X-E-TECHNO =NEET BIOLOGY STUDY MATERIAL

KEY
Q. No 2 9 10
6 8
Key 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 3

Q. No 11 12 17 18 19 20
13 14 15

3 1
Key 3

CDF-5
HEREDITY
The transmission of characters from parent to their offsprings is known as heredity.
1.

2. The study of heredity and variations is known as genetics.

Variation in sexually reproducing organisms are caused due to the following factors
3.
like environment, crossing over and recombination of genes and mutation.

Mendel garden pea) (Father off

4. The first study of inheritance was done by Gregor on

Genetics-G.J.Mendel and Father of Modern Genetics-T.H. Morgan).

is the genetic material in all
5. DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid), and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
organisms.
Mendel's first law is also called the law of
6. Mendel's Laws i) Law of Dominance:
factors for a pair of inherited traits will
dominance. States that o n e of the
unless both factors a r e recessive.
be dominant and the other recessive,
Mendel's Law of Segregation, states that
7. Law of Segregation (Law of purity of gametes)
segregate during gamete formation, and randomly
unite at
or
allele pairs separate
fertilization.
Mendel's law of independent assortment, states that
8. Law of Independent Assortment:
the formation of gametes. This means that traits are
allele pairs separate during
of one another.
transmitted to offspring independently
of genes present i n a n organism and the characteristic
9. Genotype is the composition
is called its phenotype.
which is visible in a n organism

10. When two parents (or breed) to produce progeny (or offspring's), then their progeny
cross
and when the first generation progeny
is called F1-generation (Pirst Filial Generation) Generation
themselves to produce second Filial
c r o s s among

conducted his famous Experiments on garden pea (Pisum sativum).

11. Mendel
crossed with short pea plants then in F1 generation only tall
When tall pea plants a r e
plants were obtained.

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SYNOPSIS5
INTRODUCTION to HEREDITY
Irom one
offeatures/characters/traits generation
Heredity: It means the transmission

to the next generation.

characters of the organism.
s process is done by genes, which define the

Genes: Gene is the functional unit of heredity.

features i n living organisms
Every gene controls one o r several particular characteristic
species/population a r e called
Variation: The differences among the individuals of
a

variations. It takes place due to environment changes, crossing over, recombination of

genes and mutation.

organism's genome is called genotype.

Genotype: The complete set of genes in an

Phenotype: The observable characters in an organism make the phenotype. Phenotype

is a modified genotype and many of the phenotypes cannot be inherited. Clones are
those organisms which are exact copies of each other.

Trait: A genetically determined characteristic or condition. Traits may be physical,

such as hair color or leaf shape, or they may be behavioral, such as nesting in birds
and burrowing in rodents. Traits typically result from the combined action of several
genes, though some traits are expressed by a single gene.

Acquired Traits tnherited Traits

These are the traits which are
These are the traits which are passed
developed in an individual due to
from one generation to the next.
special conditions.

They cannot be transferred to the

They get transferred to the progeny.
progeny.
They cannot direct evolution. Eg: Low They are helpful in evolution. Eg
weight of starving beetles. Colour of eyes and hair.

These are the traits which are developed in an individual due to special conditions
These are the traits which are passed from one generation to the next.

Thev cannot be transferred to the progeny. They get transferred the

to progeny

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helpTul
They cannot direct evolution eg. Low weight of starving beetles. They are

evolution.

Eg. Colour of eyes and hair

Allele: Allele, also called allelomorph.

alternatively at a given site (locus o

Any one or two or more genes that may occur

a chromosome.
the expressionn
Alleles may occur in pairs, there may be multiple alleles affecting
or

(phenotype) of a particular trait.

constitutes it's genotype.
The combination of alleles that an organism carries
for
genotype is said to be homozygous
f the paired alleles are the same, the organism's
heterozygous.
that trait; if they are different, the organism's genotype is
pairing.
recessive allele in a heterozygous
override the traits of a
A dominant allele will
acts a s d o m i n a n t or
codominant-i.e., neither
In some traits, however, alleles may be
recessive.
blood have
persons with type AB
is the human ABO blood group system;
An example
with neither are type O.)
one allele for A
and one for 2) (Persons

Mendel's work
was a n Austrian
Monk who
known as Father
of Genetics,
Gregor Johann Mendel,
understand the concept of heredity.
worked on Pea plants to

foundation of modern genetics.

His work laid the
inheritance
-
The Law of Dominance, The Law of
three basic laws of
He proposed Assortment.
of Independent
and The Law
Segregation

Dominant traits
combination and
themselves in a n organism n every possible
The traits that express dominant traits.
a r e called
c a n be s e e n
than
see that tall
trait in pea plants tends to express more

In Mendel's experiment, we
the short trait.
said to be dominant over the short trait.
of the plant is
Therefore, the tall trait

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Recessive traits
A r a i t w h i c h is n o t e x p r e s s e d i n p r e s e n c e of a d o m i n a n t allele i s k n o w n a s recessive.

organism but cannot

be s e e n if a dominant
CCESS1ve character/trait is present in an

allele exists.

