Chapter 21: RLC Circuits

Chapter 21: RLC Circuits
PHY2054: Chapter 21 1
Voltage and Current in RLC Circuits
ÎAC emf source: “driving frequency” f
ε = ε m sin ωt ω = 2π f
ÎIf circuit contains only R + emf source, current is simple

ε εm
i= = I m sin (ωt ) Im = ( current amplitude )
R R
ÎIf L and/or C present, current is not in phase with emf
εm
i = I m sin (ωt − φ ) Im =
Z
ÎZ, φ shown later
AC Source and Resistor Only
ÎDriving voltage is ε = ε m sin ωt
i
ÎRelation of current and voltage
i =ε /R ε ~ R
εm
i = I m sin ωt Im =
R
Current is in phase with voltage (φ = 0)
AC Source and Capacitor Only
q
ÎVoltage is vC = = ε m sin ωt
C
ÎDifferentiate to find current
q = Cε m sin ωt
i
i = dq / dt = ωCVC cos ωt
ε ~ C
ÎRewrite using phase (check this!)
i = ωCVC sin (ωt + 90° )
εm
i = I m sin (ωt + 90° ) I m = ( X C = 1/ ωC )
XC
Î“Capacitive reactance”: X C = 1/ ωC
Current “leads” voltage by 90°
AC Source and Inductor Only
ÎVoltage is vL = Ldi / dt = ε m sin ωt
ÎIntegrate di/dt to find current:
di / dt = ( ε m / L ) sin ωt
i
i = − ( ε m / ω L ) cos ωt
ε ~ L
ÎRewrite using phase (check this!)
i = ( ε m / ω L ) sin (ωt − 90° )
εm
i = I m sin (ωt − 90° ) I m = ( X L = ωL)
XL
Î“Inductive reactance”: X L = ω L
Current “lags” voltage by 90°
General Solution for RLC Circuit
ÎWe assume steady state solution of form i = I m sin (ωt − φ )
Im is current amplitude
φ is phase by which current “lags” the driving EMF
Must determine Im and φ
ÎPlug in solution: differentiate & integrate sin(ωt-φ)

i = I m sin (ωt − φ )
di Substitute
= ω I m cos (ωt − φ )
di q
L + Ri + = ε m sin ω t
dt dt C
Im
q = − cos (ωt − φ )
ω
Im
I mω L cos (ωt − φ ) + I m R sin (ωt − φ ) − cos (ωt − φ ) = ε m sin ωt
ωC
General Solution for RLC Circuit (2)
Im
I mω L cos (ωt − φ ) + I m R sin (ωt − φ ) − cos (ωt − φ ) = ε m sin ωt
ωC
ÎExpand sin & cos expressions
sin (ωt − φ ) = sin ωt cos φ − cos ωt sin φ

High school trig!
cos (ωt − φ ) = cos ωt cos φ + sin ωt sin φ
ÎCollect sinωt & cosωt terms separately
(ω L − 1/ ωC ) cos φ − R sin φ = 0 cosωt terms

I m (ω L − 1/ ωC ) sin φ + I m R cos φ = ε m sinωt terms
ÎThese equations can be solved for Im and φ (next slide)

General Solution for RLC Circuit (3)
ÎSolve for φ and Im
ω L − 1/ ωC X L − XC εm
tan φ = ≡ Im =
R R Z
ÎR, XL, XC and Z have dimensions of resistance
X L = ωL Inductive “reactance”
X C = 1/ ωC Capacitive “reactance”
Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2
Total “impedance”
ÎThis is where φ, XL, XC and Z come from!
AC Source and RLC Circuits
εm
Im = Maximum current
Z
X L − XC
tan φ = Phase angle
R
X L = ωL (ω = 2π f ) Inductive reactance
X C = 1/ ωC Capacitive reactance
Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2 Total impedance
φ= angle that current “lags” applied voltage
What is Reactance?
Think of it as a frequency-dependent resistance
1
XC = Shrinks with increasing ω
ωC
X L = ωL Grows with increasing ω
( "XR " = R ) Independent of ω
Pictorial Understanding of Reactance
Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2
X L − XC
tan φ =
R
R
cos φ =
Z
Summary of Circuit Elements, Impedance, Phase Angles
X L − XC
tan φ =
Z = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2
R
Quiz
ÎThree identical EMF sources are hooked to a single circuit
element, a resistor, a capacitor, or an inductor. The
current amplitude is then measured as a function of
frequency. Which one of the following curves corresponds
to an inductive circuit?
(1) a
(2) b a
(3) c b
(4) Can’t tell without more info Imax
c
f
X L = ωL (ω = 2π f ) For inductor, higher frequency gives higher
I max = ε max / X L reactance, therefore lower current
RLC Example 1
ÎBelow are shown the driving emf and current vs time of
an RLC circuit. We can conclude the following
Current “leads” the driving emf (φ<0)
Circuit is capacitive (XC > XL)
I ε
t
RLC Example 2
ÎR = 200Ω, C = 15μF, L = 230mH, εmax = 36v, f = 60 Hz
X L = 2π × 60 × 0.23 = 86.7Ω XC > XL

