You are on page 1of 12

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/275253186

Mathematics acquisition in Mexico: Research on teaching, acquisition


difficulties, and correction

Article  in  Psychology and Neuroscience · June 2014


DOI: 10.3922/j.psns.2014.4.07

CITATION READS

1 86

6 authors, including:

Yulia Solovieva Emelia Lázaro


Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
125 PUBLICATIONS   419 CITATIONS    23 PUBLICATIONS   77 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Yolanda Rosas Luis Quintanar Rojas


Instituto de Neuropsicologia y Psicopedagogia Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
2 PUBLICATIONS   5 CITATIONS    134 PUBLICATIONS   586 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Primera infancia, juego de roles y funciòn simbòlica View project

Risk behavior and social cognition assessment battery standardization in adolescents View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Luis Quintanar Rojas on 19 May 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.


Psychology  &  Neuroscience,  2014,  7,  4,  481-­491
DOI:  10.3922/j.psns.2014.4.07

Mathematics   acquisition   in   Mexico:   Research   on   teaching,  


DFTXLVLWLRQGLI¿FXOWLHVDQGFRUUHFWLRQ
<XOLD6RORYLHYD1(PHOLD/i]DUR1<RODQGD5RVDV2/XLV4XLQWDQDU1$OHMDQGUR(VFRWWR3,  and  Jose  
*DEULHO6iQFKH]3
%HQHPpULWD8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDGH3XHEOD3XHEOD0H[LFR
 ,QVWLWXWR GH 1HXURSVLFRORJtD \ 3LVFRSHGDJRJtD SDUD OD ,QWHUYHQFLyQ \ 3URIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ<ROOL[PDWLOL]WOL 6& &LXGDG GH
México,  Mexico
1DWLRQDO$XWRQRPRXV8QLYHUVLW\RI0H[LFR&LXGDGGH0p[LFR0H[LFR

Abstract
7KHSUHVHQWDUWLFOHSUHVHQWVWKHFXUUHQWGDWDRQWKHPHWKRGVRIDVVHVVLQJFRUUHFWLQJDQGWHDFKLQJPDWKHPDWLFVDWWKHSUHVFKRRO
DQG VFKRRO OHYHOV LQ 0H[LFR 7KH DXWKRUV VHHN WR SUHVHQW REMHFWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH SHUVSHFWLYHV RI WUDGLWLRQDO DQG
H[SHULPHQWDOSHGDJRJ\DQGFRJQLWLYHDQGKLVWRULFDOFXOWXUDOQHXURSV\FKRORJ\ZKLFKDUHWKHPRVWSRSXODUSHUVSHFWLYHVDPRQJ
WHDFKHUVSV\FKRORJLVWVDQGUHVHDUFKHUVLQ0H[LFR7HVWLQJLVSUHVHQWHGDFFRUGLQJWRFRJQLWLYHQHXURSV\FKRORJ\DQGKLVWRULFDO
FXOWXUDO SDUDGLJPV 'LIIHUHQWLDWLQJ EHWZHHQ WUDGLWLRQDO SHGDJRJLFDO DQG QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO SRLQWV RI YLHZ ZLWK UHJDUG WR
OHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV DQGWHDFKLQJPDWKHPDWLFVLV DOVRGLVFXVVHG7KHUHDVRQV IRU IUHTXHQWGLI¿FXOWLHVLQOHDUQLQJPDWKHPDWLFV
DUHSUHVHQWHGDQGDUJXHGIURPDFRJQLWLYHSHUVSHFWLYHDQGXVLQJDQ$FWLYLW\7KHRU\DSSURDFK7KHDXWKRUVDWWHPSWWRGHVFULEH
WKH UHDO VLWXDWLRQ DQG GHWHUPLQH GLIIHUHQW ZD\V RI RYHUFRPLQJ WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV DW WKH SUHVFKRRO DQG VFKRRO OHYHOV :D\V RI
SUHYHQWLQJ SRVVLEOH GLI¿FXOWLHV DUH DOVR GLVFXVVHG LQFOXGLQJ V\PEROLF ORJLFDO VSDWLDO DQG QXPHULFDO FRPSRQHQWV DQG WKHLU
LQWHUDFWLRQV 6RPH UHVHDUFK RQ WKH$FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\ FRQFHSW RI WKH WHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJ SURFHVV DQG D JUDGXDO LQWURGXFWLRQ RI
VFLHQWL¿F FRQFHSWV DW VFKRRO DJH DUH SUHVHQWHG 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW FKLOGUHQ DFTXLUHG VLJQL¿FDQW V\PEROLF DELOLWLHV WKDW
DUHQHFHVVDU\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHP:HFRQVLGHUWKDWWKLVDUWLFOHPD\DLGRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH
RULJLQ RI PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV DQG WKH QHFHVVLW\ RI FRQVWDQWO\ FROODERUDWLQJ DQG H[FKDQJLQJ SV\FKRORJLFDO SHGDJRJLFDO
DQGQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDOLGHDVKeywordsPDWKHPDWLFVLQ0H[LFRDVVHVVPHQWRIPDWKHPDWLFVSUHYHQWLRQDQGFRUUHFWLRQRI
GLI¿FXOWLHVVFKRRODJHPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKLQJ

5HFHLYHG2FWREHUUHFHLYHGLQUHYLVHGIRUP6HSWHPEHUDFFHSWHG2FWREHU$YDLODEOHRQOLQH'HFHPEHU

Introduction PDWKHPDWLFV7KHWHVWLVDSSOLHGHDFK\HDULQSXEOLFDQG
,Q 0H[LFR DV LQ PDQ\ RWKHU FRXQWULHV FKLOGUHQ¶V SULYDWHVFKRROVLQWKHFRXQWU\&KLOGUHQIURPWKHUGWR
OHYHO RI NQRZOHGJH LQ PDWKHPDWLFV LV FRQVLGHUDEO\ WKJUDGHVRIHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRODQGVWXGHQWVIURPWKH
ORZ 7KH RI¿FLDO VWDWLVWLFV SUHVHQWHG E\ WKH 6HFUHWDU\ VWWRUG\HDUVRIVHFRQGDU\VFKRRODUHLQFOXGHGLQWKH
RI3XEOLF(GXFDWLRQ 6(3 LQ0H[LFRZHUHEDVHG WHVWLQJ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SODQV DQG SURJUDPV RI IRUPDO
RQWKH1DWLRQDO$VVHVVPHQWRI$FDGHPLF$FKLHYHPHQW VWXGLHVLQHDFKVXEMHFWDUHD,QKLJKVFKRROWKHWHVWLV
LQ 6FKRROV (1/$&(  ZKLFK EHJDQ LQ  7KLV DSSOLHG IRU VWXGHQWV ZKR DUH FXUUHQWO\ HQUROOHG LQ WKH
SURJUDP RI DVVHVVLQJ DFDGHPLF OHYHO ZDV GHYHORSHG ODVWJUDGHRIKLJKVFKRRODQGDVVHVVHVEDVLFGLVFLSOLQDU\
WRJHQHUDWHDVLQJOHVFDOHRIQDWLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWR FRPSHWHQFH LQ WKH ¿HOGV RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQ UHDGLQJ
SURYLGHFRPSDUDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHNQRZOHGJHDQG FRPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG0DWKHPDWLFV
VNLOOVWKDWVWXGHQWVKDYHLQWKHDVVHVVHGDUHDVLQFOXGLQJ 7KH SDUDPHWHUV RI DVVHVVPHQW DUH WKH IROORZLQJ
D  ,QVXI¿FLHQW UHTXLUHV PRUH NQRZOHGJH DQG WKH
<XOLD 6RORYLHYD (PHOLD /i]DUR DQG /XLV 4XLQWDQDU GHYHORSPHQW RI VNLOOV LQ WKH DVVHVVHG VXEMHFW  E 
$XWRQRPRXV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 3XHEOD )DFXOW\ RI 3V\FKRORJ\ (OHPHQWDU\ UHTXLUHV VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKH PDMRULW\
0DVWHU LQ QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO GLDJQRVLV DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI NQRZOHGJH DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI VNLOOV LQ WKH
0p[LFR3XHEOD<RODQGD5RVDV,QVWLWXWRGH1HXURSVLFRORJtD DVVHVVHGVXEMHFW F *RRG VKRZVDSSURSULDWHGRPDLQ
\ 3LVFRSHGDJRJtD SDUD OD ,QWHUYHQFLyQ \ 3URIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQ NQRZOHGJH DQG SRVVHVV VNLOOV LQ WKH DVVHVVHG VXEMHFW 
<ROOL[PDWLOL]WOL 6& $OHMDQGUR (VFRWWR DQG -RVH *DEULHO
6iQFKH] 'HSDUWPHQW RI 3V\FKRORJ\ RI )DFXOW\ RI 6XSHULRU
DQG G  ([FHOOHQW KDV D KLJK OHYHO RI NQRZOHGJH DQG
6WXGLHV =DUDJR]D $XWRQRPRXV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0H[LFR &LW\ VNLOOVLQWKHDVVHVVHGVXEMHFW 
&RUUHVSRQGHQFH UHJDUGLQJ WKLV DUWLFOH VKRXOG EH GLUHFWHG WR +LVWRULFDOUHVXOWVLQWKHDUHDRIEDVLFPDWKHPDWLFV
<XOLD6RORYLHYDHPDLO\XOLDVRORYLHYD#FRUUHREXDSP[ KDYHVKRZQWKDWRIWKHFKLOGUHQKDG³LQVXI¿FLHQW´
482 Solovieva  et  al.

DQG ³HOHPHQWDU\´ OHYHOV LH WKH ORZHVW OHYHOV RI RSHUDWLRQVLQFUHDVLQJVHTXHQFHZLWKDQDGGLWLYHFRQVWDQW


SHUIRUPDQFH  GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW DVVHVVPHQW LQ  LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI WKH SUHGHFHVVRU RI D QXPEHU HWF 
$OWKRXJKWKLVSHUFHQWDJHKDVGHFUHDVHGDQQXDOO\VLQFH &RPSOH[ SUREOHPV WKDW UHTXLUH WKH XVDJH RI FRQFHSWV
WKHQRIVWXGHQWVUHPDLQHGDWWKHVHOHYHOVLQ DQG GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI QXPHULF UHODWLRQV LQ YDULRXV
DQGRIVWXGHQWVZHUH³JRRG´RU³H[FHOOHQW´7KH VLWXDWLRQV DQG WRSLFV DUH QRW DFFHVVLEOH WR WKH VWXGHQWV
VLWXDWLRQLVHYHQZRUVHLQKLJKVFKRRO,Q 6RPH VWXGLHV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW WKH RQO\ VWUDWHJLHV XVHG
RI WKH VWXGHQWV ZHUH DW ³LQVXI¿FLHQW´ RU ³HOHPHQWDU\´ E\ FKLOGUHQ LQ WUDGLWLRQDO HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO LQ 0H[LFR
OHYHOVDQGRQO\ZHUH³JRRG´RU³H[FHOOHQW´ GXULQJ PDWKHPDWLFV SUREOHP VROYLQJ DUH FRXQWLQJ ZLWK
)LJXUHVDQGSUHVHQWWKHVHUHVXOWV 6(3  WKH ¿QJHUV SHUVRQDO GUDZLQJV DQG PHQWDO FDOFXODWLRQV
8QGRXEWHGO\WKHVHGDWDH[SODLQWKHIDFWWKDWEDVHGRQ %XWWR *yPH]*DUFtD 6XFKDQHPSLULF
WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH 2(&'   0H[LFR LV LQ VHFRQG DSSURDFKLVYHU\FRPPRQDQGGRPLQDWHVWKHPDWKHPDWLFV
WR ODVW SODFH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI VWXGHQWV WHDFKLQJV\VWHP1RGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWHUPV³GLJLW´
ZKRFRPSOHWHGWKHLUVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQDQGPDQDJHG DQG ³QXPEHU´ LV FRQVLGHUHG LQ WKH SURJUDP 7HDFKHUV
WR HQWHU KLJK VFKRRO 2I¿FLDO (1/$&( UHVXOWV VKRZ XVH WKHVH WHUPV ZLWKRXW DQ\ UHÀHFWLRQ RU H[SODQDWLRQ
D WHQGHQF\ WRZDUG LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI 6WXGHQWVKDYHQRUHDOSRVVLELOLW\WRDFTXLUHWKHFRQFHSWV
³JRRG´DQG³H[FHOOHQW´1HYHUWKHOHVVVWLOOZRUU\LQJLV RIQXPEHUVRUWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHP
WKDWPRUHWKDQRIVWXGHQWVVKRZWKHORZHVWOHYHOV $FFRUGLQJWR0RUHQR LQ-DUHUR$SDULFLR 6RVD
RISHUIRUPDQFHLQPDWKHPDWLFV7KLVVLWXDWLRQUHÀHFWVD  RI¿FLDODVVHVVPHQWLQWKHFODVVURRPLVVWLOOYHU\
FULWLFDOVLWXDWLRQLQ0H[LFRZLWKUHJDUGWRPDWKHPDWLFV ULJLG DQG GLUHFWHG E\ ZULWWHQ H[DPLQDWLRQV 7HDFKHUV
DFTXLVLWLRQ XVH DVVHVVPHQWV LQ FODVVURRP DV D FRQWURO PHFKDQLVP
)URPDTXDOLWDWLYHSRLQWRIYLHZUGJUDGHVWXGHQWV RIEHKDYLRUPRUHWKDQDUHDODVVHVVPHQWRINQRZOHGJH
LQSULPDU\VFKRROFDQRQO\VROYHPDWKHPDWLFVSUREOHPV VRWKHJRDORIVXFKFRQWUROLVDOZD\VIRUDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
ZLWK D ORZ GHJUHH RI GLI¿FXOW\ HJ HOHPHQWDU\ UDWKHU WKDQ SHGDJRJLFDO RU GLGDFWLF SXUSRVHV :ULWWHQ

