Antenna Theory Balanis Sol

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
JWBS171-Sol-fm JWBS171-Balanis January 22, 2016 21:46 Printer Name: Trim: 7in × 10in
ANTENNA THEORY
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SOLUTIONS MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY
ANTENNA THEORY
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
FOURTH EDITION
Constantine A. Balanis
Arizona State University
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Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Printed in the United States of America
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Contents
Preface vii
2 Solution Manual 1
3 Solution Manual 57
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Preface
This Solutions Manual consists of solutions for all the problems found in Antenna Theory: Analysis
and Design (4th edition, 2016) at the end of Chapters 2–16. There are 699 (103 new) problems, most
of them with multiple parts. The degree of difficulty and length varies. While certain solutions need
special functions, found in graphical form in the appendices, others require the use of the computer
program. These computer programs are placed on a password protected website. All of the computer
programs, especially those at the end of Chapters 6, 9, 11, 13 and 14 have been developed to design,
respectively, uniform and nonuniform arrays, impedance transformers, log-periodic arrays, horns
and microstrip patch antennas. In some cases, the computer programs also perform analysis on the
designs. The programs at the end of Chapters 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 16 are primarily developed
for analysis. The problems have been designed to test the student’s grasp of this text’s material and to
apply the concepts to the analysis and design of many practical radiators. In this fourth edition, more
emphasis has been placed on design. To accomplish this, equations, procedures, examples, graphs,
end-of-the-chapter problems, and computer programs have been developed.
This manual has been prepared to assist the instructor in making homework and test assignments,
and to provide one set of solutions for all of the problems. There maybe undoubtedly errors which
have been overlooked. In addition, the solutions contained in this manual are not necessarily the
simplest and/or the best. The author will, therefore, appreciate having errors brought to his attention
and solicits alternate solutions to the problems.
This Solutions Manual for the fourth edition has been prepared from the manuals of the first,
second and third editions and many other new problems provided by the author.
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JWBS171-Sol-c02 JWBS171-Balanis March 4, 2016 19:56 Printer Name: Trim: 7in × 10in
CHAPTER 2
Solution Manual
Exact Approximate
( )( )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2.1. (a) dΩ = sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 ΩA ≃ − −
3 4 3 6
60◦ 60◦ 𝜋∕3 𝜋∕3 ( )( )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
ΩA = dΩ = sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 ≃ =
∫45◦ ∫30◦ ∫𝜋∕4 ∫𝜋∕6 12 6 72
|𝜋∕3 |𝜋∕3 ΩA ≃ 0.13708 sterads

= (𝜙) |𝜋∕4 (− cos 𝜃)|
| |𝜋∕6 ΩA ≃ (60 − 45)(60 − 30)
( )
𝜋 𝜋
= − (−0.5 + 0.866) ≃ 450 (degrees)2 or error of
3 4
( ) ( )
𝜋 450 − 314.5585
ΩA = (0.366) = 0.09582 sterads × 100 = 43.06%
12 314.5585
{
0.09582 sterads
ΩA = ( )( )
180 180
0.09582 = 314.5585 (degrees)2
𝜋 𝜋
z
ΩA
30°
60°
60°
45°
Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Fourth Edition. Constantine A. Balanis.

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/antennatheory4e
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2 SOLUTION MANUAL
4𝜋 4𝜋
(b) D0 = = = 131.1456 (dimensionless)
ΩA (sterads) 0.09582
= 10 log10 (131.1456) = 21.1775 dB
or
( )( )
180 180
4𝜋
D0 = 𝜋 𝜋 = 131.1456 (dimensionless) = 21.1775 dB
ΩA (degrees)2
{
131.1456 (dimensionless)
D0 =
21.1775 (dB)
[ ] [ ]
2.2.  =  ×  = Re Eej𝜔t × Re Hej𝜔t
[ ] [ ]
Using the identity Re Aej𝜔t = 12 Eej𝜔t + E∗ e−j𝜔t
The instant Poynting vector can be written as
{ } { }
1 1
= [Eej𝜔t + E∗ e−j𝜔t ] × [Hej𝜔t + H ∗ e−j𝜔t ]
2 2
{ }
1 1 1
= [E × H ∗ + E∗ × H] + [E × Hej2𝜔t + E∗ × H ∗ e−j𝜔t ]
2 2 2
{ }
1 1 1
= [E × H ∗ + (E × H ∗ )∗ ] + [E × Hej2𝜔t + (E × Hej𝜔t )∗ ]
2 2 2
Using the above identity again, but this time in reverse order, we can write that
1 1
=
[Re(E × H ∗ )] + [Re(E × Hej2𝜔t )]
2 2
1 E2 52
2.3. (a) W rad = Re[E × H ∗ ] = â r = â = 0.03315̂ar Watts∕m2
2 2𝜂 2(120𝜋) r
2𝜋 𝜋
(b) Prad = ∮ Wrad ds = ∫ (0.03315)(r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙)
s 0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋
= (0.03315)(100)2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
𝜋
= 2𝜋(0.03315)(100)2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2𝜋(0.03315)(100)2 ⋅ (2)
∫0
= 4165.75 Watts
2.4. (a) U(𝜃) = cos 𝜃

U(𝜃h ) = 0.5 = cos 𝜃h ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5) = 60◦
2𝜋
⇒ Θh = 2(60◦ ) = 120◦ = rads.
3
U(𝜃n ) = 0 = cos 𝜃n ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
⇒ Θn = 2(90◦ ) = 180◦ = 𝜋 rads.
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SOLUTION MANUAL 3
(b) U(𝜃) = cos2 𝜃

U(𝜃h ) = 0.5 = cos2 𝜃h ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5)1∕2 = 45◦
⇒ Θh = 2(45) = 90◦ = 𝜋∕2 rads
U(𝜃n ) = 0 = cos2 𝜃n ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
⇒ Θn = 2(90◦ ) = 180◦ = 𝜋 rads
(c) U(𝜃) = cos(2𝜃)

1
U(𝜃h ) = 0.5 = cos(2𝜃h ) ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5) = 30◦
2
⇒ Θh = 2(30◦ ) = 60◦ = 𝜋∕3 rads
1
U(𝜃n ) = 0 = cos(2𝜃n ) ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 45◦
2
⇒ Θn = 2(45◦ ) = 90◦ = 𝜋∕2 rads
(d) U(𝜃) = cos2 (2𝜃)

1
U(𝜃h ) = 0.5 = cos2 (2𝜃h ) ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5)1∕2 = 22.5◦
2
𝜋
⇒ Θh = 2(22.5◦ ) = 45◦ = rads
4
1
U(𝜃n ) = 0 = cos2 (2𝜃n ) ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 45◦
2
⇒ Θn = 2(45◦ ) = 90◦ = 𝜋∕2 rads
(e) U(𝜃) = cos(3𝜃)

1
U(𝜃h ) = cos(3𝜃h ) = 0.5 ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5) = 20◦
3
⇒ Θh = 2(20◦ ) = 40◦ = 0.698 rads
1
U(𝜃n ) = cos(3𝜃n ) = 0 ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 30◦
3
⇒ Θn = 2(30◦ ) = 60◦ = 𝜋∕3 rads
(f) U(𝜃) = cos2 (3𝜃)

1
U(𝜃h ) = 0.5 = cos2 (3𝜃h ) ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5)1∕2 = 15◦
3
⇒ Θh = 2(15◦ ) = 30◦ = 𝜋∕6 rads
1
U(𝜃n ) = 0 = cos2 (3𝜃n ) ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 30◦
3
⇒ Θn = 2(30◦ ) = 60◦ = 𝜋∕3 rads
2.5. Using the results of Problem 2.4 and a nonlinear solver to find the half power beamwidth of
the radiation intensity represented by the transcentendal functions, we have that:
{
HPBW = 55.584◦
(a) U(𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos(2𝜃) ⇒
FNBW = 90◦
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4 SOLUTION MANUAL
{
HPBW = 40.985◦
(b) U(𝜃) = cos2 𝜃 cos2 (2𝜃) ⇒
FNBW = 90◦
{
HPBW = 38.668◦
(c) U = cos 𝜃 cos(3𝜃) ⇒
FNBW = 60◦
{
HPBW = 28.745◦
(d) U = cos2 𝜃 cos2 (3𝜃) ⇒
FNBW = 60◦
{
HPBW = 34.942◦
(e) U = cos(2𝜃) cos(3𝜃) ⇒
FNBW = 60◦
{
HPBW = 25.583◦
(f) U = cos2 (2𝜃) cos2 (3𝜃) ⇒
FNBW = 60◦
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(200 × 10−3 )

2.6. (a) D0 = = = 22.22 = 13.47 dB
Prad 0.9(125.66 × 10−3 )
G0 = 𝜀cd D0 = 0.9(22.22) = 20 = 13.01 dB
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(200 × 10−3 )

(b) D0 = = = 20 = 13.01 dB
Prad (125.66 × 10−3 )
G0 = 𝜀cd D0 = 0.9 ⋅ (20) = 18 = 12.55 dB
2.7. U = B0 cos2 𝜃
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
(a) Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2𝜋B0 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋∕2
= 2𝜋B0 cos2 𝜃 d (− cos 𝜃)
∫0
𝜋∕2 [ ]
cos3 𝜃 || −1 2𝜋 15
Prad = −2𝜋B0 = −2𝜋B0 = B = 10 ⇒ B0 =
3 ||0 3 3 0 𝜋
15 | U| 15 cos2 𝜃 ||
U= cos2 𝜃 ⇒ Wrad || = 2 || =
𝜋 |max r |max 𝜋 r2 ||max
15
= = 4.7746 × 10−6 Watts∕m2 @ 𝜃 = 0◦
𝜋(103 )2
|
Wrad || = 4.7746 × 10−6 Watts∕m2 @ 𝜃 = 0◦
|max
2𝜋 𝜋
(b) ΩA (exact) = Un cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
ΩA (exact) = steradians = 2.0944 sterads = 6, 875.51 (degrees)2
3
U = 0.5 = cos2 𝜃h ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.5)1∕2 = 45◦
⇒ Θh = 2(45◦ ) = 90◦ = 𝜋∕2 rads
( )
Kraus’ 𝜋2
ΩA = Θ2h = (𝜋∕2)2 = = 2.4674 sterads = 8, 099.997 (degrees)2
approx 4
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SOLUTION MANUAL 5
4𝜋 4𝜋
(c) D0 (exact) = = = 6 = 7.782 dB
ΩA (exact) 2𝜋∕3
4𝜋 4𝜋 16
D0 (approx∕Kraus’) = = = = 5.093 = 7.0697
ΩA (approx) 𝜋 2 ∕4 𝜋
(d) G0 Assuming lossless antenna (Pin = Prad )

G0 (exact) = D0 (exact) = 6 = 7.782 dB
G0 (approx) = D0 (approx) = 5.093 = 7.0697 dB
U = B0 cos3 𝜃
( )
1 𝜋
(a) Prad = −2𝜋B0 − = B0 = 10 ⇒ B0 = 20∕𝜋
4 2
| 20 1 20
Wrad || = = × 10−6 = 6.366 × 10−6 Watts∕m2
|max 𝜋 𝜋2 𝜋
(b) ΩA (exact) = (𝜋∕2) = 1.5708 sterads

U = 0.5 = cos3 𝜃h ⇒ 𝜃h cos−1 (0.5)1∕3 = 37.467◦
⇒ Θh = 2(37.467◦ ) = 74.934◦ = 1.30785 rads
ΩA (approx) = (1.30785)2 = 1.71 sterads
(c) D0 (exact) = 4𝜋∕(𝜋∕2) = 8 = 9.031 dB

4𝜋
D0 (approx) = = 7.347 = 8.66 dB
1.71
(d) Assuming lossless antenna ⇒ Gain = Directivity (see part c)
−jkr
2.8. Ea = â 𝜃 Ea sin1.5 𝜃 e r ⇒ Un = (sin1.5 𝜃)2 = sin3 𝜃 Normalized Un
4𝜋Umax |
(a) D0 = , Umax = Un | max = sin3 𝜃 || max = 1, 𝜃max = 90◦
Prad |𝜃=𝜃 max
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Prad = Un sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 sin4 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
[ 𝜋 𝜋 ] [ ( )𝜋 ]
sin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 || 3 3 1 1
| + 4 ∫ sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2𝜋 4 2 − 4 sin(2𝜃) 0
2
= 2𝜋 −
4 |0 0
[ ( )]
3 𝜋 3𝜋 2
= 2𝜋 =
4 2 4
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1) 16
D0 = = 2
= = 1.698 = 2.298 dB
Prad 3𝜋 ∕4 3𝜋
(b) Un = sin3 𝜃, Unmax = 1, 𝜃max = 90◦

| [ ]
Un |𝜃=𝜃h = 0.5 = sin3 𝜃h ⇒ 𝜃h = sin−1 (0.54 )3 = sin−1 (0.794) = 52.533◦
|
HPBW = Θh = 2(𝜃max − 𝜃h ) = 2(90 − 52.533)
Θh = 2(37.467) = 74.934◦
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6 SOLUTION MANUAL
θh
Θh θ max
90° y
(c) Because pattern is omnidirectional:

101 101
D0 (McDonald) = 2
=
HPBW − 0.0027(HPBW) 74.934 − 0.0027(74.934)2
101 101
D0 (McDonald) = = = 1.690 = 10 log10 (1.690) = 2.278
74.934 − 15.161 59.773
(d) Because pattern is omnidirectional:

√ √
1 1
D0 (Pozar) = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = −172.4 + 191 0.818 +
HPBW 74.934
= −172.4 + 191(0.912) = −172.4 + 174.150 = 1.750
P0 (Pozar) = 1.750 = 10 log10 (1.750) = 2.431 dB
(e) Computer Program Directivity: D0 = 1.693 = 2.2864 dB
Input parameters:
-----------------
The lower bound of theta in degrees = 0
The upper bound of theta in degrees = 180
The lower bound of phi in degrees = 0
The upper bound of phi in degrees = 360
Output parameters:
-------------------
Radiated power (watts) = 7.4228
Directivity (dimensionless) = 1.6930
Directivity (dB) = 2.2864
2.9. U(𝜃, 𝜙) = cosn (𝜃) 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋∕2, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋

(a) Un (𝜃n , 𝜙) = 0.5 = cosn (5◦ ) = [cos(5◦ )]n = (0.99619)n
0.5 = (0.99619)n
log10 (0.5) = log[(0.99619)n ] = n log10 (0.99619) = n(−0.00166)
−0.30103 = −0.00166n
n = 181.34
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SOLUTION MANUAL 7
(b) U(𝜃, 𝜙) = cos181.34 (𝜃); Umax = 1, 𝜃 = 0◦

2𝜋 𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 cos181.34 (𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
[ ]𝜋∕2 [ ]
cos182.34 (𝜃) 1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 − = −0 + 2𝜋 = = 0.03446
182.34 0 182.34 182.34
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1)
D0 = = (182.34) = 2(182.34) = 364.68
Prad 2𝜋
D0 = 364.68 = 25.62 dB
(c) Kraus’ Approximation (2.27):
41, 253 41, 253

D0 ≃ = = 412.53 = 26.15 dB
Θ1d Θ2d (10)(10)
D0 ≃ 412.53 = 26.15 dB
(d) Tai & Pereira (2.30b):
72,815 72,815 72,815

D0 ≃ = = = 364.075 = 25.61 dB
Θ21d 2
+ Θ2d 2(10)2 200
D0 ≃ 364.075 = 25.61 dB
2.10. ⎧1 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 20◦ ⎫
⎪ ⎪
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = ⎨ 0.342 csc(𝜃) 20◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 60◦ ⎬ 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦
⎪0 60◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
2𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
[ ]
20◦ 60◦
= 2𝜋 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 + 0.342 csc(𝜃) × sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫20◦
{ }
|𝜋∕9 |𝜋∕3
= 2𝜋 − cos 𝜃 | + 0.342 ⋅ 𝜃 |
|0 |𝜋∕9
{[ ( ) ] ( )}
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝜋 − cos + 1 + 0.342 −
9 3 9
{ ( )}
2
= 2𝜋 [−0.93969 + 1] + 0.342𝜋
9
= 2𝜋{0.06031 + 0.23876} = 1.87912
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1)
D0 = = = 6.68737 = 8.25255 dB
Prad 1.87912
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8 SOLUTION MANUAL
41,253 41,253
2.11. (a) D0 ≃ Θ Θ = 30(35) = 39.29 = 15.94 dB
1d 2d
λ2
Aem = D
4𝜋 0
72,815 72,815
(b) D0 ≃ = = 34.27 = 15.35 dB
Θ21d + Θ22d (30)2 + (35)2
λ2
Aem = D
4𝜋 0
4𝜋Umax
2.12. D0 =
Prad
(a) U = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋
U ||max = 1 and it occurs when 𝜃 = 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ( )
𝜋
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin 𝜙 d𝜙 sin2 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2 = 𝜋.
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 2
4𝜋(1)
Thus D0 = = 4 = 6.02 dB
𝜋
The half-power beamwidths are equal to
HPBW (az.) = 2[90◦ − sin−1 (1∕2)] = 2(90◦ − 30◦ ) = 120◦

HPBW (el.) = 2[90◦ − sin−1 (1∕2)] = 2(90◦ − 30◦ ) = 120◦
In a similar manner, it can be shown that for the following:

(b) U = sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 5.09 = 7.07 dB
HPBW (el.) = 120◦ , HPBW (az.) = 90◦
(c) U = sin 𝜃 sin3 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 6 = 7.78 dB
HPBW (el.) = 120◦ , HPBW (az.) = 74.93◦
(d) U = sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 12𝜋∕8 = 4.71 = 6.73 dB
HPBW (el.) = 90◦ , HPBW (az.) = 120◦
(e) U = sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 6 = 7.78 dB
HPBW (az.) = HPBW (el.) = 90◦
(f) U = sin2 𝜃 sin3 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 9𝜋∕4 = 7.07 = 8.49 dB
HPBW (el.) = 90◦ , HPBW (az.) = 74.93◦
2.13. U = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 90◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 270◦

4𝜋Umax |
(a) D0 = , Umax = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙|| =1
Prad | 𝜃=90◦◦ 𝜙=180
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 9
3𝜋∕2 𝜋 3𝜋∕2 𝜋
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫𝜋∕2 ∫0 ∫𝜋∕2 ∫0
3𝜋∕2 𝜋
= cos2 𝜙 d𝜙 sin2 𝜃 d𝜃
∫𝜋∕2 ∫0
( )( )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
Prad = =
2 2 4
4𝜋(1) 16
D0 = 2 = = 5.09296 = 10 log10 (5.09296) = 7.0697 dB
𝜋 ∕4 𝜋
D0 (exact) = 5.09296(dim) = 7.0697 dB
(b) Azimuth (Horizontal) Principal Plane (𝜃 = 90◦ ):
U(𝜃 = 90◦ ) = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙|𝜃=90◦ = cos2 𝜙

√
Uh = cos2 𝜙|𝜙=𝜙h = 0.5 ⇒ 𝜙h = cos−1 (± 0.5) = cos−1 (±0.707) = 135◦
Φh (az) = 2(180 − 135) = 2(45◦ ) = 90◦
Φh (az) = 90◦
(c) Elevation (vertical) Principal plane (𝜙 = 180◦ ):
U(𝜙 = 180◦ ) = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙|𝜙=180◦ = sin 𝜃
Uh = sin 𝜃|𝜃=𝜃h = 0.5 ⇒ 𝜃h = sin−1 (0.5) = 30◦

Θh = 2(90◦ − 30◦ ) = 2(60) = 120◦
Θh (elev) = 120◦
41,253 41,253
(d) Either: D0 (Kraus) = = ◦ = 3.8197 = 5.82 dB
Φh Θh 90 (120◦ )
D0 (Kraus) = 3.8197 dim = 5.82 dB
or:
72,815 72,815 72,815

D0 (Tai & Pereira) = 2 2
= ◦ 2 ◦ 2
= = 3.236
Φh + Θh (90 ) + (120 ) 25,500
D0 (T&P) = 3.236 dim = 5.1 dB
2.14. Using the half-power beamwidths found in Problem 2.12, the directivity for each intensity
using Kraus’ and Tai & Pereira’s formulas is given by
U = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙;
41253 41253
(a) D0 ≃ = = 2.86 = 4.57 dB
Θ1d Θ2d 120(120)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
10 SOLUTION MANUAL
72,815 72,815
(b) D0 ≃ = = 2.53 = 4.03 dB
Θ21d + Θ22d (120)2 + (120)2
U = sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜙;
(a) D0 ≃ 3.82 = 5.82 dB
(b) D0 ≃ 3.24 = 5.10 dB
(a) D0 ≃ 4.59 = 6.62 dB
(b) D0 ≃ 3.64 = 5.61 dB
U = sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜙;
(a) D0 ≃ 3.82 = 5.82 dB
(b) D0 ≃ 3.24 = 5.10 dB
U = sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙;
(a) D0 ≃ 5.09 = 7.07 dB
(b) D0 ≃ 4.49 = 6.53 dB
(a) D0 ≃ 6.12 = 7.87 dB
(b) D0 ≃ 5.31 = 7.25 dB
4𝜋 4𝜋
2.15. (a) D0 = = = 5.5377 = 7.433 dB
Θ1r Θ2r (1.5064)2
32 ln(2) 32 ln(2)
(b) D0 = = = 4.88725 = 6.8906 dB
Θ21r + Θ22r (1.5064)2 + (1.5064)2
4𝜋Umax U
2.16. (a) D0 = = max
Prad U0
{
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 30◦
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2𝜋 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
}
60◦ 90◦
+ (0.5) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 + (0.1) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫30◦ ∫60◦
{ ◦ ( ) ◦ ◦}
|30 cos 𝜃 |60 |90
= 2𝜋 (− cos 𝜃)| + − | ◦ + (−0.1 cos 𝜃)| ◦
|0 2 |30 |60
{ ( ) ( )}
−0.5 + 0.866 −0 + 0.5
= 2𝜋 (−0.866 + 1) + +
2 10
Prad = 2𝜋{−0.866 + 1 − 0.25 + 0.433 + 0.05} = 2𝜋(0.367)
= 0.734𝜋 = 2.3059
1(4𝜋)
D0 = = 5.4496 = 7.3636 dB
2.3059
(b) D0 (dipole) = 1.5 = 1.761 dB

D0 (above dipole) = (7.3636 − 1.761) dB = 5.6026 dB
D0 (above dipole) = 5.45
1.5
= 3.633 = 5.603 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 11
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋∕2
2.17. (a) Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin2 𝜙 d𝜙 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0∫0 ∫0 ∫0
( )
1 𝜋
= (𝜋) =
5 5
Umax = U(𝜃 = 0◦ , 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2) = 1
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋
D0 = = = 20 = 13.0 dB
Prad (𝜋∕5)
(b) Elevation Plane: 𝜃 varies, 𝜙 fixed

⇒ Choose 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2.
U(𝜃, 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2) = cos4 𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋∕2.
[ ]
HPBW(el.) 1
cos4 =
2 2
√
HPBW(el.) = 2 cos−1 { 0.5}1∕2 = 65.5◦
2𝜋 𝜋
2.18. (a) Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋
∫0 ∫ 0
{ ◦
}
30 90◦
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
⋅ sin 𝜃 d𝜃 + d𝜃
∫0 ∫30◦ 0.866
{ }
𝜋∕6 𝜋∕2
1
= 2𝜋 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫𝜋∕6 0.866
{ ( ) 𝜋∕2 }
𝜋∕6 1 cos2 𝜃 ||
= 2𝜋 − cos 𝜃|0 + − | = 2𝜋[−0.866 + 1 + 0.433]
0.866 2 |𝜋∕6
Prad = 3.5626
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1)
D0 = = = 3.5273 = 5.4745 dB
Prad 3.5626
cos(𝜃)
(b) U= = 0.5 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = 0.5(0.866) = 0.433, 𝜃 = cos−1 (0.433) = 64.34◦
0.866
Θ1r = 2(64.34) = 128.68◦ = 2.246 rad = Θ2r
4𝜋 4𝜋
D0 ≃ = = 2.4912 = 3.9641 dB
Θ1r Θ2r (2.246)2
2.19. (a) 35 dB
|E | | E | 35
(b) 20 log10 || max || = 35, log10 || max || = = 1.75
| Es | | Es | 20
| Emax |
| | 1.75
| E | = 10 = 56.234
| s |
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
12 SOLUTION MANUAL
2𝜋 𝜋
2.20. (a) U = sin 𝜃, Umax = 1, Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋
= sin2 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 𝜋 2
∫0 ∫0
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋 4
D0 = = 2 = = 1.2732
Prad 𝜋 𝜋
(b) HPBW = 120◦ , 2𝜋∕3

The directivity based on (2-33a) is equal to,
101
D0 = = 1.2451
120◦ − 0.0027(120◦ )2
while that based on (2-33b) is equal to,
√
1
D0 = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = 1.2245
120◦
(c) Computer Program: D0 = 1.2732

2𝜋 𝜋
2.21. (a) U = sin3 𝜃, Umax = 1, Prad = 3 2
sin4 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 𝜋
∫0 ∫0 4
4𝜋 16
D0 = 3 2
= = 1.6976
𝜋 3𝜋
4
(b) HPBW = 74.93◦

101
From (2-33a), D0 = = 1.68971
(74.93◦ ) − 0.0027(74.93)
√
◦ )2
1
From (2-33b), D0 = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = 1.75029
74.93◦
(c) Computer program: D0 = 1.693
The value of D0 = 1.693 is similar to that of (4-91) or 1.643
2.22. (a) U = J1 2 (ka sin 𝜃),
𝜋
a = λ∕10, ka sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃. HPBW = 93.10◦
5
From (2-33a): D0 = 101∕[(93.10) − 2
√0.0027(93.10) ] = 1.449120
1
From (2-33b): D0 = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = 1.477271
93.10
𝜋
a = λ∕20, ka sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃, HPBW = 91.10◦
10
From (2-33a), D0 = 1.47033; From (2-33b), D0 = 1.502

2𝜋 𝜋
λ
(b) a= :P = J12 (ka sin 𝜃) ⋅ sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 0.7638045
10 rad ∫0 ∫0
4𝜋(0.0893)
Umax = 0.0893, D0 = = 1.469193
0.7638045
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 13
2𝜋 𝜋
λ
a= : Prad = J1 2 (𝜋∕10 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 0.202604
20 ∫0 ∫0
4𝜋(0.0240714)
Umax = 0.0240714, D0 = = 1.49257
0.202604
If the radius of loop is smaller than λ∕20, the directivity approaches 1.5.
2.23. Using the numerical techniques, the directivity for each intensity of Prob. 2.12, with 10◦
uniform divisions is equal to for U = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙:
4𝜋Umax
(a) Midpoint: D0 =
Prad ( ) 18
𝜋 𝜋 ∑ ∑18
Umax = 1: Prad = sin 𝜙j sin2 𝜃i
18 18 j=1 i=1
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃i = + (i − 1) , i = 1, 2, 3, ..., 18
36 18
𝜋 𝜋
𝜙j = + (j − 1) , j = 1, 2, 3, ..., 18
36 18
( )2
𝜋
Prad = (11.38656)(8.9924) = 3.119
18
4𝜋(1)
D0 = = 4.03 = 6.05 dB
3.119
(b) Trailing edge of each division:
Trailing edge: 𝜃i = i(𝜋∕18), i = 1, 2, 3, … , 18
𝜙j = j(𝜋∕18), j = 1, 2, 3, … , 18
( )2
𝜋
Prad = (11.25640)(8.96985) = 3.076
18
4𝜋(1)
D0 = = 4.09 = 6.11 dB
3.119
In a similar manner:
(a) Prad = 2.463 ⇒ D0 = 5.10 = 7.07 dB
(b) Prad = 2.451 ⇒ D0 = 5.13 = 7.10 dB
(a) Prad = 2.092 ⇒ D0 = 6.01 = 7.79 dB
(b) Prad = 2.086 ⇒ D0 = 6.02 = 7.80 dB
U = sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜙;
(a) Prad = 2.469 ⇒ D0 = 4.74 = 6.76 dB
(b) Prad = 2.618 ⇒ D0 = 4.80 = 6.81 dB
(a) Prad = 2.092 ⇒ D0 = 6.01 = 7.79 dB
(b) Prad = 2.086 ⇒ D0 = 6.02 = 7.80 dB
(a) Prad = 1.777 ⇒ D0 = 7.07 = 8.49 dB
(b) Prad = 1.775 ⇒ D0 = 7.08 = 8.50 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
14 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.24. Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2, the directivities for each radiation
intensity of Problem 2.12 are equal to:
(a) U = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙; Prad = 3.1318
4𝜋 ⋅ Umax
Umax = 1; D0 = = 4.0125 ⇒ 6.034 dB
3.1318
(b) U = sin 𝜃 sin2 𝜙; Prad = 2.4590
4𝜋 ⋅ 1
Umax = 1; D0 = = 5.110358 ⇒ 7.0845 dB
2.4590
(c) U = sin 𝜃 sin3 𝜙; Prad = 2.0870
4𝜋 ⋅ 1
Umax = 1; D0 = = 6.02124 ⇒ 7.80 dB
2.0870
(d) U = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙; Prad = 2.6579
2
4𝜋 ⋅ 1
Umax = 1; D0 = = 4.72793 ⇒ 6.746 dB
2.6579
(e) U = sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙; Prad = 2.0870
4𝜋 ⋅ 1
Umax = 1; D0 = = 6.02126 ⇒ 7.7968 dB
2.0870
(f) U = sin2 𝜃 sin3 𝜙; Prad = 1.7714
4𝜋 ⋅ 1
Umax = 1; D0 = = 7.09403 ⇒ 8.5089 dB
1.7714
[ ]
𝜋
2.25. (a) E|max = cos (cos 𝜃 − 1) |max = 1 at 𝜃 = 0◦ .
4
[ ]
𝜋
0.707Emax = 0.707 ⋅ (1) = cos (cos 𝜃1 − 1)
4
{
𝜋 𝜋 cos−1 (2) = does not exist
(cos 𝜃1 − 1) = ± ⇒ 𝜃1 = 𝜋
4 4 cos−1 (0) = 90◦ = rad.
2
( )
𝜋
Θ1r = Θ2r = 2 =𝜋
2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4
D0 ≃ = 2 = = 1.273 = 1.049 dB
Θ1r Θ2r 𝜋 𝜋
(b) Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2

D0 = 2.00789 = 3.027 dB
Since the pattern is not very narrow, the answer obtained using Kraus’ approximate for-
mula is not as accurate.
| [ ]|
𝜋
2.26. (a) E|| = cos (cos 𝜃 + 1) || = 1 at 𝜃 = 𝜋.
|max 4 |max
[ ]
𝜋
0.707 = cos (cos 𝜃1 + 1)
4
{
𝜋 𝜋 cos−1 (−2) → does not exist.
(cos 𝜃1 + 1) = ± ⇒ 𝜃1 = 𝜋
4 4 cos−1 (0) → 90◦ → rad
2
( )
𝜋
Θ1r = Θ2r = 2 =𝜋
2
4𝜋 4
D0 ≃ 2 = = 1.273 = 1.049 dB
𝜋 𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 15
(b) Computer Program Directivity:

D0 = 2.00789 = 3.027 dB
2𝜋 𝜋∕2
𝜋
2.27. (a) Prad = U0 sin(𝜋 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋U0 J1 (𝜋) = U0 𝜋 2 J1 (𝜋)
∫0 ∫0 2
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋U0 4 1
D0 = = = = 4.4735
Prad U0 𝜋 J1 (𝜋) 𝜋 J1 (𝜋)
2
𝜋
J (𝜋) = 0.447
2 1
(b) Computer program Directivity:
2𝜋 𝜋∕2
Prad = U0 sin(𝜋 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋(0.447)
∫0 ∫0
D0 = 4.4735
−jkr
2.28. E𝜙 = C0 sin1.5 𝜃 e r
(a) Un = |E𝜙 |2 = e20 sin3 𝜃, ⇒ Un| max = C02
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 C02 sin3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = C0 (2𝜋) sin4 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 |𝜋 4 − 3 3
sin4 𝜃 d𝜃 = − | + sin2 𝜃 d𝜃 = sin2 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 4 |0 4 ∫0 4 ∫0
[ ]𝜋 ( )
3 𝜃 1 3 𝜋 3𝜋
= − sin(2𝜃) = =
4 2 4 0 4 2 8
( ) 2
3𝜋 3𝜋 2
Prad = 2𝜋C02 = C
8 4 0
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋C02 16
D0 = = 2 = = 1.69765 = 2.298 dB
Prad 3𝜋 2
C0 3𝜋
4
D0 = 1.69765 = 2.298 dB
(b) Un = C0 sin3 𝜃, Un ||max = C2 at 𝜃 = 90◦ , Un || = 0.5C02 = sin3 𝜃h C02

| 0 |𝜃=𝜃n
sin3 𝜃h = 0.5, 𝜃h = sin−1 (0.5)1∕3 = sin−1 (0.7937) = 52.5327◦
Θh = 2(90◦ − 52.5327◦ ) = 74.935◦
101 101
D0 (McDonald) = 2
= = 1.6897 = 2.278 dB
74.935 − 0.0027(74.935) 59.7738
D0 (McDonald) = 1.6897 dimensionless = 2.278 dB
√
1
D0 (Pozar) = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = −172.4 + 191(0.91178)
74.935◦
D0 (Pozar) = −172.4 + 174.1502 = 1.7502 dimensionless = 2.431 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
16 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.29. (a) Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.
D0 = 14.0707 dimensionless = 11.48 dB

[ ]2
sin(𝜋 sin 𝜃)
(b) U ∣max = = 1 when 𝜃 = 0◦ .
𝜋 sin 𝜃 max
[ ]
1 1 sin(𝜋 sin 𝜃1 ) 2
U = Umax = (1) =
2 2 𝜋 sin 𝜃1
Iteratively we obtain 𝜃1 = 26.3◦ . Therefore

Θ1d = Θ2d = 2(26.3◦ ) = 52.6◦ .
41, 253
and D0 ≃ = 14.91 dimensionless = 11.73 dB using the Kraus’ formula
(52.6)2
(c) For Tai and Pereira’s formula
72,815 72,815
D0 = = = 13.16 dimensionless = 11.19 dB
2 ⋅ Θ1d
2 2(52.6)2
1 1 1
2.30. U = |E|2 = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 ⇒ Umax =
2𝜂 2𝜂 2𝜂
𝜋∕2 𝜋 ( ) ( )
(a) Prad = 2 ⋅ 1 1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 d𝜃 d𝜙 = =
∫0 ∫0 2𝜂 𝜂 4 2 8𝜂
( )
1
4𝜋
4𝜋Umax 2𝜂 16
D0 = = = = 5.09 = 7.07 dB
prad 𝜋2 𝜋
8𝜂
1
(b) Umax = at 𝜃 = 𝜋∕2, 𝜙 = 0
2𝜂
1
In the elevation plane through the maximum 𝜙 = 0 and U = sin 𝜃, the 3-dB point
2𝜂
occurs when
( )
1 1
U = 0.5Umax = 0.5 = sin 𝜃1 ⇒ 𝜃1 = sin−1 (0.5) = 30◦
2𝜂 2𝜂
Therefore Θ1d = 2(90 − 30) = 120◦

1
In the azimuth plane through the maximum 𝜃 = 𝜋∕2 and U = cos2 𝜙, the 3-dB point
( ) 2𝜂
1 1
occurs when U = 0.5Umax = 0.5 = cos2 𝜃1 ⇒ 𝜙1 = cos−1 (0.707) = 45◦
2𝜂 2𝜂
Θ2d = 2(90◦ − 45◦ ) = 90◦
41,253
Therefore using Kraus’ formula: D0 ≃ = 3.82 dimensionless = 5.82 dB
120(90)
(c) Using Tai and Pereira’s formula:
72,815 72,815
D0 ≃ = = 3.24 dimensionless = 5.10 dB
Θ21d 2
+ Θ2d (120)2 + (90)2
(d) Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.
D0 = 5.16425 = 7.13 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 17
[ ] [ ] [ ]
J1 (ka sin 𝜃) 2 J (ka sin 𝜃) 2 J (ka sin 𝜃) 2
2.31. U = = (ka)2 1 = U0 1
sin 𝜃 ka sin 𝜃 ka sin 𝜃
( )2 U
1
(a) Umax = U0 = 0 and it occurs when ka sin 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0◦ . The 3-dB point is
2 4
obtained using
[ ]
1 U J (ka sin 𝜃) 2 J (ka sin 𝜃)
U= Umax = 0 = U0 1 ⇒ 1 = 0.3535
2 8 ka sin 𝜃 ka sin 𝜃
with the aid of the J1 (x)∕x of Appendix V.
x = ka sin 𝜃1 = 1.61 ⇒ 𝜃1 = sin−1 (1.61∕2𝜋) = 14.847◦

⇒ Θ1r = 29.694◦
(b) Since Θ1r = Θ2r = 29.694◦ , the directivity using Kraus’ formula is equal to
41, 253
D0 ≃ = 46.79 dimensionless = 16.70 dB
(29.694)2
2.32. G0 = 16 dB ⇒ 16 = 10 log10 G0 (dimensionless) ⇒ G0 (dimensionless) = 101.6 = 39.81

r = 100 meters = 10, 000 cm = 104 cm
Prad = ecd Pin = (1)Pin = 8 watts
f = 1,900 MHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕1.9 × 109 = 15.789 cm
Prad 8 8
(a) W0 = = =
4𝜋r2 4𝜋(104 )2 4𝜋 × 108
2
= × 10−8 = 0.6366 × 10−8 Watts∕cm2
𝜋
W0 = 0.6366 × 10−8 = 6.366 × 10−9 Watts∕cm2
Wmax = W0 G0 (dim) = 6.366 × 10−9 (39.81) = 253.438 × 10−9 .
Wmax = 253.438 × 10−9 Watts∕cm2
(b) D0 (λ∕4 monopole) = 1.643
λ2 λ2 1.643(15.789)2
Aem = D0 = (1.643) = = 32.5938 cm2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
Aem = 32.5938 cm2
P(received) = Wmax Aem = (253.438 × 10−9 )(32.5938)
P(received) = 8.2606 × 10−6 Watts
2.33. (a) Linear because Δ𝜙 = 0.

(b) Linear because Δ𝜙 = 0.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
18 SOLUTION MANUAL
(c) Circular because

1. Ex = Ey
2. Δ𝜙 = 𝜋∕2.
CCW because Ey leads Ex . AR = 1, 𝜏 = 90◦
(d) Circular because
1. Ex = Ey
2. Δ𝜙 = −𝜋∕2
CW because Ey lags Ex . AR = 1, 𝜏 = 90◦
(e) Elliptical because Δ𝜙 is not odd multiples of 𝜋∕2. CCW because Ey leads Ex .
AR = OA/OB
Letting Ex = Ey = E0
√ }
OA = E0 [0.5(1 + 1 + √2)]1∕2 = 1.30656E0 1.30656
⇒ AR = = 2.414
OB = E0 [0.5(1 + 1 + 2)]1∕2 = 0.541196E0 0.541196
[ ◦
] ( )
◦ 1 −1 2(1) cos(45 ) 1 1.414
𝜏 = 90 − tan = 90◦ − tan−1
2 1−1 2 0
1
= 90◦ − (90◦ ) = 45◦
2
(f) Elliptical because Δ𝜙 is not odd multiples of 𝜋∕2. CW because Ey lags Ex .

