 1.0 et m = 0.7 (Section 3.1)
200
• Using c = 25 W/m²K (Section 3.2.1)
0
By calculation using Excel sheet with t = 5 15 30 45 60
Time (min)
seconds …. (4.2.5.1(5) of EN1993-1-2)
Time for bare steel to reach critical temperature = 17 min 00 sec


800
• cr = 658 °C Bare
• Section factor: Am/V = 186 m-1 (IPE360)
600
• ksh = 0.9 x146/186 = 0.706 (relation 4.26a)
200
0
Time (min)
seconds …. (4.2.5.1(5) of EN1993-1-2)
main beams


Three sides exposed: ISO834
800
• cr = 639 °C
• Section factor: Am/V = 107 m-1 (HEA360) Bare
600
• ksh = 0.9 x70/107 = 0.589 (relation 4.26a)
200
0
Time (min)
seconds …. (4.2.5.1(5) of EN1993-1-2)
4. Central columns at ground level


800
• cr = 560 °C
• Section factor: Am/V = 116 m-1 (HEB300)
600 Bare
• ksh = 0.9 x 80/116 = 0.621 (relation 4.26a)
200
0
Time (min)
seconds …. (4.2.5.1(5) of EN1993-1-2)
Summary of standard fire
resistance of bare steel members
Fire
cr kshAm/V
Steel members resistance
(°C) (m-1) R
Secondary beams under end
667 131 17 min 00 sec
Secondary beams under central
658 131 16 min 30 sec
Simply supported
central main beam
639 63 23 min 10 sec
Central column at ground level 560 72 17 min 50 sec

Fire resistance of bare members depends on critical
temperature, section factor and shadow effect
• Fire resistance of R15
• Fire protection is needed for R60
Fire protection of steel members
Different fire protection solutions for steel members

• Steel beams: sprayed vermiculite cement – 10 mm and 15 mm
• Steel columns: one layer plasterboard encasement – 12.5 mm
1 & 2: Secondary beams
Step 7: Heating of insulated steel members under standard fire

•fire resistance requirement: R60 (60 min)
Temperature increase of steel in time t (Section 4.2.5.2 of EN1993-1-2):
a.t = lp/(dpcaa) Ap/V [1/(1+f/3)] (g.t-a.t)t - (ef/10-1) g.t
Temperature (°C)
Encasement with 10 mm sprayed insulation:1000
Density p = 350 kg/m3 ISO834
800
Specific heat cp = 1200 J/kg°K Bare
Th. conductivity lp = 0.12 W/m°K
600
Three sides exposed:
• cr = 687 °C and 679 °C 400
• Section factor: Ap/V = 163 m-1 (IPE360)
200
f = (cppdp/caa) Ap/V = 0.145
At 60 min steel temperature a=643 °C 0 15 30 45 60
(< cr = 687 °C and 679 °C) Time (min)
main beams

1000 Temperature (°C)
Encasement with 10 mm sprayed insulation:
Specific heat cp = 1200 J/kg°K 800
Th. conductivity lp = 0.12 W/m°K Bare
600
• cr = 606 °C 400
• Section factor: Ap/V = 107 m-1 (HEA360)
200
f = (cppdp/caa) Ap/V = 0.0954
(< cr = 606 °C) Time (min)
4. Central columns at ground level

Encasement with 12.5 mm plasterboard: 1000 Temperature (°C)
Specific heat cp = 1700 J/kg°K 800
Th. conductivity lp = 0.20 W/m°K Bare
600
• cr = 560 °C 400
• Section factor: Ap/V = 80 m-1 (HEB300)
200
f = (cppdp/caa) Ap/V = 0.289
(< cr = 560 °C) Time (min)
Summary of passive fire
protection of steel members
cr Type of Thickness