Figure  1.+LVWRULFUHVXOWVRISHUIRUPDQFHRQ(1/$&(WHVWIRUEDVLFHGXFDWLRQ 0RGL¿HGIURP6(3

Figure  2.+LVWRULFUHVXOWVRISHUIRUPDQFHRQ(1/$&(WHVWIRUVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQ 0RGL¿HGIURP6(3


Acquisition  of  mathematics  in  Mexico 483

WHVWVDUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQVWUDWHJ\XVHGIRUPDWKHPDWLFV ZKLFKQHYHUEHFRPHVDUHDOLW\7KLVSURJUDPVWDWHVWKDW
DELOLW\DVVHVVPHQW6XFKDVWUDWHJ\RIDVVHVVPHQWQHYHU LWLVQHFHVVDU\WRFRPPXQLFDWHPDWKHPDWLFDOLGHDVWKDW
DOORZVWKHDWWDLQPHQWRIUHDOPDWKHPDWLFDOGDWDRUGDWD DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH FODVVURRP DQG DVVHVV WKH OHYHO RI
RQWKHVWUDWHJLHVEHFDXVHRQO\¿QDOUHVXOWVFRXQW DELOLW\ 1RWKLQJ DERXW KRZ WR IRUP WKHVH DELOLWLHV LV
7RRIIHUDPRUHFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHRIWKHPDWKHPDWLFV PHQWLRQHG
DFTXLVLWLRQ ¿HOG LQ 0H[LFR ZH SUHVHQW WKH FXUUHQW 7RWHDFKGLYLVLRQRSHUDWLRQV6iQFKH]DQG/OLQDUHV
VLWXDWLRQ ZLWK UHJDUG WR RI¿FLDO WHDFKLQJ SURJUDPV   SURSRVHG WKH XVH RI DQ DOJRULWKP FDOOHG ³OLWWOH
PHWKRGVRIDVVHVVPHQWDQGFRUUHFWLRQIURPSHGDJRJLFDO KRXVH´LQZKLFKVWXGHQWVPXVWREWDLQWKHHQWLUHGLYLVLRQ
DQG QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG W\SHV RI UHVXOW DQG UHPDLQGHU IURP WKH QXPEHU ZKLFK FDQ EH
UHVHDUFKUHODWHGWRDVVHVVPHQWDQGWKHFUHDWLRQRIQHZ GLYLGHG LQWR ³VRPH SDUWV´ $Q HTXDWLRQ LV XVHG DQG
PHWKRGV,QWKLVDUWLFOHQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDODSSURDFKHV WKHWHDFKHUSURSRVHVVKRUWVWRULHVZKHUHLQWKHFKLOGUHQ
DUH FRQVLGHUHG EDVHG RQ FRJQLWLYH KLVWRULFDO DQG PXVW XVH WKH DOJRULWKP7KH UHVXOW LV WKDW WKH VWXGHQWV
FXOWXUDO SDUDGLJPV WKDW DUH EHLQJ XVHG E\ UHVHDUFKHUV FDQRQO\SHUIRUPGLYLVLRQZLWKZKROHQXPEHUVDQGQRW
LQ0H[LFRWRGD\:HEHOLHYHWKDWWKHLQFOXVLRQRIERWK ZLWK IUDFWLRQV 7KLV VWXG\ LV DQ H[DPSOH RI HPSLULFDO
SHGDJRJLFDODQGQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDODSSURDFKHVVKRXOG WHDFKLQJEDVHGRQ³WULDODQGHUURU´
HQULFKUHVHDUFKLQWKH¿HOGRIPDWKHPDWLFVDFTXLVLWLRQ
DVVHVVPHQW DQG FRUUHFWLRQ DQG SUHYHQW GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ $VVHVVPHQWRIGLI¿FXOWLHV
WKLVDUHD:HDOVRVWUHVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRQVLGHULQJ )UHTXHQWGLI¿FXOWLHVLQPDWKHPDWLFVDFTXLVLWLRQKDYH
SURSRVDOVEDVHGRQSV\FKRORJLFDODFWLYLW\WKHRU\ZKLFK EHLQJ DVVHVVHG LQ 0H[LFR ZLWK WKH DLG RI SHGDJRJLFDO
PD\EHDQRYHOFRQFHSWIRURXUUHDGHUV WDVNVDQGDOVRUHFHQWO\ZLWKQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDOEDWWHULHV
$PRQJ WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO
2I¿FLDOSURJUDPV FRJQLWLYH WHVWV ZH FDQ PHQWLRQ WKH :HFKVOHU
,Q0H[LFRDWWKHSUHVFKRRODQGVFKRROHGXFDWLRQDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH 6FDOH IRU &KLOGUHQ :HFKVOHU   DQG
OHYHOV WKH RI¿FLDO PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKLQJ SURJUDP LV 1HXURSV\FKRORJLFDO$VVHVVPHQWIRU&KLOGUHQ (YDOXDFLyQ
EDVHG RQ FRPSHWHQFH 6(3 D E  +RZHYHU 1HXURSVLFROyJLFD,QIDQWLORU(1,LQ6SDQLVK  5RVVHOOLHW
WKHJXLGHOLQHVRIWKHSURJUDPDUHQRWVXI¿FLHQWO\FOHDUWR DO 
EHXVHGGLUHFWO\LQWKHFODVVURRP6RPHVWXGLHVQRWHWKH ,WHPV WKDW WHVW PDWKHPDWLFV DELOLWLHV FRQVLVW RI
LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI FRQVWUXFWLQJ FRQFUHWH FRQWHQW LQ VXFK QDPLQJ GLJLWV UHWDLQLQJ GLJLWV DQG VROYLQJ DULWKPHWLF
WDVNVRUHVWDEOLVKLQJVWUDWHJLHVIRUSUHVHQWLQJNQRZOHGJH SUREOHPV 5RVVHOOL HW DO   6RPH EDWWHULHV DOVR
'tD] %HUPHMR 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWREMHFWLYH LQFOXGH WKH FRS\LQJ RI GLJLWV 5HWHQWLRQRIGLJLW WDVNV
RIHGXFDWLRQDSSHDUVWREHREWDLQLQJVRPHNLQGRIUHVXOW DUH IUHTXHQWO\ FDOOHG VKRUWWHUP PHPRU\ RU ZRUNLQJ
VR WKDW SUHVFKRRO FKLOGUHQ DUH WUDLQHG WR PHPRUL]H PHPRU\WDVNVEXWWKHLUGLUHFWUHODWLRQWRPDWKHPDWLFV
the   direct   counting   of   digits   and   executing   arithmetic   LVQRWHQWLUHO\REYLRXV7KHPRVWW\SLFDODVVHVVPHQWRI
RSHUDWLRQV UHODWHG WR VXPV DQG UHPDLQGHUV &i]DUHV PDWKHPDWLFV HI¿FLHQF\ LV EDVHG RQ H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQ
 7KHVDPHDXWKRUFODLPHGWKDWSUHVFKRROWHDFKHUV ZLWKLQ QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO WHVWV $QGHUVRQ  
XVXDOO\ FRQVWDQWO\ UHSHDW WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI GLJLWV 7KH DVVHVVPHQW RI H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQ LV LQFOXGHG LQ
LQGLIIHUHQWZD\V HJE\FRORUVSRLQWVLQVSDFHDQG PDQ\ QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO EDWWHULHV EXW QR VSHFL¿F
OLQHV  DQG WKH\ GR QRW SUHVHQW FRQFHSWXDO IHDWXUHV RI H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKHLU FRQQHFWLRQV ZLWK PDWKHPDWLFV
WKHGHFLPDOV\VWHP LHQHYHUDFFRUGLQJWRSRVLWLRQDO LV SURYLGHG :LWKLQ D FRJQLWLYH DSSURDFK DVVHVVLQJ
YDOXH  6XFK WDVNV DUH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ WKH FRQVWDQW H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQ DQG GHFODULQJ SRRU VXFFHVV LQ
UHSHWLWLRQRIGLJLWQDPHVIURPWRVRWKDWFKLOGUHQ PDWKHPDWLFVVHHPWREHHQRXJK )ORUHV 
FDQDFWXDOO\PDQDJHWRPHPRUL]HQDPHDQGGUDZWKHP 2WKHUPHWKRGVRIQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDODVVHVVPHQW
7KH WHDFKLQJ PHWKRG SURSRVHG E\ WKH 3XEOLF LQFOXGH TXDOLWDWLYH SURWRFROV WKDW ZHUH FUHDWHG EDVHG
(GXFDWLRQ 6HFUHWDULDW IRU (OHPHQWDU\ 6FKRRO 6(3 RQWKH$5/XULDDSSURDFK /XULD ,WHPV
D E   HPSKDVL]HV WKDW WHDFKHUV VKRXOG FUHDWH UHODWHG GLUHFWO\ WR PDWKHPDWLFV LQFOXGH WKH FRS\LQJ
OHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWVWRPDNHVWXGHQWVWKLQNDERXWWKH RI GLJLWV DV D SDUW RI HYDOXDWLQJ VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV DQG
PHWKRGVWRSURPRWHWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQRIPDWKHPDWLFDO V\QWKHVLV 6RORYLHYD 4XLQWDQDUD ,QWKLVFDVH
LGHDVWKDWDULVHGXULQJFODVVZRUNDQGHYDOXDWHWKHVNLOOV WKHFRQFOXVLRQLVEDVHGQRWRQDQ\RQHLWHPRUDVSHFL¿F
WKDW VWXGHQWV GHYHORS 1HYHUWKHOHVV QR FRQFHSWXDO SDUW RI WKH WHVW EXW UDWKHU RQ WKH JHQHUDO V\VWHPDWLF
NQRZOHGJH LV LQFOXGHG LQ WKH FXUUHQW PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHFOLQLFDOSLFWXUHIRUHDFKFKLOG
PDWKHPDWLFV 6(3D 1RUPDOO\FKLOGUHQOHDUQWR $OO RI WKH LWHPV LQ QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO TXDOLWDWLYH
VXPVXEWUDFWDQGH[HFXWHPXOWLSOHRSHUDWLRQVWKURXJK SURWRFROV DUH HVVHQWLDO IRU WKH ¿QDO FRQFOXVLRQ
FRQVWDQW UHSHWLWLRQ LQ WKH FODVVURRP DQG DW KRPH $FFRUGLQJWRVRPHVWXGLHVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRHVWDEOLVKWKDW
%\ GRLQJ WKLV WKH\ GR QRW UHFHLYH DQ\ RULHQWDWLRQ RU VSHFL¿FGLI¿FXOWLHVLQPDWKHPDWLFVOHDUQLQJFDQQRWEH
H[SODQDWLRQDERXWWKHZD\WR³GLVFRYHU´WKHORJLFDQG JHQHUDOL]HGDFFRUGLQJWRRQO\RQHQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO
WKHRUHWLFDO EDVLV RI WKH GHFLPDO V\VWHP RU WKH QXPEHU UHDVRQ 7VYHWNRYD  6RORYLHYD  4XLQWDQDU
FRQFHSW 7KH (GXFDWLRQ 6HFUHWDULDW 6(3 D  D 6XFKGLI¿FXOWLHVDUHPXOWLIDFWRULDODQGGHSHQG
HPSKDVL]HV WKH QHHG IRU UHÀHFWLRQ LQ SULPDU\ VFKRRO RQ IXQFWLRQDO GH¿FLWV LQ GLIIHUHQW EUDLQ PHFKDQLVPV
484 Solovieva  et  al.