Capacitive circuit
(
X C = 1/ 2π × 60 × 15 × 10−6 = 177Ω )
Z = 2002 + ( 86.7 − 177 ) = 219Ω
2

I max = ε max / Z = 36 / 219 = 0.164 A

−1 ⎛ 86.7 − 177 ⎞ Current leads emf
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = −24.3° (as expected)
⎝ 200 ⎠
i = 0.164sin (ωt + 24.3° )

Resonance
ÎConsider impedance vs frequency
Z = R + ( X L − X C ) = R + (ω L − 1/ ωC )
2 2 2 2
ÎZ is minimum when ω L = 1/ ωC ω = ω0 = 1/ LC
This is resonance!
ÎAt resonance
Impedance = Z is minimum
Current amplitude = Im is maximum
Imax vs Frequency and Resonance
ÎCircuit parameters: C = 2.5μF, L = 4mH, εmax = 10v
f0= 1 / 2π(LC)1/2 = 1590 Hz
Plot Imax vs f
I max = 10 / R + (ω L − 1/ ωC )
2 2
R = 5Ω
R = 10Ω
R = 20Ω
Imax
Resonance
f = f0
f / f0
Power in AC Circuits
ÎInstantaneous power emitted by circuit: P = i2R
P = I m2 R sin 2 (ωd t − φ ) Instantaneous power oscillates
ÎMore useful to calculate power averaged over a cycle

Use <…> to indicate average over a cycle
P = I m2 R sin 2 (ω d t − φ ) = 12 I m2 R
ÎDefine RMS quantities to avoid ½ factors in AC circuits
Im εm 2
I rms = ε rms = Pave = I rms R
2 2
ÎHouse current
Vrms = 110V ⇒ Vpeak = 156V
Power in AC Circuits
ÎPower formula 2
Pave = I rms R I rms = I max / 2
ε rms ε rms
ÎRewrite using I rms = Pave = I rms R = ε rms I rms cos φ
Z Z
R Z
Pave = ε rms I rms cos φ cos φ = X L − XC
Z φ
R
Îcosφ is the “power factor”

To maximize power delivered to circuit ⇒ make φ close to zero
Max power delivered to load happens at resonance
E.g., too much inductive reactance (XL) can be cancelled by
increasing XC (e.g., circuits with large motors)
Power Example 1
ÎR = 200Ω, XC = 150Ω, XL = 80Ω, εrms = 120v, f = 60 Hz
Z = 200 + ( 80 − 150 ) = 211.9Ω

2 2

I rms = ε rms / Z = 120 / 211.9 = 0.566 A

−1 ⎛ 80 − 150 ⎞ Current leads emf
φ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = −19.3° Capacitive circuit
⎝ 200 ⎠
cos φ = 0.944
Pave = ε rms I rms cos φ = 120 × 0.566 × 0.944 = 64.1W

Same
2
Pave = I rms R = 0.5662 × 200 = 64.1W
Power Example 1 (cont)
ÎR = 200Ω, XC = 150Ω, XL = 80Ω, εrms = 120v, f = 60 Hz
ÎHow much capacitance must be added to maximize the
power in the circuit (and thus bring it into resonance)?
Want XC = XL to minimize Z, so must decrease XC
X C = 150Ω = 1/ 2π fC C = 17.7μF
X C new = X L = 80Ω Cnew = 33.2μF
So we must add 15.5μF capacitance to maximize power
Power vs Frequency and Resonance
ÎCircuit parameters: C = 2.5μF, L = 4mH, εmax = 10v
f0= 1 / 2π(LC)1/2 = 1590 Hz
Plot Pave vs f for different R values
R = 2Ω
R = 5Ω
R = 10Ω
Pave Resonance
R = 20Ω
f = f0
f / f0
Resonance Tuner is Based on Resonance
Vary C to set resonance frequency to 103.7 (ugh!)
Circuit response Q = 500
Other radio stations. Tune for f = 103.7 MHz
RLC response is less
Quiz
ÎA generator produces current at a frequency of 60 Hz with
peak voltage and current amplitudes of 100V and 10A,
respectively. What is the average power produced if they
are in phase?
(1) 1000 W
(2) 707 W
(3) 1414 W Pave = 12 ε peak I peak = ε rms I rms
(4) 500 W
(5) 250 W
Quiz
ÎThe figure shows the current and emf of a series RLC
circuit. To increase the rate at which power is delivered to
the resistive load, which option should be taken?
(1) Increase R
(2) Decrease L
(3) Increase L
(4) Increase C
X L − XC
tan φ =
R
Current lags applied emf (φ > 0), thus circuit is inductive. Either
(1) Reduce XL by decreasing L or
(2) Cancel XL by increasing XC (decrease C).
Example: LR Circuit
ÎVariable frequency EMF source with εm=6V connected to a
resistor and inductor. R=80Ω and L=40mH.
At what frequency f does VR = VL?
X L = ω L = R ⇒ ω = 2000 f = 2000 / 2π = 318Hz