}
From above OA = 1.30656E0 1.30656
⇒ AR = = 2.414
OB = 0.541196E0 0.541196
From above 𝜏 = 90◦ − 12 (90◦ ) = 45◦
(g) Elliptical because
1. Ex ≠ Ey
2. Δ𝜙 is not zero or multiples of 𝜋.
CCW because Ey leads Ex .
}
OA = Ey { 12 [0.25 + 1 + 0.75]}1∕2 = Ey 1
⇒ AR = =2
OB = Ey { 12 [0.25 + 1 − 0.75]}1∕2 = 0.5Ey 0.5
( )
1 0 1
𝜏 = 90◦ − tan−1 = 90◦ − (180◦ ) = 0◦
2 −0.75 2
(h) Elliptical because
1. Ex ≠ Ey
2. Δ𝜙 is not zero or multiples of 𝜋.
CCW because Ey lags Ex .
}
From above OA = Ey 1
⇒ AR = =2
OB = 0.5Ey 0.5
1
𝜏 = 90◦ − (180◦ ) = 0◦
2
2.34. x (z, t) = Re[Ex ej(𝜔t+kz+𝜙x ) ] = Ex cos(𝜔t + kz + 𝜙x )
y (z, t) = Re[Ey ej(𝜔t+kz+𝜙y ) ] = Ey cos(𝜔t + kz + 𝜙y )
where Ex and Ey are real positive constants.

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 19
Choosing z = 0 and letting Δ𝜙 = 𝜙y − 𝜙x = 𝜙y − 0 = 𝜙
x (t) = Ex cos(𝜔t) (1)

y (t) = Ey cos(𝜔t + 𝜙)
and
√ √
(t) = x2 + y2 = Ex2 cos2 (𝜔t) + Ey2 cos2 (𝜔t + 𝜙) (2)
The maximum and minimum values of (2) are the major and minor axes of the polarization
ellipse. Squaring (2) and using the half-angle identity, (2) can be written as
1 2
 2 (t) = {E + Ey2 + Ex2 cos(2𝜔t) + Ey2 cos2 [2(𝜔t + 𝜙)]} (3)
2 x
Since Ex and Ey are constants, the maximum and minimum values of (3) occur when
f (t) = Ex 2 cos(2𝜔t) + Ey 2 cos[2(𝜔t + 𝜙)] is maximum or minimum. These are found by dif-
ferentiating (4) and setting it equal to zero. Thus
df
= −Ex 2 sin(2𝜔t) − Ey2 sin[2(𝜔t + 𝜙)] = 0 (4)
d(2𝜔t)
or
Ex2 sin(2𝜔t) = −Ey2 sin[2(𝜔t + 𝜙)]
= −Ey2 {sin 2𝜔t cos 2𝜙 + cos 2𝜔t sin 2𝜙} (5)
Dividing (5) by cos(2𝜔t) yields
Ex2 tan(2𝜔t) = −Ey2 [tan(2𝜔t) cos(2𝜙) + sin(2𝜙)]
or
−Ey2 sin(2𝜙)
tan(2𝜔t) =
Ex2 + Ey2 cos(2𝜙)
from which we obtain that
Ex2 + Ey2 cos(2𝜙)

cos(2𝜔t) = (6)
±𝜌
Ey2 + Ex2 cos(2𝜙)
cos(2𝜔t + 2𝜙) = (7)
±𝜌
where
√
𝜌= Ex4 + Ey4 + 2Ex2 Ey2 cos(2𝜙) (8)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
20 SOLUTION MANUAL
Substituting (6)–(8) into (3) yields

[ ]
1 2 1 2
 =
2 2
E + Ey ± (𝜌 )
2 x 𝜌
whose maximum value is

{ }1∕2
1 2
max = OA = [Ex + Ey2 + (Ex4 + Ey4 + 2Ex2 Ey2 cos 2𝜙)1∕2 ]
2
{ }1∕2
1 2
max = OB = [Ex + Ey2 − (Ex4 + Ey4 + 2Ex2 Ey2 cos 2𝜙)1∕2 ]
2
The tilt angle 𝜏 can be obtained by expanding (1) and writing the two as
x2 2x y cos 𝜙 y2

− + = sin2 𝜙 (9)
Ex2 Ex Ey Ey2
which is the equation of a tilted ellipse. Choosing a coordinate system whose principal axes
coincide with the major and minor axes of the tilted ellipse, we can write that
x = x′ sin(z) − y′ cos(z)

(10)
y = x′ cos(z) + y′ sin(z)
where x′ and y′ are the new field values along the new principal axes x′ , y′ , z′ . Substituting
(10) into (9) yields
2x′ y′ cos(z) sin(z) 2x′ y′ cos(z) sin(z) 2x′ y′ cos 𝜙
− − (sin2 z − cos2 z) = 0
Ex2 Ey2 Ex Ey
which when solved for the tilt angle 𝜏 reduces to
[ ( )] 2Ex Ey cos 𝜙
𝜋
tan 2 −𝜏 =
2 Ex2 − Ey2
or
( )
𝜋 1 2Ex Ey cos 𝜙
𝜏 = − tan−1
2 2 Ex2 − Ey2
For more details on the tilt angle derivation, see J.D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, 1950,
pp. 464–476.
2.35. (a) 𝜌̂w = â x cos 𝜙1 + â y sin 𝜙1
𝜌̂a = â x cos 𝜙2 + â y sin 𝜙2
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = |(̂ax cos 𝜙1 + â y sin 𝜙1 ) ⋅ (̂ax cos 𝜙2 + â y sin 𝜙2 )|2
= | cos 𝜙1 cos 𝜙2 + sin 𝜙1 sin 𝜙2 |2 = | cos(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 )|2

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 21
(b) 𝜌̂w = â x sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜙1 + â y sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜙1 + â z cos 𝜃1

𝜌̂a = â x sin 𝜃2 cos 𝜙2 + â y sin 𝜃2 sin 𝜙2 + â z cos 𝜃2
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = | sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜙1 sin 𝜃2 cos 𝜙2 + sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜙1 sin 𝜃2 ⋅ sin 𝜙2
+ cos 𝜃1 ⋅ cos 𝜃2 |2
PLF = | sin 𝜃1 ⋅ sin 𝜃2 (cos 𝜙1 ⋅ cos 𝜙2 + sin 𝜙1 sin 𝜙2 ) + cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 |2
PLF = | sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 cos(𝜙1 − 𝜙2 ) + cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 |2
2.36. Assuming electric field is x-polarized

(a) Ew = â x E1 e−jkz ⇒ 𝜌̂w = â x
( )
â 𝜃 − ĵa𝜙
Ea = (̂a𝜃 − ĵa𝜙 )E0 f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) ⇒ 𝜌̂a = √
2
1
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = |̂a ⋅ â − ĵax ⋅ â 𝜙 |2
2 x 𝜃
since â 𝜃 = â x cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â y cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − â z sin 𝜃
â 𝜙 = −̂ax sin 𝜙 + â y cos 𝜙
PLF = 12 (cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙)
(b) when Ea = (̂a𝜃 + ĵa𝜃 )E0 f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙), PLF is also
PLF = 12 (cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙)
A more general, but also more complex, expression can be derived when the incident electric
field is of the form Ew = (âax + b̂ay )e−jkz where a, b are real constants. It can be shown (using
the same procedure) that
1
PLF = √ [(a cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + b sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)2 + (a sin 𝜙 − b cos 𝜙)2 ]1∕2
2(a2 + b2 )
Antenna
Incident Wave x
E iw
2.37. (a) Ew = E0 (ĵay + 3̂az )e+jkx

1. Elliptical polarization; AR = 31 = 3; Left Hand (CCW)
a. 2 components orthogonal to direction of propagation
b. Not of same magnitude
c. 90◦ phase difference between them
d. y component is leading the z component or z component is lagging the y component
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
22 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Ea = Ea (̂ay + 2̂az )e−jkx

1. Liner polarization; AR = ∞; No rotation
a. 2 components orthogonal to direction of propagation.
b. Not of same magnitude
c. 0◦ phase difference between them,
(c) PLF = |𝜌̂ ⋅ 𝜌̂ |2
w a
( )
+jkx
ĵay + 3̂az √ +jkx
Ew = E0 (ĵay + 3̂az )e = E0 √ 10e
10
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂w
( )
ĵay + 3̂az
𝜌̂w = √
10
( )
−jkx
â y + 2̂az √ −jkx
Ea = Ea (̂ay + 2̂az )e = E0 √ 5e
5
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂a
( )
â y + 2̂az
𝜌̂a = √
5
| (ĵa + 3̂a ) (̂a + 2̂a ) |2
| y z |
| = |j + 6| = 37
2
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | = || √
z y
2
⋅ √ |
| 10 5 || 50 50
|
37
PLF = = 0.740 = −1.31 dB
50
2.38. Eiw = (̂ax + ĵay )E0 e+jkz
e−jkr || e−jkz
Ea = (̂ax + 2̂ay )E1 | ◦ = (̂
a x + 2̂
a y )E 1
r |𝜃 =0 z
z axis
x
y
E iw
( )√
â x +ĵay
(a) Eiw = √ 2E0 e+jkz
2
Circular: 2 components, same amplitude, 90◦ phase difference
(b) Clockwise (y component is leading the x component)
( )
â x +2̂ay √ e−jkz
(c) Ea = √ 5E1
5 z
Linear: 2 components, 0◦ phase difference
(d) No rotation
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 23
( ) ( )
â x + ĵay â x + 2̂ay
(e) 𝜌̂w = √ , 𝜌̂a = √
2 5
[( ) ( )]2
â x + ĵay â x + 2̂ay |1 + j2|2 5
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | =
2
√ ⋅ √ = =
2 5 10 10
5
PLF = = 0.5 = 10 log10 (0.5) = −3 dB
10
( )
e+jky 4̂az + j2̂ax √ e+jky
2.39. (a) Ew = (4̂az + j2̂ax )Ew = √ 20Ew
y 20 y
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂w
∙ Elliptical (2 components, not of same magnitude, 90◦ phase difference)
(b) CW; x-components leads z-component by 90◦ ; rotate x into z while looking (observing)
in the -y direction (from behind the wave).
4
(c) AR = = 2
2( )
4̂az + j2̂ax
(d) 𝜌̂w = √ ; 𝜌̂a = â z
20
|( ) |2
| 4̂az + j2̂ax | 16
PLF = ||𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a || = || ⋅ â z || =
2
√ = 0.8 = 10 log10 (0.8)
| 20 | 20
| |
PLF = 0.8 = −0.969 dB
( )
e−jkr ĵa𝜃 + 2̂a𝜙 √ e−jkr
2.40. (a) Ea = E0 (ĵa𝜃 + 2̂a𝜙 )f0 (𝜃0 , 𝜙0 ) = E0 √ 5f0 (𝜃0 , 𝜙0 )
r 5 r
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂a
( )
ĵa𝜃 + 2̂a𝜙
𝜌̂a = √
5
Elliptical, CW
a^r
a^ϕ
a^θ
y
x
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
24 SOLUTION MANUAL
e+jkr
(b) Ew = E1 (2̂a𝜃 + ĵa𝜙 )f1 (𝜃0 , 𝜙0 )
r
( )
2̂a𝜃 + ĵa𝜙 √ e+jkr
= E1 √ 5f1 (𝜃0 , 𝜙0 )
5 r
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂w
( )
2̂a𝜃 + ĵa𝜙
𝜌̂w = √
5
Elliptical, CW
|( ĵa + 2̂a ) ( 2̂a + ĵa )|2 | |2 | |2
|
| 𝜃 𝜙 𝜃 𝜙 || | 2j + j2 |
| |
| 4j |
| |
(c) PLF = |𝜌̂a ⋅ 𝜌̂w | = |
2
√ ⋅ √ | = | √ | = |√ |
| 5 5 | | 25 | | 25 |
| | | | | |
16
PLF = = 0.64 = −1.938 dB
25
1
2.41. (a) Ew = E0 (̂ax ± ĵay )e
−jkz
⇒ 𝜌̂w = √ (̂ax ± ĵay )
2
1
Ea ≃ E1 (̂a𝜃 − ĵa𝜙 )f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) ⇒ 𝜌̂a = √ (̂a𝜃 − ĵa𝜙 )
2
1| |2 1 | |2
PLF = |(̂a ± ĵay ) ⋅ (̂a𝜃 − ĵa𝜙 )| = |(̂ax ⋅ â 𝜃 ± â y ⋅ â 𝜙 ) − j(̂ax â 𝜙 ∓ â y â 𝜃 )|
2| x | 2| |
Converting the spherical unit vectors to rectangular, as it was done in Problem 2.35, leads
to
1
PLF = (cos 𝜃 ± 1)2
2
(b) When
Ew = E0 (̂ax ± ĵay )e−jkz

Ea ≃ E1 (̂a𝜃 + ĵa𝜙 ) f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙)
the PLF is equal to
1
PLF = (cos 𝜃 ∓ 1)2
2
2.42. Ew = (̂a𝜃 cos 𝜙 − â 𝜙 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃) f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) or
⎡ ⎤√
⎢ â 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − â 𝜙 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 ⎥
⎥ cos2 𝜙 + sin 𝜙 cos2 𝜃 ⋅ f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙)
2
Ew = ⎢ √
⎢ cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
â 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − â 𝜙 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃

Thus 𝜌̂w = √
cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜃
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 25
and
|⎛ |2
| â cos 𝜙 − â sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 ⎞ |
| ⎜ 𝜃 𝜙 ⎟ |
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = ||⎜ √ ⎟ x ||
⋅ ̂
a
|⎜ |
|⎝ cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜃 ⎟⎠ |
| |
Transforming the rectangular unit vector to spherical using

â x = â r sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − â 𝜙 sin 𝜙
the PLF reduces to
cos2 𝜃
PLF =
cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜃
The same answer is obtained by transforming the spherical unit vectors to rectangular, as was
done in Prob. 2.35.
( )
2̂ax ± ĵay √
2.43. Ea ≃ (2̂ax ± ĵay )f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) = √ 5f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙)
5
x
Antenna
z
Wave
y
( )
â x − ĵay
(a) 𝜌̂w = √ ⇒ Wave is Right Hand (RH)
2
( )
2̂ax ± ĵay
𝜌̂a = √
5
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2
⎧ 9 = −0.4576 dB using the + sign (Antenna is LH in receiving

⎪ 10 mode and RH in transmitting)
=⎨
⎪ 1 = −10 dB using the − sign (Antenna is RH in receiving
⎩ 10 mode and LH in transmitting)
( )
â x + ĵay
(b) 𝜌̂w = √ ⇒ Wave is Left Hand (LH)
2
( )
2̂ax ± ĵay
𝜌̂a = √
5
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2
⎧ 1 = −10 dB using the + sign (Antenna is LH in receiving

⎪ 10 mode and RH in transmitting)
=⎨
⎪ 9 = −0.4576 dB using the − sign (Antenna is RH in receiving
⎩ 10 mode and LH in transmitting)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
26 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.44. For 𝜌̂w

y
45°
â x + â y | â + â 4̂a + ĵa |2
| x y|
𝜌̂w = √ ; PLF = || √ |
y x
⋅ √ |
2 | 2 17 |
| |
1 1
PLF = |(̂a ⋅ 4̂ax ) + (̂ay ⋅ ĵay )|2 = |4 + j|2 = 0.5 dimensionless = −3 dB
34 x 34
â x − ĵay
2.45. (a) RHCP; 𝜌̂a = √
2
| 2̂a + ĵa â − ĵa |2

| x y|
= || √ ⋅ √ || = 0.9 dimensionless = −0.46 dB
y x
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2
| 5 2 ||
|
â x + ĵay
(b) LHCP; 𝜌̂a = √
2
| 2̂a + ĵa â + ĵa |2

| x y|
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a = || √ ⋅ √ || = 0.1 dimensionless = −10.0 dB
y x
|2
| 5 2 ||
|
( )
â x − ĵay √
2.46. Ei = (̂ax − ĵay )E0 e−jkz = √ 2E0 e−jkz
2
â x − ĵay
𝜌̂w = √ CW
2
Ei
k^
z
y
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 27
(a) Ea = (̂ax + ĵay )E1 e+jkz

( )
â x + ĵay √
= √ 2E1 e+jkz
2
â x + ĵay
𝜌̂a = √ CW
2
|( â − ĵa ) ( â + ĵa )|2 ( )2
| x y | 1 − j2
|
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | = | 2
√
y
⋅
x
√ |
| = =1
| 2 2 | 2
| |
PLF = 1 = 0 dB
( )
â x − ĵay √
(b) Ea = √ 2E1 e+jkz
2
â x − ĵay
𝜌̂a = √
2
|( â − ĵa ) ( â − ĵa )|2 | 2 |2
| x y | |1 + j |
|
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | = |
y
⋅
x
|
| = || 2 || = 0
2
√ √
| 2 2 | | |
| |
PLF = 0 = −∞ dB
( )
−jkr 2̂a𝜃 + j4̂a𝜙 e−jkr
2.47. Ea = (2̂a𝜃 + j4̂a𝜙 )Ea e = √ 20Ea
r 20 r
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂a
( )
e+jkr j4̂a𝜃 + 2̂a𝜙 e+jkr
Ew = (j4̂a𝜃 + 2̂a𝜙 )Ew = √ 20Ew
r 20 r z
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ a^r
𝜌̂w
Antenna a^ϕ
a. Elliptical
b. CCW
a^θ
c. AR = 42 = 2 y
Wave
d. Elliptical
e. CCW
x
f. AR = 42 = 2
(
| 2̂a + j4̂a ) ( )|2
g. | 𝜃 𝜙 j4̂
a 𝜃 + 2̂
a 𝜙 |
PLF = |𝜌̂a ⋅ 𝜌̂w |2 = || √ ⋅ √ |
|
| 20 20 |
| |
| j8 + j8 | | 16 | 2
= || | = | | = (0.8)2 = 0.64
| | |
| 20 | | 20 |
PLF = 0.64 dimensionless = −1.9382 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
28 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.48. Ei = â x E0 e−jkz , 𝜌̂w = â x

( )
â x + ĵay √
Ea = (̂ax + ĵay )E1 e+jkz = √ 2E1 e+jkz
2
( )
â x + ĵay
𝜌̂a = √
2
λ2 λ2
(a) Aem = eo D0 |𝜌̂a ⋅ 𝜌̂w |2 = G |𝜌̂ ⋅ 𝜌̂ |2
4𝜋 4𝜋 0 a w
(eo D0 = G0 )
c 3 × 108 3 × 108
At 10 GHz ⇒ λ = = 9
= = 3 × 10−2
f 10 × 10 1010
G0 = 10 = 10 log10 G0 (dim) ⇒ G0 (dim) = 101 = 10

| ( )|2
λ2 (3 × 10 −2 )2 | ̂
a + ĵ
a |
(10) ||â x ⋅ |
x y
Aem = G |𝜌̂ ⋅ 𝜌̂ |2 = √ |
4𝜋 0 a w 4𝜋 | 2 |
| |
−4 ( ) −3 ( ) ( )
9 × 10 1 9 × 10 1 1
= (10) = = (0.7162 × 10−3 )
4𝜋 2 4𝜋 2 2
Aem = 0.3581 × 10−3 m2
(b) PT = Aem W i = (0.3581 × 10−3 )(10 × 10−3 ) = 3.581 × 10−6 Watts

PT = 3.581 × 10−6 Watts
e+jky e−jky W
2.49. Ew = â z Ew , 𝜌̂w = â z , Ea = −̂az Ea , 𝜌̂a = −̂az , Winc = 100 × 10−3 2
y y cm
(a) PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = |−̂az ⋅ â z |2 = 1 = 0 dB
(b) For the λ∕2 dipole (Za = 73 + j42.5) with a loss resistance RL of 5 ohms:
Un = (E𝜃n )2 = (sin1.3 𝜃)2 = sin3 𝜃 ⇒ (Un )max = 1

4𝜋Umax
D0 =
Prad
2𝜋 𝜋
⎛ 𝜋 ⎞ 2𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U sin 𝜃d𝜃d𝜙 = ⎜ 3 ⎟

sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 sin4 𝜃d𝜃
∫ ∫ ∫ ⎜∫ ⎟ ∫
0 0 0 ⎝0 ⎠ 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃 || 4−1 3
sin 𝜃d𝜃 = −
4
| + sin2 𝜃d𝜃 = sin2 𝜃d𝜃
∫ 4 | 4 ∫ 4 ∫
0
|0 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
[ ]
3 3 𝜃 1 3𝜋
sin 𝜃d𝜃 =
4
sin2 𝜃d𝜃 = − sin(2𝜃) =
∫ 4∫ 4 2 4 8
0 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 29
𝜋
( )
3𝜋 3𝜋 2
Prad = 2𝜋 sin4 𝜃d𝜃 = 2𝜋 =
∫ 8 4
0
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1) 16
∴ D0 = = D0 = 2
= = 1.69765 (dimensionless) = 2.298 dB
Prad 3𝜋 ∕4 3𝜋
Using the equivalent circuit of Figure 1.2 with Rr = 73 and RL = 5
Rr 73
ecd = = = 0.9359
Rr + RL 73 + 5
∴ G0 = ecd D0 = 0.9359(1.69765) = 1.5888 = 2.011 dB
( )
| Zin − Zc | || Za + RL − Zc || | (73 + j42.5 + 5) − 50 |
|
|Γ| = | | | = || | = 50.8945 = 0.3774
| = |( ) |
| Zin + Zc | || Za + RL + Zc || | (73 + j42.5 + 5) + 50 | 134.8712
( )
|Γ|2 = (0.3774)2 = 0.1424 ⇒ 1 − |Γ|2 = (1 − 0.1424) = 0.8576
( )
Gre0 = er G0 = 1 − |Γ|2 G0 = (0.8576) 1.5888 = 1.3626 (dim) = 1.344 dB
( )
λ2
Preceived = Aem (ecd )(1 − |Γ|2 )PLF = D0 ecd (1 − |Γ|2 )PLF
4𝜋
[ ]
𝜋2
= D0 ecd (1 − |Γ|2 ) (PLF)Winc
4𝜋 ⏟⏟⏟
G0
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
Gre0
λ2 30 × 109
Preceived = (Winc ) Gre (PLF), λ= = 3 cm
4𝜋 10 × 109
( 2)
−3 (3) 10−1 (9)(1.3562)
= (100 × 10 ) (1.3562) (1) =
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ 4𝜋 ⏟⏞⏟⏞⏟ ⏟⏟⏟ 4𝜋
Winc ⏟⏞⏟⏞⏟ Gre0 PLF
32 ∕4𝜋
Preceived = 0.0981 Watts = 98.1 mWatts = 98.1 × 10−3 Watts

[ ]
( −3
) (3)2
Preceived = 100 × 10 (1.3626) (1) = 97.59 mW = 97.59 × 10−3 W
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ 4𝜋 ⏟⏞⏟⏞⏟ ⏟⏟⏟
W
⏟⏟⏟ Gre0 PLF
inc
32 ∕4𝜋
2.50. Ea = (2̂ax ± ĵay )Ee−jkz

2̂ax ± ĵay
𝜌̂a = √
5
(a) Ew = â x Ew ⇒ 𝜌̂w = â x
| |2
| 2 | 4
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = || √ || = = 0.8 dimensionless = −0.9691 dB
| 5| 5
| |
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
30 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Ew = â y Ew ⇒ 𝜌̂w = â y
| |2
| 1 | 1
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = | √ || = = 0.2 dimensionless = −6.9897 dB
|
| 5| 5
| |
2.51. (a) Ey = E′ + E′′ = 3 cos 𝜔t + 2 cos 𝜔t = 5 cos 𝜔t
y y
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋
Ex = Ex′ + Ex′′ = 7 cos 𝜔t + + 3 cos 𝜔t −
2 2
= −7 sin 𝜔t + 3 sin 𝜔t = −4 sin 𝜔t
5
AR = = 1.25
4
(b) At 𝜔t = 0, E = 5̂ay
At 𝜔t = 𝜋∕2 ⇒ E = −4̂ax ⇒ Rotation in CCW
1
2.52. (a) PLF = independent of 𝜓 → must have CP
2
∴ AR = 1.
(b) Polarization will be elliptical with major axis aligned with x-axis.
Guess: AR = 2 √
Verify: 𝜌̂w = (2̂ax + jay )∕ 5
| |2
| 2 cos 𝜓 + j sin 𝜓 |
| = 4 cos 𝜓√+ sin 𝜓
2 2
2 |
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | = | √ |
| 5 | 5
| |
𝜓 = 0 : PLF = 0.8
𝜓 = 90◦ : PLF = 0.2
(c) PLF = 1 at 𝜓 = 45◦ and 225◦
PLF = 0 at 𝜓 = 135◦ and 315◦
Polarization must be linear at an angle of 45◦
∴ AR = ∞
2.53. 2 2
Ig = =
(50 + 1 + 73) + j(25 + 42.5) 124 + j67.5
= (12.442 − j6.7724) × 10−3 = 14.166 × 10−3 ∠ − 28.56◦
Rg = 50 Xg = 25 RL = 1
Rr = 73
Vg = 2
Ig
X = 42.5
1
(a) Ps = 2
Re(Vg ⋅ Ig∗ ) = Re(12.442 + j6.7724) × 10−3 = 12.442 × 10−3 W
1
(b) Pr = |I |2 Rr = 7.325 × 10−3 W
2 g
1
(c) PL = |I |2 RL = 0.1003 × 10−3 W
2 g
The remaining supplied power is dissipated as heat in the internal resistor of the generator,
or
1
Pg = |I |2 R = 5.0169 × 10−3 W
2 g g
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 31
Thus
Pr + PL + Pg = (7.325 + 0.1003 + 5.0169) × 10−3 = 12.4422 × 10−3 = Ps
2.54. The impedance transfer equation of

[ ]
ZL + jZc tan(kl)
Zin = Zc
Zc + jZL tan(kl)
reduces for l = λ∕2 to Zin = ZL .

Therefore the equivalent load impedance at the terminals of the generator is the same as
that for Problem 2.53.
Thus the supplied, radiated, and dissipated powers are the same as those of Problem 2.53.
(100)2 10000
2.55. (a) Zin = = (50 − j50)2 = 100 − j100 Ω
50 + j50 5000
10 10
Ig = = = 0.05546∠33.7◦ A
150 − j100 180.3∠ − 33.7◦
50 Ω
+
10 V ZA = 50 + j 50 Ω
– Z0 = 100 Ω
λ/4
1 1
(b) Ps = Re{Vg Ig∗ } = × 10 × 0.05546 × cos(33.7◦ ) = 0.231 W
2 2
1 1
(c) PA = |Ig |2 Re{Zin } = × (0.05546)2 × 100 = 0.1538 W
2 2
Prad = ecd PA = 0.96 × 0.1538 = 0.148 W
2.56. Prad
Gain = (Directivity)
Paccepted
Prad
Realized Gain = (Directivity)
Pavailable
Gain P
= available
Realized Gain Paccepted
( )2
V
√s
1 2 Vs2
Pavailable = =
2 Z0 4Z0
V(x) = A[e−jkx + Γ(0)ejkx ]
A −jkx
I(x) = [e − Γ(0)ejkx ]
Z0
V(0) = A[1 + Γ(0)]
A
I(0) = [1 − Γ(0)]
Z0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
32 SOLUTION MANUAL
Z0 = R0
Z0
Vs Z0 Z0* ≡ VT Z0*
I0
+
+ Z0
V0 Zin
VT
– –
Fig. 1
From Fig. 1:
−Vs + I(0)Z0 + V(0) = 0

A
−Vs + [1 − Γ(0)]Z0 + A[1 + Γ(0)] = 0
Z0
−Vs + A − AΓ(0) + A + AΓ(0) = 0
Vs
2A = Vs → A =
2
Paccepted = Re[V(0)I ∗ (0)]
Vs
V(0) = [1 + Γ(0)]
2
V
I(0) = s [1 − Γ(0)]
2Z0
Zin − Z0
Γ(0) =
Zin + Z0
( )
V Z − Z0
⇒ V(0) = s 1 + in
2 Zin + Z0
( )
V R + jXin − Z0
= s 1 + in
2 Rin + jXin + Z0
( )
Vs Rin + jXin + Z0 + Rin + jXin − Z0
=
2 Rin + jXin + Z0
Vs (Rin + jXin )
V(0) =
Rin + jXin + Z0
( ) ( )
V Z − Z0 V Zin + Z0 − Zin + Z0
I(0) = s 1 − in = s
2Z0 Zin + Z0 2Z0 Zin + Z0
Vs Vs
I(0) = =
Zin + Z0 Rin + jXin + Z0
[ ]
∗ Vs Rin + jVs Xin Vs
Re[V(0)I(0) ] = Re ×
Rin + Z0 + jXin Rin + Z0 − jXin
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 33
( )
Vs2 (Rin + jXin ) Vs2 Rin
Paccepted = Re 2
= 2
(Rin + Z0 )2 + Xin (Rin + Z0 )2 + Xin
Vs2
2
(Rin + Z0 )2 + Xin
Gain 4Z0
= =
Realized Gain Vs2 Rin 4Z0 Rin
2
(Rin +Z0 )2 +Xin
√
l 𝜔𝜇0
2.57. (a) RL = Rhf =
C 2𝜎
√
λ∕60 2𝜋 × 109 (4𝜋 × 10−7 )
= ⋅
2𝜋(λ∕200) 2(5.7 × 107 )
RL = 0.4415 × 10−2 = 0.004415 ohms

( )2 ( )2
l 1
(b) Rr = 80𝜋 2 = 80𝜋 2 = 0.21932
λ 60
⇒ Rin = Rr = 0.21932 ohms (because of assumed constant current)
Rr 0.21932
(c) ecd = = = 0.98027
RL + Rr 0.21932 + 0.004415
ecd = 98.027%
(d) ZL = (RL + Rin ) + jXin = (0.21932 + 0.004415) + jXin
= 0.2237 + jXin
[ ( ) ]
λ∕60
ln −1
ln(l∕2a) − 1 λ∕100
Xin ≃ −120 = −120 ( )
kl 2𝜋 λ
tan( ) tan
2 2λ 60
[ ]
0.51003 − 1
= −120 = +1, 120.03
0.05241
Z − Zc (0.2237 + j1, 120.03) − 50
|Γ| = L = = 0.9999
ZL + Zc (0.2237 + j1, 120.03) + 50
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.9999
VSWR = = = 9, 999
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.9999
[
2.58. Radiation Efficiency ] of a dipole
𝜋
Iz (z) = I0 cos z′ , −l∕2 ≤ z′ ≤ l∕2
l
[ ] ds
I 𝜋
H𝜙 (r = a)|at the surface = 0 cos z
2𝜋a l
ds = a d𝜙 dz ⇒ differential patch of area.
dW ⇒ power loss into this patch.
1
dW = |H |2 R a d𝜙 dz
2 𝜙 s
(time ave) (Rs = skin resistance)
( ) [ ]
I0 2 Rs 𝜋
dW = ⋅ cos2 z a d𝜙 dz
2𝜋a 2 l
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
34 SOLUTION MANUAL
l∕2 2𝜋 I0 2 Rs [ ]
𝜋
W(total loss) = cos2 z a d𝜙 dz
∫−l∕2 ∫𝜙=0 8𝜋 2 ⋅ a2 l
I0 2 l∕2 [ ] I0 2 l ⋅ Rs ( 1 )
2 𝜋
W= (2𝜋a)R cos z dz =
8𝜋 2 a2
s ∫−l∕2 l 4𝜋 a 2
1 2
W= I RL
2 0
( )
1 lRs
RL =
2 2𝜋a
⎧1 0 < 𝜃 ≤ 45◦
⎪
2.59. E = ⎨ 0 45◦ < 𝜃 ≤ 90◦
⎪1 90◦ < 𝜃 ≤ 180◦
⎩2
r2 E2 r2 |E|2 r2 1
(a) U= = , Umax = =
2𝜂 𝜂 𝜂 120𝜋
[ ]
2𝜋 45◦ 180◦
r2 1
Prad = d𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 + sin 𝜃 d𝜃
𝜂 ∫0 ∫0 ∫90◦ 4
[ ]
r2 ◦ 1 180◦
= [2𝜋] − cos 𝜃|45 + (− cos 𝜃)| ◦
𝜂 0 4 90
[ ]
2r2 𝜋 1 1
= − cos 45◦ + cos 0◦ − cos 180◦ + cos 90◦
𝜂 4 4
2𝜋r2
Prad = 0.54289
𝜂
( )
r2
4𝜋
4𝜋Umax 𝜂
D= = = 3.684
Prad 0.54289(2𝜋)r2 ∕𝜂
(b) When the electric field is equal to 10 V/m, for 𝜃 = 0◦ .
⎧10 V∕m 0 < 𝜃 ≤ 45◦

⎪
⇒ E = ⎨0 45◦ < 𝜃 ≤ 90◦
⎪ × 10 V∕m 90◦ < 𝜃 ≤ 180◦
1
⎩2
[ { } ]
2𝜋 45◦ 180◦
r2
Prad = |E| sin 𝜃 d𝜃 +
2
|E| sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
2
𝜂 ∫0 ∫0 ∫90◦
( )
2𝜋
Prad = r2 (0.54289) |10|2 = 36,193
𝜂
1 2
Prad = |I| Rr = |Irms |2 ⋅ Rr
2
36,193 36,193
⇒ Rr = = = 1,447.72
|Irms |2 25
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 35
e−jkr
2.60. Ea = â 𝜃 Ea cos3 𝜃 ⇒ Un = (cos3 𝜃)2 = cos6 𝜃
r
(a) Un |max = cos6 𝜃|max = 1, 𝜃max = 0◦
Un |𝜃=𝜃h = cos6 𝜃h = 0.5 ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 [(0.5)1∕6 ] = cos−1 (0.891) = 27.01◦
Θh = HPBW = 2𝜃h = 2(27.01) = 54.02◦
(b) Exact Directivity:

2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
Prad = Un sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = cos6 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 cos6 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋∕2 ( )𝜋∕2 ( )
cos7 𝜃 1
= −2𝜋 (cos 𝜃) d(cos 𝜃) = −2𝜋
6
= −2𝜋 0 − = 2𝜋∕7
∫0 7 0 7
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1)
D0 = = = 14 = 10 log10 (14) = 11.46 dB
Prad 2𝜋∕7
(c) Since the HPBW = 54.02◦ > 39.77◦ (n = 6 < 11.48), then Kraus’ approximate formula
is the more accurate for the maximum directivity. Thus
41,253 || 41,253 41,253

D0 (Kraus) = | = = = 14.137
Θ1h Θ2h |Θ1h =Θ2h Θh2 (54.02)2
D0 (Kraus) = 14.137 (dimensionless) = 10 log10 (14.137) = 11.50 dB
72,815 || 72,815 72,815
D0 (Tai & Pereira) = | = = = 12.476
Θ21h + Θ22h ||Θ 2Θh2 2(54.02)2
1h =Θ2h
D0 (T & P) = 12.476 (dimensionless) = 10 log10 (12.476) = 10.961 dB
By comparsion, the Kraus’ approximate formula D0 is more accurate, compared to the

exact D0 , for this problem.
(d) Using the computer program Directivity, the maximum directivity is
D0 = 13.9637 (dimensionless) = 11.45 dB
Basically identical to the exact value.