Recessive trat
Pea trat Dominant tralt

Seeds

Seed shape Wrinkled

Round

Seed colour Yellow Green

Flower colour Purple White

Flower position Axlal Terminal

warrva

Tall Short
Plant height

Inflated Constricted
Pod shape

Green Yellow
Pod colour

Monohybrid cross

such a
When only one character is considered while crossing two organisms, then
as monohybrid cross.
cross is known

The ratio of characters, arising

out of this cross, at F2 generation is called monohybrid
ratio.
the
E.g, If tall plant (TT)
is crossed with a dwarf plant (tt), we get 3 tall:1 short plant at
end of the F2 generation.
ratio.
So, 3:1 is monohybrid
of the plant is considered at a time.
Here, the height

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Monohybrid Cross
YY
P Yellow Green
Each homozygous parent
in the P generation
produces onty one kind
of gamete.
Gametess Y

FA Yy The heterozygous F
offspring produces two
kinds of gamete.
Gametes Y
Y

Yellow Yellow Self-pollination of the Fa

YY Yy offspring produces F2
offspring with a 3:1 ratio
of yellow to green seeds.
Yellow Green
Yy
Ratios
Phenotypes Genotypes Genotype ratio Phenotype ratio
Yellow YY 3
Yy 2

Green Yy 1

WORKSHEET 05
INTRODUCTION to HEREDITY

1. Variation is observed in _

1) Asexual reproduction

2) Sexual reproduction
and sexual reproduction
3) Both asexual reproduction

4) Neither of them
the number of chromosomes
2. The number of genes is
2) less than
1) Same as

4) less than or equal to

3) More than

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3. Mutation theory was described by . 4) Weismann
3) Darwin
1) Lamarck 2) Hugo De Vries
is callea,

A. The process of inheritance of characters in living beings 4) migration

3) V a r i a t i o n
1) Heredity 3) evolution
evolution.
variation and
5. gives detailed information of
Modern synthetic theory
1) Lamarckism 2)
4) Darwinism
3) Recapitulation theory
6. Individual variation means
4) Similarities
3) Evolution
2) Variation
1) Heredity called-
and variation is
7. The branch of biology related with heredity 4) Livinglogy
2) Evolution 3) Taxonomy
1) Genetics

8. Boveri and Sutton proved that.

Factor is responsible for information
of heredity.
1)
Variation is inherited generation to generation.
2)
3) Chromosomes are transported by gametes.
chromosome.
4) Gene is a part of a
in comparison to the
number of genes is
9. The number of chromosomes
4) more or equal
1) less 2) more 3) equal
information from one generation to another generation
10. The unit of expression of genetic
is
Both DNA & RNA 4) blood
1) DNA
2) RNA 3)
parents to the off-springs is
called aS
11. The transmission of characters from
3) evolution 4) Both 1 &2
1) Inheritance 2) Heredity
showed that gene is a part of chromosome.
12. &
2) Johnson and Cribson
1) Mendel and Darwin
4) T. Boveri and W.S. Sutton
Watson and crick
3)
small changes in the heredity of one
is process in which, due to
a
13.
rise to a new generation with different characters.
generation gives
2) Speciation 3) Evolution 4) Population
1) Heredity
Theory of Natural Selection.
gave the
14.
2) Mendel 3) Darwin 4) Aristotle
1) W a t s o n

When Mendel
crossed tall plant with dwart plant, what was the proportion of dwar
15.
generation?
plant in F2
2) 25% 3) 60% 4) 40%
1) 75%

Narayana Group of Schools

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X-E-TECHNO
of pure tall
16. In peas, a pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt). The ratio
plants to short plants in F, is

1) 1:3 2) 3:1 3) 1:1 4) 2:1

If characters in F, generation by Tt, then T is said to be
17. of T are expressed
3) Alternate gene 4) Only gene
1) Recessive gene 2) Dominant gene
18. What type of plant is developed, if crossing is made between plant having TT and plant
having tt genes?
1) Tall and dwarf plants 2) All tall plants

3) All dwarf plants 4) None of these

19. What is the ratio of monohybrid cross in F2 generation?

2) 3:2 3) 2:1 4) 3:1
1) 11:3
20. What is the percentage possessed by tall plants in monohybrid experiment?

1) 100% 2) 75% 3) 50% 4) 25%

KEY

2 3 5 10
Q. No 1
Key 2 3 22 1 4 1 2 4 3

13 14 17 18 19 20
Q. No 11 12 15 16
Key 2 4
2 3 2
2 2 14 2

CDF-6
DIHYBRID CROsS
1. When two characters are considered while crossing two organisms, then such
a cross is known as a dihybrid cross.

2. Tall plant with round seeds were crossed with short plants with wrinkled seeds.

3. In Fl tall plants with round seeds were obtained on selfing these F1 plants with F2
produced
a. Tall plants with round seeds: 9
E. The tall plants with wrinkled seeds: 3
c. Short plant with rounds seeds: 3
d. Short plant with wrinkled seeds:
4. The expression ofa particular trait is controlled by gene.
5. DNA is the source of making protein in a cell.
6. The section of DNA that provides information for one protein is called gene.
7. Mendel (1866) said that heredity was controlled by particles, called germinal units, or
factors.

8. Sex determination is the process by which the sex of a person is determined.

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