DW OHDVW LQ UHJXODWLRQ FRQWURO VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV $FDGHPLFUHVHDUFK


V\QWKHVLV DQG JHQHUDO EUDLQ DFWLYDWLRQ 3UREOHPV 7RGD\ LQ 0H[LFR WKH 0DWKHPDWLFV (GXFDWLRQ
ZLWK PRWRU VHTXHQWLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ FRXOG DOVR EH 5HVHDUFK &HQWHU &,19(67$9,QVWLWXWR 3ROLWpFQLFR 
FRQVLGHUHG D UHDVRQ IRU PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV $OO EDVLFDOO\ FRQVLGHUV VRFLRHSLVWHPRORJLFDO WKHRU\
RIWKHVHPHQWLRQHGIXQFWLRQDOGH¿FLWVFDQEHGHWHFWHG ZLWK UHJDUG WR FRQFHSWXDO PDWKHPDWLFV NQRZOHGJH
LQ YDULRXV FRPELQDWLRQV DQG GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ KDYH FRQVWUXFWLRQ7KHREMHFWLYHLVWRFRQVLGHUPDWKHPDWLFV
D SXUH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ7KLV LV WKH UHDVRQ IRU PXOWLSOH DV D FXOWXUDO SURGXFW WKDW KDV FHQWXULHV RI KLVWRU\ DQG
SRVVLEOH FRPELQDWLRQV DQG LQGLYLGXDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ HSLVWHPRORJLFDO SURFHVVHV 6XFK NQRZOHGJH KDV WR EH
OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV LQ PDWKHPDWLFV DQG RWKHU VFKRRO FRQVWUXFWHGRQDVRFLDOEDVLVDFFRUGLQJWRQHHGVSUDFWLFH
VXEMHFWV DQGSUDJPDWLVP &DQWRUDO )DUIiQ&RUGHUR 
$QRWKHU SURWRFRO WKDW LQFOXGHV WDVNV UHODWHG WR 6LOYD 7KHLQWHQWLRQLVWRVWXG\IRXUFRPSRQHQWV
PDWKHPDWLFV DFTXLVLWLRQ LV WKH DVVHVVPHQW IRU VFKRRO RI WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI NQRZOHGJH HSLVWHPRORJLFDO
SUHSDUDWLRQ 4XLQWDQDU  6RORYLHYD   6SHFL¿F QDWXUH VRFLRFXOWXUDO GLPHQVLRQ FRJQLWLYH SODQ DQG
LWHPV RI WKLV WHVW DUH GLUHFWHG WRZDUG HYDOXDWLQJ VHULDO WHDFKLQJWUDQVPLVVLRQPRGH7KHWRSLFRIWHDFKLQJZDV
DFFRPPRGDWLRQ DFWLRQV DW WKH PDWHULDO DQG SHUFHSWXDO VWXGLHGEDVHGRQVRFLDOQHHGV6FKRROWHDFKLQJV\VWHPV
OHYHOV PXWXDO UHFLSURFDO REMHFW FRUUHVSRQGHQFH LQ WKDW LQÀXHQFH WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI VXFK FRQFHSWV ZHUH
VHULHV DQG WKH DELOLW\ WR DGG RU VXEWUDFW DQ REMHFW RU VWXGLHG7ZRJHQHUDOOLQHVRIUHVHDUFKH[LVW  VWXGLHV
VHYHUDOREMHFWVWRHTXDOL]HWKHTXDQWLW\7KHVHWDVNVDUH RIWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRINQRZOHGJHDQG  VWXGLHVRIWKH
EDVHG RQ SUHYLRXV FRQFHSWXDO HOHPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ WKH XVDJHRINQRZOHGJH7KH¿UVWOLQHRIUHVHDUFKLQFOXGHV
QXPEHUFRQFHSWVXFKDVV\PEROLFORJLFDOVSDWLDODQG SUREOHPV UHJDUGLQJ VLJQL¿FDQFH RI PDWKHPDWLFV
QXPHULFDO FRPSRQHQWV 6DOPLQD  )LOLPRQRYD  NQRZOHGJHDWVFKRRO.  7KHVHFRQGOLQHRIUHVHDUFKUHÀHFWV
6RORYLHYD2UWL] 4XLQWDQDU/i]DUR6RORYLHYD WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIIXQFWLRQDONQRZOHGJHDQGJUDSKLFDO
4XLQWDQDUE 7KHSUHVHQFHRUDEVHQFHRIWKHVH IRUPVIRUVSHFL¿FVLWXDWLRQV &DQWRUDO )DUIiQ
FRPSRQHQWVLQH[HFXWLRQVSHUIRUPHGE\WKHFKLOGVKRZV &RUGHUR 6LOYD 
WKHSUHSDUDWLRQOHYHODQGFDQSUHGLFWIXWXUHGLI¿FXOWLHV 2WKHUVWXGLHVZHUHIRFXVHGRQVWXGHQWV¶³FRJQLWLYH
ZLWKPDWKHPDWLFVOHDUQLQJLQVFKRRO VW\OHV´ ZKLFK ZDV FRQVLGHUHG D SDUWLFXODU IRUP RI
$W VFKRRO DJH DQRWKHU SURWRFRO IRU PDWKHPDWLFV OHDUQLQJ DQG SUREOHP VROXWLRQ %HIRUH
QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO DVVHVVPHQW KDV EHHQ XVHG EHJLQQLQJ WR WHDFK DQ\ NLQG RI DFDGHPLF FRQWHQW
6RORYLHYD  4XLQWDQDU   7KH WDVNV UHODWHG WR GHWHFWLQJWKHDFDGHPLFVW\OHVRIVWXGHQWVLVLPSRUWDQW
PDWKHPDWLFVFRQVLVWRIVROYLQJDULWKPHWLFDQGWKHPDWLF 2QH FRJQLWLYH W\SH FDQ SURFHVV LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKHUHDV
SUREOHPV 7KH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG LQ WKHVH WDVNV VKRXOG DQRWKHUW\SHGHVFULEHVKRZDVWXGHQWFDQEHFRQFHQWUDWHG
DOZD\V EH FRPSDUHG ZLWK HYLGHQFH RI IXQFWLRQDO EDVHG RQ FRJQLWLYH DIIHFWLYH DQG SK\VLRORJLFDO
FRPSRQHQWGLI¿FXOWLHVLQKLJKHUSV\FKRORJLFDOIXQFWLRQV IHDWXUHV 6XFK IHDWXUHV PD\ EH GLIIHUHQW DFFRUGLQJ WR
VXFK DV PRWRU VHTXHQWLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ UHJXODWLRQ DQG DJHVH[DQGOHYHORIVXFFHVV 7ROHGR3pUH]5LTXHOPH
FRQWUROVSDWLDODQDO\VHVDQGV\QWKHVLVSKRQHPDWLFDQG +HUQiQGH] %LWWQHU 
NLQHVWKHWLF LQWHJUDWLRQ DQG JHQHUDO FRUWLFDO DFWLYDWLRQ *DUFtD   REVHUYHG WKDW VWXGHQWV DW WKH OHYHO
4XLQWDQDU  6RORYLHYD  6RORYLHYD /i]DUR  RI EDVLF HGXFDWLRQ KDYH WURXEOH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH
4XLQWDQDU  SRVLWLRQDO YDOXH RI GLJLWV 7KH FKLOGUHQ UHDOL]H WKH
7KHGDWDLQWKHSURWRFROVDSSOLHGLQ0H[LFDQFKLOG DGGLWLRQ RSHUDWLRQ ZLWKRXW DQ\ DOJRULWKP DQG ZLWKRXW
SRSXODWLRQVXVXDOO\VKRZORZOHYHOVRISUHSDUDWLRQIRU DQ\ NQRZOHGJH RI WKH GHFLPDO V\VWHP 7KH FRPPRQ
VFKRRO LQ JHQHUDO 4XLQWDQDU 6RORYLHYD  /i]DUR VWUDWHJLHVXVHGE\WKHVWXGHQWVDUHSLFWXUHV¿QJHUVDQG
  DQG SDUWLFXODUO\ PDWKHPDWLFV DFTXLVLWLRQ PHQWDOFDOFXODWLRQV
6RORYLHYD/i]DUR 4XLQWDQDU  $WKLJKHGXFDWLRQDOOHYHOVDQGZLWKWKHGHYHORSPHQW
:LWK UHJDUG WR SUHYHQWLRQ DQG FRUUHFWLRQ WKH RI ORJLFDO DELOLWLHV XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV ZHUH VKRZQ WR
SUHYHQWLRQ VLWXDWLRQ LQ 0H[LFR LV FXUUHQWO\ TXLWH KDYH GLI¿FXOWLHV ZLWK WKH FUHDWLRQ RI GH¿QLWLRQV DQG
SRRU DQG RQO\ D IHZ H[SHULPHQWDO VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVLWLRQXVDJHDQGWKH\ZHUHXQDEOHWRGHPRQVWUDWH
SHUIRUPHG ZLWK SUHVFKRRO FKLOGUHQ DQG VWXGHQWV LQ WKHLUSRLQWVRIYLHZ7KHDXWKRUVFODLPHGWKHQHFHVVLW\
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO %RQLOOD 6RORYLHYD  -LPHQH] WR VWXG\ RWKHU ORJLFDO DELOLWLHV XVH ORJLFDO FRQQHFWRUV
 6RORYLHYD  4XLQWDQDU F 6RORYLHYD DQGXVHGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIGHPRQVWUDWLRQVDQGKLVWRULFDO
5RVDV4XLQWDQDU *DUFtD 7KHVHVWXGLHVZHUH UHIHUHQFHV $OYDUDGR *RQ]iOH] 
FRQGXFWHG EDVHG RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI KLVWRULFDO DQG 'LIIHUHQWVWXGLHVKDYHEHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQGHVFULELQJ
FXOWXUDO SDUDGLJPV 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH FRPPRQO\ XVHG WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQWHQW DVVLPLODWLRQ SURFHVV LH
JHQHUDOSV\FKRORJLFDOSDUDGLJPVLQ0H[LFRDUHEDVHGRQ WKHNLQGVRIVWUDWHJLHVWKDWVWXGHQWVXVH DQGSURSRVHG
3LDJHW¶VJHQHWLFWKHRU\ 3LDJHW WKDWFRUUHVSRQGV PHWKRGV RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ 7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ RI WKHVH
WR WKH REVHUYDWLRQDO PHWKRG GDWD UHFRUGLQJ WKH VWXGLHV KDV EHHQ IUHTXHQWO\ TXDOLWDWLYH DQG WKH XVDJH
SUHYHQWLRQPHWKRGDQGIRUPDWLRQ /i]DURHWDO  RI GLGDFWLFV LV VWUHVVHG &RQWUHUDV  &RQWUHUDV 
6RFLDOSV\FKRORJLFDOVWXGLHVKDYHH[LVWHGLQ0H[LFRIRU 6DQWRV%XHQURVWUR 
QHDUO\\HDUVEXWUHDOVROXWLRQVWRGLI¿FXOWLHVDUHUDUH 2WKHU PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKLQJ PHWKRGV DQG
8UVLQL  LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQ FDVHV RI GLI¿FXOW\ DOVR H[LVW ÈYLOD  
Acquisition  of  mathematics  in  Mexico 485

*DUFtD  UHYLVHGWKHPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKLQJPHWKRGV QHXURYLVXDOL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV 6HUUD $GDQ 3pUH]