λ2 λ2
(e) Aem = D0 |exact = (14) = 1.141λ2
4𝜋 4𝜋
Input parameters:
-----------------
Output parameters:
-------------------
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
36 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.61. In general,
4𝜋(U𝜃 )max 4𝜋(U𝜙 )max

D𝜃o = ; D𝜙o =
(Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙 (Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙
U𝜃 = |E𝜃 |2 ; U𝜙 = |E𝜙 |2
U = U𝜃 + U𝜙 = |E|2 = |E𝜃 |2 + |E𝜙 |2
However for this problem
Umax (𝜃 = 0◦ ; 𝜙 = 0◦ or 90◦ or any value 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋) = |E|2max = |E𝜃 |2max = |E𝜙 |2max
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2
(Prad )𝜃 = U𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = |E𝜃 |2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2
(Prad )𝜙 = U𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = |E𝜙 |2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2 [ ]
Prad = (Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙 = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = U𝜃 + U𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫ 0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 [ ]
Prad = (Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙 = |E𝜃 |2 + |E𝜙 |2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
However, since for this problem
Umax (𝜃 = 0◦ ; 𝜙 = 0◦ or 90◦ or any value 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋) = |E|2max = |E𝜃 |2max = |E𝜙 |2max
D0 = D𝜃0 = D𝜙0 ; NOT D0 = D𝜃0 + D𝜙0
However, in general, for any problem, other than special cases like Problem 2.61
D0 = D𝜃0 + D𝜙0
if Umax = |E|2max = |E𝜃 |2max + |E𝜙 |2max ≠ |E𝜃 |2max ≠ |E𝜙 |2max
Input parameters:
-----------------
Output parameters:
-------------------
Partial Directivity (theta) (dimensionless) = 80.2511
Partial Directivity (theta) (dB) = 19.0445
Partial Directivity (phi) (dimensionless) = 80.2511
Partial Directivity (phi) (dB) = 19.0445
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 37
Using Table 12.1

a = 3λ, b = 2λ
( )
ab
D0 = 4𝜋 2 = 4𝜋(6) = 24𝜋
λ
D0 = 75.398 = 18.774 dB
Since the maximum |E𝜃 | = |E𝜙 | = |E| then the maximum directivity
D0 = D𝜃 = D𝜙
2.62. Input parameters:

-----------------
Output parameters:
------------------
Using Table 12.1

a = 3λ, b = 2λ
( )
ab
D0 = 0.81 4𝜋 2 = 0.81(24𝜋)
λ
= 61.072 = 17.858 dB
Since the maximum |E𝜃 | = |E𝜙 | = |E|, then the maximum directivity
D0 = D𝜃 = D𝜙

-----------------
Output parameters:
------------------
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
38 SOLUTION MANUAL

Using Table 12.1

2.286
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 3 cm ⇒ a = λ = 0.762λ
3
1.016
b= λ = 0.3387λ
3
( )
ab
D0 = 0.81 4𝜋 2 = 0.81(4𝜋)(0.762)(0.3387)
λ
= 2.627 = 4.194 dB
D0 = D𝜃 = D𝜙

-----------------
Output parameters:
------------------
Using Table 12.2

a = 1.5λ
( )
4𝜋 2 2𝜋a 2
D0 = (𝜋a ) = = 9𝜋 2
λ2 λ
D0 = 88.826 = 19.485 dB
D0 = D𝜃 = D𝜙

-----------------
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 39
Output parameters:
------------------
Using Table 12.2
a = 1.5λ
) (
2𝜋a 2
D0 = 0.836 = 0.836 (9𝜋 2 )
λ
D0 = 74.2589 = 18.71 dB
D0 = D𝜃 = D𝜙

-----------------
Output parameters:
------------------
Using Table 12.2

1.143
f = 10 GHZ ⇒ λ = 3 cm ⇒ a = λ = 0.381λ
3
()
2𝜋a 2
D0 = 0.836 = 0.836[2𝜋(0.381)]2
λ
D0 = 4.791 = 6.804 dB
D0 = D𝜃 = D𝜙
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
40 SOLUTION MANUAL
e−jkr ◦
2.67. Ea = (̂a𝜃 + j2̂a𝜙 ) sin 𝜃 E0 (0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦ )
r
z
Outgoing
wave
Eϕ
y
Eθ
x
(a) Elliptical because
1. 2 components transverse to the direction of wave propagation
2. Both components not of the same magnitude
3. 90◦ phase difference between the 2 components
4. AR = 2/1 = 2 because ellipse aligned with principal axes
5. CCW (E𝜙 leads E𝜃 ) due to the 90◦ phase difference between the two.
4𝜋(U𝜃 )max 4𝜋(U𝜙 )max
(b) (D0 )𝜃 = ; (D0 )𝜙 =
(Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙 (Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙
(Ut )n = (U𝜃 )n + (U𝜙 )n = |E𝜃 |2n + |E𝜙 |2n = (1 + 4) sin2 𝜃|E0 |2 = 5 sin2 𝜃|E0 |2
(Ut )n = 5 sin2 𝜃|E0 |2

(U𝜃 )n = |E𝜃 |2n = sin2 𝜃|E0 |2 ; (U𝜙 )n = |E𝜙 |2n = 4 sin2 𝜃|E0 |2
(U𝜃 )nmax = |E0 |2 ; (U𝜙 )nmax = 4|E0 |2
2𝜋 𝜋
(Prad )t = (Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙 = (Ut )n sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
= 5 sin2 𝜃|E0 |2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 5|E0 |2 d𝜙 sin3 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋 ( )
4 40𝜋
= 5(2𝜋)|E0 |2 sin3 𝜃 d𝜃 = 10𝜋|E0 |2 = |E0 |2
∫0 3 3
40𝜋
(Prad )t = |E0 |2
3
4𝜋(U𝜃 )max 4𝜋|E |2 3
(D0 )𝜃 = = 40𝜋 0 = = 0.3 = −5.2288 dB
(Prad )t |E0 |2 10
3
4𝜋(U𝜙 )max 4𝜋(4)|E0 |2 12
(D0 )𝜙 = = 40𝜋
= = 1.2 = 0.79181 dB
(Prad )t |E0 |2 10
3
(c) (D0 )t = (D0 )𝜃 + (D0 )𝜙 = 0.3 + 1.2 = 1.5 = 1.761 dB

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 41
2.68. f = 150 MHz, λ = 2 m

⇒ 1 m dipole is 2λ in electrical length
⇒ Rr = 73 ohms, Zin = 73 + j42.5 ohms [see (4-93), Chapter 4]
0.625
RLoss
73 Ω Rr
Rs 50 ohms
Vs = 100 V 42.5 XA
Vs
(a) Iant = = 0.765∠ − 18.97◦ A
50 + 73 + 0.625 + j42.5
1
(b) Pdissip = PLoss = |Iant |2 ⋅ RLoss = 189 mW
2
1
(c) Prad = |Iant |2 ⋅ Rr = 21.36 W
2
Rr 73
(d) Ecd = = = 99%
Rr + RLoss 73 + 0.625
kI0 l −jkr kI e−jkr
2.69. E = â 𝜃 E𝜃 ≃ â 𝜃 j𝜂 e sin 𝜃 = −j𝜂 0 [− â 𝜃 l sin 𝜃 ]
4𝜋r 4𝜋r ⏟⏟⏟
le
(a) le = −̂a𝜃 l sin 𝜃
(b) |le |max = | − â 𝜃 l sin 𝜃|max = l @ 𝜃 = 90◦
(c) |le |max ∕l = 1
( )
⎡ 𝜋 ⎤
I0e−jkr ⎢ cos 2
cos 𝜃 ⎥
E = â 𝜃 E𝜃 = â 𝜃 j𝜂
2.70. 2𝜋r ⎢⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )
⎡ ⎤
kI0 e−jkr ⎢ 2 cos 𝜋2 cos 𝜃 ⎥
4𝜋r ⎢⎢ 𝜃 ⎥
= j𝜂 −̂a
k sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ ( )⎤
⎢ cos 2 cos 𝜃 ⎥⎥
𝜋
kI0 e−jkr ⎢ λ
− â
4𝜋r ⎢⎢ 𝜃 𝜋 ⎥
= j𝜂
sin 𝜃
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ le ⎦
( ) ( )
cos 𝜋2 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜋2 cos 𝜃
λ
le = −̂a𝜃 = −̂a𝜃 0.3183λ
𝜋 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
42 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
| cos 𝜋2 cos 𝜃 ||
|
| |
|le |max = |−̂a𝜃 0.3183λ | = 0.3183λ @ 𝜃 = 90◦
| sin 𝜃 |
| |
| |max
|le |max 0.3183λ
= = 0.6366 = 63.66% @ 𝜃 = 90◦
l λ∕2
2.71. le = −̂a𝜃 l sin 𝜃, l = λ∕50, f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 3 cm

1 √
W= |E|2 = 10−3 W∕cm ⇒ |E| = 2𝜂W
2𝜂
√
= 2(377)(10−3 ) = 0.8683 V∕cm
( )
λ
Voc |max = |Ei ||le |max = (0.8683) = 52.1 × 10−3 Volts
50
1
2.72. Since |le |max = l∕2 ⇒ |Voc |max = 2
(Voc of dipole with uniform current)
1
Voc |max = 2
(52.1 × 10−3 ) = 26.05 × 10−3 Volts (see Problem 2.71)
2.73. |le |max = 0.3183λ ⇒ |Voc | = |le |max |Ei |. From Problem 2.71 solution
|Voc | = 0.8683(0.3183λ) = 0.27638λ = 0.27638(3) = 0.82914 Volts
2.74. Using (2.94), the effective aperture of an atenna can be written as
|VT |2 ⋅ RT
Ae = , where Wi = |E|2 ∕2𝜂
2Wi |Zt |2
Defining the effective length le as VT = E ⋅ le reduces Ae to

√
𝜂RT le2 Ae |Zt |2
Ae = ⇒ le =
|Zt |2 𝜂RT
For maximum power transfer and lossess antenna (RL = 0)
XA = −XT , Rr = RT ⇒ |Zt | = 2Rr = 2RT

√ √ √
4Aem ⋅ R2T Aem RT Aem Rr
Thus le = =2 =2
𝜂RT 𝜂 𝜂
( )
2.75. λ2
Aem = 2.147 = ⋅ ecd ⋅ (1 − |Γ|2 ) ⋅ |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 ⋅ D0
4𝜋
75 − 50 3 × 108
Γ= = 0.2; λ = =3m
75 + 50 100 × 106
2.147
∴ D0 = 2 = 3.125
3 2]
4𝜋
[(1 − (0.2)
3 × 108
2.76. d = 1 m, f = 3 GHz, 𝜀ap = 68% ⇒ λ = = 0.1 m
3 × 109
( )2 𝜋(1)2
d 𝜋 d2
(a) Ap = 𝜋r2 = 𝜋 = = = 𝜋4 = 0.785 m2
2 4 4
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 43
Aem
(b) 𝜀ap = ⇒ Aem = 𝜀ap Ap
Ap
Aem = 𝜀ap Ap = 0.68(0.785) = 0.534 m2
λ2 4𝜋
(c) Aem = D ⇒ D0 = 2 Aem
4𝜋 0 λ
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
D0 = 2 Aem = (0.534) = (0.534) = 671.044
λ (0.1)2 0.01
D0 = 671.044 = 28.268 dB
(d) PL = Aem Wi = 0.534(10 × 10−6 )
PL = 5.34 × 10−6 Watts
2.77. Wi = 10 × 10−3 W∕cm2 , l = λ∕2, D0 = 2.148 dB, |Γ| = 0.2

f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = 𝜐∕f = 30 × 10 ∕109 = 30 cm
9
(a) D0 = 2.148 dB = 10 log10 D0 (dim) ⇒ D0 (dim) = 102.148∕10 = 1.6398

λ2 : 1 = λ D (dim) [1 − |Γ|2 ]
2
Aem = *

(ecd
D0 ) 1 (er )

PLF
4𝜋 4𝜋 0
λ2 λ2 λ2
Aem = (1.6398)(1 − |0.2|2 ) = (1.6398)(1 − 0.04) = (1.6396)(0.96)
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
Aem = 0.12527λ2
( )
λ λ λ2
(b) Ap = ld = = = 0.00167λ2
2 300 600
A 0.12527λ2
(c) 𝜀ap = em = = 75.162 = 7, 516.2%
Ap 0.00167λ2
(d) P = W A = 10 × 10−3 W (0.12527λ2 ) = 10−2 [0.12527(30)2 ]
L i em
cm2
PL = 112.743 × 10−2 = 0.112743 × 10+1 Watts = 1.12743 Watts
PL = 1.12743 Watts
2.78. Wi = 10−3 W∕m2

λ2
Aem = D , D = 20 dB = 10 log10 D0 (dim) ⇒ D0 (dim) = 100
4𝜋 0 0
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 0.03 m = 3 × 10−2 m
f 10 × 109
(3 × 10−2 )2 9 × 10−4
Aem = ⋅ 100 = ⋅ (100) = 0.716 × 10−2 = 7.16 × 10−3
4𝜋 4𝜋
( )
9 × 10−2 9 × 10−5
Prec = 10 ⋅
−3
= = 0.716 × 10−5 = 7.16 × 10−6 Watts
4𝜋 4𝜋
Prec = 7.16 × 10−6 Watts.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
44 SOLUTION MANUAL
1
2.79. f = 10 GHz, W i = 10 × 10−3 Watts∕cm2 ; PLF = = 0.5 = −3 dB
2
D0 = 12 dB = 15.849 (dimensionless); ZA = 100; Zc = 50; ecd = 75% = 0.75
λ2 30 × 109
(a) Aem = D , λ= = 3 cm
4𝜋 0 10 × 109
(3)2
Aem = (15.849) = 11.351
4𝜋
Aem = 11.351 cm2

ZA − Zc 100 − 50 50 1
(b) Γ= = = = = 0.3333
ZA + Zc 100 + 50 150 3
er = (1 − |Γ|2 ) = (1 − |0.3333|2 ) = 0.88889
Aem (lossy) = Aem (lossless)(er )(ecd )(PLF)
= 11.351(0.88889)(0.75)(0.5) = 3.78367
Aem (lossy) = 3.78367 cm2
(c) Preceiver = W i Aem = 10 × 10−3 (3.78367) = 37.8367 × 10−3
Preceiver = 37.8367 × 10−3 Watts
2.80. Ap = 10 cm2 , f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕10 × 109 = 3 cm, W i = 10 × 10−3 W∕cm2

λ2 λ2
(a) Aem = D0 = G = Ap = 10
4𝜋 4𝜋 0
4𝜋(10) 4𝜋(10)
⇒ G0 = = = 13.96 = 11.45 dB
λ2 (3)2
1
(b) Pr = Aem W i (PLF) = (10)(10 × 10−3 ) = 100 × 10−3 ∕2 = 0.05 Watts
2
Pr = 0.05 Watts
| ( )2
| â x + ĵay ||
PLF = ||â x ⋅ √ | =1
|
| 2 | 2
| |
2.81. Ew = (ĵax + 2̂ay)e+jkz x

Ea = ĵay e−jkz
Ea Ew
(ĵax + 2̂ay ) √ +jkz
+jkz z
(a) Ew = (ĵax + 2̂ay )e = √ 5e
5
⏟⏟⏟
𝜌̂w
Elliptical polarization, AR = 2, CCW because: y
1. 2 components not of equal magnitude
2. 90◦ phase difference between the two
3. x-component is leading the y-component
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 45
(b) Ea = j â y e−jkz
⏟⏞⏟⏞⏟
𝜌̂a
Linear polarization, AR = ∞, no rotation because one component.
λ2
(c) Aem = D , D = 2.15 dB = 10 log10 D0 (dimensionless)
4𝜋 0 0
D0 (dimensionless) = 102.15∕10 = 100.215 = 1.641
D0 (dimensionless) = 1.641
λ2 λ2
Aem = D0 = (1.641) = 0.131λ2 = 0.410𝜋λ2
4𝜋 4𝜋
| (ĵa + 2̂a ) |2
λ2 λ2 2 |
| x |
⋅ (̂ay )||
y
(d) Aem = D0 = (1 − |Γ| )PLF =
2
(1.641)(1 − |0.5| ) | √
4𝜋 4𝜋 | 5 |
| |
( )2
( )
2 4
Aem = 0.131λ2 (1 − 0.25) √ = 0.131λ2 (0.75) = 0.079λ2
5 5
/
(e) PL = Aem Wi = 0.079λ2 (10 × 10−3 λ2 ) = 0.79 × 10−3 Watts
PL = 0.79 × 10−3 Watts = 0.79 mWatts
1
2.82. W rad = W ave ≃ C0 cos4 (𝜃)̂ar (0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋∕2, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋)
r2
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2
(a) Prad = W rad ⋅ ds = â r Wrad ⋅ â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
= C0 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋C0 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
( )𝜋∕2
cos5 𝜃
= 2𝜋C0 −
5 0
( )
1 2𝜋
Prad = 2𝜋C0 0 + = C = 1.2566C0
5 5 0
4𝜋Umax
(b) D0 = ⇒ Umax = r2 Wrad |max = C0 cos4 𝜃|max = C0
Prad
4𝜋C0
D0 = = 10 = 10 log10 (10) = 10 dB
2𝜋C0 ∕5
(c) D0 = 10 toward 𝜃 = 0◦
2
(d) Aem = λ D0 c 3 × 108 m∕sec
λ= = = 0.3 m
4𝜋 f 1 × 109
(0.3)2 0.09 0.225
Aem = (10) = (10) = = 0.0716 m2
4𝜋 4𝜋 𝜋
(e) PL = Aem W i = 0.0716 × (10 × 10−3 ) = 0.716 × 10−3 Watts

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
46 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.83. D0 (λ∕2) = 2.286 dB = 100.2286 = 1.69278 (dim)

D0 (λ∕4) = 5.286 dB = 100.5286 = 3.37754 (dim)
30 × 109
Prad = 10 watts, f = 1, 900 MHz ⇒ λ = = 15.78947 cm
1.9 × 109
Prad 10 10
(a) Wrad (isotropic) = = = = 0.07958 × 10−9
4𝜋r2 4𝜋(1, 000 × 100)2 4𝜋 × 1010
= 79.58 × 10−12 W∕cm2
Wrad (λ∕2) = Wrad (isotropic)D0 = 79.58 × 10−12 (1.69278) = 134.711 × 10−12
Wrad = (λ∕2) = 134.711 × 10−12 W∕cm2
(b) D0 (λ∕4) = 5.286 dB = 3.37754 dim.

λ2 (15.78947)2
Aem = D0 = (3.37754) = 67 cm2
4𝜋 4𝜋
(c) Prec = Wrad (λ∕2)Aem (λ∕4) = 134.711 × 10−12 (67) = 9,025.637 × 10−12
Prec = 9.0256 × 10−9 Watts
λ2 λ2
2.84. Aem = eD
4𝜋 t 0
= G
4𝜋 0
(a) G0 = 14.8 dB ⇒ G0 (power ratio) = 101.48 = 30.2

f = 8.2 GHZ ⇒ λ = 3.6585 cm
(3.6585)2
Aem = (30.2) = 32.167 cm2
4𝜋
The physical aperture is equal to Ap = 5.5(7.4) = 40.7 cm2
(b) G0 = 16.5 dB ⇒ G0 (power ratio) = 101.65 = 44.668

f = 10.3 GHz ⇒ λ = 2.912 cm
(2.912)2
Aem = (44.668) = 30.142 cm2
4𝜋
(c) G0 = 18.0 dB ⇒ G0 (power ratio) = 101.8 = 63.096
f = 12.4 GHz ⇒ λ = 2.419 cm
(2.419)2
Aem = (63.096) = 29.389 cm2
4𝜋
2.85. Pin = 100 Watts; Zc = 75 ohms; Zin = ZA = 100; ecd = 50%
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = B0 sin 𝜃; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦
ZA − Zc 100 − 75 25 1
(a) Γ= = = = = 0.14286
ZA + Zc 100 + 75 175 7
er = (1 − |Γ|2 ) = (1 − |0.1428|2 ) = (1 − 0.0204) = 0.9796 = 97.96%
er = 0.9796 = 97.96%
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 47
(b) e0 = ecd er = 0.5(0.9796) = 0.4898 = 48.98%

2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(c) Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = B0 sin2 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋B0 sin2 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋[ ] [ ] 𝜋
1 − cos(2𝜃) 1
Prad = 2𝜋B0 d𝜃 = 𝜋B0 𝜃 − sin(2𝜃) = 𝜋 2 B0
∫0 2 2 0
Prad = Pin (er ecd ) = Pin (e0 ) = 100(0.4898) = 48.98 watts

( )
48.98
48.98 = 𝜋 2 B0 ⇒ B0 = = 4.9627
𝜋2
(d) U = B0 sin 𝜃 = 4.9627 sin 𝜃 ⇒ Umax = 4.9627

4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(4.9627)
D0 = = = 1.2732
Prad 48.98
D0 = 1.2732 = 1.049 dB
Umax 4.9627 4.9627

(e) Wrad|max = = = = 4.9627 × 10−10
r2 [1,000(100)]2 (105 )2
Wrad| max = 0.49627 × 10−9 Watts∕cm2
λ2
2.86. Aem = D
4𝜋 0
From Problem 2.61:
λ2
Computer Program Directivity: D0 = 80.2511 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(80.2511) = 6.386λ2
λ2
Table 12.1: D0 = 75.398 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(75.398) = 6λ2
λ2
2.87. Aem = D
4𝜋 0
From Problem 2.62:
λ2
(62.4635) = 4.971λ2
λ2
Table 12.1: D0 = 61.072 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(61.072) = 4.86λ2
λ2
2.88. Aem = D
4𝜋 0
From Problem 2.63:
λ2
(4.2443) = 0.3378λ2
λ2
Table 12.1: D0 = 2.627 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(2.627) = 0.20905λ2
λ2
2.89. Aem = D
4𝜋 0
From Problem 2.64:
λ2
(92.947) = 7.396λ2
λ2
Table 12.2: D0 = 88.826 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(88.826) = 7.068λ2
λ2
2.90. Aem = D
4𝜋 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
48 SOLUTION MANUAL
From Problem 2.65:

λ2
(75.1735) = 5.982λ2
λ2
Table 12.2: D0 = 74.2589 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(74.2589) = 5.909λ 2
λ2
2.91. Aem = D
4𝜋 0
From Problem 2.66:
λ2
(8.0236) = 0.638λ2
λ2
Table 12.2: D0 = 4.791 ⇒ Aem = 4𝜋
(4.791) = 0.3813λ2
2.92. Gain = 30 dB, f = 2 GHZ, Prad = 5 W
Receiving antenna VSWR = 2, efficiency = 95%
ER = (2̂ax + ĵay )FR (𝜃, 𝜙), Use Friis transmission formula (2.118)
( )
λ 2
Pr = Pt ecdt ecdr (1 − |Γt |2 )(1 − |Γr |2 ) Dt (𝜃t , 𝜙t )Dr (𝜃r , 𝜙r ) ⋅ PLF
4𝜋R
Pr = 10−14 W, ecdt = 1 (we assume that), ecdr = 0.95, 1 − |Γr |2 = 1
| VSWR − 1 | 2 − 1 1
Since VSWR = 2 ⇒ |Γr | = || |=
| = , (1 − |Γr |2 ) = 8∕9
| VSWR + 1 | 2 + 1 3
3 × 108
λ= = 0.15 m, R = 4000 × 103 m,
2 × 109
( ) ( )2
λ 2 0.15
Hence = = 8.9 × 10−18
4𝜋R 4𝜋4000 × 103
⎧ 1
⎪ 𝜌̂t = √2 (̂ax + ĵay ) ⇒ |𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r | = 0.1
2
Dt = 30 dB = 10 , PLF ⇒ ⎨ 3
1
⎪ 𝜌̂r = √5 (2̂ax + ĵay )
⎩
( )
8
⇒ 10−14 = 5(1)(0.95)(1) (8.9 × 10−18 )(103 )Dr (0.1)
9
Dr = 2.661
λ2
Hence Aem = 2.661 = 0.00476 m2
4𝜋
{ 4 }
cos 𝜃, 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦
2.93. U(𝜃, 𝜙) = 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦
0, 90◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦
λ2
Aem = D
4𝜋 0
4𝜋Umax
D0 =
Prad
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋∕2 [ ]𝜋∕2
cos5 𝜃
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 cos (𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2𝜋 −
4
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 5 0
( )
1 2𝜋
Prad = 2𝜋 −0 + =
5 5
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(1)
D0 = = = 10
Prad 2𝜋∕5
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 49
λ2 λ2 10λ2 3 × 108
Aem = D0 = (10) = , λ= = 3 × 10−2 = 0.03 m
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 1010
10(0.03)2 10(3 × 10−2 )2 10(9 × 10−4 )
Aem = = = = 7.16197 × 10−4
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
Aem = 7.16197 × 10−4
2.94. 1 status mile = 1609.3 meters, 22,300(status miles) = 3.588739 × 107 m

P 8 × 10−14
(a) Pi = rad2 = = 4.943 × 10−16 Watts∕m2 .
4𝜋R 4𝜋 × (3.58874)
λ2
(b) Aem = D , (D0 = 60 dB = 106 ), (λ = 0.15 m)
4𝜋 0
(0.15)2
Aem = (106 ) = 1790.493 m2
4𝜋
Preceived = Aem ⋅ Pi = (1790.493)(4.943 × 10−16 )
= 8.85 × 10−13 Watts.
2.95. A = 0.7162 m2
em
( )2
λ
Aem = ecd (1 − |Γ|2 )|𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 D0
4𝜋
A 75 − 50 3 × 108
D0 = ( )2 em , Γ= = 0.2, λ = = 3m
λ 2
75 + 50 100 × 106
(1 − 1Γ| )
4𝜋
0.7162
D0 = 2
3
(1 − |0.2|2 )
4𝜋
D0 = 1.0417
( )2
2.96. P = W A = W e (1 − |Γ|2 ) λ2
r i em i cd D0 |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2
4𝜋
Zin − Z0 73 − 50
Wi = 5 W∕m2 , ecd = 1(lossless), Γ = = = 0.187
Zin + Z0 73 + 50
3 × 108
λ= = 30 m, D0 = 2.156 dB = 1.643, PLF = 1
10 × 106
( 2)
30
Pr = (5)(1)[1 − (0.187)2 ] (1.643)(1) = 567.78 Watts
4𝜋
Pr = 567.78 Watts.
2.97. Pr ( λ )2
= G0r G0t , G0r = G0t = 16.3 ⇒ G0 (power ratio) = 42.66
Pt 4𝜋R
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 0.03 meters.
VSWR − 1 1.1 − 1 0.1
VSWR = 1.1 ⇒ |Γ| = = = = 0.0476
VSWR + 1 1.1 + 1 2.1
Pt = 200 m watts = 0.2 Watts
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
50 SOLUTION MANUAL
[ ]2
0.03
(a) R = 5 m: Pr = (42.66)2 (0.2)[1 − |Γ|2 ]2
4𝜋(5)
= 82.9[1 − (0.0476)2 ]2 = 82.9(0.9977)2 = 82.5

(b) R = 50 m : Pr = 0.825 𝜇Watts
(c) R = 500 m : Pr = 8.25 nWatts
( )
2.98. pr = |𝜌̂ ⋅ 𝜌̂ |2 λ 2
t r G0t G0r
pt 4𝜋R
G0t = 20 dB ⇒ G0t (power ratio) = 102 = 100
G0r = 15 dB ⇒ G0r (power ratio) = 101.5 = 31.623
f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = 0.3 meters
R = 1 × 103 meters
(a) For |𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2 = 1
( )2
0.3
Pr = (100)(31.623)(150 × 10−3 ) = 270.344 𝜇Watts
4𝜋 × 103
(b) When transmitting antennas is circularly polarized and receiving antenna is linearly
polarized, the PLF is equal to
|( â ± ĵa ) |2
| x | 1
|
|𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r | = |
2
√
y
⋅ â x || =
| 2 | 2
| |
Thus
1
Pr = (270.344 × 10−6 ) = 135.172 × 10−6 = 135.172 𝜇Watts
2
2.99. Lossless: ecd = 1, polarization matched: |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = 1, line matched: (1 − |Γ|2 ) = 1
D0 = 20 dB = 102 = 100 = D0r = D0t

( ) ( )2
λ 2 λ
Pr = Pt D0t D0r = 10 (100)(100) = 0.253 Watts
4𝜋R 4𝜋 ⋅ 50λ
Pr = 0.253 Watts
2.100. Lossless: ecd = 1, PLF = 1. Line matched: (1 − |Γ|2 ) = 1.

D0 = 30 dB = 103 = 1000 = D0r = D0t
( )2 ( )2
λ 1
Pr = Pt (1000)2 = 20 100 = 12.665 Watts
4𝜋 ⋅ 100λ 4𝜋
8
2.101. G0r = 20 dB = 100, G0t = 25 dB = 316.23, λ = 3 × 10 = 0.1 m
3 × 109
( )2
λ
Pr = Pt |𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2 G0r G0t
4𝜋R
( )2
0.1
= 100(1) (100)(316.23)
4𝜋 × 500
Pr = 8 × 10−4 Watts
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 51
3 × 108
2.102. f = 10 GHz → λ = = 0.03 m
1010
G0t = G0r = 15 dB = 101.5 = 31.62 (dimensionless)
R = 10 km = 104 m
Pr ≥ 10 nW = 10−8 W
1
|𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2 = −3 dB =
2
Friis Transmission Equation:
( )
Pr λ 2
= G0t G0r |𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2
Pt 4𝜋R
( )2 ( )
1.5 2 0.03 1
= (10 ) 4
= 2.85 × 10−11
4𝜋 × 10 2
Pr
Pt =
2.85 × 10−11
Pr ≥ 10−8 W → (Pt )min = 351 W
( )
Pr λ 2
2.103. = (PLF)et er D0t D0r
Pt 4𝜋R
( )
λ 2
= (PLF)(ert ecdt )(err ecdr ) D0t D0r
4𝜋R
( )
Pr λ 2
= (1)[ert (1)][err (1)] D0t D0r
Pt 4𝜋R
c 3 × 108
λ=
= = 3 m, R = 10 × 103 = 104
f 108
( ) ( )2 ( )2
λ 2 3 3 −4
= = × 10
4𝜋R 4𝜋 × 104 4𝜋
= (0.2387 × 10−4 )2 = 5.699 × 10−2 × 10−8
( )2
λ
= 5.699 × 10−10
4𝜋R
( ) ( )
| 73.3 − 50 |2 | 23.3 |2
ert = err = (1 − |Γ|2 ) = 1 − || |
| = 1 − || |
|
| 73.3 + 50 | | 12.3 |
= [1 − (0.18897)2 ] = (1 − 0.0357) = 0.9643
ecdt = ecdr = 1
D0t = D0r = 1.643
Pr
= (0.9643)2 (1.643)2 (5.699 × 10−10 )
Pt
= (0.92987)(2.699)(5.699 × 10−10 )
= 2.51(5.699 × 10−10 ) = 14.305 × 10−10
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
52 SOLUTION MANUAL
Pr
Pt = = 6.99 × 10−2 × 1010 (1 × 10−6 )
14.305 × 10−10
= 6.99 × 102
Pt = 699 Watts
Pr ( λ )2 3 × 108 3 × 108 1
2.104. = G0t G0r , λ = = =
Pt 4𝜋R 9 × 109 90 × 108 30
10,000
R = 10,000 meter = λ = 3 × 105 λ
1∕30
[ ]2
Pr λ 2 10 × 10−6
= G0 = = 10−6
Pt 4𝜋(3 × 105 λ) 10
G0 2 = 10−6 (4𝜋 × 3 × 105 )2
G0 = 10−3 (4𝜋 × 3 × 105 ) = 12𝜋 × 102 = 1200𝜋
G0 = 1200𝜋 = 3,769.91 = 10 log10 (3,769.91) dB
G0 = 3,769.91 = 35.76 dB
2.105. R = 16 × 103 m, f = 2 GHz, G0t = 20 dB, Pt = 100 watts,

Pr = 5 × 10−9 Watts ⇒ G0r =?
G0t = 20 dB = 10 log10 [G0t (dim)] ⇒ G0t (dimensionless) = 102 = 100
G0t (dimensionless) = 100
3 × 108
f = 2 GHz ⇒ λ = = 0.15 meters
2 × 109
Friis Transmission Equation (2-119):
( ) ( )( ) ( )
Pr λ 2 Pr 1 4𝜋R 2 1
= G0t G0r PLF ⇒ G0r =
Pt 4𝜋R Pt G0t λ PLF
( ) [ 4𝜋(16 × 103 ) ]2 ( )
5 × 10−9 1 2
G0r =
100 100 0.15 1
[ ] 2
10 × 10−9 × 106 4𝜋(16)
= = 10−6 (1, 340.413)2
104 0.15
G0r = 1, 796, 706.65 × 10−6 = 1.7967 = 2.545 dB
G0r = 1.7967 = 2.545 dB
2.106. 𝜎 = 𝜋a2 = 25𝜋λ2

G0t = G0r = 16.3 dB ⇒ G0t (power ratio) = 101.63 = 42.66
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 0.03 m
( )2
Pr G0t G0r λ
=𝜎
Pt 4𝜋 4𝜋R1 R2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 53
(a) R1 = R2 = 200λ = 6 meters:

2
[ ]2
2 (42.66) λ
Pr = 25(𝜋λ ) (0.2) = 9.00 nWatts
4𝜋 4𝜋(200λ)2
(b) R1 = R2 = 500λ = 15 meters:

Pr = 0.23 nWatts
[ ]2
G G
2.107. Pr = Pt 𝜎 0t 0r λ 3 × 108
, λ= = 0.06 m
4𝜋 4𝜋R1 R2 5 × 109
[ ]2
1502 0.06
Pr = 105 (3)
4𝜋 4𝜋(106 )
Pr = 1.22 × 10−8 Watts
[ ]2 [ ]
Pr G G λ P (4𝜋) 4𝜋R1 R2 2
2.108. = 𝜎 0r 0t ⇒𝜎= r
Pt 4𝜋 4𝜋R1 R2 Pt G0r G0t λ
3 × 108
λ= = 0.03 m
10 × 109
[ ]2
10−16 (4𝜋) 4𝜋(104 )(104 )
∴𝜎 = = 3.445 m2
1000(80)(80) 0.03
[ ]
Pr 4𝜋 4𝜋R1 R2 2
2.109. 𝜎 =
Pt G0r G0t λ
3 × 108
λ= = 0.1 m
3 × 109
[ ]2
10−16 (4𝜋) 4𝜋(104 )(104 )
𝜎= = 0.31 m2
100(80)(80) 0.1
2.110. 𝜎 = 0.85λ2
( )2
Pr G G λ
= 𝜎 0t 0r |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2
Pt 4𝜋 4𝜋R1 R2
𝜎 = 0.85λ2 , G0t = G0r = 15 dB ⇒ G0t = G0r = 31.6228 (dimensionless)
R1 = R2 = 100 meter ⇒ R1 = R2 = 1, 000λ
3 × 108
f = 3 GHz ⇒ λ = = 0.1 meters
3 × 109
|𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2 = 1 dB ⇒ |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2 = 0.7943
2
( )2
Pr 2 (31.6228) λ
= 0.85λ (0.7943)
Pt 4𝜋 4𝜋 × 106 λ2
0.85(31.6228)2 (0.7943)
= = 0.3402 × 10−12
(4𝜋)3 (1012 )
Pr = 0.3402 × 10−12 (102 ) = 0.3402 × 10−10 = 34.02 × 10−12 Watts
Pr = 34.02 pWatts
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
54 SOLUTION MANUAL
2.111. Ta = TA e−2𝛼l + T0 (1 − e−2𝛼l )

TA = 5 K
5
T0 = 72◦ F = (72 − 32) + 273 = 295.2 K
9
−4 dB = 20 log10 e−𝛼 = −𝛼(20) log10 e = −𝛼(20)(0.434)
4
𝛼= = 0.460 Nepers∕100 ft = 0.0046 Nepers∕ft.
8.68
(a) l = 2 feet:
2 2
Ta = 5e−2(0.0046) + 295.2[1 − e−2(0.0046) ] = 4.91 + 5.38 = 10.29 K
(b) l = 100 feet;
Ta = 5e−2(0.0046)100 + 295.2[1 − e−2(0.0046)100 ] = 179.72 K
d
d d
2.112. Ta = TA e− ∫0 2𝛼(z) dz
+ 𝜀(z)Tm (z)e− ∫z 2𝛼(z′ ) dz′
dz
∫0
If 𝛼(z) = 𝛼0 = Constant
d
Ta = TA e−2𝛼0 d + 𝜀(z)Tm (z)e−2𝛼0 (d−z) dz
∫0
d
Ta = TA e−2𝛼0 d + e−2𝛼0 d + 𝜀(z)Tm (z)e+2𝛼0 z dz
∫0
If Tm (z) = T0 = Constant and 𝜀(z) = 𝜀0 = constant

d
d
Ta = TA e−2𝛼0 d + 𝜀0 T0 e−2𝛼0 d e2𝛼0 z dz
∫0
dz
𝜀 Ta TA
Ta = TA e −2𝛼0 d
+ 0 T0 e−2𝛼0 d (e2𝛼0 d − 1)
α (z), ε (z),Tm(z)
2𝛼0
For 𝜀0 = 2𝛼0 : z
Ta = TA e−2𝛼0 d + T0 e−2𝛼0 d (e2𝛼0 d − 1)

= TA e−2𝛼0 d + T0 (1 − e−2𝛼0 d )
P1: A3508
JWBS171-Sol-c03 JWBS171-Balanis February 24, 2016 11:20 Printer Name: Trim: 7in × 10in
CHAPTER 3
Solution Manual
3.1. If H e = j𝜔𝜀∇ × Πe (1)

Maxwell’s curl equation ▽ × Ee = −j𝜔𝜇H e can be written as
∇ × Ee = −j𝜔𝜇H e = −j𝜔𝜇(j𝜔𝜀∇ × Πe ) = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀∇ × Πe
or
∇ × (Ee − 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀Πe ) = ∇ × (Ee − k2 Πe ) = 0 where k2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀
Letting
Ee − k2 Πe = −∇𝜙e ⇒ Ee = −∇𝜙e + k2 Πe (2)
Taking the curl of (1) and using the vector identity of (3-8) leads to
∇ × H e = j𝜔𝜀∇ × ∇ × Πe = j𝜔𝜀[∇(∇ ⋅ Πe ) − ∇2 Πe ] (3)
Using Maxwell’s equation
∇ × H e = J + j𝜔𝜀Ee
reduces (3) to
J + j𝜔𝜀Ee = j𝜔𝜀[∇(∇ ⋅ Πe ) − ∇2 Πe ] (4)
Substituting (2) into (4) reduces to
J
∇2 Πe + k2 Πe = j + [∇(∇ ⋅ Πe ) + ∇𝜙e ] (5)
𝜔𝜀
Letting 𝜙e = −∇ ⋅ Πe simplifies (5) to
J
∇2 Πe + k2 Πe = j (6)
𝜔𝜀

55
P1: A3508
56 SOLUTION MANUAL
and (2) to
Ee = ∇(∇ ⋅ Πe ) + k2 Πe (7)
Comparing (6) with (3-14) leads to the relation

1
Πe = −j A (8)
𝜔𝜇𝜀
3.2. If Em = −j𝜔𝜇∇ × Πm (1)
Maxwell’s curl equation ∇ × H m = j𝜔𝜀Em can be written as
∇ × H m = j𝜔𝜀(−j𝜔𝜇∇ × Πm ) = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀∇ × Πm
or
∇ × (H m − 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀Πm ) = ∇ × (H m − k2 Πm ) = 0 where k2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀
Letting
H m − k2 Πm = −∇𝜙m ⇒ H m = −∇𝜙m + k2 Πm (2)
Taking the curl of (1) and using the vector identity of (3-8) leads to
∇ × Em = −j𝜔𝜇∇ × ∇ × Πm ) = −j𝜔𝜇[∇(∇ ⋅ Πm ) − ∇2 Πm ] (3)
Using maxwell’s equation
∇ × Em = −M − j𝜔𝜇H m (4)
reduces (3) to
−M − j𝜔𝜇H m = −j𝜔𝜇[∇(∇ ⋅ Πm ) − ∇2 Πm ]
Substituting (2) into (4) reduces to
M
∇2 Πm + k2 Πm = j + [∇(∇ ⋅ Πm ) + ∇𝜙m ] (5)
𝜔𝜇
Letting 𝜙m = −∇ ⋅ Πm simplifies (5) to
M
∇2 Πm + k2 Πm = j (6)
𝜔𝜇
and (2) to
H m = ∇(∇ ⋅ Πm ) + k2 Πm (7)
Comparing (6) with (3-25) leads to the relation
1
Πm = −j F
𝜔𝜇𝜀
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 57
e−jkr
3.3. A = â z Az1 = â z C1
r
Substituting the above into (3-34) leads to the following terms:
[ ( )] [ ]
d2 Az1 d d e−jkr d e−jkr e−jkr
= C 1 = C1 −jk −
dr2 dr dr r dr r r2
[ ]
e−jkr e−jkr e−jkr e−jkr
= C1 (−jk)2 + jk 2 − jk 2 + 2 3
r r r r
( )
2 dAz1 2 e−jkr e−jkr
= C1 −jk − 2
r dr r r r
e−jkr
k2 Az1 = k2 C1
r
The sum of the above three terms is equal to zero, and it then satisfies (3-34).
The same conclusion is derived using
e−jkr
A = â z Az2 = â z C2
r
as a solution.
3.4. The solution of ∇2 Az = −𝜇Jz can be inferred from the solution of Poisson’s equation
𝜌
∇2 𝜙 = − (1)
𝜀
for the potential 𝜙. 𝜌(x′ , y′ , z′ ) represents the charge density.

