MERR123 Power System Stability

Lecture:
Transmission Line Modeling
Parameters

Franklin Quilumba, Ph.D.

Department of Electrical Energy
Escuela Politécnica Nacional
2017B
 Series Impedance with Earth Return
• Since all power lines are within a finite
distance of Earth’s surface and use
ground as a return path (in addition to
any neutral wires).

• In 1926, John Carson published a paper

where he developed a set of equations
for computing the self- and mutual
impedances of lines taking into account
the return path of current through
ground.
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Carson’s Equations [4]
• Carsonmade use of
conductor images.
• Assumed the earth is an
infinite, uniform solid,
with a flat uniform
upper surface and a
constant resistivity.

3
Carson’s Equations [4]
• Self-impedance:

• Mutual impedance:

4
Modified Carson’s Equations
• Use approximations for Pij and Qij

• The“modified Carson’s equations” are used to

compute the primitive self- and mutual
impedances of overhead and underground lines.
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Carson’s Equations Notation

6
Primitive Impedance Matrix for
Overhead Lines

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Primitive Impedance Matrix for
Overhead Lines

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 Phase Impedance Matrix for
Overhead Lines
• For most applications, the primitive impedance matrix needs
to be reduced to a 3 × 3 “phase frame” matrix consisting of the
self- and mutual equivalent impedances for the three phases.
• Applying the “Kron” reduction technique:

• This will be symmetrical:

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Three-phase line segment model

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Sequence Impedances

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Sequence Impedances

• Theoff-diagonal terms represent the mutual coupling

between sequences.
• If
a line is assumed to be completely transposed, the
phase impedance matrix is modified so the three diagonal
terms are equal and all of the off-diagonal terms are
equal. 12
Phase Impedance Matrix for Transposed TLs

13
Sequence Impedance Matrix

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Shunt Admittance of Overhead Lines
• Theshunt admittance of a line consists of the
conductance and the capacitive susceptance.
• Theconductance is usually ignored because it is
very small compared to the capacitive
susceptance.
• Thecapacitance of a line is the result of the
potential difference between conductors.
• Themethod of conductors and their images is
employed in the calculation of the shunt
capacitance of overhead lines.
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Shunt Admittance of Overhead Lines

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Self- and Mutual Potential Coefficients

• RDi, Sii, Sij, and Dij must all be in the same units

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Primitive Potential Coefficient Matrix

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Shunt Admittance Matrix

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Capacitance : Stranded Conductors,
Unequal Phase Spacing
• For three-phase lines with unequal phase spacing, balanced
positive-sequence voltages are not obtained with balanced
positive-sequence charges.
• Balance can be restored by transposing the line such that each
phase occupies each position for one-third of the line length.
• The capacitance of each phase to neutral is:

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Capacitance : Stranded Conductors, Unequal
Phase Spacing , Bundled Conductors

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Charging Current
• The current supplied to the transmission-line
capacitance is called charging current.
• For a completely transposed three-phase line that
has balanced positive-sequence voltages with 𝑉𝑎𝑛 =
𝑉𝐿𝑁 ∠0𝑜 , the phase a charging current is:

• The reactive power delivered by phase a is

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Transmission Line Models
• Previouslectures have covered how to calculate
the inductance, capacitance and resistance of
transmission lines.
 These electrical parameters of lines (and cables) are
distributed over their length.
• In
this section we will use these distributed
parameters to develop the transmission line
models used in power system analysis.

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Transmission Line Models
• Themanner in which lines and cables are
represented depends on their length and the
accuracy required.
• Transmission lines are normally operated with a
balanced three-phase load; the analysis can
therefore proceed on a per phase basis.
• These circuits are usually referred to as the
positive sequence transmission line equivalent
circuits.

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 Transmission Line Models
• The actual line or cable is a distributed constant
circuit, that is it has resistance, inductance and
capacitance distributed evenly along its length,
as shown in Figure 3.25.

Source: B. M. Weedy,
et. al., Electric Power
Systems. Wiley, 2012.

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Transmission Line Models - Classification
• Forease of modeling, the lines can be classified
as short, medium, and long lines depending upon
their length.

Classification Length in mi Length in km

Short Lines < 50 < 80
Medium-Length Lines 50 to 150 80 to 240
Long Lines > 150 > 240

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DATA SOURCE: Reporte de Potencias Máximas
de Transferencia de las Instalaciones del SNT –
Líneas de Transmisión, Fecha: 20/07/2017

27
DATA SOURCE: Reporte de Potencias Máximas
de Transferencia de las Instalaciones del SNT –
Líneas de Transmisión, Fecha: 20/07/2017

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Long Transmission Line Model
• The “distributed effects” (uniformly throughout
its length) of the parameters are significant.

SOURCE: Bergen, A. R.,

Vittal, V. “Power System
Analysis”. Prentice-Hall,
2000. 29
Long Transmission Line Model:
ABCD Parameters

Propagation constant:

Characteristic impedance:

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Transmission Matrix Model
• Oftentimes we’re only IS IR
interested in the VS
+ Transmission +
VR
terminal characteristics -
Line
-
of the transmission line.
• Therefore we can model • With:

it as a “black box”. 𝑉𝑆 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅
=
𝐼𝑠 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑅

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Equivalent Circuit Model
• Thecommon
representation is the
𝜋 equivalent circuit

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Medium Line Approximation
• If 𝛾𝑙 ≪ 1, the correction
factors are approximately
equal to 1.
•𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = Total series
impedance of the line.
•𝑌 = 𝑦𝑙 = Total line-to-
neutral admittance of the
line.

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Medium Line Approximation
• If 𝛾𝑙 ≪ 1, the correction
factors are approximately
equal to 1.
 𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = Total series
impedance of the line.
 𝑌 = 𝑦𝑙 = Total line-to-
neutral admittance of the
line.
• Nominal 𝜋 circuit

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Short Line Approximation
• For short lines with 𝑌 =
𝑦𝑙 , the total line-to-
neutral admittance of the
line small, it can be
neglected.

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 References
1) W. H. Kersting, Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, Third
Edition. CRC Press, 2012.
2) J. D. Glover, T. Overbye, and M. S. Sarma, Power System Analysis and
Design. Cengage Learning, 2016.
3) P. M. Anderson, Analysis of faulted power systems. IEEE Press, 1995.
4) B. M. Weedy, B. J. Cory, N. Jenkins, J. B. Ekanayake, and G. Strbac,
Electric Power Systems. Wiley, 2012.
5) Bergen, A. R., Vittal, V. “Power System Analysis”. Prentice-Hall, 2000.
6) Kundur, P. “Power System Stability and Control”, McGraw-Hill, 1993.

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Thank You
Thank You 37