IURP D ³PRGHUQ´ SRLQW RI YLHZ DQG SURSRVHG WKH /DFKLFD 0HPEULYHV 7KHFRJQLWLYHDSSURDFK
DULWKPHWLFVROXWLRQRISUREOHPVLQFKLOGUHQLQHOHPHQWDU\ WULHV WR HVWDEOLVK GLUHFW UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW
VFKRRO HJGLYLVLRQXVDJHZLWKLQWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHP QXPHULFDORSHUDWLRQVVXFKDV$UDELFQXPEHUUHFRJQLWLRQ
FRQFHSWEHIRUHSURSRVLQJWKHDOJRULWKP 6XFKDPHWKRG RU GLJLW FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ DQG EUDLQ QHXURQDO V\VWHPV
PD\ EH LQWHUHVWLQJ EXW UHTXLUHV WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI WKH -DFXERYLFK   7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ
FRQFHSW RI WKH GHFLPDO V\VWHP ZKLFK LV DEVHQW LQ WKH VXFKUHODWLRQVIRUGLGDFWLFPHWKRGVKDVEHHQSURSRVHG
PDMRULW\RIFKLOGUHQ ZKLFKFRXOGKHOSWKHPDWXUDWLRQRIFRUUHVSRQGLQJEUDLQ
7KH SURSRVDO HVWDEOLVKHV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI D NLQG DUHDV 7KH DXWKRUV FODLP WKDW WUDGLWLRQDO WHDFKLQJ LV
RI ³FXUULFXODU FRQWUDFW´ WKDW LV VLJQHG E\ WHDFKHUV DQG LQVXI¿FLHQW IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQ
VWXGHQWV 7KH REMHFWLYH LV WR JXDUDQWHH DQ LQWHUDFWLYH WKDWJXDUDQWHHVDEVWUDFWPDWKHPDWLFDOWKLQNLQJ 5DGIRUG
VWXG\LQJ HQYLURQPHQW 7KH QHFHVVLW\ RI VWXG\LQJ  $QGUp   6RPH VWXGLHV LQ 0H[LFR KDYH EHHQ
PDWKHPDWLFVRXWVLGHWKHFODVVURRPLVVWUHVVHGIRUERWK GLUHFWHG WRZDUG GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ
HOHPHQWDU\DQGKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWV (VSLQR]D%DUEp PDWKHPDWLFV VXFFHVV DQG WHVW VXFFHVV IRU H[HFXWLYH
*DOYH]  IXQFWLRQ
6RPH PHWKRGV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG EDVHG RQ )RU H[DPSOH LQ D QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO VWXG\
&XLVVHQDLUH¶VFRORUHGQXPEHUVDQG%DQFXEL¶VPHWKRGV FRQGXFWHG DW WKH 3V\FKRORJ\ )DFXOW\ 1DWLRQDO
7KHFRORUHGQXPEHUVDUHXVXDOO\XVHGDWPDQLSXODWLYH $XWRQRPRXV8QLYHUVLW\RI0H[LFR 81$0 H[HFXWLYH
JUDSKLF DQG V\PEROLF VWDJHV &KLOGUHQ OHDUQ QXPEHU IXQFWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ SODQQLQJ PHQWDO ÀH[LELOLW\
GHFRPSRVLWLRQ DQG PDNH LQLWLDO FDOFXODWLRQV ,Q WKH VWUDWHJ\HODERUDWLRQPHWDFRJQLWLRQZRUNLQJPHPRU\
PDQLSXODWLYH VWDJH FKLOGUHQ HPSLULFDOO\ XVH FRORUHG VHOIUHJXODWLRQ DQG DFWLYLW\ FRQWURO ZDV WHVWHG LQ
QXPEHUVDQGSURJUHVVWRFODVVL¿FDWLRQFRPSDULVRQDQG FDOFXODWLRQ DQG ORJLFDO PDWKHPDWLFDO UHDVRQLQJ WDVNV
VHULDWLRQ ,Q WKH VHFRQG DQG WKLUG VWDJHV WKH FKLOGUHQ 6iQFKH]5XL]  (VFRWWR&yUGRYD  6iQFKH]
KDYH WR GLVFRYHU QXPEHU LQFOXVLRQ RSHUDWLRQV DQG (VFRWWR %HFHUUD *DUFtD &RQWUHUDV  %DOWD]DU
UHODWLRQV 6LOYD  9DUHOD   %DQFXEL¶V   D $QRQRSWLPDOOHYHORIGHYHORSPHQWRIH[HFXWLYH
PHWKRGV LQFOXGH FRORUHG FXEH VHULHV XQLWV  ZRRG IXQFWLRQFRXOGEHLQYROYHGLQPDWKHPDWLFVGLI¿FXOWLHV
VWLFNV WHQV DQGZRRGEORFNV WKRXVDQGV 7KLVPHWKRG DQG WKH GRPDLQ RI ORJLF 7KH DXWKRUV SURSRVHG WR
LVXVHGWRWHDFKQXPEHUVWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHPIUDFWLRQV QRW XVH WKH WHUP ³DFDOFXOLD´ ZKLFK LV XQGHUVWRRG
DUHDVDQGSHULPHWHUV7KHFKLOGUHQIROORZWKHWHDFKHU¶V DV D EUDLQ OHVLRQ ZLWK LQDGHTXDWH H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQ
DFWLRQV ³GXULQJ VFKRRO OLIH DW XQLYHUVLW\´ (VFRWWR&yUGRYD
7KHVH PHWKRGV VKRZ WKH PDQLSXODWLRQ RI 6iQFKH]5XL] %DOWD]DU5DPRV &RQWUHUDV5DPtUH]
VRPH REMHFWV LQ WKH LQLWLDO VWDJH EXW RQO\ HPSLULFDO %HFHUUD&DVWHOODQRV  *DUFtD3pUH]   $
PDQLSXODWLRQ LV FRQVLGHUHG 7KH HQWLUH V\VWHPDWLF QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDOVWXG\EDVHGRQH[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQ
VWUXFWXUHRIWKHQXPHULFDOV\VWHPLVQHYHUSUHVHQWHGRU DVVHVVPHQWZLWKWKH%DWWHU\IRU)URQWDODQG([HFXWLYH
H[SODLQHG7KHFKLOGUHQQHYHUXQGHUVWDQGWKHRSHUDWLRQ )XQFWLRQV ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ  XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV
VHTXHQFHV DQG FDQ QHYHU VROYH WKH SUREOHPV LQ DQ )ORUHV 2VWURVN\6ROtV  /R]DQR   VKRZLQJ
LQGHSHQGHQWPDQQHU 6RORYLHYDHWDO  WKHDEVHQFHRIVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVWXGHQWV
In   Mexico,   the   predominant   approach   to   ZLWK ORZ DQG KLJK OHYHOV RI SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKH DUHD
GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ PDWKHPDWLFV FRPSUHKHQVLRQ LV DOZD\V RIVWDWLVWLFV1RVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHIRXQGLQ
RI D SV\FKRSHGDJRJLFDO QDWXUH SUREDEO\ EHFDXVH ZRUNLQJPHPRU\ 6iQFKH](VFRWWR%HFHUUD*DUFtD
WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV DUH YHU\ FRPPRQ DQG SUHVHQW DW DOO &RQWUHUDV  %DOWD]DU E  ,Q DOO RI WKH JURXSV
OHYHOV RI HGXFDWLRQ +RZHYHU VRPH DXWKRUV FODLP VWXGLHGH[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQZDVQRUPDO1HYHUWKHOHVV
WKDW VLPSO\ SV\FKRSHGDJRJLFDO DQG VRFLDO UHDVRQV WKH DQDO\VLV RI LQGLYLGXDO UHVXOWV GHWHFWHG VXEMHFWV
FDQQRW H[SODLQ DOO RI WKH W\SHV RI GLI¿FXOWLHV :H ZLWK ORZ ZRUNLQJ PHPRU\ SHUIRUPDQFH LPSXOVH
DOVR KDYH WR DGPLW WKDW WKH SXUH QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO FRQWURO DQG SODQQLQJ EXW QR UHODWLRQ ZDV IRXQG
FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV GRHV QRW ZLWK PDWKHPDWLFV OHYHO 6XFK VWXGLHV VXJJHVW WKDW
VHHPWREHDSSURSULDWH3RSXODWLRQVZLWK³G\VFDOFXOLD´ XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV ZLWK PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV GR
LH D QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO GH¿FLW  DUH YHU\ OLPLWHG QRWKDYHSUREOHPVLQH[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQEXWPD\EHDW
DQG SUDFWLFDOO\ GR QRW H[LVW LQ WKH XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQW DQRQRSWLPDOOHYHO6XFKVXEMHFWVPD\KDYHDKLVWRU\
SRSXODWLRQ RI GLYHUVH QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO GH¿FLWV G\VOH[LD RU
)URP D FRJQLWLYH QHXURSV\FKRORJ\ SHUVSHFWLYH DWWHQWLRQGH¿FLWK\SHUDFWLYLW\GLVRUGHU
WKH PDLQ REMHFWLYH LV WR HVWDEOLVK WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ 7KH DQDO\VLV RI IRUPDO ORJLFDO UHDVRQLQJ XVLQJ
RI QHXURQDO VWUXFWXUHV IRU QXPHULFDO SURFHVVLQJ WKH /RJLF 5HDVRQLQJ 7HVW $FHYHGR  2OLYD
7KH WULSOH FRGL¿FDWLRQ PRGHO LPSOLHV WKDW QXPHULFDO   UHYHDOHG LPSRUWDQW FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ ORZ
LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKUHH FRGHV   PDWKHPDWLFV VXFFHVV DQG IRUPDO ORJLFDO UHDVRQLQJ
TXDQWLW\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ  YHUEDOFRGHVDQG  YLVXDO :HFDQFRQFOXGHWKDWVSHFL¿FSHGDJRJLFDOSUHSDUDWLRQ
FRGHV 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ FDQ EH WUDQVIRUPHG IURP RQH DWPHGLXPWRKLJKOHYHOVRIHGXFDWLRQVKRXOGLQFOXGH
FRGHWRDQRWKHU(DFKFRGHKDVEHHQGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG IRUPDOORJLFDVLWXDWLRQWKDWLVSUHVHQWO\QRWRFFXUULQJ
WR VSHFL¿F FRUWLFDO ]RQHV 7KLV ZDV FRQ¿UPHG XVLQJ LQ0H[LFR
486 Solovieva  et  al.