We begin with Green’s theorem
(𝜓∇2 𝜙 − 𝜙∇2 𝜓)d𝜐′ = (𝜓∇𝜙 − 𝜙∇𝜓) ⋅ n̂ da (2)

∫v ∮Σ
where 𝜓 and 𝜙 are well behaved functions (nonsingular, continuous, and twice differentiable).
For 𝜓 we select a solution of the form
1
𝜓= (3)
R
where
√
R= (x − x′ )2 + (y − y′ )2 + (z − z′ )2 (3a)
By considering the charge at the origin of the coordinate system, it can be shown that (provided
r ≠ 0)
( ) ( ) ( )
1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 1 1 𝜕2𝜓 2 1
∇2 𝜓 = r2 + sin 𝜃 + = ∇ =0
r2 𝜕r 𝜕r r2 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 r2 sin2 𝜃 𝜕𝜙2 r
P1: A3508
58 SOLUTION MANUAL
Thus (2) reduces to
1 𝜌(x′ , y′ , z′ ) ′
𝜓∇2 𝜙 dv′ = − dv (4)
∫V 𝜀 ∫V r
To exclude the r = 0 singularity of 𝜓, the observation point x′ , y′ , z′ is surrounded by a sphere

of radius r′ and surface Σ′ . Therefore the volume V is bounded by the surfaces Σ and Σ′ , and
(2) is broken into two integrals; one over Σ0 and the other of Σ′ . Using (4) reduces (2) to
1 𝜌 ′
− dv = (𝜓∇𝜙 − 𝜙∇𝜓) ⋅ n̂ da + (𝜓∇𝜙 − 𝜙∇𝜓) ⋅ n̂ da (5)
𝜀 ∫V r ∮Σ0 ∮Σ0
and
[ ]
1
(𝜓∇𝜙 − 𝜙∇𝜓) ⋅ n̂ da = ∇𝜙 − 𝜙(∇𝜓) ′ ⋅n
̂ da (5a)
∮Σ′ ∮Σ′ r′ r=r
1 𝜕𝜙 1
=− da − ′2 𝜙 da
r ∮Σ′ 𝜕r
′ r ∮Σ′
Since r′ is arbitrary, it can be chosen small enough so that 𝜙 and 𝜕𝜙

𝜕r
are essentially constant at
every point on Σ . If we make r progressively smaller, 𝜙 and its normal derivative approach
′ ′
their limiting values at the center (by hypothesis, both exit and are continuous functions of
position). Therefore, in the limit as r′ → 0, both can be taken outside the integral and we can
write that
(𝜓∇𝜙 − 𝜙∇𝜓) ⋅ n̂ da = −4𝜋𝜙(x, y, z) (6)

∮Σ′
since
( ) ( )
1 𝜕𝜙 1 𝜕𝜙 1 𝜕𝜙
lim da = lim da = lim (4𝜋r′2 ) = 0
r →0 r
′ ′ ∮ Σ′ 𝜕r r →0 r ′
′ 𝜕r ∮
r=r′ Σ′ r →0 r ′
′ 𝜕r r=r′
Substituting (6) into (5) reduces it to
𝜌 ′ [ ( )]
1 1 1 1
𝜙(x, y, z) = dv + ∇𝜙 − 𝜙∇ ⋅ n̂ da (7)
4𝜋𝜀 ∫v r 4𝜋 ∮Σ r r
The first term on the right side of (7) accounts for the contribution from the charges within Σ
while the second term for those outside Σ. Expansion of Σ to include all charges makes the
second term to vanish and to reduce (7) to
1 𝜌(x′ , y′ , z′ ) ′
𝜙(x, y, z) = dv (8)
4𝜋𝜀 ∫v r
By comparing ∇2 Az = −𝜇Jz with (1), we can write that
𝜇 Jz (x′ , y′ , z′ ) ′
Az (x, y, z) = dv (9)
4𝜋 ∫v r
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 59
For more details see D.T. Paris and F.K. Hard, Basic Electromagnetic Theory, McGraw-Hill,
1969, pp. 128-131.
For the details of the solution of (3-31) see R.E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves,
McGraw-Hill, 1960, pp. 35-39. It can be shown that
𝜇 e−jkr
Az = Jz (x′ , y′ , z′ ) dv
4𝜋 ∫v r
Because of the length of the derivation, it will not be repeated here.

e−jkr
3.5. A ≃ [̂ar A′r (𝜃, 𝜙) + â 𝜃 A′𝜃 (𝜃, 𝜙) + â 𝜃 A′𝜙 (𝜃, 𝜙)]
r
1
E = −j𝜔A − j ∇(∇ ⋅ A)
𝜔𝜇𝜀
1 𝜕 2 1 𝜕 1 𝜕A𝜙
𝜓 =∇⋅A = (r Ar ) − (A 𝜃 sin 𝜃) +
r2 𝜕r r sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 r sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
e−jkr e−jkr e−jkr
𝜓 = ∇ ⋅ A = −jk + 2 [⋯ ⋯] + 3 [⋯ ⋅ ⋅] + ⋯ ⋅
r r r
𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕𝜓 1 𝜕𝜓
∇(∇ ⋅ A) = ∇𝜓 = â r + â 𝜃 + â 𝜙
𝜕r r 𝜕𝜃 r sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙
{ }
1 1 1
= â r [−𝜔2 𝜇𝜀e−jkr A′r (𝜃, 𝜙)] + 2 [⋯ ⋅] + 3 [⋯ ⋅] + ⋅⋅
r r r
{ }
1 1 1
+̂a𝜃 (0) + 2 [⋯ ⋅] + 3 [⋯ ⋅] + ⋯ ⋅
r r r
{ }
1 1 1
+̂a𝜙 (0) + 2 [⋯ ⋅] + 3 [⋯ ⋅] + ⋯
r r r
Therefore
1
E = −j𝜔A − j ∇(∇ ⋅ A)
𝜔𝜇𝜀
e−jkr
E ≃ −j𝜔[̂ar A′r + â 𝜃 A′𝜃 + â 𝜙 A′𝜙 ]
r
{ [ −jkr
]
1 e 1 1
−j â r 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 + 2 (⋯) + 3 (⋯ ⋅) + ⋯ ⋅
𝜔𝜇𝜀 r r r
[ ]
1 1 1
+̂a𝜃 (0) + 2 (⋯) + 3 (⋯) + ⋯ ⋅
r r r
[ ]}
1 1 1
+ â 𝜙 (0) + 2 (⋯) + 3 (⋯) + ⋯
r r r
or
1 1 1
E≃ {−j𝜔e−jkr [̂ar (0) + â 𝜃 A′𝜃 + â 𝜙 A′𝜙 ]} + 2 [⋯] + 3 [⋯] ⋅ ⋅
r r r
In a Similiar manner, it can be shown that
{ }
1 1 𝜔 1 1
H = ∇×A= j e−jkr [̂ar (0) + â 𝜃 A′𝜙 − â 𝜙 A′𝜃 ] + 2 [⋯] + 3 [⋯] + ⋅⋅
𝜇 r 𝜂 r r
P1: A3508
60 SOLUTION MANUAL
3.6. Let us assume that within a linear and isotropic medium, but not necessarily homogeneous,
there exist two sets of sources J 1 , M 1 and J 2 , M 2 which are allowed to radiate simultaneously
or individually inside the same medium at the same frequency and produce E1 , H 1 and E2 , H 2 ,
respectively. For the fields to be valid, they must satisfy Maxwell’s equations
̇ 1 − M1
∇ × E1 = −zH (1)
̇ 1+ j
∇ × H 1 = yE (2)
1
̇ 2 − M2
∇ × E2 = −zH (3)
̇ 2+ j
∇ × H 2 = yE (4)
2
where ż = j𝜔(𝜇 ′ − j𝜇 ′′ ) (5)
ẏ = 𝜎 + j𝜔(𝜀′ − j𝜀′′ ) (6)
If we dot multiply (1) by H 2 and (4) by E1 , we can write
H 2 ⋅ ∇ × E1 = −zH
̇ 2 ⋅ H1 − H2 ⋅ M1 (7)
E1 ⋅ ∇ × H 2 = yE
̇ 1 ⋅ E2 + E1 ⋅ J 2 (8)
Subtracting (7) from (8) reduces to
E1 ⋅ ∇ × H 2 − H 2 ⋅ ∇ × E1 = yE
̇ 1 ⋅ E2 + zH
̇ 2 ⋅ H 1 + E1 ⋅ J 2 + H 2 ⋅ M 1 (9)
which by using the vector identity
∇ ⋅ (A × B) = B ⋅ (∇ × A) − A ⋅ (∇ × B) (10)
can be writen as
∇ ⋅ (H 2 × E1 ) = −∇ ⋅ (E1 × H 2 ) = yE
̇ 1 ⋅ E2 + zH
̇ 2 ⋅ H 1 + E1 ⋅ J 2 + H 2 ⋅ M 1 (11)
In a similar manner, if we dot multiply (2) by E2 and (3) by H 1 , we can write
E2 ⋅ ∇ × H 1 = yE
̇ 2 ⋅ E1 + E2 ⋅ J 1 (12)
H 1 ⋅ ∇ × E2 = −zH
̇ 1 ⋅ H2 − M1 ⋅ M2 (13)
Subtracting (13) from (12) leads to
E2 ⋅ ∇ × H 1 − H 1 ⋅ ∇ × E2 = yE
̇ 2 ⋅ E1 + zH
̇ 1 ⋅ H 2 + E2 ⋅ J 1 + H 1 ⋅ M 2 (14)
which by using (10) can be written as
∇ ⋅ (H 1 × E2 ) = −∇ ⋅ (E2 × H 1 ) = yE
̇ 2 ⋅ E1 + zH
̇ 1 ⋅ H 2 + E2 ⋅ J 1 + H 1 ⋅ M 2 (15)
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 61
Substracting (15) from (11) leads to
−∇ ⋅ (E1 × H 2 − E2 × H 1 ) = E1 ⋅ J 2 + H 2 ⋅ M 1 − E2 ⋅ J 1 − H 1 ⋅ M 2 (16)
which is known as the Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem in differential form. Taking the volume
integral of both sides of (16) and using the divergence theorem on the left side, we can write
(16) as
− (E1 × H 2 − E2 × H 1 ) ⋅ ds = (E1 ⋅ J 2 + H 2 ⋅ M 1 − E2 ⋅ J 1 − H1 ⋅ M2 ) dv (17)

∯ ∭
S V
which is known as the Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem in integral form.

P1: A3508
62
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 4
Solution Manual
√ √
4.1. (a) sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos2 𝜓 = 1 − |̂az ⋅ â r |2
√
= 1 − (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)2
In far-zone fields
kI0 le−jkr kI le−jkr √

E𝜓 = j𝜂 sin 𝜓 = j𝜂 0 1 − (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)2
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
kI le−jkr E𝜓
H𝜒 = j 0 sin 𝜓 =
4𝜋r 𝜂
χ
ψ 0 y
(b) U = U0 (1 − sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙)

2𝜋 𝜋
8𝜋
∴ Prad = U0 (1 − sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙) sin 𝜃d𝜃 d 𝜙 = U0
∫0 ∫0 3
4𝜋U0 3
D0 = = = 1.5
8𝜋 2
U0
3
√ √
4.2. (a) sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos2 𝜓 = 1 − |̂ay ⋅ â r |2
√
= 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙

63
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
64 SOLUTION MANUAL
In far-zone, the fields are
√
kI0 le−jkr kI le−jkr
E𝜓 = j𝜂 sin 𝜓 = j𝜂 0 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
√
E𝜓 kI e−jkr l
H𝜒 ≃ ≃j 0 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
𝜂 4𝜋r
ψ
y
(b) U = U0 (1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙)

2𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U0 (1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 [ 𝜋 ]
= U0 sin 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
[ 2𝜋 2𝜋 [] ]
4 4 8
= U0 2 d𝜙 − sin 𝜙 d𝜙 = U0 4𝜋 − 𝜋 = 𝜋U0
2
∫0 3 ∫0 3 3
4𝜋 ⋅ U0 3
D0 = = = 1.5
8𝜋 2
U0 ⋅
3
𝜇 e−jKR ′ 𝜇 +l∕2
e−jkr ′ I 𝜇 e−jkr +l∕2 ′
4.3. (a) A = Ie dl = â x I0 dx = â x 0 dx
4𝜋 ∫ R 4𝜋 ∫−l∕2 r 4𝜋 4𝜋r ∫−l∕2
l𝜇I0 e−jkr 𝜇I l
A = â x = â x Ax ⇒ Ax = 0 e−jkr
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
⎛ Ar ⎞ ⎛ l sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 ⎞ ⎛ Ax ⎞

⎜ A𝜃 ⎟ = ⎜ cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − sin 𝜃 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟ (4-5)
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ A𝜙 ⎠ ⎝ − sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 0 ⎠⎝ 0 ⎠
𝜇I0 le−jkr
Ar = Ax sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4𝜋r
𝜇I0 le−jkr
A𝜃 = Ax cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4𝜋r
𝜇I0 le−jkr
A𝜙 = −Ax sin 𝜙 = − sin 𝜙
4𝜋r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 65
In far-field:
Er ≃ 0 ⎫ Hr ≃ 0
⎫ ⎪ E𝜃
⎪ (3-58a) ⇒ E = −j 𝜔𝜇I0 le
Er ≃ 0 −jkr
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎪ H𝜙 =
E𝜃 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜃 ⎬ 𝜃
4𝜋r ⎬ 𝜂
E𝜙 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜙 ⎪ 𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr ⎪ E
⎭ (3-58b) E𝜙 = −j sin 𝜙 ⎪ H𝜃 = − 𝜙
4𝜋r ⎭ 𝜂
r2
(b) U= [|E |2 + |E𝜙 |2 ] (2-12a)
2𝜂 𝜃
( )
𝜔𝜇I0 l 2 1
U= [cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙]
4𝜋 2𝜂
( )
see 3-D
= B0 [cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜙]
2 2 2
plot
( ) ( )2 [ ]2
1 𝜔𝜇I0 l 2 1 𝜂𝜔𝜇I0 l 1 𝜂𝜔𝜇I0 l
B0 = = = √
2𝜂 4𝜋 2𝜂 𝜂4𝜋 2𝜂 4𝜋 𝜇∕𝜀
[ √ ] [ ] ( )2 ( )2
1 𝜂𝜔 𝜇𝜀 1 𝜂kI0 l 𝜂 2 kI0 l 𝜂 kI0 l
= I0 l = = =
2𝜂 4𝜋 2𝜂 4𝜋 2𝜂 4𝜋 2 4𝜋
( )2
𝜂 kI0 l
B0 =
2 4𝜋
U = B0 (cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 + sin2 𝜙) ⇒ Umax = B0 when 𝜙 = 90◦ , 270◦ ; 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦
2𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
⎧ ⎫
⎪ 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋
⎪
= B0 ⎨ cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 +
2 2
cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙⎬
2
∫
⎪ 0 ∫ 0 ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ ∫ 0 ∫0 ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⎪
⎩ I1 I2 ⎭
I1 = cos2 𝜙 d𝜙 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = cos2 𝜙 d𝜙 cos2 𝜃 d(− cos 𝜃)
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 ( ) 𝜋
1 + cos(2𝜙)
=− (cos 𝜃)2 d(cos 𝜃)
d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 2
[ ] [ 3 ]𝜋
1 1 2𝜋 cos 𝜃
= − (𝜙 + sin 2𝜙)0
2 2 3 0
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2𝜋
I1 = − [(2𝜋)] − − = (2𝜋) =
2 3 3 2 3 3
I2 = cos2 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = cos2 𝜙 d𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 ( ) 𝜋
1 + cos(2𝜙)
= d𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 2 ∫0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
66 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 1 |𝜋 1
I2 = [𝜋 + sin 2𝜙]2𝜋 (− cos 𝜃) | = (2𝜋)[−(−1) + 1] = 2𝜋
0 |
2 2 |0 2
2𝜋 8𝜋
I1 + I2 = + 2𝜋 =
3 3
( )
8𝜋
Prad = B0 (I1 + I2 ) = B0
3
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(B0 ) 3
D0 = = = = 1.761 dB
Prad 8𝜋 2
(B )
3 0
D0 = 1.5 = +1.761 dB
(c) Computer Program Directivity:
D0 = 1.4980 = 1.7551 dB
Dipole
4.4. From Example 4.5
Er ≃ 0
𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜃 = −j cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r
𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜙 = −j cos 𝜙
4𝜋r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 67
4𝜋Umax
(a) D0 =
Prad
( )2
r2 1 𝜔𝜇I0 l
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = [|E𝜃 |2 + |E𝜙 |2 ] = [cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙]
2𝜂 2𝜂 4𝜋
( )2
1 𝜂𝜔𝜇I0 l
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = √ [cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙] = B0 (cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙)
2𝜂 4𝜋 𝜇∕𝜀
( √ )2 ( )2
1 𝜂𝜔 𝜇𝜀I0 l 𝜂 kI0 l
B0 = =
2𝜂 4𝜋 2 4𝜋
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = B0 (cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙) ⇒ Umax = B0 @𝜙 = 0◦ , 180◦

(b) Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = B0 (cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
⎧ ⎫
⎪ ⎪
𝜋 𝜋
⎪ 2𝜋 2𝜋
⎪
= B0 ⎨ cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 +
2 2
cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙⎬
2
∫ ∫
⎪⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ ∫ ∫
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⎪
0 0 0 0
⎪ ⎪
⎩ I1 I2 ⎭
2𝜋 𝜋
I1 = sin2 𝜙 d𝜙 cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 ( ) 𝜋
1 − cos 2𝜙
= d𝜙 cos2 𝜃 d(− cos 𝜃)
∫0 2 ∫0
[ ]2𝜋 ( 3 )𝜋 ( )
1 1 cos 𝜃 1 −1 − 1 2𝜋
= − 𝜙 − sin 2𝜙 = − (2𝜋) =
2 2 0 3 0 2 3 3
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 ( ) 𝜋
1 + cos 2𝜙
I2 = cos2 𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = d𝜙 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫ 0 ∫0 2 ∫0
[ ]2𝜋
1 1 1
= 𝜙 + sin 2𝜙 (− cos 𝜃)𝜋0 = (2𝜋)(2) = 2𝜋
2 2 0 2
( ) ( )
2𝜋 8𝜋
Prad = B0 (I1 + I2 ) = B0 + 2𝜋 = B0
3 3
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋B0 3
(c) D0 = = = (same as in Problem 4.2 or any other infinitesimal dipole)
Prad 8𝜋 2
B
3 0
(d) Input parameters:
--------
Output parameters:
--------
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
68 SOLUTION MANUAL

4.5. (a) 𝜙 = 0◦ (x − z plane)

kI le−jkr √
E𝜓 = j𝜂 0 1 − sin2 𝜃
4𝜋r
kI0 le−jkr
≃ j𝜂 cos 𝜃
4𝜋r
At 𝜙 = 0◦ , E𝜓 has only â 𝜃 direction.
E𝜓 ⇝ E𝜃 polarization
0 y
ψ z
x ϕ = 0°
EA(θ )
x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(a)
(b) 𝜙 = 90◦ (y − z plane)

kI0 le−jkr
E𝜓 ≃ j𝜂 1
4𝜋r
At 𝜙 = 90◦ , (y − z plane), E𝜓 has only â 𝜙 direction.
E𝜓 ⇝ E𝜙 polarization
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 69
ϕ = 90°
Eϕ (θ )
x
0 y
(b)
(c) 𝜃 = 90◦ (x − y plane)

kI0 le−jkr √ kI le−jkr
E𝜓 = j𝜂 1 − cos2 𝜙 = j𝜂 0 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
At 𝜃 = 90◦ (x − y plane) , E𝜓 has only â 𝜙 direction.
90 1 θ = 90°
120 60
0.8 Eϕ (θ )
0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0 x
210 330
240 300
270
(c)
4.6. (a) 𝜙 = 0◦ (x − z plane)

kI0 e−jkr
E𝜓 = j𝜂 (1)
4𝜋r
At 𝜙 = 0◦ , E𝜓 direction has only â 𝜙 component
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
70 SOLUTION MANUAL
ψ
0 y
z
ϕ = 0°
x
Eϕ (θ )
(b) 𝜙 = 90◦ (y − z plane)

k I le−jkr √
E𝜓 = j𝜂 0 0 1 − sin2 𝜃
4𝜋r
k0 I0 le−jkr
= j𝜂 cos 𝜃
4𝜋r
At 𝜙 = 90◦ , E𝜓 direction has only â 𝜃 component
E𝜓 ⇝ E𝜃 polarization
z
1
ϕ = 90°
0.8
Eϕ (θ )
0.6
0.4
0.2
(c) 𝜃 = 90◦ (x − y) plane.

−jkr
k0 I0 le
E𝜓 = j𝜂 cos 𝜙
4𝜋r
At 𝜃 = 90◦ , E𝜓 direction has only â 𝜙 component
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 71
θ = 90°
1
Eϕ (θ )
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
−jkr −jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le 𝜔𝜇I0 le
4.7. E𝜃 = −j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙, E𝜙 = −j sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
(a) 𝜙 = 0 : E𝜃 = −j cos 𝜃, E𝜙 = 0 (same as in Problem 4.5)
4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
(b) 𝜙 = 90◦ : E𝜃 = 0, E𝜙 = −j (same as in Problem 4.5)
4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
(c) 𝜃 = 90◦ : E𝜃 = 0, E𝜙 = −j sin 𝜙 (same as in Problem 4.5)
4𝜋r
4.8. From Example 4.5
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
E𝜃 = −j cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
E𝜙 = −j cos 𝜙
4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
(a) 𝜙 = 0 : E𝜃 = 0j E𝜙 = −j (same as in Problem 4.6)
4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
(b) 𝜙 = 90◦ : E𝜃 = −j cos 𝜃 (same as in Problem 4.6)
4𝜋r
−jkr
𝜔𝜇I0 le
(c) 𝜙 = 90◦ : E𝜃 = 0j E𝜙 = −j cos 𝜙
4𝜋r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
72 SOLUTION MANUAL
4.9. (a) Using (4-26a)–(4-26c) and the duality of Table 3.2, the fields of an infinitesimal magnetic
dipole of length l and magnetic current lm are given by
Er = E𝜃 = H𝜙 = 0
[ ]
kI l 1
E𝜙 = −j m sin 𝜃 1 + e−jkr
4𝜋r jkr
[ ]
I l cos 𝜃 1
Hr = m 1 + e−jkr
2𝜋𝜂r2 jkr
[ ]
kI l 1 1
H𝜃 = j m sin 𝜃 1 + − e−jkr
4𝜋𝜂r jkr (kr)2
(b) Since the pattern of the magnetic dipole is the same as that of the electric, the directivities
are also identical and equal to
3
D0 = (dimensionless) = 1.761 dB
2
4.10. (a) When the element is placed along the x-axis
√ √
sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos2 𝜓 = 1 − |̂ax ⋅ â r |2
√
= 1 − |̂ax ⋅ (̂ax sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â y sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â z cos 𝜃)|2
and the fields can be written as
√
kI le−jkr kI le−jkr
E𝜒 = −j m 1 − sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 = −j m sin 𝜓
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
E𝜒
H𝜓 = −
𝜂
(b) In a similar manner, when the element is placed along the y-axis
√ √ √
sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos2 𝜓 = 1 − |̂ay ⋅ â r | = 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
2
and the fields can be written as
√
kIm le−jkr kI le−jkr
E𝜒 = −j sin 𝜓 = −j m 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
E𝜒
H𝜓 = −
𝜂
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 73
4.11. kI0 l −jkr

E𝜓 = j𝜂 e sin 𝜓
4𝜋r
kI l
Hx = j 0 e−jkr sin 𝜓
4𝜋r
ϕ = 45°
x
Convert 𝜓 to spherical coordinates

√
√ ( )2
√ â x + â y
√
sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos 𝜓 = √1 −
2
√ ⋅ â r
2
( )
â x + â y â x â y
√ ⋅ â r = √ + √ ⋅ (̂ax sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â y sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â z cos 𝜃)
2 2 2
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 1
= √ + √ = √ sin 𝜃(cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜙)
2 2 2
Thus
√
kI0 l −jkr 1
E𝜓 = j𝜂 e 1 − [sin2 𝜃(cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜙)2 ]
4𝜋r 2
√
kI0 l −jkr 1
H𝜒 = j e 1 − [sin2 𝜃(cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜙)2 ]
4𝜋r 2
kIm l −jkr
4.12. H𝜓 = j e sin 𝜓
4𝜋𝜂r
kIm l −jkr
E𝜒 = −j e sin 𝜓
4𝜋r
Convert 𝜓 to spherical coordinates
1
sin 𝜓 = √ sin 𝜃(sin 𝜙 + cos 𝜙)
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
74 SOLUTION MANUAL
ϕ = 45°
x
Thus
√
kI l 1
H𝜓 = j m e−jkr 1 − [sin2 𝜃(cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜙)2 ]
4𝜋𝜂r 2
√
kIm l −jkr 1
E𝜒 = −j e 1 − [sin2 𝜃(cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜙)2 ]
4𝜋r 2
4.13. Since the dipole is tilted 45◦ on the yz-plane, it can be decomposed into two dipoles
r one along the z-direction
r the other along the y-direction
I
each with an effective current of √0 = 0.707. Now we can use superposition to find the
2
total field.
z
I0
45° I0
I0 sin 45° =
√2
I0 y
I0 cos 45° =
√2
I0
(a) For the z-directed part of the dipole, the electric and magnetic fields are obtained using
(4-26a)–(4-26c) or
Er ≃ E𝜙 = Hr = H𝜃 = 0
kI le−jkr kI le−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 √0 sin 𝜃, H𝜙 ≃ j √0 sin 𝜃
2 4𝜋r 2 4𝜋r
For the y-directed part of the dipole, the electric and magnetic fields are obtained from
Example 4.5 or
Er ≃ Hr ≃ 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 75
𝜔𝜇 I le−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ −j √ 0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 4𝜋r
𝜔𝜇 I le−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ −j √ 0 cos 𝜙
2 4𝜋r
𝜔𝜇 I le−jkr
H𝜃 ≃ j √ 0 cos 𝜙
2 4𝜋r
𝜔𝜇 I le−jkr
H𝜙 = +j √ 0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 4𝜋r
√
√ 𝜇
𝜔𝜇 = k𝜂 = 𝜔 𝜇𝜀
𝜀
The total electric and magnetic fields are:

Er ≃ Hr ≃ 0
kI le−jkr E
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 √ 0 [sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙], H𝜙 = 𝜃
2 (4𝜋r) 𝜂
I le−jkr E𝜙
E𝜙 ≃ −j𝜂 √0 [cos 𝜙], H𝜃 = −
2 (4𝜋r) 𝜂
(b) Since it is an infinitesimal dipole, its directivity is D0 = 1.5 = 1.761 dB.

(c) Since it is an infinitesimal dipole, its polarization is linear but tilted at an angle of 45◦ .
[ ]
1 kI l sin 𝜃 1
4.14. E = ∇ × H where Hr = H𝜃 = 0, H𝜃 = j 0 1+ e−jkr
j𝜔𝜀 4𝜋r jkr
Since H is not a function of 𝜙
{ }
1 1 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
E= ∇×H = â r + (H𝜙 sin 𝜃) − â 𝜃 (rH𝜙 ) + â 𝜙 (0)
j𝜔𝜀 j𝜔𝜀 r sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 r 𝜕r
which reduces using the H𝜙 from above to

[ ]
I0 l cos 𝜃 1
Er = 𝜂 1+ e−jkr
2𝜋r2 jkr
[ ]
kI0 l sin 𝜃 1 1
E𝜃 = j𝜂 1+ − e−jkr
4𝜋r jkr (kr)2
E𝜙 = 0
1 1
4.15. W ave = Re[E × H ⋆ ] = Re[̂a𝜃 E𝜃 × â 𝜙 H𝜙⋆ ]
2 2
[ ]
1 E𝜃⋆ 1 |E |2
W ave = â r Wr = Re â 𝜃 E𝜃 × â 𝜙 = â r Re(|E𝜃 |2 ) = â r 𝜃
2 𝜂 2𝜂 2𝜂
[ ]
𝜂 || kI0 l ||2 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 𝜂 || kI0 l ||2
Wr = = W , where W =
2 || 4𝜋 || r2
0
r2
0
2 || 4𝜋 ||
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
76 SOLUTION MANUAL
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ( )
4
Prad = W ave â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋W0 sin3 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2𝜋W0
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 3
( ) |I l |2
8𝜋 𝜋 | 0 |
Prad = W0 = 𝜂
3 3 || λ ||
𝜇I0 l −jkr 𝜇 I l
4.16. A = â z Az = â z e ⇒ Az = 0 0 e−jkr
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
Using (4-6a)–(4-6c)
𝜇I0 l e−jkr e−jkr 𝜇I l

Ar = Az cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = A′r (𝜃) ⇒ A′r = 0 cos 𝜃
4𝜋r r 4𝜋
−𝜇I0 l e−jkr e−jkr −𝜇I0 l
A𝜃 = −Az sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 = A′0 (𝜃) ⇒ A′0 = sin 𝜃
4𝜋r r 4𝜋
A𝜙 = 0 ⇒ A′𝜙 = 0
Substituting these into (3–57) and (3–57a) reduces to
Er = 0
e−jkr ′ 𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr kI le−jkr
E𝜃 = −j𝜔 A𝜃 = j sin 𝜃 = j𝜂 0 sin 𝜃
r 4𝜋r 4𝜋r
e−jkr ′
E𝜙 = −j𝜔 A =0
r 𝜙
Hr = 0
𝜔 e−jkr ′
H𝜃 = j A =0
𝜂 r 𝜙
𝜔 e−jkr ′ 𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr kI le−jkr
H𝜙 = −j A𝜃 = j sin 𝜃 = j 0 sin 𝜃
𝜂 r 4𝜋𝜂r 4𝜋r
which are identical to (4-26a)–(4-26c)

[ ( )]1∕2
−2𝜋z′ cos 𝜃 + z′2
4.17. R = [r2 + (−2rz′ cos 𝜃 + z′2 )]1∕2 = r 1 +
r2
Using the binomial expansion of
an b0 nan−1 b1 an−2 ⋅ b2 an−3 b3

(a + b)n = + + (n)(n − 1) + (n)(n − 1)(n − 2) + ..
0! 1! 2! 3!
it can be shown by letting
a = r2
b = (−2rz′ cos 𝜃 + z′2 )
1
n= 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 77
that
( ) ( )
1 z′2 1 z′3
R = r − z′ cos 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
r 2 r2 2
[ ]
1 z′4
+ (−1 + 6 cos 2
𝜃 − 5 cos 4
𝜃) +⋯
r3 8
Therefore the fifth term of (4-41) is

[ ]
1 z′4
(−1 + 6 cos 2
𝜃 − 5 cos 4
𝜃)
r3 8
4.18. For maximum phase error of 𝜋∕8 radians (22.5◦ )

√
0.62 D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ 2D2 ∕λ
(a) For a maximum phase error of 𝜋∕16 radians (11.25◦ )
√ √
2(0.385) D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ 4D2 ∕λ
√
0.8775 D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ 4D2 ∕λ
(b) For a maximum phase error of 𝜋∕4 radians (45◦ )

√ √
0.385
D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ D2 ∕λ
2
√
0.43875 D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ D2 ∕λ
(c) For a maximum phase error of 18◦ radians
𝜋
18◦ ⇝ radians
10
√ √
1.25(0.385) D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ (1.25) ⋅ 2D2 ∕λ
√
0.6937 D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ 2.5D2 ∕λ
(d) For a maximum phase error of 15◦ radians
𝜋
15◦ ⇝ radians
12
√ √
1.5(0.385) D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ (1.5)(2)D2 ∕λ
√
0.7599 D3 ∕λ ⩽ r ⩽ 3D2 ∕λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
78 SOLUTION MANUAL
4.19. l = 5λ0 ⇒ z′ |max = 2.5λ

(a) Far-Field (Fraunhofer)
2l2 2(5λ)2 2(25λ2 )

r= = = = 50λ
λ λ λ
( ) 2𝜋 [ ]
k z′
2
| (2.5)2 λ2 1
Δ𝜙e = sin2 𝜃 | = λ = 0.0982 rads = 5.6250◦
|
r 2 |𝜃=30◦ , z′ =2.5λ, r=50λ 50λ 2 4
(b) Fresnel
√ √ √
r = 0.62 l3 ∕λ = 0.62 (5λ)3 ∕λ = 0.62λ 125 = 6.9318λ
( )
k z′3 | 2𝜋 (2.5λ)3
Δ𝜙e = 2 cos 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 || 𝜃 = 30◦ = (cos 30◦ )(sin 30◦ )2
r 2 | z′ = 2.5λ λ (6.9318λ)2 2
r = 6.9318λ
𝜋(2.5)3
Δ𝜙e = (0.866)(0.5)2 = 0.2212 rads = 12.6724◦
(6.9318)2
𝜇I0 l −jkz′ e−jkR ′ 𝜇I l

e−jk(1−cos 𝜃)z dz′
′
4.20. A = â z e dz ≅ â z 0 e−jkr
4𝜋 ∫0 R 4𝜋r ∫0
𝜇I0 e−jkr l e−jk(1−cos 𝜃)z d[−jk(1 − cos 𝜃)z′ ]
′
Az ≃
4𝜋r ∫0 −jk(1 − cos 𝜃)
[ ]l
𝜇I0 e−jkr e−jk(1−cos 𝜃)z′ 𝜇I le−jkr −jz sin(z)
Az ≃ = 0 e
4𝜋r −jk(1 − cos 𝜃) 0 4𝜋r z
kl
where z = (1 − cos 𝜃)
2
Ar = Az cos 𝜃 ⎫ ⎧ E ≃ −j𝜔A
⎪ ⎪ 𝜃 𝜃
(a) A𝜃 = −Az sin 𝜃 ⎬ ⇒ For far-field ⇒ ⎨ E𝜙 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜙
A𝜙 = 0 ⎪ ⎪ Er ≃ 0
⎭ ⎩
Therefore
𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr −jz sin(z)

Er ≃ 0 ≃ Hr , E𝜃 ≃ j e sin 𝜃
4𝜋r z
E
E𝜙 = 0 = H𝜃 , H𝜙 ≃ 𝜃
𝜂
(b) W ave = W rad = 12 Re[E × H ∗ ] = 1

|E |2
2𝜂 𝜃
1 | 𝜔𝜇I0 l sin (z) |2

= | sin 𝜃 |
| 4𝜋r |
2𝜂 | z |
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 79
𝜇 ∞
e−jkr ′ 𝜇I ∞ −jkR
e
4.21. (a) A = I(z′ ) dz = â z 0 dz′
4𝜋 ∫−∞ R 4𝜋 ∫−∞ R
where
√ √
R= (x − x′ )2 + (y − y′ )2 + (z − z′ )2 |x′ =y′ =0 = x2 + y2 + (z − z′ )2
Making a change of variable of the form,

z − z′ = −p, dz′ = dp
reduces the potential to

√
𝜇I0 ∞ e−jk 𝜌2 + p2
Az = √ dp where 𝜌2 = x2 + y2
4𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝜌2 + p2
Using
√
∞
e−j𝛽 b2 + t2
√ dt = −j𝜋H0(2) (b𝛽)
∫−∞ b2 + t2
We can write the potential as

( √ )
𝜇I0 (2) 𝜇I
Az = −j H0 (k𝜌) = −j 0 H0(2) k x2 + y2
4 4
1 1
(b) H = ∇ × A and E = ∇×H
𝜇 j𝜔𝜀
Since A𝜌 = A𝜙 = 0, in cylindrical coordinates
( )
1 1 𝜕Az I0 𝜕 (2)
H = ∇×A= −̂a𝜙 = â 𝜙 j H (k𝜌)
𝜇 𝜇 𝜕𝜌 4 𝜕𝜌 0
Using Equation (V-19), we can write the H-field as

kI0 (2)
H = â 𝜙 H𝜙 = −̂a𝜙 j H (k𝜌)
4 1
where H1(2) (k𝜌) is the Hankel function of the second kind of order one and argument k𝜌.
The electric field can be obtained using
[ ] ( )
1 1 1 𝜕 1 𝜕H𝜙 H𝜙
E= ∇ × H = â z (𝜌H𝜙 ) = â z +
j𝜔𝜀 j𝜔𝜀 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 j𝜔𝜀 𝜕𝜌 𝜌
[ ]
1 kI 𝜕 kI
= â z −j 0 H1(2) (k𝜌) − j 0 H1(2) (k𝜌)
j𝜔𝜀 4 𝜕𝜌 4𝜌
𝜕 (2) 1
Since H1 (k𝜌) = kH0(2) (k𝜌) − H1(2) (k𝜌), by using (V-18) then
𝜕𝜌 𝜌
[ ]
kI0 I k
E = â z − kH0 (k𝜌) = −̂az 𝜂 0 H0(2) (k𝜌)
(2)
4𝜔𝜀 4
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
80 SOLUTION MANUAL
|I0 |2
4.22. Prad = 𝜂 I
4𝜋 int
where
[ ( ) ( )]2
kl
𝜋 cos 2
cos 𝜃 − cos kl2
Iint = d𝜃
∫0 sin 𝜃
which can also be written as
𝜋∕2 [cos2 ( kl2 cos 𝜃) + cos2 ( kl2 ) − 2 cos( kl2 cos 𝜃) cos( kl2 )]
Iint = 2 d𝜃
∫0 sin 𝜃
{
l cos 𝜃 = u
Letting du
− sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = du ⇒ d𝜃 = −
sin 𝜃
reduces Iint to
1 [cos2 ( kl2 u) + cos2 ( kl2 ) − 2 cos ( kl2 u) cos ( kl2 )]

Iint = 2 du
∫0 1 − u2
1 [cos2 ( kl2 u) + cos2 ( kl2 ) − 2 cos( kl2 u) cos( kl2 )]
= du
∫−1 (1 + u)
1 1 cos[ kl (1 + u)] + cos[ kl (1 − u)]
1 [1 + cos(klu) + 1 + cos(kl)] 2 2
Iint = du − du
2 ∫−1 (1 + u) ∫−1 1+u
Making another change of variable of the form
dv
(1 + u)kl = v ⇒ du =
kl
we can write that
2kl kl 1 cos[ kl (1 − u)]

1 2 + cos(kl) + cos(klv) cos v 2
Iint = dv − dv − du
2 ∫0 v ∫0 v ∫−1 1+u
kl 2kl 1
1 + cos(kl) − cos(v) 1 − cos(kl) + cos(v − kl) cos[kl(1 − v)]
= dv + dv − dv
∫0 v ∫
2 0 v ∫ 0 v
1+u
provided v =
2
If z = klv,
kl 2kl
1 + cos(kl) − cos(v) 1 − cos(kl) + cos(v) cos(kl) + sin(v) sin(kl)
Iint = dv + dv
∫0 v 2 ∫0 v
kl
cos(kl) cos(z) + sin(kl) sin(z)
− dz
∫0 z
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 81
kl kl
1 − cos v sin(v) sin(kl)
Iint = [1 + cos(kl)] dv − 2 dv
∫0 v ∫0 v
2kl 2kl
sin v 1 − cos v
+ sin(kl) dv − cos(kl) dv
∫0 v ∫0 v
which reduces to
{
1
Iint = C + ln(kl) − Ci (kl) + sin(kl)[Si (2kl) − 2Si (kl)]
2
[ ( ) ]}
1 kl
+ cos(kl) C + ln + Ci (2kl) − 2Ci (kl)
2 2
where C = 0.5772 and
|I0 |2
Prad = 𝜂 I is identical to (4 − 68)
4𝜋 int
From (4-88)
( )
2 𝜋
|I0 |2 𝜋 cos 2 cos 𝜃
Prad =𝜂 d𝜃
4𝜋 ∫0 sin 𝜃
Letting
}
u = cos 𝜃
⇒ sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos2 𝜃 = 1 − u2
du = − sin 𝜃 d𝜃
We can write
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
|I0 |2 0 cos ( 2 u) |I0 |2 1 cos ( 2 u)
Prad = −𝜂 du = 𝜂 du
2𝜋 ∫1 1 − u2 2𝜋 ∫0 1 − u2
which can also be written as

[ ]
|I0 |2 1 cos2 ( 𝜋 u) 1 cos2 ( 𝜋 u)
2 2
Prad =𝜂 du + du
4𝜋 ∫0 1−u ∫0 1+u
Making another change of variable of the form

} }
v=1−u v=1+u
for the first integral, for the second integral
dv = −du dv = du
We can write Prad as

