2/3/2018 Heredity and Evolution Notes For Class 10 Download pdf

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Chapter 1 chemical reactions

and equations Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution notes download in pdf which has explanation of heredity and
evolution, heredity and evolution class 10, heredity and evolution class 10 notes, heredity and
Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and
evolution ppt, heredity and evolution notes
Salts

Chapter 3 Metals and Non-

metals
Heredity and Evolution Notes

For Class 10 Formulas Download PDF

Chapter 6 Life Processes

Chapter 7 Control and

1. The transmission of characters from parent to their off springs is known as heredity.
Coordination

Chapter 12 Electricity The study of heredity and variations is known as genetics.

Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects

of Electric Current ♦ Clones are those organisms which are the carbon copies of one another.

Chapter 14 Sources of
Energy ♦ Variation in sexually reproducing organisms are caused due to the following factors like
environment, crossing over and recombination of genes and mutation.
Chapter 4 Carbon and its
Compounds
♦ The first study of inheritance was done by Gregor Mendel on garden pea.
Chapter 8 Diversity in living
Organisms
♦ Paired condition of chromosomes is known as diploid.

Chapter 9 Heredity and

Evolution ♦ Unpaired condition of chromosomes is known as haploid.

Chapter 5 Periodic
Classification of Elements ♦ DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid), RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) is the genetic material in all organisms.

Chapter 10 Light (Reflection

and Refraction) 2. Mendel’s laws of inheritance are

Chapter 11 The Human Eye (i) Law of Dominance

and the Colourful
(ii) Law of Segregation (Law of purjty of gametes)
Chapter 16 Management of (iii) Law of Independent Assortment
Natural Resources

chapter 15 Our Environment 3. Genotype is the composition of genes present in an organism and the characteristic which is
visible in an organism is called its phenotype.

4. When two parents cross (or breed) to produce progeny (or offsprings), then their progeny is called
F1-generation (First Filial Generation) and when the first generation progeny cross among themselves
to prod or second Filial Generation.

♦ Mendel conducted his famous experiments on garden pea (Pisum sativum).

♦ He used a number of contrasting characters like round / wrinkled seeds, tall/ short plants, white/
violet flowers and so on.

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2/3/2018 Heredity and Evolution Notes For Class 10 Download pdf
5. During Monohybrid Cross

♦ When tall pea plants are crossed with short pea plants then in Fi generation only tall plants were
obtained.

♦ F2 progeny ofFi tall plants are not all tall but one quarter of them are short indicating that both
tallness and shortness traits were inherited in F1 but only tallness trait was expressed due to
dominance.

♦ In dihybrid cross two pairs of contrasting characters were considered. Tall plant with round seeds
were crossed with short plant with wrinkled seeds. In Fi tall plants with round seeds were obtained.
On selfing these F, plants with F2 produced tall plants with round seeds, short plant with wrinkled
seeds and some new combinations (tall plant }
with wrinkled seeds and short plant with rounds seeds) were also obtained. The tall/short trait and
round wrinkled traits are independently inherited.

♦ The expression of a particular trait is controlled by gene.

6. DNA is the source of making protein in a cell.

The section of DNA that provides information for one protein is called gene.

7. Physical and Chemical Basis of Heredity

Mendel (1866) said that heredity was controlled by particles, called germinal units, or factors.

8 Sex determination is the process by which the sex of a person is determined.

All human chromosomes are not paired. 22 pairs are called autosomes. Women have a perfect pair of
sex chromosomes XX. But men have a mismatched pair XY.

9. Evolution
It is the sequence of gradual changes which take place in the primitive organisms over millions of
years in which new species are produced

A. The evidences of evolution are :

i. Homologous organs,
ii. Analogous organs, and
Fossils

B. Theories of Evolution

Jean Baptiste Lamarck gave the first theory of evolution.

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) explained the evolutionary principle in his famous book “The
origin of species”. The theory proposed by him is popularly known as theory of natural selection or
Darwinsim.

The main features of the theory of natural selection are as follows:

(i) Over production
(ii) Limited food and space
(iii) Struggle for Existence
(iv) Variations
(v) Natural Selection or Survival of the Fittest

10. Speciation : The process by which new species develop from the existing species is known as
speciation.

The factors which leads to speciation are :

♦ Geographical isolation

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2/3/2018 Heredity and Evolution Notes For Class 10 Download pdf
♦ Genetic drift and
♦ Variations

11. Classification Evolutions are of three types :-

(i) Convergent Evolution
(ii) Divergent Evolution
(iii) Parallel Evolution.

12. Fossils : The remains of dead plants or animals that lived in the remote past are known as
fossils. Various kinds of fossils are : Ammonite, Trilobite and Dinosaur.

13. Evolution by Stages : Evolution of complex organs have taken place bit-by-bit over generations.

For example eye, feathers of birds have evolved because of survival advantage of intermediate stages.

Thus changes in DNA during reproduction are the main cause of evolution.

14. Human Evolution : All have beings belong to single speceis Homo sapiens, although there were
many races of humans.

They have originated in Africa, some ancestors left Africa and migrated to West Asia, Central Asia,
Eurasia South Asia, East Asia, Indonesia, Australia, America, while others stayed there.

Excavating, time-dating, studying fossils, determining DNA Sequences have been used for studying
human evolution.

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