&RUUHFWLRQDQGSUHYHQWLRQ 7KHSUREOHPLVWKDWVXFKNQRZOHGJHLVQRWH[SOLFLWDQG
&RUUHFWLRQFDQEHXQGHUVWRRGIURPWKHSHGDJRJLFDO DSSDUHQWO\FKLOGUHQKDYHWR³GLVFRYHU´LW
DQG QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYHV 7UDGLWLRQDO :H PD\ DJUHH WKDW SHGDJRJLFDO WUDGLWLRQ KDV QR
SHGDJRJLFDO FRUUHFWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ FRQVWDQW UHSHWLWLRQ UHVSRQVHWRWKHVLWXDWLRQRIGLI¿FXOWLHVLQPDWKHPDWLFV
DQG WUDLQLQJ RI WKH VDPH WDVNV WKDW DUH XVHG LQ WKH OHDUQLQJ %XW WKLV GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW QRQWUDGLWLRQDO
FODVVURRP7KHUH DUH QR HIIHFWLYH DOWHUQDWLYHV RU WKH\ methods  cannot  teach  processes  and  didactics  based  on  
SHGDJRJLFDO SV\FKRORJ\ 7DOL]LQD   
DSSHDU RQO\ LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO FRQWH[W %XHQURVWUR
7DOL]LQD 6RORYLHYD  4XLQWDQDU   $Q DQVZHU
 1HXURSV\FKRORJLVWVDSSHDUWREHPRUHDFWLYHLQ
PD\ EH IRXQG IRU QRQWUDGLWLRQDO HGXFDWLRQ EDVHG
RIIHULQJ SURSRVDOV LQ WKH DUHD RI FRUUHFWLRQ &RJQLWLYH
RQ $FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\ 7DOL]LQD HW DO  6RORYLHYD
SURSRVDOVDUHGLUHFWHGWRZDUGPHWDFRJQLWLRQH[HFXWLYH
 4XLQWDQDU  *DOSHULQ  7DOL]LQD 
IXQFWLRQDQGWKHLUGLIIHUHQWFRPSRQHQWV7KHHIIHFWRI
6DOPLQD   7KLV JHQHUDO SV\FKRORJLFDO WKHRU\
VXFK LQWHUYHQWLRQV LV QRW VSHFL¿F IRU PDWKHPDWLFV DQG
DSSOLHGWRWHDFKLQJDQGWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVVKRZVKRZ
KDV QRW UHVRQDWHG ZLWKLQ VRFLHW\ 1HXURSV\FKRORJLFDO
LW LV SRVVLEOH WR UHRUJDQL]H DQG V\VWHPDWL]H DFDGHPLF
LQWHUYHQWLRQV DUH XVXDOO\ SURYLGHG IRU FKLOGUHQ ZLWK
SURJUDPV WR JXDUDQWHH IDYRUDEOH DVVLPLODWLRQ DQG WKH
OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV DQG QRW IRU UHJXODU FKLOGUHQ
JHQHUDOL]DWLRQRINQRZOHGJH$PRQJWKHPDLQDVSHFWV
1RW RQO\ FKLOGUHQ ZLWK OHDUQLQJ GLVDELOLWLHV UHTXLUH
RI VXFK D PHWKRGRORJ\ ZH FDQ KLJKOLJKW   FRQVWDQW
FRUUHFWLRQ VWUDWHJLHV HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQWV LQ
RULHQWDWLRQLQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHRUHWLFDOFRQFHSWVDQG
0H[LFR DOVR QHHG WKHP )URP WKLV SRLQW RI YLHZ WKH
  V\PEROLF H[WHUQDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI SKHQRPHQD RU
SURSRVDOVPDGHE\FRJQLWLYHQHXURSV\FKRORJLVWVGRQRW SURFHVVHVWKDWVKRXOGEHOHDUQHG
DSSHDUWREHVSHFL¿FWRPDWKHPDWLFVGLI¿FXOWLHV $W WKH LQLWLDO OHYHO RI LQWURGXFLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV
7KH SUHYHQWLRQ RI PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQWHQW VKRXOG EH RUJDQL]HG DURXQG
QRUPDOJHQHUDOSRSXODWLRQFRXOGEHVSHFL¿FDOO\RUJDQL]HG IRXU FRPSRQHQWV²ORJLFDO V\PEROLF PDWKHPDWLFDO
IURPDQ$FWLYLW\7KHRU\SHUVSHFWLYHDQGXVLQJDFXOWXUDO DQG VSDWLDO²WKDW KDYH EHHQ GLVFXVVHG LQ SUHYLRXV
KLVWRULFDO DSSURDFK7KLV PHDQV WKDW LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR SV\FKRORJLFDO VWXGLHV EDVHG RQ $FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\
FRUUHFWO\RULHQWFKLOGUHQLQQXPHULFDODQGPDWKHPDWLFDO 6DOPLQD  )LOLPRQRYD  6RORYLHYD HW DO 
FRQFHSWV6XFKRULHQWDWLRQFDQQRWEHFRQVLGHUHG³PHWD 6RORYLHYD 4XLQWDQDU  2UWL]   7KH GHFLPDO
FRJQLWLRQ´RUWKHWUDLQLQJRI³H[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQV´EXW V\VWHPLVXQGRXEWHGO\DV\PEROLFV\VWHPWKDWLVEDVHG
VKRXOG LQFOXGH DFWLRQV E\ DGXOWV WR KHOS EDVHG RQ WKH RQWKHUHODWLYHPHDQLQJRIHDFKGLJLW 6DOPLQD 
SUR[LPDWHGHYHORSPHQW]RQHFRQFHSW 9LJRWVN\ No   digit   has   a   direct   meaning—it   changes   according  
7DOL]LQD ,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWWKLVLVDSDUWLFXODU WR LWV VSDWLDO SRVLWLRQ +RZHYHU RQO\ GLUHFW PHDQLQJ
ZD\RIWKLQNLQJWKDWLVQRWVKDUHGE\DOOSV\FKRORJLVWV DQG GLUHFW FRUUHVSRQGHQFH WR WKH TXDQWLW\ LV WDXJKW LQ
RU QHXURSV\FKRORJLVWV 0RUHRYHU LW KDV EHHQ UHMHFWHG VFKRRO3RVLWLRQVOHIWRUULJKWRIWKHGHFLPDOSRLQWDOVR
E\WKHPDMRULW\RIFRJQLWLYHSV\FKRORJLVWV1RQHWKHOHVV KDYH VSHFL¿F PHDQLQJV LQ WKH GHFLPDO V\VWHP ,Q WKLV
DFTXDLQWLQJRQHVHOIZLWKWKLVWKHRU\DQGLWVSRVVLELOLWLHV FDVHVSDWLDORULHQWDWLRQLVHVVHQWLDODQGDUHDVRQZK\LW
DSSHDUVWREHXVHIXO VKRXOGEHLQFOXGHGDVDFRPSRQHQWLQWKHLQWURGXFWLRQ
,Q WUDGLWLRQDO WHDFKLQJ WKHVH FRPSRQHQWV DUH QRW RIWKHFRQFHSWLQPDWKHPDWLFV 6RORYLHYDHWDO 
FRQVLGHUHGLPSRUWDQWNQRZOHGJHRUDVSHFWVRIOHDUQLQJ ,Q SULPDU\ VFKRRO LQWURGXFWLRQ RI WKH QXPEHU
6\PEROLFSUHSDUDWLRQLVQRWHYHQPHQWLRQHGDVDWHUP FRQFHSWDQGGHFLPDOV\VWHPFDQEHRUJDQL]HGDQGJXLGHG
UHODWHG WR PDWKHPDWLFV 7KH V\PEROV DUH SUHVHQWHG WR E\DWHDFKHU6XFKRUJDQL]DWLRQFDQJXDUDQWHHUHÀHFWLYH
FKLOGUHQMXVWDVPDWHULDOREMHFWVZLWKQRGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ DQG FRQVFLRXV DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH SURSRVHG FRQFHSWV
EHWZHHQ REMHFW XVDJH DQG V\PEROV 7KH FXUUHQW 6SHFL¿FNLQGVRIH[WHUQDOV\PEROLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVFDQ
FXUULFXODU PHWKRGV DUH EDVHG RQ WUDGLWLRQDO UHSHWLWLRQ EHXVHGGXULQJWKHWHDFKLQJSURFHVV7KHWHDFKHUDOZD\V
DQGPHPRUL]DWLRQZLWKRXWV\PEROLFRUORJLFDOFRQFHSWV SUHVHQWVERWKRULHQWDWLRQDQGV\PEROLFPHDQVIRUVROYLQJ
RIQXPHULFDOVWUXFWXUHRUWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHP SUREOHPVDQGWKHVWXGHQWFDQSURSRVHWKHPDWHULDOVIRU
,Q WHDFKLQJ LQ VFKRRO WKH FRQFHSWV DUH QRW HDFKRIWKHDFWLRQV$QH[DPSOHRIVXFKDUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
LQWURGXFHGLQFRQFUHWHGLGDFWLFVWKDWDUHGLUHFWHGWRZDUG RIRULHQWDWLRQIRUQXPEHUFRQFHSWIRUPDWLRQZLWKLQWKH
WKHH[HFXWLRQRIRSHUDWLRQVDQGPHPRUL]DWLRQRIWDEOHV PHDVXUHPHQWDFWLRQLVVKRZQLQ%R[
DQGIRUPXODV3UREOHPVROYLQJLVUDUHLQFODVVURRPV
1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH QXPEHU FRQFHSW DQG GHFLPDO
V\VWHP UHSUHVHQW HVVHQWLDO DVSHFWV RI GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ 0DJQLWXGH 0  REMHFWRUSDUDPHWHUWKDWZHZDQWWR
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO 7KLV LV WKH VXEMHFW WKDW DSSDUHQWO\ PHDVXUH :KDWGRZHZDQWWRPHDVXUH"
FRPSULVHV PRVW RI WKH DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH ¿UVW  \HDUV RI 0HDVXUHPHQW P  V\PERORUPHDQVWKDWZHFKRRVH
HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO HGXFDWLRQ 5XHVJD  *XLPDUDHV DVDPHDVXUH :KDWGRZHPHDVXUHZLWK"
  7KH GHFLPDO V\VWHP VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG D 4XDQWLW\ RI WLPH Y   1XPEHU RI WLPHV ZH XVH WKH
SRVLWLRQDOV\VWHPEHFDXVHWKHGLJLWVDUHQRWLQGHSHQGHQW PHDVXUH +RZPDQ\WLPHVGRZHPHDVXUHE\WKLV
DQG VXEMHFW WR VSDWLDO SRVLWLRQ 1R GLJLW KDV DEVROXWH PHDQV"
PHDQLQJLWGHSHQGVRQLWVVSHFL¿FVSDWLDOSRVLWLRQ ÈYLOD
*DUFtD6LOYD %DUHOD7VYHWNRYD  Box  1.6\PEROLFFDUGIRUPHDVXUHPHQWRULHQWDWLRQ
Acquisition  of  mathematics  in  Mexico 487

,QWKHFDVHRIIRUPLQJWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHPFRQFHSW )RU VXFK D PHWKRG FKLOGUHQ FDQ OHDUQ WR UHSUHVHQW


DQRWKHUH[WHUQDOPRGHOIRUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQPD\EHXVHG GLIIHUHQWQXPEHUVDQGGLIIHUHQWTXDQWLWLHVXVLQJV\PEROLF
&KLOGUHQFDQPHDVXUHXQLWVRIDFWLRQLQVXFKDZD\WKDW VFKHPHV IRU WKH GHFLPDO V\VWHP ,Q DOO RI WKH WDVNV
HDFKVXEVHTXHQWXQLWRIPHDVXUHFDQEHWLPHVODUJHU FKLOGUHQKDYHWRLGHQWLI\WKHODUJHVWDQGVPDOOHVWXQLWVDQG
WKDQWKHSUHYLRXVRQH7KDWXQLWLVFDOOHGD³WHQ´)LJXUH GLIIHUHQWLDWHWKH³GLJLW´DQG³SRVLWLRQDOXQLW´FRQFHSWV
VKRZVDQHODERUDWLRQRIDV\PEROLFH[WHUQDOVFKHPHIRU 7KH QRQWUDGLWLRQDO PDWKHPDWLFDO DVVHVVPHQW RI
WKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIJUDGHVZLWKLQWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHP FRQFHSWXDO DELOLW\ DFFRUGLQJ WR $FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\ FDQ
6RORYLHYD HW DO  :KHQ WKH VWXGHQW FRXQWV DQG EH UHDOL]HG E\ DVNLQJ FRQFHSWXDO TXHVWLRQV LQVWHDG RI
JHWVRUPRUHXQLWVKHFDQ³SDVV´WRWKHQH[WXQLWRQ SURYLGLQJH[DPSOHVRIVROXWLRQVDQGRSHUDWLRQV7DEOH
WKHULJKWVLGHRIWKHVFKHPH SUHVHQWVVRPHH[DPSOHVRIHPSLULFDODQGFRQFHSWXDO
)LJXUH  VKRZV KRZ WKH VWXGHQW FDQ RUJDQL]H WKH DQVZHUVJLYHQE\FKLOGUHQ
GHFLPDOV\VWHPPRGHOLQDPDWHULDOL]HGIRUPDVWKHUHVXOW ,W LV SRVVLEOH WR QRWLFH WKH TXDOLWDWLYH GLIIHUHQFH
RIFRQVWDQWFRQFHSWXDORULHQWDWLRQDQGWKHIXO¿OOPHQWRI EHWZHHQ WKH HPSLULFDO OHYHO SHUFHSWLRQ DQG ORJLFDO
MRLQWDFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHVWXGHQWDQGWHDFKHU WKHRUHWLFDO FRPSUHKHQVLRQ RI PDWKHPDWLF UHODWLRQV ,W
LVSRVVLEOHWRSURSRVHVSHFL¿FPHWKRGVWRIRUPORJLFDO
WKHRUHWLFDOFRPSUHKHQVLRQLQVWHDGRIFKDRWLFHPSLULFDO
SHUFHSWLRQ:HFRQVLGHUWKDWWKLVLVSRVVLEOHEHFDXVHRXU
H[SHULPHQWDOGDWDDWWKHSUHVFKRRODQGVFKRROOHYHOVLQ
0H[LFR KDYH DOZD\V GHPRQVWUDWHG VXFK D SRVVLELOLW\
DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDO VXFFHVV =iUUDJD 4XLQWDQDU
*DUFLD  6RORYLHYD  5RVDV 6RORYLHYD *DUFtD
4XLQWDQDU5RVDV 
6XFK D ZD\ RI WHDFKLQJ KDV WR EH RSSRVLWH WR WKH
FRQVWUXFWLYLVW ZRUNLQJ PHWKRGV WKDW VLPSO\ VHSDUDWH
LQGLYLGXDO FKLOG DFWLRQV ZLWK QR VSHFL¿F HVWDEOLVKHG
SXUSRVH DQG VWUHVV WKH WHDFKLQJ RI V\PEROV MXVW DV
DQ\RWKHUH[WHUQDOREMHFWWKDWLVSUHVHQWHGWRWKHFKLOG
0DUWLQ&DVWDxR 7KHWHFKQLTXHVXVHGLQ
WKH FRQVWUXFWLYLVW DSSURDFK DUH QHYHU SURSHUO\ DSSOLHG
WR WKH PHDVXUHPHQW DFWLRQ 7KRVH PHWKRGV SXUSRUW WR
PHDVXUHRQO\HPSLULFDOO\ZLWKRXWDQ\REMHFWLYHDQGQR
UHODWLRQWRWKHGHFLPDOV\VWHPFRQFHSW
7KHPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKLQJSURFHVVLQVFKRROVKRXOG
Figure  3.5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRIXQLWVDQGWHQVZLWKH[WHUQDOVFKHPH
EH XQGHUVWRRG DV D GLUHFWHG DQG RUJDQL]HG SURFHVV
7DOL]LQD HW DO   DQG QRW WKH HPSLULFDO VHOHFWLRQ
RI VHYHUDO RSHUDWLRQV DQG DFWLRQV 7KH WHDFKHU VKRXOG
FOHDUO\XQGHUVWDQGZKDWVKHLVWHDFKLQJDQGKRZWKHEHVW
UHVXOW FDQ EH DFKLHYHG 6XFK D WHDFKLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQ
SURFHVV DOORZV FKLOGUHQ WR EH FRQVFLRXV RI WKHLU
OHDUQLQJ 7DOL]LQD DQGDOORZVDQGJXDUDQWHHVWKH
GHYHORSPHQW RI PDWKHPDWLFDO VNLOOV LQ FKLOGUHQ 2QO\
WKHULJKWFKRLFHDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQRIDSSURSULDWHDFWLRQV
PD\ GULYH SRVLWLYH WHDFKLQJ UHVXOWV 6XFK DFWLRQV DUH
UHODWHGWRREMHFWIHDWXUHPHDVXUHPHQWV HJKLJKQHVV
EURDGQHVVDQGYROXPH 
&RQVWDQW RULHQWDWLRQ XVLQJ V\PEROLF PHDQV KHOSV
Figure  4.7HQVFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGQXPHULFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ DQVZHUVSHFL¿FTXHVWLRQVZLWKFRQVWDQWDGXOWSDUWLFLSDWLRQ

7DEOH(PSLULFDODQGWKHRUHWLFDODQVZHUVWRFRQFHSWXDOTXHVWLRQV

Task (PSLULFDODQVZHUV &RQFHSWXDODQVZHUV

:KLFKRQHLVWKHELJJHVWFPRUP" EHFDXVHLVELJJHUWKDQRQH 1  meter  is  bigger  than  3  centimeters  because  


PHWHULQFOXGHVFHQWLPHWHUV

:KLFKRQHLVWKHELJJHVWOLWHUVRU LVELJJHUWKDQ ,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRDQVZHUGLIIHUHQWPHDQV


NLORJUDPV" ZHUHXVHGIRUWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV

:KLFKLVWKHELJJHVWWZRTXDUWHUVRIDQKRXU ,GRQ¶WNQRZ,KDYHQ¶WEHHQWDXJKWWRUHDG 7KH\DUHHTXDOEHFDXVHRQHTXDUWHUSOXVRQH


RUDKDOIKRXU" WKHFORFN TXDUWHUHTXDOVDKDOIKRXU
488 Solovieva  et  al.