At that frequency, what is phase angle φ?
tan φ = X L / R = 1 ⇒ φ = 45°
What is the current amplitude and RMS value?
I max = ε max / 802 + 802 = 6 /113 = 0.053A

I rms = I max / 2 = 0.037 A
i = 0.053sin (ωt − 45° )

Transformers
ÎPurpose: change alternating (AC) voltage to a bigger (or
smaller) value
Input AC voltage Changing flux in

in the “primary” “secondary” turns
turns produces a flux induces an emf
ΔΦ B ΔΦ B
Vp = N p Vs = N s
Δt Δt
Ns
Vs = V p
Np
Transformers
ÎNothing comes for free, however!
Increase in voltage comes at the cost of current.
Output power cannot exceed input power!
power in = power out
(Losses usually account for 10-20%)
i pVp = isVs
is V p N p
= =
i p Vs N s
Transformers: Sample Problem
ÎA transformer has 330 primary turns and 1240 secondary
turns. The input voltage is 120 V and the output current
is 15.0 A. What is the output voltage and input current?
Ns ⎛ 1240 ⎞ “Step-up”
Vs = V p = 120 ⎜ ⎟ = 451V transformer
Np ⎝ 330 ⎠
Vs ⎛ 451 ⎞
i pV p = isVs i p = is = 15 ⎜ ⎟ = 56.4 A
Vp ⎝ 120 ⎠
Transformers
¾ This is how first experiment by

Faraday was done
¾ He only got a deflection of the
galvanometer when the switch
is opened or closed
¾ Steady current does not make
induced emf.
Applications
Microphone
Tape recorder
ConcepTest: Power lines
ÎAt large distances, the resistance of power lines becomes
significant. To transmit maximum power, is it better to
transmit (high V, low i) or (high i, low V)?
(1) high V, low i

(2) low V, high i
(3) makes no difference
Power loss is i2R
Electric Power Transmission
i2R: 20x smaller current ⇒ 400x smaller power loss

Chapter 21: RLC Circuits

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Chapter 21: RLC Circuits

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Chapter 21: RLC Circuits

ÎIf circuit contains only R + emf source, current is simple

 Current is in phase with voltage (φ = 0)

ÎPlug in solution: differentiate & integrate sin(ωt-φ)

sin (ωt − φ ) = sin ωt cos φ − cos ωt sin φ

ÎCollect sinωt & cosωt terms separately

(ω L − 1/ ωC ) cos φ − R sin φ = 0 cosωt terms

ÎThese equations can be solved for Im and φ (next slide)

ÎR, XL, XC and Z have dimensions of resistance

ÎThis is where φ, XL, XC and Z come from!

φ= angle that current “lags” applied voltage

X L = ωL Grows with increasing ω

( "XR " = R ) Independent of ω

 X L = 2π × 60 × 0.23 = 86.7Ω XC > XL

 I max = ε max / Z = 36 / 219 = 0.164 A

i = 0.164sin (ωt + 24.3° )

ÎMore useful to calculate power averaged over a cycle

ÎDefine RMS quantities to avoid ½ factors in AC circuits

Îcosφ is the “power factor”

Z = 200 + ( 80 − 150 ) = 211.9Ω

 I rms = ε rms / Z = 120 / 211.9 = 0.566 A

 Pave = ε rms I rms cos φ = 120 × 0.566 × 0.944 = 64.1W

 X C new = X L = 80Ω Cnew = 33.2μF

 So we must add 15.5μF capacitance to maximize power

X L = ω L = R ⇒ ω = 2000 f = 2000 / 2π = 318Hz

I max = ε max / 802 + 802 = 6 /113 = 0.053A

i = 0.053sin (ωt − 45° )

Input AC voltage Changing flux in

¾ This is how first experiment by

 (1) high V, low i

i2R: 20x smaller current ⇒ 400x smaller power loss

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Current is in phase with voltage (φ = 0)

X L = 2π × 60 × 0.23 = 86.7Ω XC > XL

I max = ε max / Z = 36 / 219 = 0.164 A

I rms = ε rms / Z = 120 / 211.9 = 0.566 A

Pave = ε rms I rms cos φ = 120 × 0.566 × 0.944 = 64.1W

X C new = X L = 80Ω Cnew = 33.2μF

So we must add 15.5μF capacitance to maximize power

(1) high V, low i