{ }
|I0 |2 1 sin2 ( 𝜋 v) 2 sin2 ( 𝜋 v) 2 𝜋
|I |2 2 sin ( 2 v)
Prad = 𝜂 2
dv + 2
dv = 𝜂 0 dv
4𝜋 ∫0 v ∫1 v 4𝜋 ∫0 v
[ ( ) ]
Using the half-angle identity sin2 𝜋2 v = 1−cos(𝜋v)
2
reduces Prad to
|I0 |2 2 [1 − cos(𝜋v)]
Prad = 𝜂 dv
8𝜋 ∫0 v
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
82 SOLUTION MANUAL
By letting y = 𝜋v, dy = 𝜋 dv
we can write Prad as
[ ]
|I0 |2 2𝜋 1 − cos(y) |I |2
Prad =𝜂 dy = 𝜂 0 Cin (2𝜋)
8𝜋 ∫0 y 8𝜋
( )
⎧ 2 ′ −l
⎪ I0 1 + z , < z′ < 0
Iz (z′ ) = ⎨ ( l ) 2
4.23. (a) 2 ′
⎪ I0 1 − z , 0 < z′ < l∕2
⎩ l
𝜇 e−jkr l∕2
Iz (z′ )ejkâ r ⋅r dz′
′
A(r) ≅ â z
4𝜋 r ∫−l∕2
( )
𝜇 e−jkr l∕2 |z′ | jkz′ cos 𝜃 ′
= â z 1−2 e dz
4𝜋 r ∫−l∕2 l
( )
⎧ sin kl cos 𝜃 ⎫
𝜇 e−jkr ⎪ 2 |z | jkz′ cos 𝜃 ′ ⎪
l∕2 ′
= â z l ( ) − 2∫
4𝜋 r ⎨
e dz ⎬
⎪ kl −l∕2 l ⎪
cos 𝜃
⎩ 2 ⎭
}
l∕2 l∕2 ′ 0
|z′ | jkz′ cos 𝜃 ′ z jkz′ cos 𝜃 ′ z′ jkz′ cos 𝜃 ′
e dz = e dz − e dz
∫−l∕2 l ∫0 l ∫−l∕2 l
l∕2 ′ l∕2 ′
z ′ cos 𝜃 z ′ cos 𝜃
= ejkz dz′ + e−jkz dz′
∫0 l ∫0 l
l∕2 ′ 1 [ ]
z l kl
=2 cos[kz′ cos 𝜃]dz′ =
𝜉 cos 𝜉 cos 𝜃 d𝜉
∫0 l 2 ∫0 2
( ) ( )
⎧ sin kl cos 𝜃 cos
kl
cos 𝜃 − 1 ⎫
l⎪ 2 2 ⎪
= ⎨ + ( ) ⎬
2⎪ kl kl 2
⎪
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
⎩ 2 2 ⎭
( )
⎧ 1 − cos kl cos 𝜃 ⎫
𝜇l e−jkr ⎪ 2 ⎪
∴ A(⃗r) = â z
4𝜋 r ⎨ ⎪
(
kl
)2 ⎬
⎪
⎩ cos 𝜃 ⎭
2
( )
⎧ 1 − cos kl cos 𝜃 ⎫
𝜇l e−jkr ⎪ 2 ⎪
A𝜃 = â 𝜃 ⋅ A = − sin 𝜃 ⎨ ( )2 ⎬
4𝜋 r ⎪ kl ⎪
⎩ cos 𝜃 ⎭
2
A𝜙 = â 𝜙 ⋅ A = 0
In the far-zone
Er ≃ 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 83
( )
⎧ kl ⎫
⎪ 1 − cos cos 𝜃 ⎪
l e−jkr 2
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜔𝜇 sin 𝜃 ⎨ ( )2 ⎬
4𝜋 r ⎪ kl ⎪
⎩ 2
cos 𝜃 ⎭
E𝜙 ≃ 0
Hr ≃ 0
H𝜃 ≃ 0
H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
(b) From (4-58a)
[ ]
l∕2
ke−jkr ′ jkz′ cos 𝜃
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I(z ) e dz ′
4𝜋r ∫−l∕2
l∕2 ( ′)
ke−jkr 𝜋z
ejkz cos 𝜃 dz′
′
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I0 cos
4𝜋r ∫−l∕2 l
Let a = jk cos 𝜃 and b = 𝜋l , use following integral formula
eaz (a cos bz + b sin bz)

cos bzeaz dz =
∫ a2 + b2
then { [ ]}l∕2
ejkz ⋅cos 𝜃
′
ke−jkr k cos 𝜃 𝜋z′ 𝜋 𝜋z′
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I0 j cos + sin
4𝜋r ( 𝜋l )2 − k2 cos2 𝜃 l l l
−l∕2
[ ]
ke−jkr ejkl∕2 cos 𝜃 𝜋 e−jkl∕2 cos 𝜃 𝜋
= j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I0 𝜋 + 𝜋
4𝜋r ( l ) − k cos 𝜃 l
2 2 2 ( l )2 − k2 cos2 𝜃 l
( ) ( )
kl 𝜋
−jkr 2 cos cos 𝜃 −jkr cos cos 𝜃
I ke 𝜋 2 I e 2
E𝜃 = j𝜂 0 sin 𝜃 𝜋 = j𝜂 0
4𝜋r l ( ) − k cos 𝜃
2 2 2 2𝜋r sin 𝜃
l
( ) ( )
kl 𝜋
−jkr 2 cos cos 𝜃 −jkr cos cos 𝜃
I ke 𝜋 2 I e 2
H𝜙 = j 0 sin 𝜃 𝜋 =j 0
4𝜋r l ( )2 − k2 cos2 𝜃 2𝜋r sin 𝜃
l
[ ]
l∕2 ( )
ke−jkr 𝜋
z′ ejkz cos 𝜃 dz′
′
(c) E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I cos2
4𝜋r ∫−l∕2 0 l
𝜋
Let a = jk cos 𝜃 and b = , use the following integral formula
l
( )
eaz eaz a
cos2 bz ⋅ eaz dz = + 2 cos 2bz + b sin 2bz
∫ 2a a + 4b2 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
84 SOLUTION MANUAL
then
⎧ ′ (
ke−jkr ⎪ ejkz cos 𝜃 ejkz cos 𝜃
′
jk cos 𝜃 2𝜋 ′
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I0 ⎨ k cos 𝜃 + ( )2 ⋅ cos z
4𝜋r ⎪ 2j 2𝜋 2 cos2 𝜃
2 l
⎩ l
− k
l∕2
)⎫
𝜋 2𝜋 ′ ⎪
+ sin z ⎬
l l ⎪
⎭−l∕2
( ) ( )
⎧ kl kl ⎫
⎪ sin cos 𝜃 sin cos 𝜃 ⎪
ke−jkr 2 2
= j𝜂 sin 𝜃 I0 ⎨ + k cos 𝜃 ( )2 ⎬
4𝜋r ⎪ k cos 𝜃 2𝜋 2 cos2 𝜃 ⎪
⎩ l
− k ⎭
( ) ( )
⎧ kl ⎫
⎪ sin 2 cos 𝜃 sin kl2 cos 𝜃 ⎪
ke−jkr
H𝜙 = j sin 𝜃 I0 ⎨ + k cos 𝜃 ( )2 ⎬
4𝜋r ⎪ k cos 𝜃 2𝜋 2 cos2 𝜃 ⎪
⎩ l
− k ⎭
1 + |Γ| R − Z0 Rr
4.24. VSWR = , Γ = in , R = ( ) , Z0 = 50
1 − |Γ| Rin + Z0 in kl 2
sin
2
(a) l = λ∕4, kl∕2 = 𝜋∕4, kl = 𝜋∕2, 2kl = 𝜋
{ ( )[ ( )]}
1 𝜋 𝜋
Rr = 60 C + ln(𝜋∕2) − Ci (𝜋∕2) + sin Si (𝜋) − 2Si
2 2 2
{ }
1
Rr = 60 0.5772 + 0.45158 − 0.470 + [1.85 − 2(1.3698)] = 6.8388
2
Rr 6.8388
Rin = ( )= ( ) = 13.6776
sin2 2 kl
sin2 𝜋4
13.6776 − 50 1 + 0.5704
Γ= = −0.5704 ⇒ VSWR = = 3.6555
13.6776 + 50 1 − 0.5704
(b) l = λ∕2 : kl∕2 = 𝜋∕2, kl = 𝜋, 2kl = 2𝜋

{ [ ( ) ]}
1 𝜋
Rr = 60 C + ln(𝜋) − Ci (𝜋) + cos(𝜋) C + ln + Ci (2𝜋) − 2Ci (𝜋)
2 2
{ }
1
= 60 0.5772 + 1.14473 − 0.059 − [0.5772 + 0.45158 − 0.0227 − 2(0.059)]
2
Rr 73.13
Rr = 73.13 ⇒ Rin = ( )= ( ) = 73.13
2 kl 𝜋
sin sin2
2 2
73.13 − 50 1 + 0.18785
Γ= = 0.18785 ⇒ VSWR = = 1.4626
73.13 + 50 1 − 0.18785
(c) l = 3λ∕4; kl∕2 = 3𝜋∕4, kl = 3𝜋∕2, 2kl = 3𝜋

{ ( ) ( ) ( )[ ( )]}
3𝜋 3𝜋 1 3𝜋 3𝜋
Rr = 60 0.5772 + ln − Ci + sin Si (3𝜋) − 2Si
2 2 2 2 2
{ }
1
= 60 0.5772 + 1.5502 − (−0.19839) − [1.67473 − 2(1.611)]
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 85
185.965
Rr = 185.965 ⇒ Rin = = 371.93
sin2 (3𝜋∕4)
371.93 − 50 1 + 0.7630
Γ= = 0.7630 ⇒ VSWR = = 7.4386
371.93 + 50 1 − 0.7630
(d) l = λ; kl∕2 = 𝜋, kl = 2𝜋, 2kl = 4𝜋
1
Rr = 60 {0.5772 + ln(2𝜋) − Ci (2𝜋) + cos(2𝜋)[0.5772 + ln(𝜋) + Ci (4𝜋) − 2Ci (2𝜋)]}
2
= 60 {0.5772 + 1.8378 − (−0.0227)
1
+ (1)[0.5772 + 1.14473 − 0.006 − 2(−0.0227)]}
2
199.099
Rr = 199.099 ⇒ Rin = =∞
sin2 (𝜋)
∞ − 50 1 − 50∕∞
Γ= = = 1 ⇒ VSWR = ∞
∞ + 50 1 + 50∕∞
( )2
4.25. l
Rr = 80𝜋 2 , a = 10−4 λ, f = 10 MHz, b = 5.7 × 107 S∕m
λ
√ √ √ √
l 𝜔𝜇 l 𝜔𝜇0 l 𝜔𝜇0 l 2𝜋 × 107 (4𝜋 × 10−7 )
RL = Rhf = = = =
p 2𝜎 C 2𝜎 2𝜋a 2𝜎 2𝜋 × 10−4 λ 2(5.7 × 107 )
( ) Rr
l
RL = Rhf = 1.3245 , ecd =
λ RL + Rr
( )
(a) λ 2
l = λ∕50; Rr = 80𝜋 2 = 0.316 ohms
50λ
( )
1
RL = Rhf = 1.3245 = 0.02649
50
Rr 0.316 × 100
ecd = × 100 = = 92.26%
RL + Rr 0.02649 + 0.316
(b) l = λ∕4; From Prob. 4.24 Rr = 6.8388

1.3245
RL = Rhf = = 0.3311
4
6.8388 × 100
ecd = = 95.38%
6.8388 + 0.3311
(c) l = λ∕2; From Prob. 4.24, Rr = 73.13

1.3245
RL = Rhf = = 0.66225
2
73.13 × 100
ecd = = 99.10%
73.13 + 0.66225
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
86 SOLUTION MANUAL
(d) l = λ; From Prob 4.24, Rr = 199.099

RL = Rhf = 1.3245
199.099
ecd = × 100 = 99.34%
199.099 + 1.3245
[ ]
l∕2 ( )
ke−jkr 𝜋 ′
z ejkz cos 𝜃 dz′
′
4.26. H𝜃 = j sin 𝜃 I cos
4𝜋r𝜂 ∫−l∕2 m l
kIm e−jkr l∕2 ( )

𝜋 ′
z ejkz cos 𝜃 dz′
′
H𝜃 = j sin 𝜃 cos
4𝜋r𝜂 ∫−l∕2 l
Using the same formula in Problem 4.23 (b).

( )
kl
ke−jkr ( ) 2 cos cos 𝜃
I 𝜋 2
H𝜃 = j m sin 𝜃
𝜂4𝜋r l ( 𝜋 )2
− k2 cos2 𝜃
l
( )
𝜋
I ke −jkr 2 cos cos 𝜃
l 2
=j m
𝜂4𝜋r k sin 𝜃
( )
𝜋
I e −jkr cos cos 𝜃
H𝜃 = j m 2
𝜂2𝜋r sin 𝜃
( )
𝜋
Im e−jkr cos 2 cos 𝜃
E𝜙 = −𝜂H𝜃 = −j
2𝜋r sin 𝜃
1 + |Γ| VSWR − 1 || 2 − 1 || || 1 ||
4.27. (a) VSWR = ⇒ |Γ| = = =
1 − |Γ| VSWR + 1 || 2 + 1 || || 3 ||
⎧ || 2 − 1 || Zin
⎪ || 2 + 1 || ⇒ Z = 2
| 1 | | Z − Zc | | Zin ∕Zc − 1 | ⎪ c
|Γ| = || || = || in |=|
| |
| = ⎨| 1
| |
| 3 | | Zin + Zc | | Zin ∕Zc + 1 | ⎪ || 2 − 1 || Z 1
⇒ in =
⎪ || 1 + 1 || Zc 2
⎩| 2 |
Largest
Zin
= 2 ⇒ Zin = 2Zc = 100
Zc
(b) Rin = 11.14G4.17 λ∕2 < l < 2λ∕𝜋

100 = 11.14G 4.17
𝜋∕2 < kl∕2 < 2
100
= G4.17 , 8.9767 = G4.17
11.14
log10 (8.9767) = 4.17 log10 (G), 0.953 = 4.17 log10 G
kl
0.2286 = log10 G, G = 100.2286 = 1.6928 = = 96.99◦
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 87
2(1.6928)λ 1.6928
kl = 2(1.6928), l= = λ = 0.5388λ
2𝜋 𝜋
l = 0.5388λ
Rr ( )
2 kl
(c) Rin = ( ) ⇒ Rr = Rin sin = 100 sin2 (96.99◦ )
2 kl 2
sin
2
Rr = 100(0.9926)2 = 100(0.9852) = 98.52 ohms
Rr = 98.52 ohms
[ ]
1 1 𝜔2 𝜇2 sin2 𝜃 2 ( 2 2 )
4.28. Wav = (|E𝜃 |2 + |E𝜙 |2 ) = I 0 k A 1 + 4A 2
2
2𝜂 2𝜂 16𝜋 2 r2
2 2 2 [ 𝜋 ]
[ 2 2 ]
1 𝜔 𝜇 I0
2𝜋
Prad = sin 3
𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 k A + 4A 2
2𝜂 16𝜋 2 ∫0 ∫0 1 2
( 2𝜋 𝜋 )
𝜔2 𝜇2 I0 2 (k2 A1 2 + 4A2 2 ) 8𝜋
Prad = sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 =
3
12𝜋𝜂 ∫ 0 ∫0 3
2Prad 𝜔2 𝜇2 (k2 A1 2 + 4A2 2 )
⇒ Rrad = =
I0 2 6𝜋𝜂
Elliptical polarization since
⃗ = −𝜔𝜇k sin 𝜃 I0 A1 sin(𝜔t − kr)̂a𝜃 + 𝜔𝜇k sin 𝜃 I0 A2 cos(𝜔t − kr)̂a𝜙

E(t)
4𝜋r 2𝜋r
e−jkr
4.29. E𝜃 ≃ C0 sin1.5 𝜃 ⇒ U ∼ |E𝜃 |2 = C0 sin3 𝜃
r
4𝜋Umax
(a) D0 = , Umax = C0 @ 𝜃 = 90◦
Prad
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = 2𝜋 C0 sin4 𝜃 d𝜃

∫ ∫ ∫
0 0 0
[ ( )]𝜋 [ ( )]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 3 1
3
1 3 𝜋
= 2𝜋C0 − + 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 = 2𝜋C0
4 4 2 4 0 4 2
3𝜋 2
Prad = C
4 0
4𝜋(C0 ) 16
D0 = = = 1.69765 = 2.298 dB
3𝜋 2 ∕4C0 3𝜋
(b) U = C0 sin3 𝜃
U = 0.5 C0 = C0 sin3 𝜃h ⇒ sin3 𝜃h = 0.5 ⇒ sin 𝜃h = (0.5)1∕3 = 0.7937
𝜃h = sin−1 (0.7937) = 52.533◦ ⇒ Θh = 2(90 − 52.533) = 2(37.467)
Θh = 74.934
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
88 SOLUTION MANUAL
McDonald:
101 101
D0 = 2
= = 1.6897 = 2.27
HPBW − 0.0027(HPBW) 74.934 − 0.0027(74.934)2
Pozar:
√ √
1 1
D0 = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = −172.4 + 191 0.818 +
HPBW HPBW
= 1.75 = 2.43 dB
(c) Dipole length is l = λ∕2. See Section 4.6, Equation (4-87)

(d) Zin = 73 + j42.5
4.30. Dipole with l = λ∕2
( )
⎧ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⎫
I e−jkr ⎪ 2 ⎪
Ea ≃ â 𝜃 j𝜂 0 ⎨ ⎬
2𝜋r ⎪ sin 𝜃 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
( )
⎧ 𝜋 ⎫
I0 ke−jkr ⎪ − cos 2 cos 𝜃 ⎪
2𝜋r ⎨ ⎬
≃ −̂a𝜃 j𝜂
⎪ k sin 𝜃 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
( )
⎧ 𝜋 ⎫
I0 ke−jkr
⎪ λ cos cos 𝜃 ⎪
2
2𝜋r ⎨ ⎬
≃ −̂a𝜃 j𝜂 −
⎪ 2𝜋 sin 𝜃 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
( )
⎧ 𝜋
I ke−jkr
⎪ cos cos 𝜃 ⎫ ⎪
a 0 λ 2
E ≃ −j𝜂
4𝜋r ⎪ ⎨ −̂a𝜃
𝜋 sin 𝜃 ⎬
⎪
⎩ ⎭
( )
𝜋
cos cos 𝜃
λ 2
(a) le (𝜃) = −̂a𝜃
𝜋 sin 𝜃
( ) 𝜃=90◦
| 𝜋
| cos cos 𝜃 ||
| | | λ 2 | λ
(b) |le (𝜃)| = |−̂a ⋅ | = = 0.3183λ
| |max | 𝜃 𝜋 sin 𝜃 | 𝜋
| |
| |max
|l (𝜃)|
| e |max λ∕𝜋 2
(c) = = = 0.6366
l = λ∕2 λ∕2 𝜋
which is 63.66% of l = λ∕2. ( )

| 𝜋 |
| cos 𝜃
10−3 ||
cos
| i| | λ 2
(d) Voc = |le ⋅ E | = |−̂a (−̂a𝜃 ) V|
| |𝜃=90◦ | 𝜃 𝜋 sin 𝜃 λ |
| |
| |𝜃=90◦
( −3 )
λ 10 10−3
= = = 3.183 × 10−4 Volts
𝜋 λ 𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 89
4.31. λ∕2 dipole ⇒ (Prad = Pin = 1 Watt, D0 = 1.643 = 2.1564 dB)

Zin = 73 + j42.5, f = 1,900 MHz ⇒ λ = 3 × 108 ∕1.9 × 109 = 0.15789 meters
Prad 1
(a) U0 = = = 0.07958 Watts/sterad
4𝜋 4𝜋
Udipole = U0 D0 = 0.07958(1.643) = 0.130745 Watts/unit solid angle (sterad)
Udipole 0.130745
(b) Wdipole = = = 5.229 × 10−9 Watts/m2
r2 (5 × 103 )2
λ 200 m λ
4.32. 2 2
𝜃 = 90◦ , 𝜙 = 40◦
c
At f = 300 MHz, λ = = 1m
f
( )2
λ
2
2D2 2
⇒ = = 0.5 m
λ λ
r = 200 m ≫ 0.5 m
( ) ( )
λ 2 λ 2
Pr = G0t G0r = D0t D0r
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
for lossless antenna.
λ
Now, since D0t = D0r = 1.643 for dipole
( )2 2
1
Pr = (1.643)(1.643) 600 = 0.2564 mW
4𝜋 ⋅ 200
( )
1 |E|2
4.33. The time average power density Wav =
2 𝜂
( ) ( )
⎡ cos2 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⎤ cos 2 𝜋 cos 𝜃
|I | ⎢ |I0 | 𝜋
2
2 ⎥ 2
2
Wav = 𝜂 02 2 ⎢ ⎥ , Prad = 𝜂 4𝜋 ∫ d𝜃
8𝜋 r ⎢ sin 𝜃
2
⎥ 0 sin2 𝜃
⎣ ⎦
1 𝜂 [ ]
Prad = Rrad |I0 |2 , Rrad = C + ln(2𝜋) − Ci (2𝜋) = 30[0.5772 + 1.838 + 0.02]
2 4𝜋
Rrad = 73.0523.
1
Prad = (0.5 ⋅ 100) = 50 Watts. ⇒ 50 = (73.0523)|I0 |2 ⇒ |I0 |2 = 1.36888
2
At r = 500 m, 𝜃 = 60◦ , 𝜙 = 0◦
( )
⎡ cos2 𝜋 cos 60◦ ⎤
1.36888 ⎢ 2 ⎥
Wav = 120𝜋 2 ⎢ ⎥
2
8𝜋 (500) ⎢ sin 60◦
2
⎥
⎣ ⎦
1.36888
= 15 (0.6667)
𝜋(25)104
Wav = 1.743 × 10−5 Watts∕m2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
90 SOLUTION MANUAL
4.34. l = λ∕20 ⇒ triangular current distribution; a = λ∕400, f = 30 MHz ⇒ λ = 0.1 meters

( ) ( )2
l 1
(a) Rr = Rin = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2 = 0.4935 ohms
λ 20
[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
l λ 1 400
ln −1 ln −1
2a 20 2 λ [ln(20) − 1]
Xin = j120 ( ) = −j120 ( ) = −j120
𝜋l 𝜋 λ tan(𝜋∕20)
tan tan
λ λ 20
Xin = −j986.935
Zin = 0.4935 − j986.935 (capacitive)
Rr
(b) ecd =
Rr + RL
Since element is PEC ⇒ 𝜎 = ∞ ⇒ RL = 0
Rr
ecd = = 1 = 100%
Rr
(c) Must use an inductor in series to resonate the element with a reactance of
XL = 𝜔L = 2𝜋fL = 2𝜋(30 × 106 )L = 986.35

986.35
L= = 5.236 × 10−6 Henries
2𝜋(30 × 106 )
L = 5.236 × 10−6 Henries
4.35. Za = 73 + j42.5, Zc = 75, f = 100 MHz

Z − Zc 73 + j42.5 − 75 −2 + j42.5 42.547|92.694
(a) Γ = a = = =
Za + Zc 73 + j42.5 + 75 148 + j42.5 153.981|16.02
Γ = 0.2763|76.674 ⇒ |Γ| = 0.2763, 𝜙 = 76.674◦ = 1.338(rads)
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.2763 1.2763
(b) VSWR = = = = 1.76358
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.2763 0.2763
(c) Za = 73 + j42.5
Need a capacitor in series to resonate.
Xc = 42.5
1 1 1
(d) Xc = = = 42.5 ⇒ C =
𝜔C 2𝜋fC 2𝜋f (42.5)
1
C= = 0.00374 × 10−8 = 37.4 × 10−12 farads
2𝜋(42.5)(108 )
(e) Zin = Za − jXc = 73 + j42.5 − j42.5 = 73

Zin = 73
Zin − Zc 73 − 75 −2
Γ= = = = −0.0135
Zin + Zc 73 + 75 148
Γ = −0.0135 ⇒ |Γ| = 0.0135
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 91
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.0135
VSWR = = = 1.027
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.0135
VSWR = 1.027
4.36. See below:
1 + |Γ|max 1 + 0.5
(
1
4.37. λ∕2 dipole ⇒ Zin = 73 + j42.5, f = 1.9 × 109 Hz

| Z − Zc | | 73 + j42.5 − 50 | | 23 + j42.5 | 48.324
(a) |Γ| = || in |=| | | |
| | 73 + j42.5 + 50 | = | 123 + j42.5 | = 130.1355 = 0.371
| in
Z + Zc| | | | |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.371
VSWR = = = 2.17965
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.371
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
92 SOLUTION MANUAL
1
(b) Capacitance ⇒ XT = 𝜔CT
= 42.5
1 1 1
⇒ CT = = =
42.5𝜔 42.5(2𝜋f ) 42.5(2𝜋 × 1.9 × 109 )
CT = 1.971 × 10−12 f
(c) C0 = 2CT = 2(1.971 × 10−12 ) = 3.942 × 10−12 f
C0 C0
CT
1 1 1 Z
= + =
CT C0 C0 C0
C0 = 2CT
| Z − Zc | 73 − 50 23
(d) |Γ| = || in |=
| = = 0.18699
| Zin + Zc | 73 + 50 123
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.18699
VSWR = = = 1.46
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.18699
[ ( )]
4.38. (a) I = I sin k l + |z|
in 0
2
l = λ∕4, z = λ∕8
[ ( )] [ ] [ ] ( )
λ λ λ 2𝜋 λ 𝜋
Iin = I0 sin k ± = I0 sin k = I0 sin = I0 sin = 0.707I0
4 8 8 λ 8 4
( )2 ( )2
I0 I0
Rin = Rr = Rr = 2Rr = 2(73) = 146
Iin 0.707I0
( )2 ( )2
I0 I0
Xin = Xm = Xm = 2Xm = 2(42.5) = 85
Iin 0.707I0
Zin = Rin + jXin = 146 + j85
(b) Yin = 1 146 − j85 146 − j85

= = (5.115 − j2.978) × 10−3
146 + j85 146 − j85 168.941
1
Ym = +j2.978 × 10−3 ⇒ Xm = = −j335.776 (Capacitive)
Ym
(c) Y ′ = 5.115 × 10−3 ⇒ Z = 5.115 × 10−3 = 195.503 ohms

in in
| 195.503 − 300 | 104.4966
|Γ| = || |=
| = 0.21
| 195.503 + 300 | 495.503
VSWR = (1 + 0.211)∕(1 − 0.211) = 1.5346

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 93
Y'in Yin
Ym 146 + j 85
4.39. l = λ∕2, Zc = 50 ohms
1 1 73 − j42.5
Zin = 73 + j42.5, Yin = =
Zin 73 + j42.5 73 − j42.5
Yin = 0.01023 − j0.0059563 = (10.23 − j5.9563) × 10−3 = Gin − jBin

Bin 5.9563 × 10−3
Bin = 𝜔Cin = 2𝜋fCin ⇒ Cin = = = 0.94797 × 10−12
2𝜋f 2𝜋(10 × 108 )
∴ Cin = 0.94797 pF
Gin = 10.23 × 10−3
1 Rin − Zc 97.75 − 50
Rin = = 97.75, Γin = = = 0.3232
Gin Rin + Zc 97.75 + 50
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.3232
VSWR = = = 1.955
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.3232
4.40. (a) Zin = 4Zin (l = λ∕2) = 4(73 + j42.5) = 292 + j170
(b) Y = 1 = 1 292 − j170 292 − j170

in =
Zin 292 + j170 292 − j170 114,164
Yin = (2.5577 − j1.4891) × 10−3

Need a capacitor.
(c) Bc = 𝜔C = 2𝜋fC = 1.4891 × 10−3
1.4891 × 10−3
C= = 0.237 × 10−11 = 2.37 × 10−12
2𝜋(100 × 108 )
C = 2.37 × 10−12
′ = 2.5577 × 10−3
(d) Yin
r Z′ = 1 = 1
= 390.98
in ′
Yin 2.5577 × 10−3
r Γ = 390.98 − 300 = 90.98 = 0.1317
in
390.98 + 300 690.98
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.1317 1.1317
VSWR = = = = 1.3033
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.1317 0.8683
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
94 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
kb
𝜔𝜇bI0 e−jkr sin cos 𝜃 | 𝜔𝜇bI0 e−jkr
4.41. E = −̂a𝜃 j 2 | = −̂a𝜃 j
|
4𝜋r kb
cos 𝜃 |𝜃=90◦ 4𝜋r
2
𝜔𝜇I0 e−jkr 𝜔𝜇I0 e−jkr
E|𝜃=90◦ = −̂a𝜃 j b = −j le (𝜃)
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
le (𝜃) = â 𝜃 b
kI0 le−jkr | kI0 le−jkr
Einc |𝜃=90◦ = â 𝜃 j𝜂 sin 𝜃 || = â 𝜃 j𝜂
4𝜋r |𝜃=90◦ 4𝜋r
| bkI0 l |2
|𝜂 |
|le (𝜃) ⋅ Einc |2 | 4𝜋r |
pe = = | | =1
|le (𝜃)|2 |Einc |2 | bkI0 l |2
|b|2 ||𝜂 |
|
| 4𝜋r |
pe (dB) = 10 log10 (1) = 0 dB
[ ]
◦ ̂
a x + ĵ
a y
4.42. V1 = 4e
j20
= C[̂ay ] ⋅ √ at z = 0
2
◦ 1 √ ◦
√ ◦
V1 = 4ej20 = jC √ ⇒ C = −j4 2ej20 ⇒ C = 4 2e−j70
2
( ) [ ]
√ â x + ĵay √ j30◦
−j70◦ j30◦ −j70◦ 2 + je
V2 = (4 2e )[10(2̂ax + â y e )] ⋅ √ = 40 2e √
2 2
◦
= 40e−j70 [2 + j(cos 30◦ + j sin 30◦ )]
◦ ◦ ◦
= 40e−j70 [1.5 + j0.866] = 40e−j70 [1.73ej30 ]
◦
V2 = 70e−j40 = 53.6 − j45◦
◦
4.43. l = 3 cm, λ = 5 cm, I = 10ej60
2D2 2 × 32 18
r> = = = 3.6 cm ⇒ 10 cm is in the far field.
λ 5 5
l 3 kl l
= = 0.6 ⇒ length of dipole is finite, = 𝜋 = 0.6𝜋
λ 5 2 λ
( ) ( )
⎡ cos kl cos 𝜃 − cos kl ⎤
−jkr [ ]
I e−jkr
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ = j𝜂 I0 e cos(0.6𝜋 cos 𝜃) + 0.309
≃ j𝜂 0
2𝜋r ⎢⎢ ⎥
E𝜃
sin 𝜃 ⎥ 2𝜋r sin 𝜃
⎣ ⎦
( )
E𝜃 cos(0.6𝜋 cos 45◦ ) + 0.309 ||
H𝜙 ≃ , | = 0.7703
𝜂 sin 45◦ |𝜃=45◦
2𝜋 2𝜋
e−jkr ⇒ kr = r= 10 = 4𝜋 = 12.5663 rad
λ 5
I0 ej60 e−j4𝜋
⇒ E𝜃 = j120𝜋 (0.7703) = 4,620ej11.52
2𝜋(0.1m)
4,620
|E𝜃 | = 4620 V∕m, |H𝜙 | = = 12.25 amperes∕meter
120𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 95
4.44. Using equation (4-79)
Rr 120 ohms
Rin = ( )= = 132.668 ohms
2 kl sin2
(0.6𝜋)
sin
2
kl 3𝜋 3𝜋
4.45. = , kl = , 2kl = 3𝜋, a = 0.03λ
2 4 2
(a) Using (8-60a), (8-60b)
Rr = 185.808, Xr = 192.7967
(b) Using (8-61a), (8-61b)
185.808 192.7967
Rin = 2
= 371.617, Xin = = 385.5936
sin (3𝜋∕4) sin2 (3𝜋∕4)
371.617 − 300
(c) Γ = = 0.10663
371.617 + 300
1 + 0.10663
VSWR = = 1.2387
1 − 0.10663
Computer Program: Dipole
Rr = 185.8086 Rin = 371.6172

Xm = 192.7968 Xin = 385.5937
4.46. l = 0.625λ
(a) Using (8-57a), (8-57b)
Rr = 131.9415, Xr = 146.131638
(b) Using (8-58a), (8-58b)
Rin = 154.579, Xin = 171.203
154.579 − 300 1 + |0.3199|

(c) Γ = = −0.3199 ⇒ VSWR = = 1.9407
154.579 + 300 1 − 1 − 0.31991
4.47. (a) l = 200 m, a = 1m, f = 150 KHz → λ = 2000 meters. Using (11-37), (8-29) or (11-37)
[ ( ) ]
l
( )2 ln −1 ( )2 [ln(100) − 1]
l 2a 1
Zin ≃ 20𝜋 2 − j120 ( ) ≃ 20𝜋
2
− j120
λ l 10 tan(𝜋∕10)
tan 𝜋
λ
Zinput = 2 + Zin = 2 + 1.9739 + j1,377.07
Zinput = 3.9739 + j1,377.07
Rr 1.9739
(b) Radiation efficiency = 100 = 100 = 49.67%
RL + Rr 3.9739
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
96 SOLUTION MANUAL
Rr 1.9739
(c) RPF = = = 1.4335 × 10−3
|Im(Zinput )| 1.377 × 10+3
(d) X = −Im(Zinput ) = −1,377.07
√ √
Rr + RL 3.9739
n= = = 0.282
Z0 50
(e) The answer to this part was found by manually entering values of X until |Γ| = 0.333 was
obtained. The values obtained are
X1 = 0.99803
X2 = 1.00198
The corresponding percent bandwidth is
BW = (X2 − X1 ) × 100% = 0.395%
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.99 0.995 1 1.005 1.01 1.015
( )
2̂ax − ĵay √
4.48. Ew = (2̂ax − ĵay )E0 e+jkz = √ 5E0 e+jkz
5
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
𝜌̂w
( )
2̂ax − ĵay
(a) 𝜌̂w = √
5
( ) ( )
â x + ĵay −ĵax + â y
(b) 𝜌̂a = √ or 𝜌̂a = √
2 2
(c) 1. Elliptical, AR = 2
2. CCW
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 97
(d) 1. Circular, AR = 1
2. CCW
|( 2̂a − ĵa ) ( â + ĵa )|2 | |2 | |2
| y | | 2 − j2 1 | |2 + 1|
(e) PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = | x
√
y
⋅
x
√ | | | | |
| | =| √ | =|√ |
| 5 | | 10 | | | |
| 2 | | | 10 |
9
= = −0.4576 dB
10
or
|( 2̂a − ĵa ) ( −ĵa + â )|2 | |2 | |2

| y | | −j2 − j | | −j3 |
|
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | = |
2 x
√
y
⋅
x
√ | | | | |
| =| √ | = |√ |
| 5 | | 10 | | | |
| 2 | | | 10 |
9
= = −0.4576 dB
10
4.49. Wi = 2 𝜇W∕m2 = 2 × 10−6 W∕m2

(a) Eiw = (3̂az + ĵay )Eo e+jkx z
( )
i
3̂az + ĵay
Ew = √ 10Eo e+jkx
10
( )
3̂az + ĵay
𝜌̂w = √
10
z y
Elliptical CCW E iw
AR = 3/1 = 3
y
𝜋
I0 e−jky cos( 2 cos 𝜃) x
(b) Ea = â 𝜃 j𝜂
2𝜋r sin 𝜃
cos( 𝜋2 cos 𝜃) |
= â 𝜃 E0 |
sin 𝜃 |
|𝜃=𝜋∕2
Ea = â 𝜃 E0
⏟⏟⏟
𝜌̂a
𝜌̂a = â 𝜃 ⇒ Linear
𝜌̂a = [̂ax cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â y cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − â z sin 𝜃]𝜃=90◦
𝜌̂a = −̂az
|( 3̂a + ĵa ) |2
| | 9
|
(c) PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a | = |
2 z
√
y
⋅ (−̂az )|| = = 0.9 = −0.4576 dB
| 10 | 10
| |
PLF = −0.4576 dB = 0.9
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
98 SOLUTION MANUAL
3 × 108
(d) λ= = 1m
300 × 106
λ2 1 1.643
Aem = D0 = D0 = = 0.1307 m2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
PL = Aem Wi (PLF) = 0.1307(2 × 10−6 )(0.9) = (0.2614)(0.9) × 10−6
PL = 0.2353 × 10−6 Watts
kI0 le−jkr
4.50. E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃); 0 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜋∕2, 0 ⩽ 𝜙 ⩽ 2𝜋
2𝜋r
1 â 𝜂 | kI l |2
W ave = Re[E × H ∗ ] = r |E𝜃 |2 = â r || 0 || sin2 𝜃 cos2 (kh cos 𝜃)
2 2𝜂 2 | 2𝜋r |
2𝜋 𝜋∕2
Prad = W ave ⋅ â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
𝜂 || kI0 l ||2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2 3
= sin 𝜃 cos2 (kh cos 𝜃) d𝜃 d𝜙
2 || 2𝜋 || ∫0 ∫0
| kI0 l |2 𝜋∕2
𝜂
| | ⋅
= | 2 | ∫ sin3 𝜃 cos2 (kh cos 𝜃) d𝜃
𝜋
| | 0
[ ]
𝜂 || kI0 l ||2 𝜋∕2 3 1 + cos (2kh cos 𝜃)
= | sin 𝜃 d𝜃
𝜋 | 2 || ∫0 2
{ }
𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
𝜂 || kI0 l ||2
= sin3 𝜃d𝜃 + sin3 𝜃 ⋅ cos(2kh cos 𝜃)d𝜃
2𝜋 || 2 || ∫0 ∫0
𝜂 | kI0 l |2
Prad = | |
| 2 | {I1 + I2 }
2𝜋 | |
𝜋∕2
1 |𝜋∕2 2
where I1 = sin3 𝜃 d𝜃 = − cos 𝜃(sin2 𝜃 + 2)|| =
∫0 3 |0 3
𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
I2 = sin3 𝜃 cos (kh cos 𝜃) d𝜃 = sin2 𝜃 cos (kh cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0
1
Let u = sin2 𝜃 v=− sin (2kh cos 𝜃)
2kh
cos(2kh cos 𝜃)
du = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 d𝜃 dv = − d(2kh cos 𝜃)
2kh
Thus
sin2 𝜃 |𝜋∕2 2
𝜋∕2
I2 = − sin(2kh cos 𝜃)|| + cos 𝜃 sin(2kh cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
2kh |0 2kh ∫0
1
Let u = cos 𝜃 dv = − sin(2kh cos 𝜃)d(2kh cos 𝜃)
2kh
1
du = − sin 𝜃 d𝜃 v= cos(2kh cos 𝜃)
2kh
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 99
{ }
2 cos 𝜃 |𝜋∕2 1
𝜋∕2
I2 = 0 + cos(2kh cos 𝜃)|| + cos(2kh cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
2kh 2kh |0 2kh ∫0
{ } { }
2 1 1 |𝜋∕2 cos(2kh) sin(2kh)
= − cos(2kh) − |
sin(2kh cos 𝜃)| =2 − +
2kh 2kh (2kh)2 |0 (2kh)2 (2kh)3
Therefore
[ ]
𝜂 | kI0 l |2 | |2
Prad = | | {I + I } = 𝜋𝜂 | I0 l | 1 − cos(2kh) + sin(2kh)
| 2 | 1 2 |λ| 3
2𝜋 | | | | (2kh)2 (2kh)3
kI0 le−jkr
4.51. E𝜃 = C1 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃), where C1 = j𝜂
2𝜋r
(a) E𝜃 |𝜃=30◦ = C1 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=30◦ = 0 ⇒ cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=30◦ = 0
2𝜋 𝜋 1
kh cos(30◦ ) =h(0.867) = cos−1 (0) = ⇒ h = λ = 0.288λ
λ 2 4(0.867)
( )
2 2𝜋
(b) D0 = [ ] , 2kh = 2 (0.288λ) = 3.632
1 cos(2kh) sin(2kh) λ
− +
3 (2kh)2 (2kh)3
2 2
D0 = [ ]=[ ]
1 cos(3.632) sin(3.632) 1
− + + 0.06689 − 0.00983
3 (3.632)2 (3.632)3 3
D0 = 5.12 = 7.1 dB
( )2 [ ]
l 1 cos(3.632) sin(3.632)
(c) Rr = 2𝜋𝜂 − +
λ 3 (3.632)2 (3.632)3
( )2
1
Rr = 2𝜋(377) [0.39] = 0.37 ohms
50
kI le−jkr
4.52. E𝜃 = C1 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃), where C1 = j𝜂 0
2𝜋r
E𝜃 |h=2λ = C1 sin 𝜃n cos(kh cos 𝜃n )|h=2λ = 0 ⇒ sin 𝜃n = 0, cos(kh cos 𝜃n )|h=2λ = 0
sin 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ 𝜃n = 0◦
cos(kh cos 𝜃n )|h=2λ = cos(4𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = 0