ZKLFKDUHHVVHQWLDOSDUWVRIRXUPHWKRGRORJ\2QO\WKLV RU VPDOOHU RUELWDO IURQWDO OREH VL]H )ORUHV  


NLQGRIRUJDQL]DWLRQLQWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVFDQJXDUDQWHH 1RUPDOO\QRQHXURSK\VLRORJLFDORUHOHFWURSK\VLRORJLFDO
VXFFHVVIXODVVLPLODWLRQDQGJHQHUDOL]DWLRQRIWKHGHFLPDO FRQ¿UPDWLRQRIVXFKFRQFOXVLRQVLVPDGHLQFRJQLWLYH
V\VWHP FRQFHSW 'DYLGRY  6DOPLQD   7KH VWXGLHV:HEHOLHYHWKDWWKLVUHDVRQLQJLVQRWHIIHFWLYH
SXUSRVHRIHDFKDFWLYLW\DQGHDFKWDVNLVH[SODLQHGDQG LQ FDVHV RI PDWKHPDWLFV DFTXLVLWLRQ GLI¿FXOWLHV
RULHQWHG E\ WKH WHDFKHU $IWHU VXFK WUDLQLQJ ZH IRXQG ([HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQFDQEHSUHVXPHGWREHQHFHVVDU\IRU
QRPLVWDNHVLQWKHUHDGLQJRIQHZQXPEHUVSUHVHQWHGWR DOOFRJQLWLYHDFWLYLWLHVDQGLWLVTXLWHGLI¿FXOWWRGUDZ
WKH FKLOGUHQ 6XFK PLVWDNHV KDYH EHHQ IRXQG E\ VRPH FRQFOXVLRQVDERXWVSHFL¿F FRQFHSWXDO UHODWLRQVDERXW
researchers  in  Mexico  and  other  countries  as  a  constant   ZKDWWKH\³GR´SUHFLVHO\LQPDWKHPDWLFV
QHJDWLYHIHDWXUHRIFKLOGUHQLQHOHPHQWDU\VFKRRO %XWWR ,QFDVHVRIQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDODVVHVVPHQWIURPWKH
*yPH]*DUFtD*yPH]  FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO SHUVSHFWLYH WKH QHXURSV\FKRORJLVW
7KH SULQFLSOHV RI LQQRYDWLYH WHDFKLQJ DFFRUGLQJ ZRXOG QHYHU DVVHVV PDWKHPDWLFV VHSDUDWHO\ 7KH
WR $FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\ PHWKRGRORJ\ FDQ SURYLGH QHZ IXQFWLRQDO HIIHFW RI V\VWHPLF ZHDNQHVV RI DQ\
LQVLJKWV LQWR WKH HGXFDWLRQDO SURFHVV %\ LQFOXGLQJ FRPSRQHQWV RI KLJKHU SV\FKRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQV ZRXOG
WKHVHFRQFHSWVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRFUHDWHRULJLQDOVWUDWHJLHV DOZD\V EH UHÀHFWHG LQ GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI
WKDW HQVXUH DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI LQLWLDO PDWKHPDWLFDO FRJQLWLYHWDVNV6\QGURPHDQDO\VLVEDVHGRQWKH/XULD¶V
FRQFHSWVDQGSUREOHPVROYLQJ VFKRRORIQHXURSV\FKRORJ\VHHNVWRGHWHUPLQHIXQFWLRQDO
FRPSRQHQWVRIVFKRRODFWLRQV 6RORYLHYD 4XLQWDQDU
)LQDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGSURSRVDOV  )URPWKLVSRLQWRIYLHZWKHV\QGURPHLVQHYHU
LQWHUSUHWHG DV ³G\VFDOFXOLD´ LQ LVRODWLRQ IURP RWKHU
The   existing   tests   for   mathematics   assessment   FRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV 7KH ZHDNQHVV RI RQH IXQFWLRQDO
FDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRJURXSV  SV\FKRORJLFDODQG EUDLQ PHFKDQLVP RU IDFWRU FDQ SURGXFH GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ
SHGDJRJLFDO SURFHGXUHV DQG   QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO GLIIHUHQWVFKRRODFWLYLWLHVDQGQHYHUMXVWLQRQHNLQGRI
WHVWV %RWK RI WKHVH FDQ EH VXEGLYLGHG DFFRUGLQJ WR DFWLYLW\$FFRUGLQJWRUHVHDUFKLQWKLV¿HOGPDWKHPDWLFV
WKH SDUDGLJP XVHG FRQVFLRXVO\ DQG XQFRQVFLRXVO\ DFTXLVLWLRQ GLI¿FXOWLHV FDQ EH FDXVHG E\ VHYHUDO
E\ VSHFLDOLVWV  FRJQLWLYH DQG FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO IXQFWLRQDO GH¿FLWV DQG QRW RQO\ E\ DQ LQVXI¿FLHQF\
3V\FKRORJLFDO DQG SHGDJRJLFDO SURFHGXUHV IURP WKH LQ H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQ 6XFK IXQFWLRQDO GH¿FLWV LQ WKH
FRJQLWLYH SHUVSHFWLYH SURSRVH WKH GLUHFW HYDOXDWLRQ RI FDVH RI PDWKHPDWLFV FDQ EH UHODWHG WR ZHDNQHVVHV LQ
RSHUDWLRQ VROXWLRQV DV DQ LVRODWHG FRJQLWLYH SURFHVV UHJXODWLRQ DQG FRQWURO VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV DQG V\QWKHVLV
7KHFRQFOXVLRQPDGHDIWHUWKHVHWHVWVDUHHPSOR\HGFDQ DQGJHQHUDOFRUWLFDODFWLYDWLRQ6XFKZHDNQHVVSURGXFHV
RQO\VKRZZKHWKHUWKHVWXGHQWVFDQRUFDQQRWFRPSOHWH V\VWHPLF HIIHFWV LQ GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI FRJQLWLYH WDVNV
DVSHFL¿FWDVN1RVWUXFWXUDOGHSHQGHQFHRUUHDVRQVIRU WKDW FDQQRW EH IXOO\ UHFWL¿HG E\ WKH FKLOG 7KHUHIRUH
GLI¿FXOWLHVFDQEHGHWHUPLQHG GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ PDWKHPDWLFV DUH QRW FRQVLGHUHG LVRODWHG
7KHSURSRVHGSURFHGXUHVIURPWKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDO GLI¿FXOWLHVE\QHXURSV\FKRORJLVWV1HXURSV\FKRORJLFDO
SHUVSHFWLYHUHODWHGWRSV\FKRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQW DIWHU V\QGURPH DQDO\VLV FDQ KHOS XQGHUVWDQG EUDLQ IXQFWLRQ
9LJRWVN\   DQG $FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\ DIWHU /HRQWLHY ZLWK UHJDUG WR PDWKHPDWLFDO WKLQNLQJ SUREOHPV DQG
  UHSUHVHQW DQ DOWHUQDWLYH DVVHVVPHQW DQG ZD\ UHODWH WKHP WR GLI¿FXOWLHV LQ RWKHU FRJQLWLYH GRPDLQV
RI WHDFKLQJ ,QVWHDG RI SURYLGLQJ GLUHFW H[DPSOHV RI ,IWKHVWXGHQWRQO\KDVGLI¿FXOWLHVLQPDWKHPDWLFVDQGLI
DULWKPHWLFVROXWLRQVRUSUREOHPVFRQFHSWXDOTXHVWLRQV QRQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDOV\QGURPHFDQEHGHWHFWHGWKHQ
7DEOH   FDQ EH SURSRVHG )RU WKH YHU\ EHJLQQLQJ WKHFRQFOXVLRQLVWKDWLWLVDSHGDJRJLFDODQGFRQFHSWXDO
RI HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO ZH SURSRVH WKH HYDOXDWLRQ SUREOHPDQGQRWRIQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDORULJLQ
RI FRPSRQHQWV RI V\VWHPDWLF FRQFHSW IRUPDWLRQ LQ $V ZH PHQWLRQHG DERYH ERWK SHUVSHFWLYHV DUH
PDWKHPDWLFV LQFOXGLQJ V\PEROLF DFWLRQV VSDWLDO UHSUHVHQWHGLQ0H[LFRDQGKDYHDFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHU
RULHQWDWLRQ DW GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV ORJLF DQG QXPHULFDO RI IROORZHUV 7HDFKLQJ VWUDWHJLHV DQG PHWKRGV RI
DFWLRQV6XFKDVVHVVPHQWZLOOGHWHFWZKDWVWXGHQWVFDQ FRUUHFWLQJGLI¿FXOWLHVDUHGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHVHVDPH
DQGFDQQRWGRKHOSGLVFRYHUSRVVLEOHUHDVRQVIRUWKHLU WZRSDUDGLJPV
GLI¿FXOWLHV KHOS FULWLFDOO\ HYDOXDWH FXUUHQW PHWKRGV ,Q WKH FDVH RI SHGDJRJLFDO DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO
DQGDOORZSURSRVDOVRILQQRYDWLYHDQGFUHDWLYHWHDFKLQJ DVVHVVPHQW IURP WKH FRJQLWLYH SHUVSHFWLYH DULWKPHWLF
SURFHGXUHVDQGOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHV RSHUDWLRQVFDQEHGLUHFWO\WUDLQHG,QDGGLWLRQDOVHVVLRQV
,QWKHFDVHRIQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDODVVHVVPHQWIURP DIWHU VFKRRO VWXGHQWV DUH WUDLQHG LQ UHSHDWLQJ DQG
WKHFRJQLWLYHSHUVSHFWLYHVSHFLDOLVWVHYDOXDWHGLIIHUHQW PHPRUL]LQJPXOWLSOLFDWLRQDQGGLYLVLRQRSHUDWLRQVDQG
FRJQLWLYHIXQFWLRQVRUSURFHVVHVLQLVRODWLRQ1RUPDOO\ WDEOHV1RRWKHUWHFKQLTXHVKDYHEHHQIRXQG
WKH\UHODWHPDWKHPDWLFVDFTXLVLWLRQGLI¿FXOWLHVRQO\ZLWK ,Q WKH FDVH RI SHGDJRJLFDO DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO
LQVXI¿FLHQF\LQVRFDOOHGH[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQ,QVXFKD DVVHVVPHQW IURP WKH $FWLYLW\ 7KHRU\ SHUVSHFWLYH
FDVHLWGRHVQRWPDWWHULIWKHFKLOGVKRZVRUGRHVQRW SUHYLRXV HOHPHQWV RI PDWKHPDWLFV DFTXLVLWLRQ DUH
VKRZGLI¿FXOWLHVLQRWKHUVXEMHFWDUHDVLQVFKRRO HJ XVXDOO\ SURYLGHG WKURXJK JUDGXDO IRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH
UHDGLQJRUZULWLQJ ,WVHHPVWREHVXI¿FLHQWWRVLPSO\ PDWHULDO DQG PDWHULDOL]HG OHYHO WR WKH SHUFHSWXDO DQG
GHWHUPLQHWKDWSUREOHPVH[LVWLQH[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQ7KH VFKHPDWLF OHYHO WR WKH YHUEDO DQG FRQFHSWXDO OHYHO
GLUHFW FRQFOXVLRQ LV LQVXI¿FLHQW IURQWDO OREH IXQFWLRQ 6SHFL¿F VWXGLHV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG LQ WKLV DUHD ZLWK
Acquisition  of  mathematics  in  Mexico 489