Steel members
(°C) protection (mm)
Secondary beams under end Contour
687 encasement
10
Secondary beams under central Contour
679 encasement
10
Simply supported Contour
central main beam
606 encasement
10
Hollow
Central column at ground level 560 encasement
12.5
Optimized solution:
•Use of continuous secondary beams allows only one
protection thickness for all beams – 10 mm
Fire resistance assessment
of steel structures
Thank you for

attention
Questions ?
Fire resistance assessment of steel
structures
Additional worked examples
according to fire part of Eurocode 3

Option of worked example 2
Secondary beams under central support of the continuous slabs

• The beam is considered as simply supported in stead of continuous
beam S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 2 S1
7m
C
Bracing system
S2
S1 - S1
2b. Secondary beams under central

•Summary of input data (simply supported beam)
Office two span
continuous slab
qs(Gk = 3.62 kN/m²; Qk = 4.0 kN/m²)
qb(Gk = 14.135 kN/m ; Qk =15.0 kN/m)

Studied system
Central support of slab = 1.25 qs x l
Self weight of IPE360 = 0.56 kN/m 7m

Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i

j1 i2
qfi,d,t  1.25  Gk,1  y2,1Qk,1  l  23.135 kN / m

central
0.6
support of 2
span slab
qfi,d,tL2
23.135 kN/m Mfi,d,t   141.7 kNm
8
qfi,d,tL
Vfi,d,t   81.0 kN
2
Step 2: Classify member 23.135 kN/m

  0.85 235 fy  0.786

+
= 37.3 = 56.6 Section
class 1
= 4.96 = 7.07
Step 3: Design resistance at ambient 23.135 kN/m

temperature
 Moment resistance (relation 6.13) IPE360
Wpl,y fy Wpl,y
1019.15
 M0 Av
(cm²) 35.14
VRd  Vpl,Rd 
A v fy  3   557.9 kN M0 = 1
 M0

• without consideration of adaptation factors 1
and 2

m0,M  fi,M   0.506
m0,V  fi,V   0.145
M0 = M,fi = 1


four sides exposed (see 4.1(16) of EN1994-1-2)
1  1.0 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.506

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.145
m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.506
Step 5: Critical temperature 23.135 kN/m

(bare beams)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  583 C
 0.9674m0 
at 500 °C: ky, = 0.78
cr  589 C
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
Step 4b: Degree of utilisation 23.135 kN/m


1  0.85 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.430

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.145

m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.430
Step 5b: Critical temperature 23.135 kN/m

(insulated beam)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  608 C
 0.9674m0 
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  617 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Modified worked example 3
Simply supported central main beams

•The modification of worked example 2 will lead to modification of worked
example 3 S2
1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system
Bracing system
7m
S2 - S2
14 m
S1 S1
3
7m
C
Bracing system
S2
S1 - S1
3b. Simply supported central
main beams

• Summary of input data Design load in
fire situation
Design load in
fire situation Simply supported beam
Pfi,d,t
Studied system qb(Gk = 0.56 kN/m; Qk =0.0 kN/m)
End support of secondary beam
=qxL
3m
Self weight of HEA360 = 1.12 kN/m 6m
main beams

Efi,d,t = Gk,j + 2,1 Qk,1 +  2,i Qk,i

j1 i2
 Uniformely distributed load

qfi,d,t  Gk,1  y2,1Qk,1  1.12 kN / m
Self
0.6
weight
 Concentrated load from simply supported
secondary beam
Pfi,d,t  Gk,1  y2,1Qk,1  L  23.135  L  162.0 kN / m
design load of secondary beam
in fire situation
main beams

• both uniform and concentrated loads
 Design loading conditions in fire situation
162.0 kN
1.12 kN/m
 Applied bending moment and vertical shear

qfi,d,t l 2 Pfi,d,t l
Mfi,d,t    248.0 kNm
2 2
Pfi,d,t
Vfi,d,t  qfi,d,t l   84.3 kN
2
main beams
Step 2: Classify member 1.12 kN/m 162.0 kN

