Laiba aasim

Xii e 16
Assisted reproductive technologies
This is to certify that LAIBA AASIM of class
XII E has successfully completed the research
on the project ‘‘ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY’’ under the guidance. Subject
teacher during the year 2018-2019 in partial
fulfillment of biology practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature Signature Signature

(Principal) (Teacher) (Examiner)

INDEX
 Acknowledgment
 Introduction
 In vitro fertilization
 Zygote intrafallopian transfer
 Gamete intrafallopian transfer
 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection tube
 Test tube babies
 Surrogacy
 Cloning
 Difference between GIFT& ZIFT
procedures
 Complications
 Benefits
 Drawbacks
 Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with this
project.
Primarily I would like to thank god for being
able to complete this project with success. Then
I would like to thank my subject teacher whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof
success. His suggestions and his instructions
have served as the major contribution towards
the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents, friends
and my classmates who also helped me a lot to
complete my project.
INTRODUCTION
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the technology used
to achieve pregnancy in procedures such as fertility medication,
in vitro fertilization and surrogacy. It is reproductive technology
used primarily for infertility treatments, and is also known as
fertility treatment. It mainly belongs to the field of reproductive
endocrinology and infertility, and may also include
intracytoplasmic sperm injection(ICSI) and cryopreservation.
Some forms of ART are also used with regard to fertile couples
for genetic reasons (preimplantation genetic diagnosis). ART is
also used for couples who are discordant for certain
communicable diseases; for example,HIVto reduce the risk of
infection when a pregnancy is desired.
 In vitro fertilization (IVF)

 Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) or Tubal Embryo

Transfer
 Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) tube.

