Glycolysis

1. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits and activates fructose-1,6-biphosphatase

2. Glucose from the breakdown of glycogen is obtained in the liver and muscles from
phosphorolysis
3. Glycogen has alpha 1,4 and 1,6 linkages
4. Glycolytic pathway regulation involves allosteric simulation by ADP, allosteric inhibition by ATP
and feedback or product inhibition by ATP
5. During catabolism, only about 40% of the energy available from oxidizing glucose is used to
synthesize ATP. Remaining 60% is lost as heat.
6. Why does the glycolytic pathway continue in the direction of glucose catabolism? There are
essentially three irreversible reactions that act as the driving force for the pathway.
7. The released energy obtained by oxidation of glucose is stored as ATP
8. A kinase is an enzyme that performs uses ATP to add a phosphate group to the substrate.
9. For every one molecule of sugar glucose which is oxidized 2 molecule of pyruvic acid are
produced.
10. In the glycogen synthase reaction, the precursor to glycogen is UDP-glucose
11. The active form of glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated, while the dephosphorylation of
which active form occurs? Glycogen synthase
12. The amount of energy received from one ATP is 7.3 kcal
13. The enzymes of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell are located in the cytosol
14. When concentration of the reactants is higher than the equilibrium concentration then gibbs
free is negative and more products are formed.
15. Which of the following is not true of glycolysis? The pathway oxidizes two moles of NADH to
NAD+ for each mole of glucose that enters
16. In glycolysis, ATP is formed by the transfer of a high-energy phosphate from 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate to ADR No such high-energy phosphate donor has ever been isolated in
mitochondria because no such phosphate donor exists
17. ATP is from which general category of molecules? Nucleotides
18. The glycolytic pathway (glucose → 2 pyruvate) is found in all living organisms
19. Which of the following could act as an uncoupler of electron transport and ATP synthesis? The
Fo bae-piece of ATP synthase and Dinitrophenol
20. Which of the following is not a mechanism for altering the flux of metabolites through the rate-
determining step of a pathway? Diffusional coupling between adjacent active sites
21. Phosphofructokinase, the major flux-controlling enzyme of glycolysis is allosterically inhibited
and activated respectively by ATP and ADP
22. During glycolysis, the major energy generating step involves glyceraldehyde-3 –dehydrogenase.

Transcription and Regulation

1. The complex of RNA polymerase, DNA template and new RNA transcript is called transcription
bubble
2. RNA polymerase in prokaryotes has a removable sigma unit
3. Promoters for tRNAs are located downstream from the start codon
4. The binding of lac repressor to DNA could be considered to be analogous to competitive
inhibition of an enzyme
 5. Rho-dependent termination of transcription in E. coli requires ATP and about 50 nucleotides of
uncomplexed mRNA
6. Enhancers are regions that modulate transcription
7. Transcription by E. coli polymerase occurs in three phases known as initiation, elongation and
termination
8. Which of the following is necessary for transcription to occur? DNA and RNA polymerase.
9. Multiple copies of 5S genes, located at a chromosomal site distinct from the other rRNA genes
are transcribed by rRNA polymerase III and the 5S rRNA
10. Each tRNA molecule has a cloverleaf secondary structure consisting of three steem loops
11. What is a promoter? A specific sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds
12. In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, a promoter region that is rich in AT bases is called as TATA
box
13. The RNA polymerases that transcribe bacterial DNA are multisubunit enzymes
14. Immediately after transcription a methylated guanine cap is added to the 51 end of the
transcript
15. Transcription factors are proteins which bind to DNA and regulate transcription
16. Most transcripts of protein coding genes are cleaved at the 3' end just after a poly adenylation
signal
17. RNA is synthesized on a DNA template in a process called transcription which utilizes the
enzyme RNA polymerase.
18. The closed complex at bacterial promoters is in equilibrium with free RNA polymerase and the
promoter
19. The transcriptional regulatory proteins in eukaryotes which induce transcription usually have at
least two distinct domains of protein structure, a DNA binding domain and an activation domain
20. In eukaryotes, there are three different RNA polymerases. The RNA polymerase responsible for
transcription of mRNA is RNA polymerase II
21. The nucleons of eukaryotic cell has RNA polymerase I,II & III
22. Upstream regions which are essential for correct transcription are called PROMOTERS
23. Transcription of each set of rRNA genes by RNA polymerase produces a single 45S rRNA
precursor molecule
24. The regions of a gene located at -10 and -35, with respect to the start of transcription, are
termed promoters.
25. Which of the following conditions would cause the release of the lac repressor protein from the
lac operator site on DNA? Presence of lactose and IPTG in growth media