• Bending member (HEA360)
  0.85 235 fy  0.786

S275

+
= 37.3 = 56.6 Section
class 1
= 4.96 = 7.07
main beams
Step 3: Design resistance at ambient 1.12 kN/m 162.0 kN

temperature
 Moment resistance (relation 6.13) HEA360
Wpl,y fy
Wpl,y
2088.47
 M0 Av
48.96
(cm²)
 Vertical shear resistance (relation 6.18) M0 = 1
VRd  Vpl,Rd 
A v fy  3   777.3 kN
 M0
main beams

• without consideration of adaptation factors
1 and 2

m0,M  fi,M   0.432
m0,V  fi,V   0.108
M0 = M,fi = 1
main beams


three sides exposed (bare)
1  0.70 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.302

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.108
m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.302
main beams
Step 5: Critical temperature 1.12 kN/m 162.0 kN

(bare beams)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  663 C
 0.9674m0 
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  670 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
main beams
Step 4b: Degree of utilisation 1.12 kN/m 162.0 kN


1  0.85 m0,M,  m0,M  12   0.367

2  1.0
m0,V,  m0,V  0.108
m0 = max(m0,M,, m0,V,) = 0.367
main beams
Step 5b: Critical temperature 1.12 kN/m 162.0 kN

(insulated beam)
 1 
cr  39.19 ln 3.833
 1  482  633 C
 0.9674m0 
at 600 °C: ky, = 0.47
cr  643 C
at 700 °C: ky, = 0.23
Summary of passive fire protection of
steel members (alternative solution)
With simply supported beam design for all secondary beams

cr Type of Thickness
Steel members
(°C) protection (mm)
Secondary beams under end Contour
687 encasement
10
Secondary beams under central Contour
617 encasement
15
Simply supported Contour
central main beam
643 encasement
10
Hollow
Central column at ground level >560 encasement
12.5
Unoptimized solution:
•Use of different protection thicknesses for steel beams

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Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 1

Fire resistance assessment of steel structures

Basic design methods

CEN/TC250 HG-Fire Convenor

Basic design methods of EN1993-1-2

Fire part of Eurocode 3

Following common layout to provide design rules for fire

Fire resistance is defined in terms of time as follows:

R – load bearing function

E – integrity separating function

I – thermal insulation separating function

Only load bearing function R of steel structures is covered

Load bearing function of a structure is satisfied only if during

• Cold-formed carbon structural steel:

• Stainless structural steel:

• Both internal and external steel structures

Load bearing function R in fire and ambiant temperature design

Mr(20°C) Fire design

Temperature increase Mr(crit)

Eurocodes allow fire

Actions on structures exposed to fire

Material properties at elevated temperatures

Different design approaches for mechanical response of

global structural analysis

analysis of parts of the

member analysis (mainly

Two types of design methods for assessing mechanical

 Advanced calculation models

Application domain of different design methods for steel

Application domain of different design methods for steel

 Thermal action defined under natural fire

Thermal properties of steel at elevated temperatures

Density of steel: 7850 kg/m3

Thermal properties of steel at elevated temperatures

Mechanical properties of steel at elevated temperatures

Reduction factors Normalised stress

 Elastic modulus at 600°C  Yield strength at 600°C

Partial factors of steel at elevated temperatures

FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE

Design load in fire situation

Recommended, for practical

E fi,d,t relative to ambient-

Reduction factor for design load in fire situation

In structural fire design

FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE

Classification of steel members in fire

C1: M  Mpl f > freq

FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

The “Degree of Utilisation”

A simple version of  can be used when no risk of

  M0  loading at ambient temperature.

FIRE RESISTANCE STEEL TEMPERATURE

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

Critical temperature of steel members

Critical temperature of steel members

Critical temperature of steel members under instability

Resistance at 20°C by fire rules

bare steel members insulated steel members

Definition: ratio between “perimeter through which heat is

Section factor Am/V - unprotected steel members

perimeter exposed perimeter 2(b+h)

Temperature increase of unprotected steel – shadow effect