ART procedures sometimes involve the use of donor eggs (eggs

from another woman), donor sperm, or previously frozen
embryos. Donor eggs are sometimes used for women who
cannot produce eggs. Also, donor eggs or donor sperm is
sometimes used when the woman or man has a genetic disease
that can be passed on to the baby.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
It is a process of fertilization where an egg is combined with
sperm outside the body, in vitro. The process involves
monitoring and stimulating a woman's adulatory process,
removing an ovum or ova from the woman's ovaries and letting
sperm fertilize them in a liquid in a laboratory. The fertilized
egg undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days, and is then
transferred to the same or another woman's uterus, with the
intention of establishing a successful pregnancy.
IVF is a type of assisted reproductive technology used for
infertility treatment and gestational surrogacy, in which a
fertilized egg is implanted into a surrogate's uterus, and the
resulting child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate.
In vitro fertilization (IVF) means fertilization outside of the
body. IVF is the most effective ART. It is often used when a
woman’s Fallopian tubes are blocked or when a man produces
too few sperm. Doctors treat the woman with a drug that causes
the ovaries to produce multiple eggs. Once mature, the eggs are
removed from the woman. They are put in a dish in the lab
along with the man’s sperm for fertilization. After 3 to 5 days,
healthy embryos are implanted in the woman’s uterus.
 IN VITRO FERTILIZATION …….
ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
ZIFT is an assisted reproductive procedure similar to in vitro
fertilization and embryo transfer, the difference being that the fertilized
embryo is transferred into the Fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
Because the fertilized egg is transferred directly into the tubes, the
procedure is also referred to as tubal embryo transfer (TET)
This procedure can be more successful than gamete intrafallopian
transfer(GIFT) because your physician has a greater chance of ensuring
that the egg is fertilized. The woman must have healthy tubes for ZIFT
to work.
ZIFT is an assisted reproductive procedure that involves the following
steps:
 A woman’s ovaries are stimulated with medicationsto increase the
probability of producing multiple eggs.
 Eggs are then collected through an aspiration procedure.
 Those eggs are fertilized in a laboratory in a procedure identical to
IVF, with the exception of the time frame. During the ZIFT
procedure, fertilized eggs are transferred within 24 hours, versus3-
5 days as used in a regular IVF cycle.
 The fertilized eggs are then transferred through a laparoscopic
procedure where a catheter is placed deep in the fallopian tube and
the fertilized eggs injected.
 The final step is to watch for early pregnancy symptoms. The
fertility specialist will probably use a blood test to determine if
pregnancy has occurred.
 ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is a tool of assisted
reproductive technology against infertility. Eggs are removed
from a woman's ovaries, and placed in one of the Fallopian
tubes, along with the man's sperm. The technique, first
attempted by Steptoe and Edwards and later pioneered by
endocrinologist Ricardo Asch, allows fertilization to take place
inside the woman's uterus.
With the advances in IVF the GIFT procedure is used less as
pregnancy rates in IVF tend to be equal or better and do not
require laparoscopy when the egg is put back.
It takes, on average, four to six weeks to complete a cycle of
GIFT. First, the woman must take a fertility drug to stimulate
egg production in the ovaries. The doctor will monitor the
growth of the ovarian follicles, and once they are mature, the
woman will be injected with Human chorionic gonadotropin
(HCG). The eggs will be harvested approximately 36 hours
later, mixed with the man's sperm, and placed back into the
woman's Fallopian tubes using a laparoscope.
A woman must have at least one normal fallopian tube in order
for GIFT to be suitable. It is used in instances where the fertility
problem relates to sperm dysfunction, and where the couple has
idiopathic (unknown cause) infertility. Some patients may
prefer the procedure to IVF for ethical reasons, since the
fertilization takes place inside the body. This is a semi invasive
procedure and requires laparoscopy.
 GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN
TRANSFER…..
INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM
INJECTION TUBE
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection is an in vitro fertilization (IVF)
procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg.
Defective sperm function remains the single most important cause of
human infertility. Although certain severe forms of male infertility have
a genetic origin, others may be the result of environmental factors.
During the past decade, ICSI has been applied increasingly around the
world to alleviate problems of severe male infertility in human patients
who either could not be assisted by conventional IVF procedures or
could not be accepted for IVF because too few motile and
morphologically normal sperm were present in the ejaculate of the male
partner.
This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male infertility
problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be
penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to sperm donation.
It can be used in teratozoospermia because once the egg is fertilized;
abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence
blastocystdevelopment or blastocyst morphology. Even with severe
teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that
have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate.
 INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM
INJECTION TUBE…..
TEST TUBE BABIES
The first test tube baby Louise Joy Brown, was born to Lesley
and Gilbert Brown on July 25, 1978, in Oldham, Lancashire,
England with the help of Dr.Patrick Steptoe and Dr.Robert
Edwards, India’s first test tube baby was born on August 6,
1986 at K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai. Her name is Kum Harsha.
The credit for India’s first test-tube baby goes to Dr.Indra
Hinduja.
In some women, oviducts are blocked and hence fertilisation
does not occur as sperms and eggs are not able to reach the
place where fertilisation takes place in the fallopian tube. In
such cases doctors collect freshly released egg and sperms from
female and male respectively and keep them together for few
hours for fertilisation to occur artificially outside the body in a
petri dish or test-tube. Such kind of fertilisation is called In
vitro fertilisation.
After fertilisation the zygote is allowed to develop for about a
week and then it is placed in the mother’s uterus. Complete
development takes place in uterus and the baby is born like any
other baby. Babies born through this technique are called test-
tube babies.
TEST TUBE BABIES…..
SURROGACY
Surrogacy is a method or agreement whereby a woman agrees to carry a pregnancy
for another person or persons, who will become the newborn child's parent(s) after
birth. Intended parents may seek a surrogacy arrangement when either pregnancy is
medically impossible, pregnancy risks present an unacceptable danger to the mother's
health or is a same sex couple's preferred method of having children.
TYPES OF SURROGACY:-
 Traditional surrogacy involves natural or artificial insemination of a surrogate.
If the intended father's sperm is used in the insemination, then the resulting
child is genetically related to the intended father and genetically related to the
surrogate. If donor sperm is used, the resulting child is not genetically related
to either intended parent(s) but is genetically related to the surrogate. In some
cases, an insemination may be performed privately by the parties without the
intervention of a doctor or physician. In some jurisdictions, the
'commissioning parents' using donor sperms need to go through an adoption
process in order to have legal rights in respect to the resulting child.
 Gestational surrogacy was first achieved in April 1986. It takes place when an
embryo created by in vitro fertilization (IVF) technology is implanted in a
surrogate, sometimes called a gestational carrier. Gestational surrogacy may
take a number of forms, but in each form the resulting child is genetically
unrelated to the surrogate:
 The embryo is created using the intended father's sperm and the intended
mother's eggs. The resulting child is genetically related to both intended
parents.
 The embryo is created using the intended father's sperm and a donor egg
where the donor is not the surrogate. The resulting child is genetically related
to the intended father.
 The embryo is created using the intended mother's egg and donor sperm. The
resulting child is genetically related to the intended mother.
 A donor embryo is implanted in a surrogate. Such an embryo may be available
when others undergoing IVF have embryos left over, which they donate to
others. The resulting child is genetically unrelated to the intended parent.
CLONING
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical
copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to
artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of
human cells and tissue. It does not refer to the natural
conception and delivery of identical twins. The possibility
of human cloning has raised controversies. These ethical
concerns have prompted several nations to pass laws
regarding human cloning and its legality.

Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human

cloning are:
 Therapeutic cloning and
 Reproductive cloning.
Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a
human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an
active area of research, but is not in medical practice
anywhere in the world, as of April 2017. Two common
methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched
are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently,
pluripotent stem cell induction. Reproductive cloning
would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of
just specific cells or tissues.
 CLONING…..
What Are The Similarities And Differences
Between ZIFT And In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?
 ZIFT and IVF both tend to be favorable treatments for
women who have more severe infertility issues such as
damaged fallopian tubes.
 ZIFT and IVF both involve embryo culture.
 ZIFT and IVF both provide the physician with the
opportunity to select only the best quality embryos for
transfer.
 ZIFT transfers the fertilized embryo into the fallopian tube
whereas the IVF and embryo transfer procedures result in the
fertilized embryo being placed into the uterus.
 The ZIFT procedure differs from IVF in that the transfer of
embryos into the tube requires an extra surgical procedure
called laparoscopy.

COMPLICATIONS
There are many complications in assisted
reproductive technologies. They are as follows:-
 Multiple birth
 Sex ratio distortion
 Spread of infectious disease
 Birth defects
 Multifetal gestations
 Prematurity
 Cancer risk associated with sub fertility and
ovulation induction
 Clustering of male infertility in the families
of couples treated with intracytoplasmatic
sperm injection

BENEFITS
 For women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes,
IVF provides the best opportunity of having a child
using their own eggs.
 IVF can be used to maximize the chance of older
patients conceiving. At CREATE, we have great
experience with older women and those with low
ovarian reserve. We use Natural IVF to focus on
quality of eggs, rather than quantity.
 Couples with a male infertility problem will have a
much higher chance of conceiving with IVF than
conceiving naturally.
 One in six couples will suffer fertility problem and
sometimes these remain undiagnosed after
investigation.
 Poly cystic ovary syndrome is common condition in
which there is hormone imbalance leading to irregular
menstrual cycles. IVF has proved very successful in
patients with PCOS who will not conceive with
ovulation induction.
DRAWBACKS
 Lower recovery of motile spermatozoa
 Time consuming
 Requires skill technician in order to be
successful Artificial Insemination must be
carried out by a person who has received
training and has experience.
 High initial investment that is,
considerable money is necessary to begin an
artificial insemination operation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 Encyclopedia
 NCERT text book
 Wikipedia
 Reference books