( )
2n + 1
⇒ 4𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = ± 𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, ...
2
𝜃n = cos−1 [±(2n + 1)∕8], n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
n = 0;𝜃0 = cos−1 (± 18 ) = 82.82◦ ⎫

⎪
n = 1; 𝜃1 = cos−1 (± 38 ) = 67.98◦ ⎪ for 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦
⎬ ◦ ◦
n = 2; 𝜃2 = cos−1 (± 58 ) = 51.32◦ ⎪ (for 90 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180 , the field is zero)
n = 3; 𝜃3 = cos−1 (± 78 ) = 28.96◦ ⎪
⎭
( )
9
n = 4; 𝜃4 = cos−1 ± = does not exist. The same holds for n ≥ 5.
8
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
100 SOLUTION MANUAL
Therefore where the field vanishes for 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ , are
𝜃 = 0◦ , 28.96◦ , 51.32◦ , 67.98◦ , and 82.82◦

kI0 e−jkr l
4.53. E𝜃 = C1 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃), where C1 = j𝜂
2𝜋r
E𝜃 |𝜃=60◦ = C1 sin(60 ) cos(khn cos(60 )) = 0 ⇒ cos(khn cos(60◦ )) = 0
◦ ◦
( ) ( )
1 𝜋 2n + 1
khn cos(60◦ ) = khn = hn = cos−1 (0) = ± 𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ....
2 λ 2
Choosing the positive values
( )
2n + 1
hn = λ, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ....
2
hn = 0.5λ, 1.5λ, 2.5λ, 3.5λ, 4.5λ
4.54. E𝜃 (4 − 99) ≃ C sin 𝜃[2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)] ⇒ AF = 2[cos(kh cos 𝜃)]max = ±2
cos(kh cos 𝜃m ) = ±1
[ ] [ ]
(a) 1 m𝜋
kh cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (±1) ⇒ cos 𝜃m = cos cos−1 (±1) = cos ±
kh kh
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ±m𝜋 ⎥ [ ]
m
cos 𝜃m = cos ⎢ ( ) ⎥ ⇒ 𝜃m = cos , m = 0, 1, 2, ...
−1
±
⎢ 2𝜋 3λ ⎥ 3
⎣ λ 2 ⎦
m = 0; 𝜃0 = cos−1 (±0) = 90◦
{
cos−1 (1∕3) = 70.5288◦
m = 1; 𝜃1 = cos (±1∕3) =
−1
cos−1 (−1∕3) = 2◦ (⇒ below ground plane)
{
cos−1 (2∕3) = 48.1897◦
m = 2; 𝜃2 = cos (±2∕3) =
−1
cos−1 (−2∕3) = 3◦ (⇒ below ground plane)
{
cos−1 (1) = 0◦
m = 3; 𝜃3 = cos−1 (±1) =
cos−1 (−1) = 0◦ (⇒ below ground plane)
m = 4; 𝜃4 = cos−1 (±4∕3) ⇒ does not exist
(b) E𝜃m = C sin 𝜃[2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)]max = ±2C, where 𝜃 = 90◦
E𝜃
(c) = sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
E𝜃m
E𝜃 E
𝜃 = 0◦ : = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 20 log10 (10) = −∞ dB
E𝜃m E𝜃m
E𝜃 E
𝜃 = 48.1897◦ : = sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)|h= 3λ = 0.7454 ⇒ 𝜃
E𝜃m 2 E𝜃m
= 20 log10 (0.7454)
E𝜃
= −2.55 dB
E𝜃m
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 101
𝜃 = 70.5288◦ : E𝜃 ∕E𝜃m = sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)|h= 3λ = 0.9428

2
E
⇒ 𝜃 = 20 log10 (0.9428) = −0.5115 dB
E𝜃m
|
| E
𝜃 = 90◦ : E𝜃 ∕E𝜃m = sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)| = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 20 log10 (1) = 0 dB
| 3λ E
|h= 2 𝜃m
4.55. 60° 120°

60°
4.56. (a) Since the equivalent problem, based on Figure 4.16(a), is that of 2 sources of the same
magnitude but 180◦ phase difference, the normalized array factor is the same as that of
(4-115) or
AFn = sin(kh cos 𝜃)
(b) h = 0.5λ
[ ( ) ]
2𝜋 λ
AFn = sin(kh cos 𝜃n ) = sin cos 𝜃n = 0
λ 2
sin(𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = 0 ⇒ 𝜋 cos 𝜃n = sin−1 (0) = n𝜋, n = 0, ±1, ±2, ....
cos 𝜃n = n ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (n), n = 0, ±1, ±2, ±....
n = 0: 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 90◦

n = +1 : 𝜃+1 = cos−1 (+1) = 0◦
n = −1 : 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
(c) 𝜃 = 𝜃n = 60◦
( )
[ ] khn
AFn = sin(khn cos 𝜃)|𝜃=60◦ = sin khn (0.5) = sin =0
2
khn
= sin−1 (0) = n𝜋, n = +1, +2, ....
2
2𝜋hn 𝜋hn
= = n𝜋
2λ λ
hn = nλ, n = 1, 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
102 SOLUTION MANUAL
Im
θ
PEC ( σ = ∞)
(a) Physical problem
Actual source
θ
h
Image
(b) Equivalent problem
h1 = λ
h2 = 2λ
4.57. kI0 le−jkr

E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 sin 𝜃[2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)]
4𝜋r
|AF|max = | cos(kh cos 𝜃)|max = 1 when kh cos 𝜃max = 𝜋
kh cos 𝜃max = 𝜋, kh cos(60◦ ) = 𝜋
( )
2𝜋 1
h = 𝜋, h = λ
λ 2
No matter what the height is when 𝜃 = 90◦ , it is a maximum.
So you always have a maximum at 𝜃 = 90◦ . If you want a maximum at 𝜃 = 60◦ , then
kh cos 𝜃 = n𝜋, (n = 1, 2, 3, ...) leads to maximum at 𝜃 = 60◦ .
n = 1 : kh cos 𝜃|max = 𝜋, h = λ leads to maxima at 𝜃 = 90◦ , 60◦
If you check closely, it also leads to a maximum at 𝜃 = 0◦ .
So you cannot only have one maximum at 𝜃 = 60◦
4.58. |
E𝜃 ∼ C1 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)| =0
|𝜃=80◦
| | 𝜋 2𝜋 | 𝜋
cos(kh cos 𝜃)| = 0, kh cos 𝜃 | = , h cos 𝜃 | =
|𝜃=80◦ |𝜃=80◦ 2 λ |𝜃=80◦ 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 103
λ | λ λ
h= | = = = 1.4397λ
4 cos 𝜃 |𝜃=80◦ 4(0.1736) (0.6946)
3 × 108 30 × 107
h = 1.4397λ, λ = = = 6 meters
50 × 106 5 × 107
h = 1.4397λ = 1.4397(6) = 8.6382 meters
h = 8.6382 meters
1 1
4.59. (a) Zim (l = λ∕2)|above ground plane =
Z (l = λ)|free space ≃ (Rim + jXim )|l=λ
2 im 2
Form Problem 4.24 ⇒ Rim
( = R =
r) 199.099
λ
From Figure 4.23 ⇒ Xim l = | ≃ 62.5
2 above ground plane
Therefore
199.099
Zim (l = λ∕2)|above ground plane = + j62.5 = 99.5495 + j62.5
2
Feed
Referred to feed at
center of λ /2.
Zim 99.5495 + j62.5

(b) Zin = ( )= =∞
2 kl sin2 (𝜋)
sin
2
(c) Zin − Zc ∞ − 50 1 − 50∕∞

Γ= = = =1
Zin + Zc ∞ + 50 1 + 50∕∞
1 + |Γ| 1 + 1
VSWR = = =∞
1 − |Γ| 1 − 1
Xim can also be obtained using (8-57b). For l = λ ⇒ kl = 2𝜋, 2kl = 4𝜋. Thus
1
Xim (l = λ∕2)|above ground plane = X (l = λ)|free space
2 im
𝜂
= {2Si (kl) + cos(kl)[2Si (kl) − Si (2kl)]}
8𝜋
120𝜋
= {2Si (2𝜋) + cos(2𝜋)[2Si (2𝜋) − Si (4𝜋)]}
80𝜋
= 15{2(1.418) + [2(1.418) − 1.492]} = 62.7
4.60. (a) Array factor, h = 1.5λ; two sources; separated by 2h; image 180◦ .
(AF)n = sin(kh cos 𝜃) (4-115)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
104 SOLUTION MANUAL
θ
h
PEC (0 ≤ θ ≤ 90°)
h
Image
±n𝜋
(b) | sin(kh cos 𝜃m )| = 1 ⇒ kh cos 𝜃m = sin−1 (±1) = , n = 1, 3, 5...
[ ] [ ]
n𝜋 2
±n𝜋∕2 ± ( )
λ
𝜃m = cos−1 = cos−1 2𝜋2 = cos−1 ±n , n = 1, 3, 5..
kh h 4h
2
( ) ( ) {
λ 1
n = 1 : 𝜃1 = cos−1 ± cos−1 ± = 80.406◦ below GP
4(2.5λ) 6
( ) ( ) {
3λ 1
n = 3 : 𝜃3 = cos −1
± = cos −1
± = 60.00◦ below GP
6λ 2
( ) ( ) {
5λ 5
n = 5 : 𝜃5 = cos −1
± = cos −1
± = 33.537◦ below GP
6λ 6
( ) ( )
7λ 7
n = 7 : 𝜃7 = cos−1 ± = cos−1 ± = does not exist
6λ 6
(c) | sin(kh cos 𝜃n )| = 0 ⇒ kh cos 𝜃n = sin−1 (0) = ±n𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, 3..
⎛ ⎞
[ ] ( ) ( )
n𝜋 −1 ⎜ ±n𝜋 ⎟ nλ || n
𝜃n = cos −1
± = cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos−1 ± | = cos−1 ±
kh 2𝜋
⎜ h⎟ 2h |h=1.5λ 3
⎝ λ ⎠
n = 0 : 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦

( ) {
1
n = 1 : 𝜃1 = cos −1
± = 70.53◦ below GP
3
( ) {
2
n = 2 : 𝜃2 = cos−1 ± = 48.190◦ below GP
3
{
n = 3 : 𝜃3 = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ below GP
( )
4
n = 4 : 𝜃4 = cos−1 ± = does not exist
3
4.61. |Γ|max = 0.2

(a) E𝜃 of a λ∕8 monopole is the same as that of a λ∕4 dipole.
E𝜃 (l = λ∕8 monopole) = E𝜃 (l = λ∕4 dipole)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 105
() ( )
⎡ kl ⎤
I0 ⎢ cos
e−jkr cos 𝜃 − cos kl2 ⎥
2
2𝜋r ⎢⎢ ⎥
E𝜃 (l = λ∕8 monopole) = j𝜂 (4-26a)
sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦l=λ∕4
( ) ( )
⎡ 2𝜋 λ 2𝜋 λ ⎤
I0 e−jkr ⎢ cos 2λ 4 cos 𝜃 − cos 2λ 4 ⎥
2𝜋r ⎢⎢ ⎥
= j𝜂
sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )
⎡ 𝜋 𝜋 ⎤
I0 e−jkr ⎢ cos 4 cos 𝜃 − cos( 4 ) ⎥
2𝜋r ⎢⎢ ⎥
= j𝜂
sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
(b) Rin (monopole)l≥λ∕8 = 12.35 G2.5 , G = kl = = (4-109b)
λ 8 4
( )2.5
𝜋
= 12.35 = 12.35(0.54667) = 6.7514 ohms
4
( )
1 λ
Computer Program: Rin (λ∕8 monopole) = Rin l = dipole = 6.72025 ohms
2 4
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
|Z − Z | |Z − Z |
| in c| | c in |
(c) |Γ|max =| |=| | = 0.2. Either of the two answers is okay.
| Zin + Zc | | Zc + Zin |
| | | |
|⏟⏞⏟⏞⏟| |⏟⏞⏟⏞⏟|
| #1 | | #2 |
| | | |
[ ] [ ]
Zin − Zc 1 − |Γ|max 1 − 0.2
#1 : = |Γ|max ⇒ Zc = Zin = 6.7514
Zin + Zc 1 + |Γ|max 1 + 0.2
( ) ( )
0.8 2
Zc = 6.7514 = 6.7514 = 4.5
1.2 3
Zc = 4.5
[ ] ( )
Zc − Zin |Γ|max + 1 0.2 + 1
#2 : = |Γ|max ⇒ Zc = Zin = 6.7514
Zc + Zin −|Γ|max + 1 −0.2 + 1
( ) ( )
1.2 3
Zc = 6.7514 = 6.7514 = 10.125
0.8 2
Zc = 10.125
3 × 108
4.62. AF = cos(kh cos 𝜃), f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = = 0.3 meters
1 × 109
(a) |(AF)|𝜃n =30◦ = | cos(kh cos 30◦ )| = | cos(0.866kh)| = 0
n𝜋
⇒ 0.866kh = cos−1 (0) = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
106 SOLUTION MANUAL
n𝜋∕2 n𝜋∕2 nλ n(3) ||

h1 = = = = = 0.0866 meters
0.866k 0.8662𝜋∕λ 0.866(4𝜋) 4(0.866𝜋) ||n=1
h1 = 0.0866 meters
| ( )|
2𝜋
(b) 1. | cos(kh cos 𝜃)|h=0.3m=λ = ||cos λ cos 𝜃n || = | cos(2𝜋 cos 𝜃n )| = 0
| λ |
n𝜋
2𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos (0) =
−1
⇒ n = 1, 3, 5, ...
2
( ) ( )
−1 n𝜋∕2 n
𝜃n = cos = cos−1 , n = 1, 3, 5, ...
2𝜋 4
( )
1
n = 1 : 𝜃1 = cos−1 = 75.52◦
4
( )
3
n = 3 : 𝜃3 = cos−1 = 41.41◦
4
( )
5
n = 5 : 𝜃5 = cos−1 = does not exist
4
| ( )|
2𝜋
2. | cos(kh cos 𝜃m )|h=0.3m=λ = ||cos λ cos 𝜃m || = | cos(2𝜋 cos 𝜃m )| = 1
| λ |
2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (1) = m𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
( ) ( )
m𝜋 m
𝜃m = cos−1 = cos−1
2𝜋 2
m = 0 : 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
( )
1
m = 1 : 𝜃1 = cos−1 = 60◦
2
m = 2 : 𝜃2 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
( )
3
m = 3 : 𝜃3 = cos−1 = does not exist
2
3 × 108
4.63. f = 200 MHz ⇒ λ = = 1.5 meters
2 × 108
( )
𝜋
cos cos 𝜃
E𝜃 (normalized) = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
sin 𝜃
( )
𝜋
cos cos 𝜃
Since 2 has a null only toward 𝜃 = 0◦ , the only way to place a null toward
sin 𝜃
𝜃 = 60◦ will be through cos(kh cos 𝜃).
| cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=𝜃h =60◦ = | cos(kh cos 𝜃n )| = | cos(kh cos 60◦ )| = 0

| ( )| | ( )|
|cos 2𝜋 h 1 | = |cos 𝜋h | = 0
| λ 2 || || λ ||
|
𝜋h n𝜋
= cos−1 (0) = , n = 1, 3, 5, ...
λ 2
( )
n𝜋 λ nλ
h= = , n = 1, 3, 5, ...
2 𝜋 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 107
( )
λ 3 1 3
(a) h|n=1 = h1 = = = = 0.75 meters
2 2 2 4
3λ
(b) h|n=3 = h3 = = 2.25 meters
2
5λ
(c) h|n=5 = h5 = = 3.75 meters
2
4.64. (a) Since the dipole is vertical and placed a height h above a PEC ground plane, its array
factor is that of (4-99), or
(AF)n = cos(kh cos 𝜃) 2 sources, same amplitude, same phase.
At f = 300 MHz ⇒ λ = 3 × 108 ∕3 × 108 = 1 meter
(b) According to the geometry of the figure

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜓= − 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = = 45◦
2 4 4
Since the element pattern
| cos( 𝜋2 cos 𝜃)
E𝜃 | = = 0 only when 𝜃 = 0◦
|λ∕2 dipole sin 𝜃
the only way to place nulls at 𝜃 = 45◦ is to adjust the height h so that the array factor
goes to zero.
AF|𝜃=45◦ = cos(khn cos 𝜃)|𝜃=45◦ = cos[khn (0.707)] = 0

n𝜋
0.707khn = cos−1 (0) = , n = 1, 3, 5, ...
2
n𝜋 n𝜋 ( )
2 2 n𝜋 λ nλ
hn = = ( )= =
0.702k 0.707 2𝜋 2 2𝜋(0.707) 0.707(4)
λ
nλ || n(1)
hn = =
2.828 ||λ(300 MHz)=1 meter 2.828
1
h1 (n = 1) : h1 = = 0.3536 meters
2.828
3
h3 (n = 3) : h3 = = 1.0608 meters
2.828
4.65. G0 (dB) = 10 log10 G0 (dimensionless) ⇒ 16 = 10 log10 G0
⇒ G0 (dimensionless) = 101.6 = 39.81
Prad = e0 Pin = (1)(8) = 8 Watts
Prad 8 8 2
W0 = = = = × 10−8 = 0.6366 × 10−8
4𝜋r2 4𝜋(100 × 100)2 4𝜋 × 108 𝜋
= 6.366 × 10−9 Watts∕cm2
Wmax = W0 G0 (dimensionless) = 39.81(6.366 × 10−9 )
= 2.534 × 10−7 = 0.2534 × 10−6 Watts∕cm2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
108 SOLUTION MANUAL
3 × 106
4.66. l = λ∕4, f = 1.9 GHz, Wi = 10−6 W∕m2 ⇒ λ = = 0.15789 m
1.9 × 109
(a) The power pattern of a λ∕4 monopole above a PEC is equivalent to that of a λ∕2 dipole in
free space. Since the same power radiated by the monopole above the PEC is concentrated
only in the upper hemisphere, instead over the entire free space, its radiation intensity
will be twice as strong/intense as that of the λ∕2 dipole radiating in free space. Since the
directivity is given by
4𝜋Umax
D0 =
Prad
The Umax of the monopole will be twice that of the dipole, or
D0 (l = λ∕4) = 2(1.643) = 3.286 = 5.17 dB
Using the computer program Directivity it gives
D0 (l = λ∕4) = 3.3365 = 5.2329 dB

λ2 (0.15789)2
(b) Aem = D0 = (3.286) = 6.52 × 10−3 m2
4𝜋 4𝜋
PL = Aem Wi = 6.52 × 10−3 (10−6 ) = 6.52 × 10−9
PL = 6.52 × 10−9 Watts
4.67. (a) D0 = 2(1.5) = 3 = 4.7712 dB

( )
λ2 λ2 1 3λ2
(b) Aem = D0 (PLF) = (3) =
4𝜋 4𝜋 2 8𝜋
3λ2
Prec = Aem Wi = W = 10 × 10−6
8𝜋 i
8𝜋 80𝜋
Wi = 2 (10 × 10−6 ) = 2 × 10−6
3λ 3λ
30 × 109
λ= = 3 × 103 cm
10 × 106
80𝜋 80𝜋 80𝜋
Wi = 3 2
× 10−6 = 6
× 10−6 = × 10−12
3(3 × 10 ) 3(9) × 10 27
Wi = 9.3084 × 10−12 Watts/cm2

4.68. f = 900 MHz, Prad = 1,000 Watts
(a) Isotropic
Prad
Wr0 ≤
4𝜋r2
Prad 1,000 100
r2 ≥ = = = 7.9558
4𝜋Wr0 4𝜋(10) 4𝜋
r ≥ 2.821 meters
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 109
(b) λ∕4 monopole
D0 (monopole) = 2(1.643) = 3.286

Prad
Wrad ≤ D0 Wr0 = D0
4𝜋r2
( )
Prad 1,000
r2 ≥ D0 = 3.286 = 26.1492
4𝜋Wrad 4𝜋(10)
r ≥ 5.114 meters
4.69. Using the coordinate system of Figure 4.27 the total field is given by (4-115) or
−jkr √
kI le
E𝜓 = j𝜂 0 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙[2j sin(kh cos 𝜃)], 0 ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 𝜋, 0 ⩽ 𝜙 ⩽ 2𝜋
4𝜋r
However if we rotate the axes so that the z axis is parallel to the axis of the element and y is
vertical to the ground, the total E-field can be written as
kI0 e−jkr
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃[2j sin(kh sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)], and
4𝜋r
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
Prad = W ave ⋅ â r r2 sin2 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = |E𝜃 |2 r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 2𝜂 ∫0 ∫0
𝜂 || kI0 l ||2 𝜋 𝜋 3 𝜂 || kI0 l ||2
Prad = sin 𝜃 sin2
(kh sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) d𝜃 d𝜙 = I
2 || 2𝜋 || ∫0 ∫0 2 || 2𝜋 ||
𝜋 { 𝜋 } 𝜋
I= sin 𝜃 3
sin (kh sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) d𝜙 d𝜃 =
2
sin3 𝜃[I1 ] d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋 { 𝜋 𝜋 }
1
where I1 = sin (kh sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) d𝜙 =
2
d𝜙 − cos(2kh sin 𝜃 ⋅ sin 𝜙 d𝜙
∫0 2 ∫0 ∫0
{ 𝜋( ) }
1 y2 y4 y6
= 𝜋− 1− + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ d𝜙 , where y = 2kh sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 ∫0 2! 4! 6!
{ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 }
𝜋 1 1 1 1
= − 𝜋− y2 d𝜙 + y4 d𝜙 − y6 d𝜙 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅
2 2 2 ∫0 (2 × 2)! ∫0 (2 × 3)! ∫0
1∑ 1∑
𝜋
(2𝛼)2n 𝜋 2n
∞ ∞
(y)2n
I1 = (−1)n+1 d𝜙 = (−1)n+1 sin 𝜙 d𝜙
2 n=1 ∫0 2n! 2 n=1 2n! ∫0
[ ]
1∑
∞ 2n 𝜋∕2
n+1 (2𝛼)
I1 = (−1) 2 sin 𝜙 d𝜙
2n
2 n=1 2n! ∫0
∑∞
(2𝛼)2n 𝜋∕2 2n
= (−1)n+1 sin 𝜙 d𝜙
n=1
2n! ∫0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
110 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
a = kh sin 𝜃
From Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables Schaum’s Outline
y = 2𝛼 sin 𝜙
Series, pg. 96 Equation 15-30.
𝜋∕2
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 3)(2n − 1) 𝜋
sin2n x dx = , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∫0 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 2)(2n) 2
∑∞
(2kh sin 𝜃)2n 𝜋 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 3)(2n − 1)
Thus I1 = (−1)n+1 ⋅ ⋅ A2n , where A2n =
n=1
2n! 2 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 2)(2n)
and
𝜋 ∑ (2kh)2n ( 𝜋 ) 𝜋
∞
I= sin 𝜃[I1 ] d𝜃 =
3
(−1)n+1 A2n (sin 𝜃)2n+3 d𝜃
∫0 (2n)! 2 ∫0
n=1
∑∞
(2kh)2n 𝜋∕2
=𝜋 (−1)n+1 ⋅ ⋅ A2n (sin 𝜃)2n+3 d𝜃
(2n)! ∫0
n=1
Using Series equation of the previous reference, or
𝜋∕2
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n − 2)(2n)(2n + 2)
(sin x)2n+3 dx = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
∫0 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
we can write that
∑∞
(2kh)2n
I=𝜋 (−1)n+1 (A2n )(A2n+3 ),
n=1
(2n)!
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 2)(2n)(2n + 2)
A2n+3 =
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
However
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n − 3)(2n − 1)2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 2)(2n)(2n + 2)

A2n ⋅ A2n+3 =
2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n − 2)(2n) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n − 1)(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
= (2n + 2)∕[(2n + 1)(2n + 3)]
Therefore
∑
∞
(2kh)2n (2n + 2)
I=𝜋 (−1)n+1
n=1
(2n)! (2n + 1)(2n + 3)
[ ]
(2kh)2 4 (2kh)4 6 (2kh)6 8 (2kh)2n (2n + 2)
=𝜋 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +(−1)n+1
2! 3 ⋅ 5 4! 5 ⋅ 7 6! 7 ⋅ 9 (2n)! (2n + 1)(2n + 3)
which when expanded can be written as

{ [ ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
I=𝜋 − + (2kh)2 − + − + (2kh)4 − + + ⋅⋅
3 3 3! 4! 5! 5! 6! 7!
( )]}
1 1 1
±(2kh)2n − +
(2n + 1)! (2n + 2)! (2n + 3)!
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 111
Recombining appropriate terms, we have that

{ [ ] [ ]
∑∞ 2n+1 (2kh)2 ∑
∞ 2n
2 1 n (2kh) 1 n (2kh)
I=𝜋 − (2kh) + (−1) − 1− + (−1)
3 (2kh) n=1
(2n + 1)! (2kh)2 2! n=2
(2n)!
[ ]}
(2kh)3 ∑
∞ 2n+3
1 n+1 (2kh)
+ (2kh) − + (−1)
(2kh)3 3! n=1
(2n + 3)!
which reduces when expanded to

[ ]
2 sin(2kh) cos(2kh) sin(2kh)
I=𝜋 − − +
3 (2kh) (2kh)2 (2kh)3
Therefore the radiated power can be written as
[ ]
𝜂 || kI0 l ||2 𝜋 | I0 l |2 2 sin(2kh) cos(2kh) sin(2kh)
| |
Prad = I=𝜂 − − +
2 || 2𝜋 || 2 |λ| 3
| | (2kh) (2kh)2 (2kh)3
√
kI le−jkr
4.70. E𝜓 = C2 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙[sin(kh cos 𝜃)], C2 = −𝜂 0
2𝜋r ( )
(a) E𝜓 (𝜙 = 90◦ ) ||𝜃=45◦ = C2 cos 𝜃 sin(kh cos 𝜃)|| ◦ kh
𝜃=45◦ = C2 cos(45 ) sin √ =0
2
kh −1
√ = sin (0) = ±n𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
2
Choosing the positive values and excluding the n = 0 value, we have the smallest height
of (n = 1)
√ √
2𝜋 2𝜋 λ
h= = λ = √ = 0.707λ
k 2𝜋 2
( ) √
λ 2𝜋 λ
(b) h = √ ⇒ 2kh = 2 √ = 2 2𝜋 = 8.88576
2 λ 2
[ √ √ √ ]
1. ( )2
2 1 2 sin(2 2𝜋) cos(2 2𝜋) sin(2 2𝜋)
Rr = 120𝜋 − √ − √ + √
50 3 2 2𝜋 (2 2𝜋)2 (2 2𝜋)3
( )2 [ ]
1 2
Rr = 120𝜋 2 − 0.057765 + 0.0108694 + 0.0007316 = 0.294
50 3
√
2. kh = 2𝜋
4(−0.9639)2 4(0.9291)
D0 = [ ] = = 5.9893
2
− 0.57765 + 0.0108694 + 0.0007316 0.6205
3
D0 = 5.9893 = 7.774 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
112 SOLUTION MANUAL
4.71. kI0 le−jkr

E𝜓 (𝜙 = 90◦ ) = C2 cos 𝜃 sin(kh cos 𝜃), C2 = −𝜂
2𝜋r
E𝜓 (𝜙 = 90◦ )|h=0.707λ = C2 cos 𝜃n sin(0.707λk cos 𝜃n ) = 0
Null due to element factor:
cos 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
Nulls due to array factor:
sin(0.707λk cos 𝜃n ) = sin(1.414𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = 0 ⇒ 1.414𝜋 cos 𝜃n = sin−1 (0)

1.414𝜋 cos 𝜃n = sin−1 (0) = ±n𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
( )
n
𝜃n = cos−1 ± , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
1.414
⎫
n = 0 : 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ ⎪
( ) ◦ ◦
1 ⎬ for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90
n = ±1 : 𝜃n = cos−1 ± = 45◦ ⎪
1.414 ⎭
( )
2
n = ±2 : 𝜃n = cos−1 ± = does not exist.
1.414
The same holds for n ≥ 3.

The null at 𝜃 = 90◦ is due to both the element factor and array factor.
4.72. Since the horizontal dipole is placed a distance of 2λ above the PEC, then its image must also
be a distance of 2λ below the PEC. This makes the separation between the actual source and
its image to be 4λ. Since the minimum far-field distance is equal to
r = 2D2 ∕λ
where D is the large distance, which in this case is the hypotenuse, or

√
D = (4λ)2 + (λ∕50)2 = 4.00005λ ≃ 4λ
Then
r = 2(4λ)2 ∕λ = 32λ
Since λ at 300 MHz the wavelength is 1 meter, then
r = 32λ|λ=1 = 32 meters
Source
kI le−jkr1 h
4.73. H𝜃 d
=j m sin 𝜃1
𝜂4𝜋r
kIm le−jkr2
PEC σ=∞
H𝜃 r = −j sin 𝜃2 h
𝜂4𝜋r Image
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 113

} }
r1 = r − h cos 𝜃 r = r1 = r2 , for amplitude
phase ⇒ far field
r2 = r + h cos 𝜃 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 = 𝜃
kIm le−jkr
H𝜃 = j sin 𝜃[2j sin(kh cos 𝜃)]
𝜂4𝜋r
Source
kI le−jkr1
4.74. E𝜃 d
= j𝜂 0 sin 𝜃1 h
4𝜋r1
kI0 le−jkr2 σm = ∞ PMC
E𝜃 r = −j𝜂 sin 𝜃2 h
4𝜋r2 Image
}
r1 = r − h cos 𝜃
Far field : phase
r2 = r + h cos 𝜃
(r = r1 = r2 , 𝜃 = 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 ) amplitude
kI0 le−jkr
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃[ejkh⋅cos 𝜃 − e−jkh cos 𝜃 ]
4𝜋r
kI0 le−jkr
E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin 𝜃[2j sin(kh cos 𝜃)]
4𝜋r
30 × 109
4.75. f = 500 MHz ⇒ λ = = 60 cm
5 × 108 θ
(a) AF = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃) (4-99)
Same as that of a vertical dipole above a PEC.
(b) AF = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=60◦ = 0 h
[ ]
2𝜋
cos h(0.5) = 0 σm = ∞ PMC
λ
( )
𝜋h
cos =0
λ
𝜋h n𝜋
⇒ = cos−1 (0) = , n = 1, 3, 5, … Source
λ 2 h
nλ
hn = , n = 1, 3, 5, … h
2
Image
Smallest h (n = 1):
λ 60
h1 = = = 30 cm
2 2
4.76. H𝜃 total = H𝜃d + H𝜃r Source

kImle−jkr1 h
H𝜃 d = j sin 𝜃1
𝜂4𝜋r1
PMC σm = ∞
kI le−jkr2 h
H𝜃 r
=j m sin 𝜃2 Image
𝜂4𝜋r2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
114 SOLUTION MANUAL
}
For far field. r1 ≃ r − h cos 𝜃
phase, (r1 = r2 = r) → amplitude
r2 ≃ r + h cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 𝜃 1 = 𝜃2
kIm le−jkr
H𝜃total = j sin 𝜃[2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)]
𝜂 ⋅ 4𝜋r
kl e−jkr
4.77. (a) E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 I sin 𝜃[j2 sin(kh cos 𝜃)] Source
4𝜋 0 r
h
sin(kh cos 60◦ ) = 0 → khn cos 60◦ = n𝜋, n = 1, 2, 3, …
n𝜋 nλ
PMC σm = ∞
hn = = = nλ h
k cos 60◦ 2 ⋅ cos 60◦
Image
Smallest h ⇒ n = 1 ⇒ h = λ
|E |2 𝜂(kl)2 2
Wav ≃ | | ≃ 2 (kl)
0
(b) |I 0 | sin2 𝜃[4 sin2 (kh cos 𝜃)]
2𝜂 32𝜋 2 r2
𝜂 ( l )2
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = lim r2 Wav = |I0 |2 sin2 𝜃 sin2 (kh cos 𝜃)
r→∞ 2 λ
2𝜋 𝜋∕2
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0
( )2 𝜋∕2
l
= 𝜋𝜂 |I0 |2 sin3 𝜃 sin2 (kh cos 𝜃) d𝜃
λ ∫0
( )2 { }
l 1 cos(2kh) sin(2kh)
= 𝜋𝜂 |I0 |2
+ −
λ 3 (2kh)2 (2kh)3
( )2 { } ( )2
l 1 1 1
Prad = 𝜋𝜂 |I0 |2 + = 𝜋𝜂 |I0 |2 {0.3397}
↑ λ 3 (4𝜋)2 λ
kh=2𝜋
4𝜋U(𝜃 = 45◦ , 𝜙) 2 sin2 (45◦ ) sin2 (2𝜋 cos 45◦ )

1. D0 (𝜃 = 45◦ , 𝜙) = =
Prad 0.3397
= 2.74 = 4.37 dB
2Prad ( )2
l
2. Rr = = 2𝜋𝜂 {0.3397}
|I0 |2 λ
Rr
= 2𝜋 × 10−4 × 0.3397 = 2.13 × 10−4
𝜂
4.78. Since d ≪ a
h′1 h′2 h′2

tan 𝜓 ≃ ≃ = ⇒ h′1 (d − d1 ) = d1 h′2
d1 d2 d − d1
h′1 d 5(20 × 103 )
d1 (+h′1 + h′2 ) = h′1 d ⇒ d1 = = = 99.5 meters
h′1 + h′2 5 + 1,000
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 115

( )
h′1 ( )
5
𝜓 = tan−1 = tan−1 = 2.87669◦
d 99.5
𝜎 10−2 18
= = × 10−2 = 3.6 × 10−2 ≪ 1
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 × 10 (5 × 10−9 ∕(36𝜋))
9 5
√
𝜇1 √
Therefore the earth is a good dielectric ⇒ 𝜂1 ≃ , k1 = 𝜔 𝜇1 𝜀1
𝜀1
The divergence factor is equal to (a = 5280 miles = 8.497368 × 106 m)
[ ]−1∕2 [ ]−1∕2
h′1 h′2 2(5)(1,000)
D≃ 1+2 = 1+
ad tan3 𝜓 8.497368 × 106 × 2 × 104 (0.05)3
D = (1 + 0.000463)−1∕2 = 0.99977
and the reflection coefficient is equal to
√ √√
𝜂 cos 𝜃i − 𝜂1 cos 𝜃t 𝜇0
j𝜔𝜇0 𝜇0
Rv = 0 , where 𝜂0 = , 𝜂 = ≃
𝜂0 cos 𝜃i + 𝜂1 cos 𝜃t 𝜀0 1
𝜎1 + j𝜔𝜀1 𝜀1
√
𝛽 𝜀0
𝛾0 sin 𝜃i = 𝛾1 sin 𝜃t ⇒ 𝛽0 sin 𝜃i = 𝛽1 sin 𝜃t ⇒ sin 𝜃t = 0 sin 𝜃i = sin 𝜃i
𝛽1 𝜀1
√
√ √
𝜀 sin2 𝜃i
cos 𝜃t = 1 − sin2 𝜃t = 1 − 0 sin2 𝜃i = 1 −
𝜀1 𝜀r
Therefore
√
𝜂 1 √
cos 𝜃i − 1 cos 𝜃t cos 𝜃i − √ 1 − sin2 𝜃i ∕𝜀r
𝜂0 𝜀r 𝜀r cos 𝜃i −
𝜀r − sin2 𝜃i
Rv = 𝜂 = √ = √
cos 𝜃i + 1 cos 𝜃t 1
𝜂0 cos 𝜃i + √ 1 − sin2
𝜃 ∕𝜀
i r 𝜀 r cos 𝜃i + 𝜀r − sin2 𝜃i
𝜀r
𝜃i = 90 − 𝜓 = 90 − 2.87669◦ = 87.12331◦ ⇒ sin 𝜃i = 09987, cos 𝜃i = 0.0502
√
5(0.0502) − 5 − (0.9987)2 −1.749649
Thus Rv = √ = = −0.777
5(0.0502) + 5 − (0.9987)2 2.251649
( )
𝜋
cos cos 𝜃 [ ′ ]
I e−jkr 2
ejkh1 cos 𝜃 + DRv e−jkh1 cos 𝜃
′
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 0
2𝜋r sin 𝜃 𝜃=𝜃i ≃87.12331◦
√ √
r ≃ d2 + (h′2 − h′1 )2 = (20,000)2 + (1,000 − 99.5)2 = 20,020.26 m = 66, 734.207λ
h′1 = 5 m = 16.667λ, h′2 = 1,000 m = 3, 333.3333λ

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
116 SOLUTION MANUAL
) (
𝜋 ◦
2𝜋 cos cos(87.12 )
I e−j λ (66,734.207λ) 2 [ jkh′ cos 𝜃 ]
i + DR e−jkh1 cos 𝜃i
′
E𝜃 = j120𝜋 0 e 1
2𝜋(20, 020.26) sin(87.12◦ ) v
2𝜋
e−j λ
(66,734.207λ)
= e−j2𝜋(0.207) = e−j1.3 = cos(74.52◦ ) − j sin(74.52◦ )
= 0.2669 − j0.9637 = 1∠ − 74.52◦
[ ]
𝜋
cos cos(87.12◦ ) = 0.996887, sin(87.12◦ ) = 0.99874
2
2𝜋
ejkh1 cos 𝜃i = ej
′ (16.667λ)(0.0502)
λ = ej2𝜋(16.667)(0.0502) = ej5.257
= cos(301.2◦ ) + j sin(301.2◦ ) = 1∠301.2◦ = 0.5181 − j0.8553
e−jkh1 cos 𝜃i = 1∠ − 301.2◦ = 0.5181 + j0.8553
′
DRv e−jkh1 cos 𝜃i = 0.99977(−0.777)[0.5181 + j0.8553] = −(0.4025 + j0.6644)

