Anatomy OF THE EAR

ear is divided into outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

EARS OUT

outer ear consists of the ear and the ear canal to the tympanic membrane.
The ear cartilage is composed of elastin and skin. s-shaped ear canal, with a
cartilaginous skeleton in the outer third, while two-thirds of the inner frame is made
up of bones. Approximately 1 1/2 its length - 3 cm.

the outer third of the ear canal skin there are a lot of cerumen (sweat glands)
and hair. sweat glands present in the skin around the ear canal. two-thirds in just a
bit found cerumen glands.

tympanic membrane and concave circular when viewed from the direction of
the ear canal and looks obliquely to the axis of the ear canal. top called pars flaksida
(membrane shrapnell) while the lower part is called the pars Tensa (membrane
propria). flaksida pars plated only two that are advanced epithelial outer ear canal
skin and the inside of the cube is covered by ciliated cells, such as airway mucosal
epithelium. Tensa pars comprises more than one layer of the middle is a layer
consisting of fibers of collagen and elastin fibers bit radier that runs on the outside
and circular on the inside.

shadow protrusion at the bottom malleus tympanic membrane called the

umbo. Umbo Originated from a light reflex (cone of light) towards the bottom is at 7
for the left tympanic membrane and at 5 o'clock on the right tympanic membrane.
Light reflex (cone of light) is the external light reflected by the tympanic membrane.
There are two maca Dimembran timpani, strings, circular and radier, fibers is what
causes the onset of reflex cahay the form of a cone. The tympanic membrane is
divided into four quadrants by drawing a line in the direction of the processus longus
malleus and a line perpendicular to the line at the umbo, so we get the top of the
front, upper back, lower front, rear and bottom to declare the tympanic membrane
perforation.

When do myringotomy or paracentesis incision is made under the rear part of

the tympanic membrane in accordance with the direction of fibers of the tympanic
membrane. In this area there is no bone in the middle ear hearing loss are
composed of bone from the outside into the which the malleus, incus, stapes.

MIDDLE EAR

The middle ear cuboid with:

1. The outer limits of tympanic membrane

2. Forward limit: eustachian tube
3. Lower Limit: jugular vein (jugular bulb)
4. Aft limit: aditus ad antrum, facial canal vertikalis pars.
5. The upper limit: tegmen tympani (meninges / brain)
6. Limits in: successively from the top to the bottom horizontal semicircular
canal, the facial canal, casement elliptical (oval window), casement round
(round window) and the Promontory.

EARS IN
Consists of the cochlea in the ear (cochlea) in the form of two half circles
and vestibular consists of three pieces of the semicircular canals. Tip or
apex of the cochlea called helikotrema, connects the tympanic scale
perilimfa with vestibuli. Semicircular canals interconnected incomplete and
incomplete circle. In the cross-sectional looked scale vestibuli Cochlear
top, next to the tympanic scale down and scale media (cochlear duct)
 ofThem. Scale vestibuli and tympanic scalecontains perilimfa, while the
scale of media containing endolimfa. Ions and salts contained in different
perilymph endolimfa premises. Vestibuli scale base is Referred to as
membrane vestibuli while medium-scale base is a basement membrane.
Organon is located on the membrane of corti. On a scale of media are part
of the tongue-shaped membrane called tektoria, and the basement
membrane attached to the hair cells, outer hair cells and canal korti that
form korti Organon.

Physiology OF HEARING
The process begins with the arrest heard by the ear the sound energy in the
form of waves that flowed through the water or cochlear bone. The vibrations
vibrate the tympanic membrane into the middle ear ditrtuskan through a series
of auditory bones that will amplify the vibrations through the leverage of bone
loss and a comprehensive comparison multiplication tympanic membrane and
the oval aperture. Vibration energy that has been in this amplification will be
forwarded to the stapes move the oval aperture so perilimfa on a scale
vestibuli move. Vibration transmitted through pushing endolymph Reissner's
membrane, that will cause relative motion between the basilar membrane and
the membrane tektoria. This process is mechanical stimuli that cause cell
stereocilia deflection - hair cells, so that the ion channels open and the
release of electrically charged ions from the cell body. This situation raises the
hair cell depolarization, thereby releasing neurotransmitters into synapses that
will generate action potentials in the auditory nerve, and proceed to the
auditory nucleus to the auditory cortex (areas 39-40) dilobus temporal.

Reference: dr. Top Hendra, SpFK, 2017, the health sciences textbooks Ear,
Nose, Throat, university medical faculties Indonesia, jakarta