Genetic Regulation Prokaryotes

1. A mutation in the tip binding site of the repressor would result in constitutive trp operon
expression.
2. The first protein complex to bind to the TATA box is transcription factor IID
3. Which of the following is not part of the lac operon? I
4. The lac operon is transcribed in which segments? 1
5. A frameshift mutation occurs in the sigma subunit gene transcribed as part of SPOl early genes.
What will be the immediate result? The bacterial host will lyse immediately
6. In the presence of high levels of tryptophan attenuator terminates transcription
 7. Tubulin is regulated by binding of tubulin to the tubulin translational product
8. Transcription factors are proteins which bind DNA and initiate transcription
9. Genes which need to be coordinately regulated but are not in operons may be regulated by
common transcription factor binding domains
10. What are genes? All above
11. Which of the following is not a transcription factor? Steroid hormones
12. Sex determination in Drosophila involves alternate splicing.
13. Enhancers differ from promoters in that their orientation can be inverted without effect
14. Methylated gene are silent
15. Which of the following occur in the presence of glucose? Binding of CAP-cAMP complex to the
promoter area decreases
16. Sex hormones activate transcription of specific genes by binding to a transcription factor
17. The lac operon is translated into three proteins.
18. In the presence of tryptophan in the cell, the repressor is bound to both DNA and tryptophan
19. Catabolite activating protein exerts positive control on transcription of the lac operon genes.
20. DNA is methylated at CG sequences
21. Why are several structural genes regulated as a unit in bacteria? It allows coordinating
regulation of genes with a common function
22. Alternate splicing of RNA transcripts is a mechanism to regulate tachykinins

Oxidative Phosphorylation

1. FAD is reduced to FADH2 during Krebs cycle.

2. During glycolysis, electrons removed from glucose are passed to NAD+
3. A biological redox reaction always involves oxidizing, reducing agent and gain of electrons
4. Coenzyme Q is involved in electron transport as a lipid-soluble electron carrier
5. The carbon dioxide is primary a product of Krebs Cycle
6. Which of the following is not a feature of oxidative phosphorylation? Direct transfer of
phosphate from a substrate molecule to ADP
7. Which of the following is not a significant biological oxidizing agent? Fe3+
8. How many CO2 molecules are exhaled for each O2 molecule utilized in cellular respiration? 1
9. What happens after glycolysis when oxygen is available as an electron acceptor? NADH is
produced
10. Which of the following is correct sequence of processes in the oxidation of glucose? Glycolysis -
Krebs cycle - eletron transport
11. In electron transport, electrons ultimately pass to oxygen
12. The complete oxidation of glucose yields usable energy in the form of ATP
13. During electron transport, protons are pumped out of the mitochondrion at each of the major
sites except for complex II
14. In aerobic respiration, the compound that enters a mitochondrion is pyruvate

HPLC

1. HPLC stands for High Pressure/Liquid Chromatography

2. The eluent strength is a measure of solvent adsorption energy
3. HPLC methods include all of the above
4. Column efficiency is measured in terms of number of plates which is inversely related to the
square of the peak width
5. For a typical adsorbent such as silica gel, the most popular pore diameters are 60 and 100 A°
6. An isocratic elution in HPLC is one in which the composition of the solvent remains constant
7. In reversed phase HPLC, there is a polar solvent/non-polar column
8. Which of the following statements is true for a refractive index detector in HPLC? It does not
respond to many solutes
9. A gradient elution in HPLC is one in which the composition of the solvent is changed
continuously or in a series of steps
10. An eluotropic series ranks solvents by their relative abilities to displace solutes from a given
absorbent
11. Dwell volume is defined as the volume of the column between the point at which solvents are
mixed and the beginning of the column
12. Void volume refers to the total volume of eluent in the column the remainder being taken up by
the packing material
13. In normal phase HPLC, there is a non polar solvent/polar column
14.