′
Thus
ejkh1 cos 𝜃i + Rv De−jkh1 cos 𝜃i = (0.5181 − j0.8553) − (0.4025 + j0.6644)

′ ′
= 0.1156 − j1.5197 = 1.5241∠ − 85.65◦
Therefore
I0 (1∠ − 74.52◦ )(0.996887)

E𝜃 ≃ (1∠90◦ )(120𝜋) (1.5241∠ − 85.65◦ )
2𝜋(0.99874)(20, 020.26)
E𝜃 ≃ 4.5592 × 10−3 I0 ∠ − 70.17
or
|E𝜃 | = 4.5592 × 10−3 |I0 | Volts∕m
4.79. Use Friis Transmission Equation of (2-118) with:

r e = e = 1 because of lossless.
cdt cdr
r Z = 73 because of resonant.
a
[ ]2 [ ]
| cos( 𝜋2 cos 𝜃) cos( 𝜋2 cos 𝜃)
r D =D|
t r |𝜃=45◦ = D0 = 1.643
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝜃=45◦ 𝜃=45◦
| 0.44417 |2
= 1.643 || | = 1.643(0.62824)2 = 1.643(0.3947)
|
| 0.707 |
Dt (𝜃 = 45◦ ) = Dr (𝜃 = 45◦ ) = 1.643(0.3947) = 0.648

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 117
P. S. You could also use:

|
Dt (𝜃 = 45◦ ) = Dr (𝜃 = 45◦ ) ≃ 1.643 sin3 𝜃 | = 1.643(0.3536) = 0.581.
|𝜃=45
√
R = 2(1,000) = 1, 414 meters
𝜐 3 × 108
λ(1 GHz) = = = 0.1 meters
f 3 × 109
Pt = 100 × 10−3 watts
PLF = ||𝜌̂t ⋅ 𝜌̂r || , ||â 𝜃 ⋅ â 𝜃 || = 1

2 2
[ ]
Pr λ 2
= ecdt ecdr (1 − |Γt |2 )(1 − |Γr |2 ) Dt Dr (PLF)
Pt 4𝜋R
| Z − Zc | | 73 − 50 | 23
|Γt | = |Γr | = || a |=| |
| | 73 + 50 | = 123 = 0.187
| a
Z + Zc| | |
|Γt |2 = |Γr |2 = |0.187|2 = 0.035
(1 − |Γt |2 ) = (1 − |Γr |2 ) = (1 − 0.035) = 0.965
[ ]2
Pr 0.1
= (1)(1)(0.965)(0.965) (0.648)(0.648)(1)
Pt 4𝜋(1, 414)
Pr
= 0.931228(5.6278 × 10−6 )(0.4199)
Pt
Pr = 0.931228(31.67438 × 10−12 )(0.4199)(100 × 10−3 ) = 12.3854 × 10−13
Pr = 1.23854 × 10−12 Watts
4.80. From calibration;
Pr C P 10 × 10−6
= 21 → C1 = r R2 = × (10 × 103 )2 = 200 m2
Pt R Pt 5
on asteroid
Pr C
= 21 |1 + DRv e−j2kht cos 𝜃 |2
Pt R
Approximate geometry;
s' s
ht = 1.5 m θi hr = 1.5 m
ψ ψ
2000 m
( )
1.5
𝜓 = tan−1 ≃ 1.5 × 10−3 = 0.086◦
1000
𝜋
𝜃i = − 𝜓; cos 𝜃 i = sin 𝜓 ≃ 1.5 × 10−3
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
118 SOLUTION MANUAL
√
sin 𝜃 i 1 2 2
sin 𝜃 t = ≃ ; cos 𝜃 t ≃
3 3 3
√
𝜂0 2 2
cos 𝜃 i − cos 𝜃 t −3
3(1.5 × 10 ) −
𝜂 3
Rv = 𝜂1 = √ = −0.9905
0
cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
i t 2 2
𝜂1 3(1.5 × 10−3 ) +
3
s′ ≃ s ≃ 1000 m; a = 106 m
[ ]−1∕2 [ ]−1∕2
ss′ (1000)(1000)
D≃ 1+2 ≃ 1+2 6 = 0.7746
ad tan 𝜓 10 (2000)1.5 × 10−3
c 3 × 108
λ= = =1m
f 300 × 106
| ht |2
|1 + DRv e−j2kht cos 𝜃 |2 ≃ ||1 − (0.7746)(0.9905)e−j4𝜋 λ ||
| |
| | 2
= |1 − (0.7746)(0.9905)e−j4𝜋 |
| |
|1 + DRv e−j2kht cos 𝜃 |2 = 0.0541772
200
Pr = (0.0541772)(5) = 1.3544 × 10−5 W = 13.5 𝜇W
(2 × 103 )2
4.81. Prad = 10 Watts, r = 3.7 × 107 m, D0 = 50 dB ⇒ 105

( )
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋r2 |E|2 r2 Emax
2
(a) D0 = = = 105 , since Umax = ; 𝜂 = 120𝜋
Prad 2𝜂10 2𝜂
105 × 2 × 120𝜋 × 10
⇒ E2 = = 4.4 × 10−8
4𝜋(3.7 × 107 )2
E = 2 × 10−4 V∕m
(b) Use Friis Transmission equation
Pr ( λ )2 (
λ 2
)
= G0t G0r = D0t G0r
Pt 4𝜋R 4𝜋R
(since we assume 100% efficiency)

At 10 GHz, λ = 0.03 m
[ ]2
Pr 0.03
= (10,000)(1.643)
10 4𝜋(3.7 × 107 )
Pr = 6.84 × 10−15
V2
Preceived = . Since Rr = 73 = Rin for λ∕2 dipole then
8Rin
√
V = 8(Preceived )(Rin ) = 2𝜇V
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 119
4.82. S dA0
S0 dA0 = SdA, =
S0 dA
1
Far zone ⇒ S = |E|2
2𝜂
√
|E| dA0
=
|E0 | dA
√
|E| S02 S0
For spherical wave : = =
|E0 | (S + S0 )2 S + S0
For plane wave : |E|∕|E0 | = 1
At S0 Point source
Wavefront S
(eikonal surface)
In general, it can be shown that for a wave front eikonal surface we have
√
|E| 𝜌1 𝜌2
=
|E0 | (𝜌1 + s)(𝜌2 + s)
𝜌1 and 𝜌2 are radii of curvature of wavefront; e.g. spherical wave ⇒ 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = S0

√
|E| S0 2 S0
= =
|E0 | (S + S0 )2 S + S0
Plane wave: ⇒ 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = ∞
|E|
=1
|E0 |
ρ1
ρ2
Wavefront Wavefront
at S0 at S + S0
When the wave front is reflected from a surface we have
√ √
√ √
|E| √ 𝜌r1 𝜌r2 √
= √( r
1
)( r ) =√ √ ( )( )
|E0 | 𝜌1 + s 𝜌 2 + s √ 1+ s s
1 +
𝜌r1 𝜌r2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
120 SOLUTION MANUAL
E is field at observation point. E0 is field at reflection point.
Flat surface
Source Observation
s
s'
s'
Radius of curvature of wavefront not changed by reflection.
|E| s′ 1
𝜌r1 = 𝜌r2 = 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = s′ = =
|E0 | s′ + s 1 + s∕s′
Spherical surface
Observation
s
ψ ψ : grazing angle
Source i
θ
s' ψ
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ′+ ; r = ′+
𝜌r1 s f1 𝜌2 s f2
In physics, we always used f1 = f2 = a∕2. This is not valid here because that f was valid for
near normal incidence; we have near grazing incidence here.
a cos 𝜃 i
f1 = (perpendicular to the plane of incidence = elevation plane)
2
a
f2 = : (parallel to the plane of incidence = azimuthal plane)
2 cos 𝜃i
1 1 2 1 1 2 cos 𝜃 i
Thus = ′+ ; r = ′+
𝜌1
r s a cos 𝜃i 𝜌2 s a
√
|E|√
=√
1
√{ ( )} { ( )}
|E0 | √ 1 2 1 2 cos 𝜃 i
1+s ′ + 1+s ′ +
s a cos 𝜃1 s a
|E| 1
= √ √
|E0 | s 2s s 2s cos 𝜃i
1+ ′ + 1+ i +
s a cos 𝜃 i s a
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 121
|E| 1 1
= ( )√ √
|E0 | s √ 2ss′ √
1+ ′ √ √ 2ss′ cos 𝜃i
s √ √
√ a cos 𝜃i √ a
1+ 1+
s + s′ s + s′
( )
𝜋
cos 𝜃i = cos − 𝜓 = sin 𝜓
2
|E| 1 1
= ( )√ √
|E0 | s
1+ ′ 2ss′ 2ss′ sin 𝜓
s 1+ 1+
a(s + s′ ) sin 𝜓 a(s + s′ )
[ ]−1∕2
|E| 2ss′ 1
≃ 1+
|E0 | a(s + s′ ) sin 𝜓 (1 + s∕s′ )
Near grazing neglect divergence in azimuthal plane.

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
122
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 5
Solution Manual
[ ]
k𝜇a2 I0 sin 𝜃 1
5.1. From (5-17) ⇒ A = â 𝜙 A𝜙 (r, 𝜃) = â 𝜙 j 4r
1+ jkr
e−jkr
(a) Using (3-2a) and (VII-26)
⎧ ⎡ 7 ⎤
0
1 1⎪ 1 𝜕 𝜕A
H = ∇ × A = ⎨â r ⎢ (A sin 𝜃) − ⎥𝜃
𝜇 𝜇 ⎪ r sin 𝜃 ⎢ 𝜕𝜃 𝜙 𝜕𝜙 ⎥⎦
⎩ ⎣
0 ⎫
⎡ 0
⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤⎪
1 ⎢ 1 𝜕Ar 7 𝜕 1 𝜕 *
𝜕A
− (rA𝜙 )⎥ + â 𝜙 ⎢ − ⎥⎬
0
+ â 𝜃 (rA
𝜃)
r
r ⎢ sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕r ⎥ r ⎢ 𝜕r 𝜕𝜙 ⎥⎦⎪
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎭
which reduces to
{ }
1 1 𝜕 1 𝜕
H= â r (A𝜙 sin 𝜃) − â 𝜃 (rA )
𝜇 r sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 r 𝜕r 𝜙
Using the A𝜙 from above

{ [ ( ) ]
1 𝜕 k𝜇a I0 sin 𝜃
2
1 1
H= â r j 1+ e−jkr
𝜇 r sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 4r jkr
[ ( ) ]}
1 𝜕 k𝜇a I0 sin 𝜃
2
1
− â 𝜃 j 1+ e−jkr
r 𝜕r 4 jkr
which can be written as

)
(
ka2 I0 cos 𝜃 1
Hr = j 1+ e−jkr
2r2 jkr
[ ]
(ka)2 I0 sin 𝜃 1 1
H𝜃 = − 1+ − e−jkr
4r jkr (kr)2
H𝜙 = 0

123
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
124 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Using Equation (3-10) with J = 0 along with the H-field components from above
{ [ ]}
1 1 1 𝜕 𝜕Hr
E= ∇×H = â r (0) + â 𝜃 (0) + â 𝜙 (rH𝜃 ) −
j𝜔𝜀 j𝜔𝜀 r 𝜕r 𝜕𝜃
which reduces to
Er = 0
E𝜃 = 0
[ ]
(ka)2 I0 sin 𝜃 1
E𝜙 = 𝜂 1+ e−jkr
4r jkr
The same expressions can be obtained using (3-15) with the A𝜙 from part a.
5.2. According to the duality theorem and the dual quantities as outlined in Table 3.2
Electric Dipole Magnetic Dipole
E ⇔ H
H ⇔ −E
Ie ⇔ Im
𝜀 ⇔ 𝜇
𝜇 ⇔ 𝜀
𝜅 ⇔ 𝜅
𝜂 ⇔ 1∕𝜂
1∕𝜂 ⇔ 𝜂
Thus applying the above to the fields of an electric dipole, as given by (4-8a)–(4-10c), we
obtain the fields of a magnetic dipole given by
Er = 0
E𝜃 = 0
( )
kIm l sin 𝜃 1
E𝜙 = −j 1+ e−jkr
4𝜋r jkr
( )
1 Im l cos 𝜃 1
Hr = 1+ e−jkr
𝜂 2𝜋r2 jkr
[ ]
1 kIm l sin 𝜃 1 1
H𝜃 = j 1+ − e−jkr
𝜂 4𝜋r jkr (kr)2
H𝜙 = 0
which are identical to (5-20a)–(5-20d)

5.3. a = λ∕30, b = λ∕1,000 = 10−3 λ, f = 10 MHz ⇒ λ = 30 meters, 𝜎 = 5.7 × 107 s∕m
( )4 ( ) ( )4
C 2𝜋a 4 2𝜋
(a) Rr = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2
λ λ 30
= 20𝜋 2 (0.2094)4 = 0.3798 ohms
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 125
√ √
C 𝜔𝜇0 2𝜋a 2𝜋f 𝜇0
(b) RL = Rhf =
P 2𝜎 2𝜋b 2𝜎
√ √
a 𝜋f 𝜇0 λ∕30 𝜋(107 )4𝜋 × 10−7
= = = 0.02774
b 𝜎 λ∕1, 000 5.7 × 107
RL = Rhf = 0.02774
{ [ ( ) ]}
a
(c) XA = 𝜔LA = 2𝜋fLA = 2𝜋f 𝜇0 a ln 8 −2
b
{ ( ) [ ( 1, 000 ) ]}
λ
= 2𝜋 × 107 4𝜋 × 10−7 ln 8 −2
30 30
( )
30
XA = 8𝜋 2 [ln(266.667) − 2] = 8𝜋 2 (5.58599 − 2) = 283.139
30
[ √ ] √ √
a 𝜔𝜇0 a 2𝜋f 𝜇0 a 𝜋f 𝜇0
Xi = 𝜔Li = 𝜔 = =
𝜔b 2𝜎 b 2𝜎 b 𝜎
√
λ∕30 𝜋(107 )4𝜋 × 10−7
Xi =
λ∕1, 000 5.7 × 107
1, 000 1
Xi = (2𝜋) × 104 × 10−7 √ = 0.02774
30 57
XT = XA + Xi = 283.139 + 0.02774 = 283.1667
(d) Zin = (Rr + RL ) + j(XA + Xi ) = (0.3798 + 0.02774) + j(283.1667)

Zin = 0.40754 + j283.1667
Rr 0.3798
(e) ecd = = = 0.9319 = 93.19%
Rr + RL 0.3798 + 0.02774
5.4. The pattern of a small circular loop of uniform current is given by
E𝜙n ∼ sin 𝜃 ⇒ U ∼ sin2 𝜃
which is omnidirectional.
(a) 4𝜋Umax
D0 =
Prad
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋
= 2𝜋 sin3 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0
( )
4 8𝜋
Prad = 2𝜋 =
3 3
4𝜋(1) 3
D0 (exact) = = = 1.5 = 1.761 dB
8𝜋∕3 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
126 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Half-power beamwidth of sin2 𝜃 is

1
sin2 𝜃h = ⇒ sin 𝜃h = 0.707 ⇒ 𝜃h = 45◦
2
ΘH = 2𝜃h = 90◦ = HPBW
101
D0 (McDonald) =
HPBW(degrees) − 0.0027 [HPBW (degrees)]2
101 101
= = = 1.48246
90 − 0.0027(90◦ )2 90 − 21.87
D0 (McDonald) = 1.48246 = 1.7098 dB
√
1
(c) D0 (Pozar) = −172.4 + 191 0.818 +
HPBW (degrees)
√
1
= −172.4 + 191 0.818 +
90
= −172.4 + 191(0.91055) = −172.4 + 173.916 = 1.5116
D0 (Pozar) = 1.516 = 1.807 dB
5.5. C = λ∕4 = 2𝜋a ⇒ a = λ∕8𝜋 < λ∕6𝜋 ⇒ small loop

( )4 ( )4
C 1 20𝜋 2 2
(a) Rr = 20𝜋 2 N 2 = 20𝜋 2 N2 = N = 300
λ 4 256
( )1∕2
300(256)
⇒N= = 19.72 ≃ 20
20𝜋 2
20𝜋 2
(b) Rin = Rr = (20)2 = 308.425 ohms
256
R − Zc 308.425 − 300
(c) Γ = in = = 0.01385
Rin + Zc 308.425 + 300
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.01385
(d) VSWR = = = 1.0281
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.01385
( )
â y + 2̂az √
5.6. Eiw= (̂ay + 2̂az )e−jkx
= √ 5e−jkx
5
(a) Linear: Two components in phase.
(b) AR = ∞
|
(c) E = â 𝜙 E𝜙 = â 𝜙 C sin 𝜃, â 𝜙 = (−̂ax sin 𝜙 + â y cos 𝜙)|| 𝜃 = 𝜋∕2 = â y
|
𝜙 = 0
|
E|| 𝜃 = 90◦ = â y C ⇒ Polarization: Linear in y direction
| 𝜙 = 0
|( â + 2̂a ) |2
| y | 1
(d) PLF = || ⋅ â y || = = −6.99 dB
z
√
| 5 | 5
| |
30 × 10 9
(e) f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = = 30 cm
1 × 109
( ) (30)2 ( )
λ2 λ2 3 3
Aem = D0 = = = 107.4296 cm2
4𝜋 4𝜋 2 4𝜋 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 127
( )
1
Pr = Aem W i (PLF) = 107.4296(5 × 10−3 ) = 107.4296 × 10−3
5
Pr = 107.4296 × 10−3 Watts
e−jkr
5.7. (a) Et = Co (ĵa𝜃 + â 𝜙 ) sin 𝜃
r
(b) Circular( )
ĵa𝜃 + â 𝜙
(c) 𝜌̂a = √
2
( )
â 𝜃 + â 𝜙
𝜌W = √
2
|( ĵa + â ) ( â + â )|2 | √ |2
| 𝜃 𝜙 𝜃 𝜙 || | j + 1 |2 | 2 | 1
| |2 |
PLF = |𝜌̂a ⋅ 𝜌̂w | = | √ ⋅ √ | | | |
| =| 2 | =| 2 | = 2
| 2 2 | | | | |
| | | |
1
PLF = = −3 dB
2
( )4 ( )4
C 1
5.8. Rr (1 turn) = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2 = 0.31583 ohms
λ 5
Rr (4 turn) = N 2 Rr (1 turn) = 42 (0.31583) = 5.0532 ohms
√ √
a 𝜔𝜇0 1 2𝜋 × 107 (4𝜋 × 10−7 )
RL (1 turn) = Rhf (1 turn) = =
b 26 10𝜋 × 10−3 2(5.7 × 107 )
RL = Rhf = 0.0265
( )
Na Rp
RL (4 turn) = Romic = Rs +1
b R0
√ √
𝜔𝜇0 2𝜋 × 107 × (4𝜋 × 10−7 )
Rs = = = 8.3223 × 10−4
2𝜎 2(5.7 × 107 )
NRs 4(8.3223 × 10−4 )
R0 = = = 0.5298
2𝜋b 2𝜋(10−3 )
Rp
≃ 0.5 from Fig. 5.3
R0
4(8.3223 × 10−4 )
Thus RL = Rohmic = (0.5 + 1) = 0.15724
4𝜋 × 10−3
0.3158 × 100
and ecd (1 turn) = 100Rr ∕(Rr + RL ) = = 92.26 = 92.26%
0.3158 + 0.0265
5.0532(10)
ecd (4 turn) = 100Rr ∕(Rr + RL ) = = 96.98%
5.0532 + 0.15724
𝜋SI0 e−jkr
5.9. H𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 where S = 𝜋a2
λ2 r
𝜋SI0 e−jkr
E𝜙 = −𝜂H𝜃 = 𝜂 sin 𝜃
λ2 r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
128 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 1 1
W ave = Re(E × H ∗ ) = Re(̂a𝜙 E𝜙 × â 𝜃 H𝜃∗ ) = Re(−̂a𝜙 𝜂H𝜃 × â 𝜃 H𝜃∗ )
2 2 2
1 𝜂 𝜂 | 𝜋SI | sin2 𝜃
W ave = â r Re(𝜂|H𝜃 |2 ) = â r |H𝜃 |2 = â r || 2 0 || 2 = â r Wr
2 2 2| λ | r
2𝜋 𝜋
Prad = ○ W ave ds = â r Wr ⋅ â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫∫ ∫0 ∫0
S0
𝜋
= 2𝜋 Wr r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0
4𝜋𝜂 || (𝜋a)2 I0 ||
2
| 𝜋SI0 |2 𝜋 3
|
= 𝜋𝜂 | 2 | | sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = | |
| λ | ∫0 3 || λ2 ||
𝜋
Prad = 𝜂 (ka)4 |I0 |2
12
( )
k𝜇a2 I0 sin 𝜃 1 k𝜇a2 I0 e−jkr
5.10. A = â 𝜙 j 1+ e−jkr ≃ â 𝜙 j sin 𝜃
4r jkr 4r
from equation (5-17) and r → large.
Using (3-58a)
Er ≃ E𝜃 ≃ 0
( )
k𝜇a2 I0 e−jkr 𝜋SI0 e−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜙 = −j𝜔 j sin 𝜃 =𝜂 sin 𝜃
4r λ2 r
√
where S = 𝜋a2 , 𝜂 = 𝜇∕𝜀. Also using (3-58b)
Hr ≃ H𝜙 ≃ 0
( )
𝜔 𝜔 𝜇ka2 I0 e−jkr 𝜋SI0 e−jkr
H𝜃 ≃ j A𝜙 = j j sin 𝜃 =− sin 𝜃
𝜂 𝜂 4r λ2 r
5.11. a = λ∕8𝜋, b = 10−4 λ∕2𝜋, 𝜎 = 5.7 × 107 S∕m

Assuming uniform current
( )4 ( )
C λ λ
(a) Rr = 20𝜋 2 , C = 2𝜋a = 2𝜋 = (5-24)
λ 8𝜋 4
( )4 ( )
λ 1 197.392
Rr = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2 = = 0.771
4λ 256 256
√ λ √
a 𝜔𝜇0 2𝜋(108 )4𝜋 × 10−7
RL = Rhf = = 8𝜋 −4
b 2𝜎 10 λ 2(5.7 × 107 )
2𝜋
104 (2𝜋) × 10−3 20𝜋 5𝜋 15.708
RL = √ = √ =√ = √ = 6.5794
4 5.7 4 5.7 5.7 5.7
Rr 0.771
ecd = = = 0.10489 = 10.489%
Rr + RL 0.771 + 6.5794
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 129
(b) D0 = 3∕2 = 1.5 = 1.761 dB Uniform current

G0 = ecd D0 = 0.10489(1.5) = 0.15734
G0 = 0.15734 = −8.03 dB
5.12. C = 𝜋λ = 2𝜋a ⇒ a = λ∕2

b = 10−4 λ, 𝜎 = 107 S∕m, f = 100 MHz, uniform current
( )
C
(a) D0 = 0.667 = 0.667(𝜋) = 2.127 = 3.278 dB (5-63b)
λ
√ √ √
C 𝜔𝜇0 2𝜋a 𝜔𝜇0 a 𝜔𝜇0
(b) RL = Rhf = = = (2-90b)
P 2𝜎 2𝜋b 2𝜎 b 2𝜎
√ √
λ∕2 2𝜋f 𝜇0 104 2𝜋(103 )4𝜋 × 10−7
RL = −4 = = 10𝜋 = 31.416
10 λ 2𝜎 2 2(107 )
( )
C
(c) Rr = 60𝜋 2 = 60𝜋 2 (𝜋) = 60𝜋 3 = 1, 860 (5-63a)
λ
Rr 1, 860
ecd = = = 0.98339 = 98.339%
Rr + RL 1, 860 + 31.416
(d) G0 = ecd D0 = 0.98339(2.127) = 2.092 = 3.205 dB

( )4 ( )
C 2𝜋a 4 3 × 108
5.13. (a) Rr = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2 , λ= = 30 m
λ λ 107
( )
2𝜋a 4
0.73 = 20𝜋 2 ⇒ a = 0.03924λ = 1.177 meters
λ
(b) 0.73N 2 = 300 ⇒ N = 20.272 ≃ 20
Rr (20 turns) = 0.73(20)2 = 292
( )
λ2 λ2 3
(c) PL = Aem Wi eo = D0 e0 (10−6 ) = (1 − |Γ|2 )10−6
4𝜋 4𝜋 2
( )
(30)2 ( 3 ) | 292 − 300 |2
= 1 − || | 10−6 = 0.1074 × 10−3 Watts
|
4𝜋 2 | 292 + 300 |
5.14. a = λ∕30, b = λ∕300, 2C = λ∕100 ⇒ C = λ∕200, N = 6, f = 5 × 107 Hz

(a) Since a = λ∕30 ≪ λ
D0 = 1.5 = 1.761 dB
( )4 ( )4
(b) R = 20𝜋 2 c = 20𝜋 2 𝜋 = 20𝜋 2 (1.924 × 10−3 ) = 0.3798 ohms
r
λ 15
( )
λ 𝜋
C = 2𝜋a = 2𝜋 = λ
30 15
Rr (single turn) = 0.3798 ohms
Rr (6 turn) = 13.673 ohms
( )
Na Rp
RL = R +1
b s R0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
130 SOLUTION MANUAL
λ∕200 3 Rp
c∕b = = = 1.5 ⇒ = 0.65
λ∕300 2 R0
√ √ √
𝜔𝜇0 2𝜋f (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) 4𝜋 2 f
Rs = = 7
= × 10−7
2𝜎 2(5.7 × 10 ) 5.7
√ √
4𝜋 2 (50 × 106 ) −7 50
= × 10 = 2𝜋 × 10−4 = 18.609 × 10−4
5.7 5.7
( )
λ∕30
RL = 6 18.609 × 10−4 (0.65 + 1)
λ∕300
RL = 6(10)(18.609)(1.65) × 10−4 = 1, 842.31 × 10−4
RL (6 turns) = 0.184231
√ √
λ∕30 2𝜋f (4𝜋 × 10−7 ) 4𝜋 2 f
(Single) RL = = 10 × 10−7
λ∕300 2(5.7 × 107 ) 5.7
√
50
= 2𝜋(10) × 10−4 = 186.0919 × 10−4
5.7
(6 turns) RL = 186.0919(6)(1.65) × 10−4 = 1, 842.31 × 10−4
Rr 13.673
ecd = = × 100 = 98.67%
Rr + RL 13.673 + 0.184231
| (R + RL ) − 50 | | 13.857 − 50 | | −36.14277 |
(c) |Γ| = || r |=|
| |
|=|
| |
| = 0.566
|
| (Rr + RL ) + 50 | | 13.857 + 50 | | 63.857 |
er = (1 − |Γ|2 ) × 100 = (1 − |0.566|2 ) × 100 = (1 − 0.32) × 100 = 68%
(d) G0 = ecd D0 = (0.9867)D0 = (0.9867)(1.5)
G0 = 1.48005 (total maximum gain does not include the reflection loss)
e−jkr
5.15. E𝜙 ≃ C0 cos2 𝜃 , C = λ, uniform current
r
(a) D = 4𝜋Umax
0
Prad
U ≃ C0 cos4 𝜃, ⇒ Umax = C0
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 2𝜋 𝜋∕2
Prad = U sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = C0 cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋∕2
= 2𝜋C0z cos4 𝜃 sin 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0
[ ]𝜋∕2 [ ]
z cos5 𝜃 1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋C0 − = 2𝜋C0 0 + = C
5 0 5 5 0
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋C0
D0 = = = 10 = 10 dB
Prad 2𝜋
C0
5
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 131
(b) From Fig. 5.15
Zin ≃ 100 − j90
Zin − Zc 100 − j90 − 300 −200 − j90 219.317⌊204.228

(c) Γ = = = =
Zin + Zc 100 − j90 + 300 400 − j90 410.00⌊347.3196
Γ = 0.53492⌊−143.09◦ = 0.53492(−0.79960 − j0.60053)
Γ = 0.53492⌊−143.09◦ = −0.42722 − j0.32123
(d) G0 = > 1 D0 = D0 = 10 = 10 dB (lossless loop)

ecd
(e)
Gre0 = (1 − |Γ|2 )G0 = (1 − |0.53492|2 )10 = (1 − 0.28614)10
= 0.71386(10) = 7.13861 = 8.536 dB
Gre0 = 7.1386 = 8.536 dB
2𝜋
5.16. f = 30 MHz → λ = 10 m, ka = (0.15) = 0.03𝜋 = 0.09425 (rad)
10
𝜋𝜂0 𝜋 ⋅ 120
Rr = N 2 (ka)4 = 64 × × (0.03𝜋)4 = 0.9968 ohms
6 6
1 1
𝛿= √ =√
𝜋f 𝜇0 𝜎 𝜋 × 30 × 106 × 4𝜋 × 10−7 × 5.7 × 107
𝛿 = 1.217 × 10−5 m ≪ b
a 0.15
1-turn: RL = = = 0.2162 ohms
𝜎b𝛿 5.7 × 107 × 0.001 × 1.217 × 10−5
( )
Rp Rp
8-turn: RL = 8 × RL (1-turn) × + 1 , c∕b = 1.8 ⇒ = 0.5
R0 R0
∴ RL = 8 × (0.2162) × 1.5 = 2.594 Ω
Rr 0.9968
ecd = = = 0.278 = 27.8%
Rr + RL 0.9968 + 2.594
5.17. Since the small circular loop area is parallel to the y-z plane, its electrical equivalent is an
infinitestimal magnetic dipole directed along the x-axis.
(a) Thus, using the procedure of Example 4.5, we can write the electric and magnetic fields
for the infinitesimal electric dipole of length l directed along the x-axis as
Er ≃ 0 Er ≃ 0 Hr ≃ 0
𝜔𝜇Io le−jkr E𝜃
E𝜃 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜃 E𝜃 ≃ −j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 H𝜙 ≃
4𝜋r 𝜂
E𝜙 ≃ +j
𝜔𝜇 Io le−jkr E𝜙
E𝜙 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜙 sin 𝜙 H𝜃 ≃ −
4𝜋r 𝜂
Trim: 7in × 10in
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
JWBS171-Sol-c05 JWBS171-Balanis March 4, 2016 21:16 Printer Name:
132 SOLUTION MANUAL
Using duality and Table 3.2, the fields of an x-directed infinitesimal magnetic dipole
of constant current Im can be written as
Hr ≃ 0 Er ≃ 0
𝜔𝜀Im le−jkr 𝜔𝜀Im le−jkr
H𝜃 ≃ −j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 E𝜙 ≃ −𝜂H𝜃 = +j𝜂 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
𝜔𝜀 Im le−jkr −jkr
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
H𝜙 ≃ +j sin 𝜙 E𝜃 ≃ +𝜂H𝜙 = +j𝜂 sin 𝜙

𝜔𝜀 Im le
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
Since the infinitesimal magnetic dipole directed along the x−aixs is equivalent to a small
circular loop, with its area parallel to the y-z plane, we can write the fields of the circular
loop by making in the above equations the substitution
lIm = jS𝜔𝜇I0 = j(𝜋a2 )𝜔𝜇I0
Thus the far-zone electric fields can be written as
Er ≃ 0
𝜔𝜀I0(jS𝜔𝜇)e−jkr 𝜔𝜀I0(j𝜋a2𝜔𝜇)e−jkr sin 𝜙

E𝜃 ≃ +j𝜂 sin 𝜙 = +j𝜂
𝜔2 𝜇𝜀a2 I0 e−jkr (ka)2 I0 e−jkr
4𝜋r 4𝜋r
≃𝜂 sin 𝜙 = 𝜂 sin 𝜙
𝜔𝜀I0 (jS𝜔𝜇)e−jkr 𝜔𝜀I0 (j𝜋a2 𝜔𝜇)e−jkr

4r 4r
E𝜙 ≃ +j𝜂 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = +j𝜂 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
𝜔2 𝜇𝜀a2 I0 e−jkr (ka)2 I0 e−jkr

4𝜋r 4𝜋r
≃ −𝜂 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = −𝜂 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙

4r 4r
while the far-zone magnetic fields can be expressed as
Hr ≃ 0; H𝜃 ≃ − ; H𝜙 ≃
E𝜙 E𝜃
𝜂 𝜂
(b) Since the far-field pattern of the antenna is the same as that of a loop with an area par-
allel to the x-y plane, or in infinitesimal magnetic dipole oriented along the z-axis, their
directivities are the same. Thus D0 = 3∕2 = 1.5.
a2 𝜔𝜇kI0 e−jkr √ a2 𝜔𝜇kI0 e−jkr

5.18. Using the results of Problem 5.17
(a) E𝜒 ≅ 1 − |̂ay ⋅ â r |2 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
√
4r 4r
H𝜓 ≅
E𝜒
𝜂
(b) Directivity = D0 =
3
2
(a) a = λ∕50 = 0.02λ

5.19. Using the computer program Loop Uniform of Chapter 5.
D0 = 1.4988 = 1.7575 dB, Rr = 0.049 ohms

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 133
(b) a = λ∕10 = 0.1λ

D0 = 1.4699 = 1.6731 dB, Rr = 28.41 ohms
(c) a = λ∕4 = 0.25λ

D0 = 1.2969 = 1.1291 dB, Rr = 723.938 ohms
(d) a = λ∕2 = 0.5λ

D0 = 1.7968 = 2.5449 dB, Rr = 2, 202.528 ohms
5.20. According to (5-54b)
ak𝜂I0 e−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ J1 (ka sin 𝜃) ∼ J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
2r
Therefore the nulls of the pattern occur when
J1 (ka sin 𝜃n ) = 0 ⇒ ka sin 𝜃n = 0, 3.84, 7.01, 10.19, ...
Excluding 𝜃 = 0
⎧ ( ) [ ]
⎪ sin−1 3.84 = sin−1 3.84
= sin−1 (0.4889) = 29.27◦
⎪ ka 2𝜋(1.25)
𝜃n = ⎨ ( ) [ ]
⎪ sin−1 7.01 = sin−1 7.01
= sin−1 (0.8925) = 63.19◦
⎪ ka 2𝜋(1.25)
⎩
5.21. Since E𝜙 ∼ J1 (ka sin 𝜃)

(a) E | = J (ka sin 𝜃)| = J1 (0) = 0
𝜙 𝜃=0 1 𝜃=0
E𝜙 |𝜃=𝜋∕2 = J1 (ka sin 𝜃)|𝜃=90◦ = J1 (ka) = 0 ⇒ ka = 3.84

3.84 3.84λ
Thus a = = = 0.61115λ
k 2𝜋
(b) Since a = 0.61115λ > 0.5λ, use large loop approximation. According to (5-63a)
( )
2𝜋a
Rr = 60𝜋 2 (C∕λ) = 60𝜋 2 = 60𝜋 2 [2𝜋(0.61115)] = 2,273.94
λ
(c) The directivity is given by (5-63b), or

( ) ( )
C 2𝜋a
D0 = 0.677 = 0.677 = 0.677(2𝜋)(0.61115) = 2.6
λ λ
5.22. E𝜙 ∼ J1 (ka sin 𝜃)

( )
ka ka
(a) E𝜙 |𝜃=30◦ = J1 (ka sin 𝜃)|𝜃=30◦ = J1 =0⇒ = 3.84
2 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
134 SOLUTION MANUAL
From the Table for J1 (x) in Appendix V. Thus
2(3.84) 2(3.84)
a= = λ = 1.222λ
k 2𝜋
(b) E𝜙 |max = E𝜙 |ka sin 𝜃=1.84 = J1 (1.84) = 0.58152 = −4.709 dB

[ ]
2𝜋
E𝜙 |𝜃=90◦ = J1 (ka) = J1 (1.222λ) = J1 (7.678) = 0.175 = −15.139 dB
λ
Thus
ΔE = E𝜙 |𝜃=90◦ − E𝜙 |max = −15.139 − (−4.709) = −10.43 dB
5.23. E𝜙 ∼ J1 (ka sin 𝜃)

(a) According to J1 (x) in the Appendix V
J1 (x) = 0 when x = 0, 3.84, 7.01, 10.19, ....
Since we want a null in the plane of the loop (𝜃 = 0◦ ) and two additional ones for
0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ , then
ka sin 𝜃|max = ka sin 𝜃|𝜃=90◦ = ka = 7.01
Thus
7.01 7.01
a= = λ = 1.1157λ
k 2𝜋
(b) The nulls will occur at
𝜃 = 0◦ and 180◦
𝜃 = 90◦
and
ka sin 𝜃|a=1.1157λ = 3.84

[ ]
3.84
⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 = 33.21◦
2𝜋(1.1157)
and 𝜃 = 180◦ − 33.21◦ = 146.79◦
5.24. E = â 𝜙 C1 J1 (ka sin 𝜃) where C1 is a constant ⇒ 𝜌̂w = â 𝜙 and
PLF = |𝜌̂w ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2 = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ 𝜌̂a |2
By inspection, the PLF is maximized if the probe antenna is also linearly polarized in the 𝜙
direction. This can be accomplished by using as a probe antenna another loop antenna so that
𝜌̂a = â 𝜙 and PLF = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ â 𝜙 |2 = 1
It can also be accomplished by using a linear dipole as a probe antenna with its length parallel
to the plane of the loop and tangent to its curvature. Some specific examples would be [using
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 135
the transformation of VII-7b]
𝜌̂a = â x |𝜙=90◦ ⇒ PLF = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ â x |𝜙=90◦ = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ (̂a𝜌 cos 𝜙 − â 𝜙 sin 𝜙)|2𝜙=90◦
= |̂a𝜙 ⋅ (−̂a𝜙 )|2 = 1

𝜌̂a = â y |𝜙=0◦ ⇒ PLF = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ â y |𝜙=0◦ = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ (̂a𝜌 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 sin 𝜙)|2𝜙=0◦
= |̂a𝜙 ⋅ â 𝜙 |2 = 1
and many others.