SRVLWLYH DQG HIIHFWLYH UHVXOWV 'XULQJ WKH HGXFDWLRQDO SV\FKRORJLFDOUHDVRQVDQGEHFDXVHRIIXQFWLRQDOGH¿FLWV


VFKRRO VWDJH VSHFL¿F SURJUDPV ZHUH FUHDWHG IRU WKH HJLQVSDWLDOV\QWKHVLV 6SHFLDOFRUUHFWLRQSURJUDPV
UHÀHFWLYHRULHQWDWLRQRUJDQL]DWLRQRIHVVHQWLDOUHODWLRQV KDYH WR EH GHYHORSHG WR LQFOXGH ERWK WKH SHGDJRJLFDO
EHWZHHQ HOHPHQWV RI PDWKHPDWLFDO VLWXDWLRQV 7KHVH DQGQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDOSRLQWVRIYLHZ
SURJUDPV LQFOXGHG PHWKRGV IRU WKH JUDGXDO IRUPDWLRQ :H EHOLHYH WKDW VHDUFKLQJ IRU RQO\ RQH UHDVRQ IRU
RI WKH QXPEHU FRQFHSW 6RORYLHYD HW DO   PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV EDVHG RQ RQO\ D SHGDJRJLFDO
GHFLPDO V\VWHP FRQFHSW 7DOL]LQD   5RVDV SV\FKRORJLFDORUQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDODSSURDFKZLOOQRW
HWDO DQGPXOWLSOLFDWLRQDQGGLYLVLRQRSHUDWLRQV KHOS RXU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH QDWXUH RI WKH SUREOHP
5RVDV :HEHOLHYHWKDWWKHFUHDWLYHFRQWLQXDWLRQ 2QO\FRQVWUXFWLYHDQDO\WLFDQGV\QWKHWLFFRPELQDWLRQV
RI WKLV DUHD PD\ EH WKH RQO\ HIIHFWLYH VROXWLRQ IRU WKH RIGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVZLOOEHXVHIXOLQWKHIXWXUH
FRPSOH[VLWXDWLRQZLWKPDWKHPDWLFVOHDUQLQJLQVFKRRO
,Q WKH FDVH RI QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO FRUUHFWLRQ IURP References
WKH FRJQLWLYH SHUVSHFWLYH WKH PRVW FRPPRQ DSSURDFK $FHYHGR$ 2OLYD-  9DOLGDFLyQ\DSOLFDFLRQHVGHXQWHVW
LVDGGUHVVLQJH[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQVHSDUDWHO\DVWKHRQO\ GHUD]RQDPLHQWROyJLFRRevista  de  Psicología  General  y  Aplicada,  
48  
SRVVLEOHUHDVRQIRUPDWKHPDWLFVDFTXLVLWLRQGLI¿FXOWLHV $OYDUDGR$ *RQ]iOH]07  *HQHUDFLyQLQWHUDFWLYDGHO
6XFK LQWHUYHQWLRQV DUH QHYHU VSHFL¿F IRU PDWKHPDWLFV FRQRFLPLHQWRSDUDLQLFLDUVHHQHOPDQHMRGHLPSOLFDFLRQHVOyJLFDV
DQG DUH LQVWHDG JHQHUDO DQG JOREDO DQG FDQQRW EH RELIME,  16  
$QGHUVRQ 9   $VVHVVLQJ H[HFXWLYH IXQFWLRQV LQ FKLOGUHQ
FRQVLGHUHGDQHVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWRIWKHSUREOHP ELRORJLFDO SV\FKRORJLFDO DQG GHYHORSPHQWDO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV
,Q WKH FDVH RI QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO FRUUHFWLRQ Pediatric  Rehabilitation,  4  
IURP WKH FXOWXUDO KLVWRULFDO SHUVSHFWLYH WKH JRDO RI ÈYLOD$ *DUFtD6  Los  decimales:  más  que  una  escritura
0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO,1((
FRUUHFWLRQ LV QHYHU UHODWHG WR PDWKHPDWLFV LWVHOI EXW %DQFXEL   0pWRGR %DQFXEL 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZ
UDWKHU WKH JUDGXDO GHYHORSPHQW RI ZHDN FRPSRQHQWV EDQFXELFRPEDQFXELKWPDFFHVVHG$XJXVW
RI KLJKHU SV\FKRORJLFDO IXQFWLRQV :H FDQ VWDWH DJDLQ %ORFN '  6RODUHV '   /DV IUDFFLRQHV \ OD GLYLVLyQ HQ OD
HVFXHOD SULPDULD DQiOLVLV GLGiFWLFR GH XQ YtQFXOR Educación  
WKDW LPSRUWDQW FRPSRQHQWV IRU PDWKHPDWLFV LQFOXGH Matemática,  13  
UHJXODWLRQ DQG FRQWURO VSDWLDO DQDO\VLV DQG V\QWKHVLV %RQLOOD 0 6RORYLHYD <  -LPpQH] 1   9DORUDFLyQ GHO
DQG JHQHUDO FRUWLFDO DFWLYDWLRQ &RUUHFWLRQ SURJUDPV QLYHOGHGHVDUUROORVLPEyOLFRHQODHGDGSUHHVFRODURevista  CES  
IURP D QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO SHUVSHFWLYH LQFOXGH MRLQW Psicología,  5  
%XHQURVWUR $ 9   $ULWPpWLFD \ EDMR UHQGLPLHQWR HVFRODU
WDVNV LQ ZKLFK WKH FKLOG LV LQYROYHG ZLWK D WKHUDSLVW 7HVLV GH GRFWRUDGR HQ FLHQFLDV HQ OD HVSHFLDOLGDG GH PDWHPiWLFD
$IWHUWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVXFKFRUUHFWLRQSURJUDPV HGXFDWLYD 0p[LFR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO &HQWUR GH ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ \
LPSURYHPHQWV LQ DOO FRJQLWLYH DUHDV FDQ EH REVHUYHG (VWXGLRV$YDQ]DGRVGHO,31
%XHQURVWUR $ 9   'L¿FXOWDGHV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV
QHYHU MXVW LQ PDWKHPDWLFV 4XLQWDQDU /i]DUR  PDWHPiWLFDVHQORVSULPHURVJUDGRVHVFRODUHV,Q-6iQFKH] $
6RORYLHYD  6RORYLHYD  4XLQWDQDU F  (VFRWWR (GV 'L¿FXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHODVPDWHPiWLFDV
%RWK QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO DSSURDFKHV DUH FRPPRQ LQ factores  neuropsicológicos,  afectivos  y  socioepistemológicos SS
 0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO81$0
0H[LFR DQG LW LV SUDFWLFDOO\ LPSRVVLEOH WR ¿QG DQ\ %XWWR& *yPH]/0  /DVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGHOVLVWHPD
QHXURSV\FKRORJLVWZLWKD³WKLUG´DOWHUDWLYHDSSURDFK QXPpULFR GHFLPDO LQGRDUiELJR HQ QLxRV GH SULPHU JUDGR GH
,W LV QHFHVVDU\ WR FRQVLGHU WZR VSHFL¿F UHDVRQV SULPDULD;,;&RQJUHVR0H[LFDQRGH3VLFRORJtD&DQF~Q&DQF~Q
&HQWHU4XLQWDQD5RR0p[LFR
IRU PDWKHPDWLFV DFTXLVLWLRQ SHGDJRJLFDO DQG &DQWRUDO 5  )DUIiQ 5 0   0DWHPiWLFD HGXFDWLYD XQD
QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO %RWK VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG EXW YLVLyQGHVXHYROXFLyQRELIME,  6  
DXWKRUV IUHTXHQWO\ FRQVLGHU WKHP VHSDUDWHO\ ,Q WKH &DVWDxR-  8QDDSUR[LPDFLyQDOSURFHVRGHFRPSUHQVLyQGHORV
QXPHUDOHVSRUSDUWHGHORVQLxRVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV
FDVH RI SHGDJRJLFDO GLI¿FXOWLHV RQO\ SUREOHPV ZLWK PHQWDOHV\VHPLyWLFDVUniversitas  Psichological,    
PDWKHPDWLFV DFTXLVLWLRQ DUH FRQVLGHUHG ZLWK QR &D]DUHV-  /DHQVHxDQ]D\HODSUHQGL]DMHGHODDULWPpWLFDHQ
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI RWKHU VFKRRO VXEMHFWV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WHUFHURGH SUHHVFRODU 0p[LFR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO 6(3 ±
&21$&<7
WR PDWKHPDWLFV GLI¿FXOWLHV DQG ORZ VFKRRO PDUNV LW &RQWUHUDV 6  &RQWUHUDV $   (VWLORV GH DSUHQGL]DMH GHO
LV QHFHVVDU\ WR HVWDEOLVK WKH DEVHQFH RI FRQFHSWXDO SURIHVRU\VXVHVWLORVGHHQVHxDQ]D;,;&RQJUHVR0H[LFDQRGH
UHDVRQLQJDQGURWHDQGFKDRWLFDQVZHUVE\WKHVWXGHQWV 3VLFRORJtD&DQF~Q&DQF~Q&HQWHU4XLQWDQD5RR0p[LFR
&RUGHR )  6LOYD +   0DWHPiWLFD HGXFDWLYD LGHQWLGDG \
,QWKHFDVHRIQHXURSV\FKRORJLFDOUHDVRQVZHIRXQG /DWLQRDPHULFDTXHKDFHU\ODXVDQ]DGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGLVFLSOLQDU
V\VWHPLF GLI¿FXOWLHV ZLWK RWKHU FRJQLWLYH WDVNV DQG RELIME,  15  
QHYHUMXVWLQPDWKHPDWLFV7KLVPD\EHH[SODLQHGIURP 'DYLGRY 9   /D HQVHxDQ]D HVFRODU \ HO GHVDUUROOR SVtTXLFR
0RVF~3URJUHVR
WKHFXOWXUDOKLVWRULFDOSHUVSHFWLYH,QFRJQLWLYHVFLHQFH 'tD]- %HUPHMR9  1LYHOGHDEVWUDFFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDV
VXFKSDUDPHWHUVDUHIUHTXHQWO\FRQIXVHGDQGFRPELQHG DULWPpWLFRV HQ QLxRV XUEDQRV \ UXUDOHV Revista   Latinoamericana  
WRJHWKHU ZHPHDQWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIGLI¿FXOWLHVRQO\ de  Investigación  en  Matemática  Educativa  
(VFRWWR &yUGRYD ( $ 6iQFKH]5XL] - * %DOWD]DU5DPRV $
LQ PDWKHPDWLFV DQG QRW LQ RWKHU VFKRRO DUHDV LQ WKH &RQWUHUDV5DPtUH] 0 6 %HFHUUD&DVWHOODQRV -  *DUFtD
VDPH FKLOG  7KLV RFFXUV EHFDXVH RI WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI 3pUH] - 0  $FDOFXOLD ,Q - * 6iQFKH] $ (VFRWWR
H[HFXWLYHIXQFWLRQRUPDWKHPDWLFDORSHUDWLRQVZLWKRXW (GV 'L¿FXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHODVPDWHPiWLFDVIDFWRUHV
neuropsicológicos   afectivos   y   socioepistemológicos SS  
FRQVLGHULQJRWKHUDFWLRQVRUSURFHVVHV,WLVTXLWHIUHTXHQW 0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO81$0
WR ¿QG ERWK SHGDJRJLFDO DQG QHXURSV\FKRORJLFDO (VSLQR]D / %DUEp -  *DOYp] *   /LPLWDFLRQHV HQ HO
UHDVRQV LQ DQ HOHPHQWDU\ VFKRRO VWXGHQW 7KH VDPH GHVDUUROORGHODDFWLYLGDGPDWHPiWLFDHQODHVFXHODEiVLFDHOFDVR
GHODDULWPpWLFDHVFRODUEstudios  Pedagógicos,  37  
VWXGHQW FDQ KDYH VXEVWDQWLDO GLI¿FXOWLHV EHFDXVH RI )ORUHV - &   /DV IXQFLRQHV HMHFXWLYDV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH ,Q
WKHDEVHQFHRIHVVHQWLDOVFKRROSUHSDUDWLRQEHFDXVHRI - 6iQFKH]  $ (VFRWWR (GV  'L¿FXOWDGHV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH
490 Solovieva  et  al.

