 The action of varying fuel supply to an engine

in accordance with the load demand so that the

engine runs at constant speed is called
governing.

 The three methods of governing of I.C Engines

 Hitand miss governing
 Quantitative governing
 Qualitative governing
 Hit and miss governing
 In
this method ,the supply of fuel to the engine
cylinder is cut off when the engine speed increases
above the mean speed of the engine.

 Quantitative governing
 The amount of fuel-air mixture supplied to the
engine cylinder is varied according to the load
variations.

 Qualitative governing
 The amount of air drawn in to the engine cylinder
remains constant. The quantity of fuel sprayed in
to the engine cylinder is regulated.
 2ND MODULE
PART –II

REFRIGERATION
 The process of maintaining a system at a
temperature below the temperature of
surrrounding.
 It can be accomplished by removing heat
from the system.
 The equipment employed to maintain the
system at lower temperature is called
refrigerating system.
 The system which is kept at lower
temperature is called refrigerated system.
 Refrigeration is generally produced in one of the
following three ways:
 By melting of a solid
 By sublimation of a solid
 By evaporation of a liquid
 Most of the commercial refrigeration is produced
by evaporation of a liquid called refrigerant.
 Natural methods

eg. Melting of Ice

 Artificial methods (Mechanical Refrigeration)

Mechanical refrigeration is based on evaporation of

liquids and it includes evaporator, compressor,
condensor and expansion valve
Applications of Refrigeration
1. Industrial Processes which includes processing
of food stuffs , farm crops , photographic
materials ,petroleum and other chemical
products, treatment of concrete for dams,
processing in textile mills , printing works etc.,
2. Preservation of Perishable goods which
includes storage and transportation of food
stuffs(eg. Fish,fruits,vegitables,meats,dairy
products, poultry products etc).
3. Providing comfort environment which includes
comfort air conditioning of residences,
hospitals. Theatres, offices etc.
 Types of mechanical refrigerators
 Air
refrigerator in which air is used as the
working fluid.

 Vapour refrigerator in which vapours like

Ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, freon
etc are used as the working fluid.
 The rate of heat absorbed from a body or
space to be cooled is termed as Refrigerating
Effect.
 The unit of regrigeration is epressed in
Tonnes of Refrigeration { TR }
 It is equivalent to melting (latent heat of
fusion) of one tonne of ice from and at 00C in
24 hrs
 Latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 KJ/h
 1 TR = 14000 kJ/h = 210 kJ/min = 3.5 kJ/s
 The performance of a refrigerating system is
expressed in terms of COP.
 It is defined as heat absorbed by the
refrigerant while passing through the
evaporator to the work input required to
compress the refrigerant in the compressor.
 In short it is the ratio between heat
extracted and work done (in heat unit).
 If Rn = net refrigerating effect, W = work
expended in machine
 Then COP = Rn / W
 Relative COP = Actual COP / Theoretical COP
 Vapour Compression system
 Vapour Compression system Vapour Absorption system

Uses high grade energy Uses low grade energy

Moving parts are in the compressor Moving parts are in the pump
which is the major component of which is a small element of the
the system. system. Less wear and tear

When the load on the compression There is no effect in the

system is reduced the
performance is adversely affected
Liquid traces in the suction line
may damage the compressor in a
compression system
When the evaporator pressure
decreases the COP of the
compression system also decreases lowering COP.
Controlling the refrigerating
capacity is difficult
absorption system.
There is no such danger in the
absorption system
Absorption system can work on
lower evaporator pressure without
The automatic operation for
controlling the refrigerating
capacity is easy.
Cost of large tonnage systems is Cost of large tonnage systems is
high low

There is no chance for leakage of There is more chances of leakage

refrigerant of refrigerant

Maintenance is more Maintenance is less

Can be used in remote places Used where high grade energy is

available
 Large latent heat of  Greater affinity for
vapourization. the refrigerant
 High critical  During absorption
temperature heat liberated should
 Low specific heat be minimum
 Stability in complete  High boiling point
cycle  Low specific heat
 Chemical stability

REFRIGERANT ABSORBENT