de   las   matemáticas:   factores   neuropsicológicos,   afectivos   y   6iQFKH] (  /OLQDUHV 6   'LGiFWLFD GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV \
socioepistemológicos SS   0p[LFR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO HO SURIHVRU GH ORV QLYHOHV EiVLFRV ,Q 6(3 (G  $SUHQGL]DMH \
81$0 HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV HVFRODUHV FDVRV \ SHUVSHFWLYDV
)ORUHV - & 2VWURVN\6ROtV )  /R]DQR $   %DWHUtD 0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO6(3
GH IXQFLRQHV IURQWDOHV \ HMHFXWLYDV SUHVHQWDFLyQ Revista   6iQFKH] -*  (VFRWWR&yUGRYD ($   'L¿FXOWDGHV HQ
Neuropsicología,   Neuropsiquiatría   y   Neurociencias,   8    HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV IDFWRUHV QHXURSVLFROyJLFRV
 afectivos   y   socioepistemológicos 0p[LFR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO
*DOSHULQ3<  /DIRUPDFLyQGHORVFRQFHSWRV\GHODVDFFLRQHV 81$0
PHQWDOHV,Q/4XLQWDQDU <6RORYLHYD (GV Las  funciones   6iQFKH] - (VFRWWR $ %HFHUUD - *DUFtD - &RQWUHUDV 0
psicológicas   en   el   desarrollo   del   niño 0p[LFR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO  %DOWD]DU 5$ D  'L¿FXOWDGHV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH
7ULOODV ODV PDWHPiWLFDV \ PHPRULD GH WUDEDMR Revista   Mexicana   de  
*DUFtD2  /DVPDWHPiWLFDVQDWXUDOHVGHOQLxR\VXWUDQVLFLyQD Psicología,  October
ODHGXFDFLyQIRUPDOHQODHVFXHODIRUPDO;,;&RQJUHVR0H[LFDQR 6iQFKH] 5- (VFRWWR &$ %HFHUUD - *DUFtD -0 &RQWUHUDV
GH3VLFRORJtD&DQF~Q&DQF~Q&HQWHU4XLQWDQD5RR0p[LFR 06  %DOWD]DU $0 E  &RUUHODWRV QHXURSVLFROyJLFRV
*yPH] &   &RJQLFLyQ FRQWH[WR \ HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV GHO EDMR UHQGLPLHQWR HQ PDWHPiWLFD HQ HVWXGLDQWHV GH OD
PDWHPiWLFDVComunicación,  Lenguaje  y  Educación,  11 FDUUHUD GH SVLFRORJtD HO SDSHO GH ODV IXQFLRQHV HMHFXWLYDV Acta  
-DFXERYLFK6  0RGHORVDFWXDOHVGHSURFHVDPLHQWRGHOQ~PHUR Latinoamericana  de  Matemática  Educativa,  25
\HOFiOFXORRevista  Argentina  de  Neuropsicología,  7 6DQWRV '   0LFURPXQGR DSUHQGL]DMH DXWRUHJXODGR \
-DUHUR 0$SDULFLR (  6RVD /   3UXHEDV HVFULWDV FRPR HVWDWXV HSLVWHPROyJLFR GH LQIRUPDFLyQ VXEMHWLYD PDWHPiWLFD
HVWUDWHJLDVGHHYDOXDFLyQGHDSUHQGL]DMHVPDWHPiWLFRVXQHVWXGLR ;,;&RQJUHVR0H[LFDQRGH3VLFRORJtD&DQF~Q&DQF~Q&HQWHU
GHFDVRDQLYHOVXSHULRURELIME,  16   4XLQWDQD5RR0p[LFR
/i]DUR ( 6RORYLHYD <  4XLQWDQDU /   3UHPLVDV 6(3 D  Programa   de   Estudio   2011.   Guía   para   el   maestro.  
SVLFROyJLFDVSDUDODDGTXLVLFLyQGHOFiOFXOR,Q-6iQFKH] $ Educación   Básica   Primaria,   primer   grado 0p[LFR 'LVWULWR
(VFRWWR (GV 'L¿FXOWDGHVHQHODSUHQGL]DMHGHODVPDWHPiWLFDV )HGHUDO6HFUHWDUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ3~EOLFD
factores  neuropsicológicos,  afectivos  y  socioepistemológicos SS 6(3 E  3URJUDPDV   de   estudio   2011.   Guía   para   el   maestro.  
 0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO81$0 Educación   básica   de   tercer   grado   de   primaria 0p[LFR 'LVWULWR
/HRQWLHY$1  %DVHVSVLFROyJLFDVGHOGHVDUUROORGHOQLxR\GH )HGHUDO6HFUHWDUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ3~EOLFD
/DHQVHxDQ]D0RVF~6HQWLGR 6(3   Resultados   históricos   nacionales   2006-­2013 0p[LFR
/XULD$5  Las  funciones  corticales  superiores  del  hombre 'LVWULWR)HGHUDO6HFUHWDUtDGH(GXFDFLyQ3~EOLFD5HWULHYHGIURP
0RVF~8QLYHUVLGDG(VWDWDOGH0RVF~ KWWSZZZHQODFHVHSJREP[FRQWHQWJUGRFVKLVWRULFRB
/XULD $ 5   Introducción   a   la   neuropsicología 0RVF~ (%BDFFHVVHG$XJXVW
8QLYHUVLGDG(VWDWDOGH0RVF~ 6HUUD$$GiQ$3pUH]//DFKLFD- 0HPEULYHV6  
0DUWtQ $   2SHUDFLyQ DULWPpWLFD OD GLYLVLyQ %ROHWtQ /DV %DVHVQHXUDOHVGHOSURFHVDPLHQWRQXPpULFR\GHOFiOFXORRevista  
0DWHPiWLFDVHQ6HFXQGDULD de  Neurología,  50  
2&'(   Panorama   de   la   educación   2010:   indicadores   de   la   6LOYD $  %DUHOD &   /RV PDWHULDOHV FRQFUHWRV HQ OD
OCDE0DGULG6DQWLOODQD HQVHxDQ]DGHODQXPHUDFLyQQuehacer  Educativo,  June
3LDJHW-  /¶pSLVWpPRORJLHJpQpWLTXH,Q-3LDJHW 5(YDQV 6RORYLHYD < 4XLQWDQDU /  2UWL] *   7KH IRUPDWLRQ RI
Mes  idées   SS   3DULV'HQRHO*RQWKLHU LQLWLDO FRPSRQHQWV RI QXPEHU FRQFHSWV LQ 0H[LFDQ FKLOGUHQ
4XLQWDQDU/ 6RORYLHYD<  Evaluación  neuropsicológica   Psychology  Research,  2  
de  la  actividad  del  niño  preescolar3XHEOD8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD 6RORYLHYD < /i]DUR (  4XLQWDQDU /   $SUR[LPDFLyQ
GH3XHEOD KLVWyULFRFXOWXUDO HYDOXDFLyQ GH ORV WUDVWRUQRV GHO DSUHQGL]DMH
4XLQWDQDU /  6RORYLHYD <   1HXURSVLFRORJtD \ DSUHQGL]DMH ,Q-(VODYD/0HMtD/4XLQWDQDU <6RORYLHYD (GV Los  
HVFRODUCiencia  y  Desarrollo,  33   WUDVWRUQRV GH DSUHQGL]DMH SHUVSHFWLYDV QHXURSVLFROyJLFDV SS
4XLQWDQDU//i]DUR( 6RORYLHYD<  /DUHKDELOLWDFLyQ  .  %RJRWi0DJLVWHULR
QHXURSVLFROyJLFD D WUDYpV GH OD UHRUJDQL]DFLyQ GH ORV VLVWHPDV 6RORYLHYD < 2UWL] *  4XLQWDQDU /   )RUPDFLyQ GH
IXQFLRQDOHV ,Q $ (VFRWWR 0 3pUH]  0$ 9LOOD (GV  FRQFHSWRV QXPpULFRV LQLFLDOHV HQ XQD SREODFLyQ GH QLxRV
Desarrollo  y  alteraciones  del  lenguaje,  neuropsicología  y  genética   PH[LFDQRVCultura  y  Educación,  20  
de  la  inteligencia SS 0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO81$0 6RORYLHYD<  4XLQWDQDU /   (O GHVDUUROOR GHO QLxR \ ORV
4XLQWDQDU / 6RORYLHYD <  /i]DUR (   (YDOXDFLyQ PpWRGRVGHHQVHxDQ]DElementos,  77
QHXURSVLFROyJLFDLQIDQWLOEUHYHSDUDODSREODFLyQKLVSDQRSDUODQWH 6RORYLHYD < 5RVDV < 4XLQWDQDU /  *DUFtD 0$  
Acta  Neurológica  Colombiana,  24 6\PEROLF UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ IRU LQWURGXFWLRQ RI GHFLPDO V\VWHP LQ
5DGIRUG/ $QGUp0  &HUHEURFRJQLFLyQ\PDWHPiWLFDV 0H[LFDQVFKRROFKLOGUHQInternational  Education  Studies,  6  
RELIME,  12   
5RVDV <   )RUPDFLyQ GH OD DFFLyQ GH GLYLVLyQ HQ QLxRV GH 6RORYLHYD<  4XLQWDQDU /  $QiOLVLV QHXURSVLFROyJLFR GH OD
VHJXQGR JUDGR GH SULPDULD Tesis   de   grado. 3XHEOD 8QLYHUVLGDG DFFLyQHVFRODURevista  General  de  Psicología  Aplicada,  60
$XWyQRPDGH3XHEOD 6RORYLHYD< 4XLQWDQDU/  Evaluación  neuropsicológica  
5RVDV<6RORYLHYD<*DUFtD0 4XLQWDQDU/  )RUPDWLRQ de   la   actividad   escolar 3XHEOD 8QLYHUVLGDG $XWyQRPD GH
RIFRQFHSWRIGHFLPDOV\VWHPLQ0H[LFDQVFKRROFKLOGUHQClinical   3XHEOD
and  Special  Psychology,  1 6RORYLHYD <  4XLQWDQDU / D  (YDOXDFLyQ GHO GHVDUUROOR
5RVVHOOL 0 0DWXWH ( $UGLOD $ %RWHUR 9( 7DQJDULIH *$ VLPEyOLFRHQQLxRVSUHHVFRODUHV0H[LFDQRVCultura  y  Educación,  
(FKHYHUUtD 6( $UEHODH] & 0HMtD 0 0pQGH] /& 9LOOD 25  
3& 2FDPSR3  (YDOXDFLyQ1HXURSVLFROyJLFD,QIDQWLO 6RORYLHYD< 4XLQWDQDU/ E Educación  neuropsicológica  
(1, XQDEDWHUtDSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHQLxRVHQWUH\DxRVGH infantil3XHEOD7ULOODV
HGDGHVWXGLRQRUPDWLYRFRORPELDQRRevista  de  Neurología,  38   6RORYLHYD< 4XLQWDQDU/ F Evaluación  neuropsicológica  
 infantil  breve3XHEOD8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDGH3XHEOD
5XHVJD3 *XLPDUDHV*  6LVWHPDGHQXPHUDFLyQGHFLPDO 6RORYLHYD</i]DUR( 4XLQWDQDU/  (YDOXDFLyQGHODV
XQ LQVWUXPHQWR SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU ORV OLEURV GH WH[WR GH ORV WUHV KDELOLGDGHVPDWHPiWLFDVHQQLxRVSUHHVFRODUHVXUEDQRV\UXUDOHV
SULPHURV DxRV GH HQVHxDQ]D XIII   CIAEM-­IACME,   Brasil,   13,   Cultura  y  Educación,  25  
 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWSZZZFLPPXFUDFFURFVLQGH[SKS 6RORYLHYD < 4XLQWDQDU /  2UWt] *   7KH IRUPDWLRQ RI
[LLLBFLDHP[LLLBFLDHPSDSHUYLHZ)LOH DFFHVVHG $XJXVW LQLWLDO FRPSRQHQWV RI QXPEHU FRQFHSWV LQ 0H[LFDQ FKLOGUHQ
 Psychology  Research,  2  
6DOPLQD 1   /D HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV HQ OD HVFXHOD 7DOL]LQD 1   Manual   de   Psicología   Pedagógica 6DQ /XLV
SULPDULD,Q17DOL]LQD (G La  formación  de  las  habilidades  del   3RWRVt8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDGH6DQ/XLV3RWRVt
pensamiento  matemático SS 6DQ/XLV3RWRVt8QLYHUVLGDG 7DOL]LQD1  La  formación  de  las  habilidades  matemáticas  en  
$XWyQRPDGH6DQ/XLV3RWRVt niños   escolares 6DQ /XLV 3RWRVt 8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD GH 6DQ
6DOPLQD1 )LOLPLQRYD2  3UREOHPDVHQHODSUHQGL]DMH /XLV3RWRVt
de   las   matemáticas   básicas   y   su   corrección 3XHEOD ,QVWLWXWR 7DOL]LQD1  /DWHRUtDGHODDFWLYLGDGDSOLFDGDDODHQVHxDQ]D
8QLYHUVLWDULRGH(VWXGLRV$YDQ]DGRV 3XHEOD8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPDGH3XHEOD
Acquisition  of  mathematics  in  Mexico 491

7DOL]LQD16RORYLHYD< 4XLQWDQDU/  /DDSUR[LPDFLyQ de   las   matemáticas:   factores   neuropsicológicos,   afectivos   y  


GHODDFWLYLGDGHQSVLFRORJtD\VXUHODFLyQFRQHOHQIRTXHKLVWyULFR socioepistemológicos SS 0p[LFR'LVWULWR)HGHUDO81$0
FXOWXUDOGH/69\JRWVN\Novedades  Educativas,  230 9LJRWVN\/6  (OSUREOHPDGHODHQVHxDQ]D\GHOGHVDUUROOR
7ROHGR + 3pUH] ( 5LTXHOPH 9 +HUQiQGH] =  %LWWQHU LQWHOHFWXDO HQ OD HGDG HVFRODU ,Q /6 9LJRWVN\ Psicología  
9   (YDOXDFLyQ GH ORV LQWHUHVHV \ HVWLORV FRJQLWLYRV GH pedagógica:   obras   escogidas 7RPR  SS   0RVF~
DSUHQGL]DMH HQ FLHQFLD HQ DOXPQRV GH ƒ \ ƒ DxR GH HQVHxDQ]D 3HGDJRJtD
EiVLFD\ƒ\ƒGHHGXFDFLyQPHGLDGHODSURYLQFLD/ODQTXLKXH 9LJRWVN\/6  3UREOHPDVGHOGHVDUUROORGHODSVLTXH2EUDV
Journal  for  Educator,  Teachers  and  Trainers,  2 (VFRJLGDV7RPR,,,0DGULG9LVRU
7VYHWNRYD/6  Alteraciones  y  rehabilitación  del  cálculo  en   :HFKVOHU'  WISC  IV:  Escala  de  Inteligencia  Wechsler  para  
casos  de  lesiones  locales  cerebrales0RVF~8QLYHUVLGDG(VWDWDO Niños  IV0DGULG7($
GH0RVF~ =iUUDJD 6 4XLQWDQDU / *DUFtD 0  6RORYLHYD <  
8UVLQL 6   8QD PLUDGD D IDFWRUHV SVLFROyJLFRV \ VRFLDOHV TXH )RUPDFLyQGHODVKDELOLGDGHVPDWHPiWLFDVEiVLFDVHQSUHHVFRODUHV
LQWHUYLHQHQ HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV ,Q - 6iQFKH] PD\RUHV GH XQD FRPXQLGDG VXEXUEDQD Revista   Educacao   e  
5XL] $ (VFRWWR &yUGRYD (GV  'L¿FXOWDGHV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH )LORVR¿D,  26

View publication stats

You might also like