5.25. A very small loop of constant current is equivalent to a magnetic dipole. Since the loop
is placed for both parts (a and b) perpendicular to the xy-plane (the plane of the loop is
perpendicular to the xy-plane), the axis of the linear magnetic dipole will also be parallel
to the xy-plane. Therefore according to Figure 4.15a, the image of the horizontal magnetic
dipole will be as shown in this figure. In turn the array factor for both parts (a and b) of this
problem will be the same as that of the vertical electric dipole of Figure 4.16 or
AF = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
Since the actual source and the image are oriented in the same direction. Therefore according
to (5-27a)–(5-27c)
Actual Source
h
xy – plane
σ=∞
h
Image
(a) Plane of the loop is parallel to the xz-plane

(ka)2 I0 e−jkr √ √
E𝜒 = 𝜂 sin 𝜓(AF), sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos2 𝜓 = 1 − |̂ay ⋅ â r |2
4r
√
= 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
=𝜂 sin 𝜓[2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)]
4r
√
(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
E𝜒 = 𝜂 cos(kh cos 𝜃) 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙
2r
E𝜒
H𝜓 = −
𝜂
(b) Plane of the loop is parallel to the yz-plane. The fields for this problem are the smae as
those in part (a) above except that
√ √ √
sin 𝜓 = 1 − cos2 𝜓 = 1 − |̂ax ⋅ â r |2 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙
(For Alternate Solution see the end of the solution manual)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
136 SOLUTION MANUAL
5.26. (a) (ka)2 I0 e−jkr

E𝜙 = 𝜂 sin 𝜃
4r
|AF| = |2j sin(kh cos 𝜃)|
𝜋SI0 e−jkr
E𝜙 = 𝜂 sin 𝜃, S = 𝜋a2
λ2 r
𝜋SI0 e−jkr
(E𝜙 )t = E𝜙 (AF) = 𝜂 sin 𝜃[2j sin(kh cos 𝜃)]
λ2 r
above ground plane total field.
h
⇒
σ=∞ σ=∞
h σ=∞
(b) h = λ, kh = 2𝜋
sin 𝜃[2j sin(2𝜋 cos 𝜃)] = 0, sin(2𝜋 cos 𝜃) = 0
2𝜋 cos 𝜃 = n𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2
n
cos 𝜃n = , n = 0, 1, 2.
2
𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
( )
1
𝜃1 = cos−1 = 60◦
2
𝜃2 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
(√ )
3 ( )
2𝜋 1
(c) (E𝜙 )t = C sin 𝜃 sin(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=60◦ =0=C sin h
2 λ 2
√
( )
3 𝜋h
C sin =0
2 λ
( )
𝜋h 𝜋h
sin =0⇒ = sin−1 (0) = n𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
λ λ
h
= ±n ⇒ physical nonzero height ⇒ h = nλ, n = 1, 2, 3, ...
λ
5.27. (a) Since the equivalent to a circular loop is a vertical magnetic dipole which is placed ver-
tically to a PMC ground plane, the normalized array factor is that of (4-99), or
(AF)n = cos(kh cos 𝜃) Two sources, equal magnitude, same phase

According to Figure 4.16(b).
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 137
(b) (AF)max = | cos(kh cos 𝜃m )| = 1 ⇒ cos(kh cos 𝜃m ) = ±1

kh cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (±1) = m𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, ...
( )
m𝜋 m𝜋 mλ || mλ 2
cos 𝜃m = = 2𝜋 = | = ( ) = m
kh (h) 2h |h= 3λ 3λ 3
λ 4 2
4
( )
2
𝜃m = cos−1 m , m = 0, 1, 2, ...
3
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
( )
2
m = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 = 48.2◦
3
( )
4
m = 2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 = does not exist
3
5.28. (a) AF for 2 sources of the same magnitude and of the same phase
(AF)n = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
Total Field: E|total = E|single element ⋅ (AF)

(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
E𝜙 |total = 𝜂 sin 𝜃 [2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)]
4r ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
AF
single element
(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
E𝜙 |total = 𝜂 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
2r
θ
electric loop
h
equivalent vertical h
magnetic dipole h
PMC
(a) Actual problem (b) Equivalent problem
(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
(b) (E𝜙 )|total norm = 𝜂 sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
2r
{
sin 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0
(E𝜙 )norm = sin 𝜃 cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=𝜃n =0◦ ,30◦ = 0 ⇒
cos(kh cos 𝜃n ) = 0
( √ ) ( √ )
2𝜋 3 𝜋 3
cos(kh cos 𝜃n )|𝜃n =30 = 0 = cos h = cos h =0
λ 2 λ
√
𝜋 3 n𝜋
h = cos−1 (0) = , n = 1, 3, 5, ...
λ 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
138 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) ( )
n𝜋 λ λ
h= √ =n √ , n = 1, 3, 5, ...
2 3𝜋 2 3
λ
n=1: h= = 0.2886λ
3.464
5.29. (a) Array Factor = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)
h h
σ=∞ h
(b) AF = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃n ) = 0

⇒ kh cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = n𝜋∕2, n = ±1, ±3, ±5, ....
[ ] ( n𝜋 )
n𝜋∕2 ( )| ( )
nλ | n
𝜃n = cos−1 = cos−1 2𝜋2 = cos−1 | = cos−1
kh h 4h |h=λ∕2 2
λ
( ) ( )
1 3
𝜃1 = cos−1 ± = 60◦ , 𝜃3 = cos−1 ± = does not exist
2 2
5.30. h = 0, f = 100 MHz, C = λ∕10, b ≪ λ
λ = 30 × 109 ∕108 = 300 cm
z
PMC
Im
PMC
(a) Since the equivalent of a small electric circular loop is a magnetic dipole and the image
of a vertical magnetic dipole above a PMC is at the same magnitude and phase, then the
loop will not be shorted, and it will radiate.
Since the loop is radiating only in half of a sphere (hemisphere), its directivity is twice
that when radiating into an infinite medium. Thus
D0 = 2(1.5) = 3 = 4.77 dB
(b) Using a PLF = 1∕2
λ2 (3 × 102 )2 27
Aem = D0 (PLF) = (3) = × 104 = 10.743 × 103 cm2
4𝜋 4𝜋(2) (2)4𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 139
(c) Wi = 10−4 W∕cm2

Prad = Aem Wi = 10.743 × 103 (10−4 ) = 1.0743 Watts
5.31. Since the small circular loop area is parallel to the x-z plane, its electrical equivalent is an
infinitesimal magnetic dipole directed along the y-axis placed a height h above the PEC.
Also its image is at a depth h below the PEC interface. The image is in the same direction as
the actual source (the same magnitude and phase).
(a) Therefore its normalized array factor is
(AF)n = cos(kh cos 𝜃)
whose maximum value is unity.

(b) To find the two smallest heights, other than h = 0, where the maximum will be directed
along 𝜃 = 0◦ , we set the normalized array factor to unity, or
[AFn (𝜃 = 0◦ ]max = [cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=0◦ ]max = cos(kh)|max = 1

kh = cos−1 (1) = m𝜋
m𝜋 m𝜋λ λ
h= = = m, m = 0, 1, 2, 3...
k 2𝜋 2
m = 0: h = 0
λ
m = 1: h =
2
m = 2: h = λ
5.32. (a) AF = 2 cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=90◦ = 2 (which is max).

So the minimum height is h = 0 because the power on the upper half plane is doubled
and the maximum is still maintained along the horizon (𝜃 = 90◦ ). Thus the directivity
along 𝜃 = 90◦ is doubled.
(b) Using the image theory and duality, the directivity of the cicular loop is twice that of free
space, or using (4-104) and Figure 4.20:
kh = 2.881(h = 0.4585λ)
D0 = 2(1.5) = 3 = 4.7712 dB D0 = 6.566 = 8.173 dB
( )
λ2 λ2 1 PMC
(c) Aem = D0 (PLF) = (3)
4𝜋 4𝜋 2
λ2
3λ2 3(30 × 102 )2 Aem = D (PLF)
Aem = = = 107.424 × 104 cm2 4𝜋 0
8𝜋 8𝜋 (30 × 102 )2
3λ2 = (6.566)(1)
Prec = Aem Wi = (W ) = 10 × 10−6 4𝜋
8𝜋 i Aem = 235.127 × 104 cm2
8𝜋 80𝜋
Wi = (10 × 10−6 ) = 2 × 10−6 P 10 × 10−6
3λ2 3λ Wi = r =
30 × 109 3 Aem 235.127 × 104
λ= = 3 × 10 cm
10 × 106 Wi = 4.253 × 10−12 W∕cm2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
140 SOLUTION MANUAL
80𝜋 80𝜋 80𝜋

Wi = × 10−6 = × 10−6 = × 10−6
3(3 × 103 )2 3(9) × 106 27 × 106
80𝜋 10 × 10−6
Wi = × 10−12 = 9.3084 × 10−12 = = 9.3084 × 10−12
27 107.429 × 104
Wi = 9.3084 × 10−12 Watts∕cm2
5.33. From Problem 5.19(a)

√
E𝜒 | 𝜙=90◦ = C1 cos(kh cos 𝜃) 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙| 𝜃=45◦
𝜃=45◦ 𝜙=90◦
= C1 cos(kh cos 𝜃) cos(𝜃)|𝜃=45◦

( )
kh kh 𝜋
E𝜒 | 𝜙=90◦ = 0.707C1 cos √ = 0 ⇒ √ = cos−1 (0) = n, n = 1, 3, 5, ...
𝜃=45◦ 2 2 2
For the smallest height

√ √
kh 𝜋 2𝜋 2
√ = ⇒h= = λ = 0.3535 λ
2 2 2 k 4
)
(
λ λ
5.34. a = λ∕20𝜋 ⇒ C = 2𝜋a = 2𝜋 = = 0.1λ ⇒ Assume uniform current.
20𝜋 10
(a) The small loop, with a uniform current, can be represented by a horizontal magnetic
dipole perpendicular to the area of the loop. Then, according to Fig. 4.16(a), the image
to accounts for the reflections has the same magnitude and the same phase as the actual
source. Thus the normalized array factor of two sources with the same magnitude and
phase separated by 2h is (same as vertical electric dipole above PEC), or
(AF)n = cos(kh cos 𝜃)
(b) cos(kh cos 𝜃)|𝜃=𝜃 = 0 = cos(kh cos 𝜃n )

n
n𝜋
kh cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = , n = 1, 3, 5, ... h
2
PEC
For the smallest h:
Horizontal Magnetic
kh cos 𝜃n = 𝜋∕2 h Dipole (HMD)
𝜋∕2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 λ
h= | ◦ = = = =
k cos 𝜃n 𝜃=60 2k(0.5) k 2𝜋 2 PEC
λ
HMD
λ h
h=
2
HMD
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 141
5.35. The far-zone electric field radiated by a small circular loop of uniform current is given by
(5-27b), or
(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
Eloop = â 𝜙 E𝜙 = â 𝜙 𝜂 sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜌̂loop = â 𝜙
4r
(a) For an infinitesimal dipole oriented along the z-axis, its far-zone electric field is given by
(4-26a), or
klI0 e−jkr
z-axis: Edipole = â 𝜃 j𝜂 sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜌̂dipole = â 𝜃
4𝜋r
PLF = |𝜌̂loop ⋅ 𝜌̂dipole |2 = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ â 𝜃 |2 = 0 = −∞ dB
(b) For an infinitesimal dipole oriented along the y-axis, its far-zone electric field is given,
according to Example 4.5, by
𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr
y-axis: Edipole = â 𝜃 E𝜃 + â 𝜙 E𝜙 = j [̂a𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 cos 𝜙]
4𝜋r
Toward the loop (𝜃 = 90◦ , 𝜙 = 180◦ ), the field of the y-directed dipole reduces to
𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr
Edipole | 𝜃=90◦ = â 𝜃 E𝜃 + â 𝜙 E𝜙 = −j [̂a𝜃 (0) + â 𝜙 (−1)]
𝜙=180◦ 4𝜋r
𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr
= +̂a𝜙 j ⇒ 𝜌̂dipole = â 𝜙
4𝜋r
PLF = |𝜌̂loop ⋅ 𝜌̂dipole |2 = |̂a𝜙 ⋅ â 𝜙 |2 = 1 = 0 dB
√ √ √
a 𝜔𝜇0 1 2𝜋(3 × 108 )(4𝜋 × 10−7 ) 𝜋 12
5.36. (a) RL = = = × 10
b 2𝜎 20(10 )−4 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 × 10 7 20 5 ⋅ 7
RL = 2.27915 ohms
( )( )2 ( )( )2
2 kS 2 2𝜋 2
(b) Rr = 120𝜋 𝜋 = 120𝜋 𝜋
3 λ 3 (20)2
4𝜋 6
RL = 80 = 1.92278 ohms
(400)2
( ( )2 )
1
S=𝜋
20
(c) inductive reactance XA = 𝜔LA

[ ( ) ] ( )[ ( ) ]
8a λ 1 1
LA = 𝜇0 a ln − 2 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 ln ⋅ −4 − 2
b 20 20 10
( )
λ
= 2.648 × 10−7 a = 0 , b = 10−4 λ0 ← λ = 1 m, f = 3 × 108
20
XA = 2𝜋fLA = 2𝜋(3 × 108 )(2.648 × 10−7 ) = 499.158
∴ XA ≫ (RL or Rr )
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
142 SOLUTION MANUAL
5.37. From equation (5-24)

( ) ( ) ( )
𝜋 2𝜋 kS 2 2𝜋 2𝜋S 2
Rr = 𝜂 (k2 a2 )2 = 𝜂 = 120𝜋
6 3 λ 3 λ2
( ) ( )2 ( ) ( 2)
2 S S2 S
= 120 4(𝜋 4 ) 2 = 31,170.909 ≃ 31,171
3 λ λ4 λ4
(a) Area
( ) ( )
a2 b2 a2 b2
S = ab, Rr = 31,170.909 ≃ 31,171
λ4 λ4
a
(b) Area
( )( ) ( ) ( )
a b 𝜋 2 a2 b2 𝜋 2 a2 b2
S=𝜋 , Rr = 31,170.909 ≃ 31,171
2 2 16λ4 16λ4
( )
𝜋ab 2
Rr = 31,171
4λ2
5.38. f = 100 MHz ⇒ λ = c∕f = 3 × 108 ∕108 = 3 meters, = 𝜎 = 5.7 × 107 S∕m
C λ∕20 λ 3
C = 2𝜋a ⇒ a = = = = = 0.0239 m = 0.00796λ
2𝜋 2𝜋 40𝜋 40𝜋
( )4 ( )4
C 1 20𝜋 2
(a) Rr = 20𝜋 2 = 20𝜋 2 = × 10−4 = 1.2337 × 10−3 ohms
λ 20 16
√ √
a 𝜔𝜇0 λ∕40𝜋 2𝜋 × 108 (4𝜋 × 10−7 )
RL = = = 0.00838
b 2𝜎 λ∕400𝜋 2(5.7 × 107 )
Rin = Rr + RL = 0.0012337 + 0.00838 = 0.0096137
[ ( ) ] ⎡ ⎛ 8 λ ⎞ ⎤
8a
(b) La = 𝜇0 a ln − 2 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 (0.0239) ⎢ln ⎜ 40𝜋 ⎟ − 2⎥
b ⎢ ⎜ λ∕400 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
[ ( ) ]
80
= 0.3 × 10−7 ln − 2 = 0.3 × 10−7 [3.2373 − 2]
𝜋
La = 37.12 × 10−9 Henries
Xa = 𝜔La = 2𝜋fLa = 2𝜋(108 )(37.12 × 10−9 ) = 23.323 ohms
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 143
√ λ
√
a 𝜔𝜇0 40𝜋 2𝜋(108 )(4𝜋 × 10−7 )
Li = = ( ) = 0.1333 × 10−10
𝜔b 2𝜎 λ
2𝜋(108 ) 400 2(5.7 × 107 )
Xi = 2𝜋fLi = 2𝜋(108 )(0.1333 × 10−10 ) = 0.83771 × 10−2 = 0.0084 ohms

Xt = Xa + Xi = 23.323 + 0.0084 = 23.3314 ohms (inductive)
(c) Capacitance
1
Xc = = 23.3314
2𝜋fC
1
C= = 6.82 × 10−11 = 68.2 × 10−12 Farads
23.3313(2𝜋 × 108 )
5.39. From the solution of Problem 5.37, the radiation resistance of a loop is
(Area)2 (S)2
Rr = 31,171 = 31,171
λ4 λ4
Thus for rectangular and elliptical loops:
(a) Area
a2 b2
S = ab, Rr ≃ 31,171
λ4
a
(b) Area
( )( )
a b 𝜋 2 a2 b2
S=𝜋 , Rr ≃ 31,171
2 2 16λ4
5.40. In Far-Field (kr ≫ 1) region
kIin −jkr
Ea = E𝜙 â 𝜙 = −j𝜂 le (le : vector effective length)
4𝜋r e
k2 a2 I0 e−jkr 𝜋SI0 e−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ 𝜂 sin 𝜃 = 𝜂 sin 𝜃
4r λ2 r
kI (jkS sin 𝜃) −jkr
E𝜙 = −j𝜂 0 e
4𝜋r
∴ le = jkS sin 𝜃 â 𝜙
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
144 SOLUTION MANUAL
5.41. C = 2𝜋a = 1.4λ ⇒ a = 1.4λ = 0.2228λ

2𝜋
( ) ( )
a 0.2228
Ω = 2 ln 2𝜋 = 2 ln 2𝜋 = 9.0
b 0.01555
(a) From Figure 5.15
Zin = Rin + jXin = 320 − j40

| Z − Zc | | 320 − j40 − 300 |
(b) |Γ| = || in |=| | = 0.0718
| | |
| Zin + Zc | | 320 − j40 + 300 |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.0718
VSWR = = = 1.155
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.0718
1 1
(c) Yin = = = (3.0769 + j0.3846) × 10−3 = Gc + jBc
Zin 320 − j40
To resonate the circuit, the unknown element must have an inductive admittance of
1 1
Yunknown = −j0.3846 × 10−3 = −j ⇒L=
𝜔L 0.3846 × 10−3 (2𝜋f )
1
=
0.3846 × 10−3 (2𝜋 × 108 )
10−5
L= = 4.138 × 10−6 H
0.769𝜋
G = 3.0769 × 10–3 Bc = 0.3846 × 10–3
Therefore the unknown element across the terminals of the loop must be an inductor of
L = 4.138 × 10−6 Henries.
5.42. (a) From Figure 5.15
Zin = 90 − j110
(b) Inductor;
XL = +110 = 𝜔L = 2𝜋fL
110 110 110
L= = = × 10−9 Henries
2𝜋f 2𝜋(109 ) 2𝜋
(c) Zin = 90
| Z − Zc | | 90 − 78 | 12
|Γ| = || in |=| |
| | 90 + 78 | = 168 = 0.0714
| in
Z + Zc| | |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.0714 1.0714
VSWR = = = = 1.1538
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.0714 0.9285
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 145
5.43.
C = λ = 2𝜋a ⇒ a = C∕2𝜋 = λ∕2𝜋; b = 2.47875 × 10−3 λ; Zc = 75; f = 500 MHz
[ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
a a λ∕2𝜋
Ω = 2 ln 2𝜋 = 2 ln 2𝜋 = 2 ln 2𝜋
b b 2.47875 × 10−3 λ
( )
1
= 2 ln
2.47875 × 10−3
Ω = 2 ln(403.429) = 2(6) = 12
(a) From Figure 5.15
Rin ≃ 100, Xin = −100, Zin ≃ 100 − j100
(b) Capacitive
(c) Zin ≃ 100 − j100. Since the lumped element must be placed in parallel, it is better to work
with admittances. Therefore
1 1 1 100 + j100 100 + j100 100 + j100 1 + j

Yin = = = = = =
Zin 100 − j100 100 − j100 100 + j100 104 + 104 2 × 104 200
Yin = 5 × 10−3 (1 + j)
Need an inductor, in parallel, with a susceptance BL .

(d) 1 1 1 1
BL = 5 × 10−3 = = = =
𝜔L 2𝜋fL 2𝜋(5 × 108 )L 𝜋 × 109 L
1 1
L= = = 63.66 × 10−9 H
5 × 10−3 (𝜋 × 109 ) 5𝜋 × 106
L = 63.66 × 10−9 H
1 1
(e) ′
Yin = 5 × 10−3 ⇒ Zin
′
= ′
= = 200
Yin 5 × 10−3
′ = 200
Zin
(f)
′ −Z
Zin c 200 − 75 125
Γ= ′ +Z
= = = 0.45455
Zin c 200 + 75 275
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.45455
VSWR = = = 2.667
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.45455
VSWR = 2.667
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
146 SOLUTION MANUAL
5.44. (a) From Figure 5.15(b) Zin = Rin + jXin = Rin ⇒ Xin = 0 when
⎧ a
⎪ 12 ⇒ 2𝜋(a∕b) = e = 403.429 ⇒ b = 64.21
6
⎪
( ) ⎪ 11 ⇒ 2𝜋(a∕b) = e5.5 = 244.692 ⇒ a = 38.94
a b
Ω = 2 ln 2𝜋 =⎨
b ⎪ 10 ⇒ 2𝜋(a∕b) = e5 = 148.413 ⇒ a = 23.62
⎪ b
⎪ 9 ⇒ 2𝜋(a∕b) = e4.5 = 90.017 ⇒ a = 14.23
⎩ b
(b) These occur when the smallest circumference of the loop is from Figure 5.15(b)
Ω = 12 ⇒ C = 2𝜋a ≃ 1.08λ ⇒ a = 0.1719λ ⇒ b = 0.1719λ∕64.21 = 2.68 × 10−3 λ
Ω = 11 ⇒ C = 2𝜋a ≃ 1.10λ ⇒ a = 0.175λ ⇒ b = 0.175λ∕38.94 = 4.496 × 10−3 λ
Ω = 10 ⇒ C = 2𝜋a ≃ 1.14λ ⇒ a = 0.1814λ ⇒ b = 0.1814λ∕23.62 = 7.68 × 10−3 λ
Ω = 9 ⇒ C = 2𝜋a ≃ 1.28λ ⇒ a = 0.2037λ ⇒ b = 0.2037λ∕14.33 = 14.216 × 10−3 λ
ak𝜂I0 e−jkr
5.45. E𝜙 = J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
2r
For small radius a (small argument ka sin 𝜃), the Bessel function can be approximated by
(5-66b), or
a≪λ ka sin 𝜃
J1 (ka sin 𝜃) ≃
2
Thus
(ka)2 I0 e−jkr
E𝜙 = 𝜂 sin 𝜃
4r
The radiated power can then be written as
1
Prad = W ave ⋅ â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = â |E |2 ⋅ â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 r 2𝜂 𝜙
2𝜋 𝜋 [ ]2 2𝜋 𝜋
1 1 (ka)2
= |E𝜙 | sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 =
2
𝜂 |I0 |2 sin3 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
2𝜂 ∫0 ∫0 2𝜂 4 ∫0 ∫0
|I0 |2 2 (ka)4 𝜋 ( )
𝜋 4 𝜋
= 𝜂 (2𝜋) sin3 𝜃d𝜃 = 𝜂 (ka)4 |J0 |2 = 𝜂 (ka)4 |I0 |2
2𝜂 16 ∫0 16 3 12
( )
𝜋 1
Prad = (120𝜋) (ka)4 |I0 |2 = 10𝜋 2 (ka)4 |I0 |2 ≡ |I0 |2 Rr
12 2
( )4 ( )4
2𝜋 C
Rr = 20𝜋 2 (ka)4 = 20𝜋 2 a = 20𝜋 2
λ λ
5.46. I(𝜙) = I0 cos 𝜙
𝜇I0 2𝜋
e−jkr ′ 𝜇I0 e−jkr
2𝜋 ′
(a) A(r) = a â 𝜙 cos 𝜙′ d𝜙 ≃ a â 𝜙 cos 𝜙′ ejkrâ ⋅r d𝜙′
4𝜋 ∫0 R 4𝜋 r ∫0
{
𝜇I0 e−jkr 2𝜋
cos 𝜙′ sin 𝜙′ ejka sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
′
= a −̂ax
4𝜋 r ∫ 0
2𝜋 }
2 ′ jka sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙′ )
+ â y cos 𝜙 e d𝜙′
∫0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 147
{
𝜇I0 a e−jkr 2𝜋
sin(2𝜙′ )ejka sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
′
A𝜙 = −̂ax
8𝜋 r ∫0
2𝜋 }
cos(2𝜙′ ) + 1)ejka sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
′
+ â y
∫0
𝜇I0 a e−jkr
A𝜙 = {̂ax J2 (ka sin 𝜃) sin 2𝜙 − â y J2 (ka sin 𝜃) cos 2𝜙
4 r
+ â y J0 (ka sin 𝜃)}
𝜇I0 a e−jkr 1
= {−̂a𝜙 J2 (ka sin 𝜃) cos 𝜙 + â y [J2 (ka sin 𝜃) + J0 (ka sin 𝜃)]}
2 r 2
{ }
𝜇I0 a e−jkr J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
A𝜙 = −̂a𝜙 J2 (ka sin 𝜃) cos 𝜙 + â y
2 r ka sin 𝜃
{ }
−𝜇I0 a e −jkr J (ka sin 𝜃)
A𝜙 ≃ J2 (ka sin 𝜃) − 1 cos 𝜙
2 r ka sin 𝜃
𝜇I0 a e−jkr ′
= J (ka sin 𝜃) cos 𝜙
2 r 1
𝜇I a e−jkr J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
A𝜃 ≃ 0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 r ka sin 𝜃
j𝜂ka e−jkr ′
E𝜙 ≃ I J (ka sin 𝜃) cos 𝜙
2 0 r 1
j𝜂ka e−jkr J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 ≃ I cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 0 r ka sin 𝜃
(b) 𝜃 = 0, 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2
E𝜙 = 0
j𝜂ka e−jkr
E𝜃 = I
4 0 r
|E|2 𝜂 (ka)2
Wav ≃ = I
2𝜂 32 0 r2
( ) 𝜂
𝜋
U 𝜃 = 0, 𝜙 = = I (ka)2
2 32 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
148
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 6
Solution Manual
−jkr −jkr1 −jkr2

6.1. (a) Et = E1 + E2 + E3 = 2E0 e r + E0 e r + E0 e r
1 2
where the center element is placed at the origin. For far-field observations
}
r1 ≃ r − d cos 𝜃
for phase variations
r2 ≃ r + d cos 𝜃
r1 ≃ r2 ≃ r for amplitude variations
and
e−jkr
Et = E0 {2 + ejkd cos 𝜃 + e−jkd cos 𝜃 }
r
{ [ ]}
e−jkr 1
≃ E0 2 1 + (ejkd cos 𝜃 + e−jkd cos 𝜃 )
r 2
e−jkr
= E0 {2[1 + cos(kd cos 𝜃)]}
r
Thus the array factor is equal to

( )
kd
AF(𝜃) = 2[1 + cos(kd cos 𝜃)] = 4 cos2 cos 𝜃
2
which in normalized form can also be written as

( )
kd
AF(𝜃)n = 1 + cos(kd cos 𝜃) = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃
2
(b) The nulls of the pattern can be found using either of the above forms for the array factor.
For example:

149
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
150 SOLUTION MANUAL
One form The other form

( )
kd
AF(𝜃) = 1 + cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) = 0 2 cos2 cos 𝜃n = 0
2
kd n𝜋
cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) = −1 cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) =
2 2
kd cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (−1) = n𝜋, n = ±1, ±3, … n = ±1, ±3, …
𝜃n = cos−1 (nλ∕2d), n = ±1, ±3, ±5, … 𝜃n = cos−1 [nλ(2d)], n = ±1, ±3, …
which are of identical form. Therefore both forms yield the same results. Thus for
d = λ∕4
( )
nλ
𝜃n = cos−1 = cos−1 (2n), n = ±1, ±3, … ⇒ No nulls exist.
2d d=λ∕4
(c) Similarly the maxima of the pattern can be found using either of the two forms for the
array factor. For example
One form Other form

( )
kd
AF(𝜃) = 1 + cos(kd cos 𝜃m ) = 2 AF(𝜃) = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃m = 2
( ) 2
kd
cos(kd cos 𝜃m ) = 1 cos cos 𝜃m = ±1
2
kd
kd cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (1) = 2m𝜋 cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (±1) = m𝜋
2
m = 0, ±1, … , m = 0, ±1, …
( ) ( )
mλ mλ
𝜃m = cos−1 , m = 0, ±1, ±2, … , 𝜃m = cos−1 , m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
d d
which are of identical form. Therefore both yield the same results. Thus for d = λ∕4.
{
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
𝜃m = cos (4m),
−1
m = 0, ±1, ±2, →
m = ±1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (4) ⇒ Does not exist
The same is true for other values of m (i.e, m = ±2, ±3, …).
Therefore the only maximum occurs at 𝜽 = 90◦ .
(d) Computer Program Directivity:
When d = λ∕4
( ) ( )
kd 𝜋
AF(𝜃) = 4 cos2 cos 𝜃 = 4 cos2 cos 𝜃
2 4
( )
𝜋
Un = cos4 cos 𝜃
4
D0 = 1.4384 = 1.5787 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 151
kI0 le−jkr
6.2. One dipole: E𝜃 = j𝜂 sin𝜃
4𝜋r
Array Factor: z
[ 𝜋 λ 2𝜋 λ 2𝜋 ]
(AF)2 = E0 ej 2 e−j 8 ⋅ λ cos 𝜓 + e+j 8 λ cos 𝜓
𝜋 [ 𝜋 𝜋 ] ψ
= E0 ej 4 e−j 4 (cos 𝜓−1) + ej 4 (cos 𝜓−1) 0 y
–d/2 d/2
( )
j 𝜋4 𝜋
= E0 e 2cos (cos 𝜓 − 1) ϕ
4
( )
𝜋 𝜋 x
(AF)2 = E0 ej 4 2 cos (sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − 1)
4
(̂ay ⋅ â r = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = cos 𝜓) = sin 𝜃
At y-z plane (𝜙 = 90◦ ):

| ( )|
𝜋 |
(a) (1) |E𝜃 (𝜃)|𝜙=0◦ ∝ ||sin 𝜃 cos , (x-z plane)
| 4 ||
0 < 𝜃 < 𝜋 − 𝜋 <𝜃 < 𝜋
↓ ↓
| ( )|
𝜋
(2) |E𝜃 (𝜃)|𝜙=90◦ ∝ ||sin 𝜃 cos (sin 𝜃 − 1) || , (y-z plane)
| 4 |
| ( )|
𝜋
(3) |E𝜃 (𝜙)|𝜃=90◦ ∝ ||cos (sin 𝜙 − 1) || , (x-y plane)
| 4 |
(4) |E𝜙 (𝜃)|𝜙=0◦ ∝ 0
(5) |E𝜙 (𝜃)|𝜙=90◦ ∝ 0
(6) |E𝜙 (𝜃)|𝜃=90◦ ∝ 0
(1) (2) z
z
|Eθ (θ )|
ϕ =0 ϕ = 90°
|Eθ (θ )|
x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
y
0.5
z
z
(3) |Eθ (ϕ )| (4)
θ = 90°
|Eϕ (θ )|
ϕ = 0°
λ/4 l∠0°
l∠π/2 y x
y
x
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
152 SOLUTION MANUAL
(5) z (6)
|Eϕ (θ )| |Eϕ (ϕ )|
ϕ = 90° θ = 90°
y y
6.3. Method I
(a) Derive the array factor;
AF = −ejkd cos 𝜃 − j + e−jkd cos 𝜃 = −2j sin(kd cos 𝜃) − j
AF = 2 sin(kd cos 𝜃) + 1
AF = 2 sin(𝜋 cos 𝜃) + 1
(b) 2 sin (𝜋 cos 𝜃) = −1

( )
1 𝜋 −5𝜋 −13𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋 19𝜋
kd cos 𝜃 = sin−1 − =− , , , … ., , , =x
2 6 6 6 6 6 6
( )
x
For x = λ∕2 ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1
𝜋
𝜋
x = − → 𝜃1 = 99.59◦
6
5𝜋
x=− → 𝜃2 = 146.44◦
6
Method II
Uniform array with 𝛽 = −𝜋∕2
[ ]
N𝜓 3 𝜋
sin sin 𝜋 cos 𝜃 −
2 = 2 2
(a) AF = 𝜓 [ ]
N sin 1 𝜋
2 3 sin 𝜋 cos 𝜃 −
2 2
[ ( )]
(b) 𝜃 = cos−1 λ −𝛽 ± 2n 𝜋 n = 1, 2
n
2𝜋d N
[ ( )]
1 𝜋 2𝜋
= cos−1 ± n n ≠ 3, 6, 9
𝜋 2 3
[ ]
1
n = 1; cos−1 − = 99.59◦
6
[ ]
5
n = 2; cos−1 − = 146.44◦
6
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 153
6.4. (a) AF = 1 + ej(kd cos 𝜃+𝜋∕2) + e−j(kd cos 𝜃+𝜋∕2)
= 1 + 2 cos(kd cos 𝜃 + 𝜋∕2)
∴ AF = 1 − 2 sin(kd cos 𝜃)
+j
(b) To find the nulls, we set the array factor to zero.
AF = 1 − 2 sin(kd cos 𝜃) = 0 1
( )
1 𝜋 5𝜋 13𝜋
2 sin(kd cos 𝜃) = 1, 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = sin−1 = , , ,….
2 6 6 6 –j
1 5 13
cos 𝜃 = , , , ..
6 6 6
𝜃null = 80.4◦ , 33.6◦
e−jkr2 e−jkr1 e−jkr3 e−jkr4

6.5. (a) E= + − −
r2 r1 r3 r4
[ ]
e−jkr +jk 3d2 cos 𝜃 d d 3d
= e + ejk 2 cos 𝜃 − e−jk 2 cos 𝜃 − e−jk 2 cos 𝜃
r
d 3d d 3d
r1 = r − cos 𝜃, r2 = r − cos 𝜃, r3 = r + cos 𝜃, r4 = r + cos 𝜃
2 2 2 2
[ ( ) ( )]
3kd kd
AF = 2j sin cos 𝜃 + sin cos 𝜃
2 2
[ ( )]
kd kd
(b) Let x = kd cos 𝜃, y = cos 𝜃 ⇒ AF = 4j sin(kd cos 𝜃) cos cos 𝜃
2 2
[ ( )]
𝜋
AF(d = λ∕2) = 4j sin(𝜋 cos 𝜃) cos cos 𝜃
2
∴ 𝜃n = 0◦ , 90◦ , 180◦
6.6. Broadside, N = 4, linear array
( )
N𝜓
sin
1 2
(a) AF = ( ), 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽|𝛽=0 = kd cos 𝜃
N sin 𝜓
2
1 sin(2kd cos 𝜃)
AF = ( )
4 kd
sin cos 𝜃
2
(b) d = 3λ∕8
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
154 SOLUTION MANUAL
From Table 6.2
[ ( )] ⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
𝜋 1.391λ ⎢ −1 ⎜ 1.391λ ⎟⎥
1. Θh ≃ 2 − cos−1 = 2 ⎢90 − cos ⎜ ( ) ⎟⎥
2 𝜋Nd N=4 ⎢ ⎜ 4𝜋 3λ ⎟⎥
d=3λ∕8 ⎣ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎦
[ ( )]
1.391(2)
≃ 2 90 − cos−1 = 2[90 − cos−1 (0.2952)]
3𝜋
Θh ≃ 2 [90 − 72.9317] = 2(17.1683) = 34.3366◦
(a) Alternate (6-22a):

[ ] [ ]
λ λ
Θh = cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443 − cos−1 cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
L+d L+d
◦
𝜃0 = 90
L + d = 3d + d = 4d = 4(3λ∕8) = 3λ∕2
( ( )) ( ( ))
2 2
Θh = cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 +0.443
3 3
= cos−1 (−0.2953) − cos−1 (0.2953) = 107.1775 − 72.8245
Θh = 34.353◦
2. Table 6.8
( ) ( )
d 3
D0 = 2N = 2(4) = 3 = 4.7712 dB
λ 8
e−jkr
6.7. Etotal = [2 + ejkd cos 𝜓 + e−jkd cos 𝜓 ]
r
e−jkr
= [2 + 2 cos(kd cos 𝜓)]
r
cos 𝜓 = â y ⋅ â r = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
Therefore the array factor is
AF = 2 + 2 cos(kd sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
or
AF = 2[1 + cos(kd sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)]
6.8. d = λ∕10, broadside, uniform ⇒ N =?
(a) HPBW = 60◦ = 𝜋∕3 rad

[ ( )]
𝜋 1.391λ
Θh ≃ 2 − cos−1
2 𝜋Nd
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 155
[ ( )]
𝜋 𝜋 1.391λ
≃2 − cos−1
3 2 𝜋Nd
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋 1.391λ 1.391λ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= − cos−1 ⇒ cos−1 = − = = 60◦
6 2 𝜋Nd 𝜋Nd 2 6 3
1.391λ 1
= cos(60◦ ) =
𝜋Nd 2
1.391(2)λ 1.391(2)(10)
N= = = 8.855 ≃ 9
𝜋d 𝜋
N≃9
(b) FMBW = 60◦ = 𝜋∕3 rad

[ ( )]
𝜋 𝜋 λ
=2 − cos−1
3 2 Nd
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋 λ λ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= − cos−1 ⇒ cos−1 = − = = 60◦
6 2 Nd Nd 2 6 3
λ 1
= cos(60◦ ) =
Nd 2
2λ 2λ(10)
N= = = 20
d λ
N = 20
6.9. N = 3, d = λ∕2
( ) ( ) ( )
nλ n2 2
(a) 𝜃n = cos−1 ± = cos−1 ± = cos−1 ±n , n = 1, 2, 3, … .
Nd 31 3
n≠N=3
{
( ) 48.19◦
2
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 ± =
3 131.81◦
( )
4
n = 2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 ± = does not exist
3
( )
mλ
(b) 𝜃m = cos−1 ± = cos−1 (±2m), m = 0, 1, 2, … .
d
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
m = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±2) = does not exist
[ ( )] [ ( )]
1.391λ 1.391(2)
(c) Θh ≃ 2 90◦ − cos−1 =2 90◦ − cos−1
𝜋Nd 3𝜋
= 2[90◦ − cos−1 (0.295)]
Θh = 2(90◦ − 72.83◦ ) = 2(17.17◦ ) = 34.34◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
156 SOLUTION MANUAL
or
[ ( ) ( )]
2.782 2.782
Θh = cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − − cos−1 cos 𝜃0 +
Nkd Nkd 𝜃0 =90◦
N = 3, d = λ∕2
[ ( ) ( )]
2 × 2.782 2 × 2.782
= cos−1 − − cos−1
6𝜋 6𝜋
= [cos−1 (−0.295) − cos−1 (0.295)]
Θh = 107.168 − 72.832 = 34.34◦

( ) ( )
d 1
(d) D0 = 2N = 2(3) = 3 = 4.7712 dB
λ 2
Computer Program Arrays: D0 = 2.9917 = 4.7592 dB
[ ]| ( )
N 3𝜋
(kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽) ||
sin sin cos 𝜃
1
] ||
2 2
(e) (AF)n = [ = ( )
𝜋
sin (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽) || N=3
N 1 3 sin cos 𝜃
2 | 𝛽=0 2
d=λ∕2
(AF)𝜃=0◦ ( )
1 1 1
(AF)n (𝜃 = 0◦ ) = (AF)n (𝜃 = 90◦ ) ⇒ = = 20 log10 = −9.54 dB
3 (AF)𝜃=90◦ 3 3
or approximately:
( ) ( )
3𝜋 3𝜋
sin cos 𝜃 sin cos 𝜃
2 2
(AF)n = ( )≃
𝜋 3𝜋
3 sin cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2 2
2 (AF)n (𝜃 = 0◦ ) 2
AFn (𝜃 = 0◦ ) = (AF)n (𝜃 = 0◦ ) ⇒ = = 0.2122 = −13.46 dB
3𝜋 (AF)n (𝜃 = 90◦ ) 3𝜋
6.10. Placing one element at the origin and the other at d distance above it, the array factor is equal
to
AF(𝜃) = 1 + ej(kd cos 𝜃+𝛽)

[ 1 1
]
−j (kd cos 𝜃+𝛽)
j 12 (kd cos 𝜃+𝛽) e 2 + e+j 2 (kd cos 𝜃+𝛽)
= 2e
2
[ ]
1 1
AF(𝜃) = 2ej 2 (kd cos 𝜃+𝛽) cos (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽)
2
which in normalized form can be written as
[ ]
1
(AF)n = cos (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽)
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 157
( )
λ
2𝜋 𝜋
(a) 𝛽 = −kd = − =− .
4λ 2 [ ]
𝜋
(b) For d = λ∕4, (AF)n = cos (cos 𝜃 − 1)
[ 4 ]
𝜋
(c) (AF)n|max = 1 = cos (cos 𝜃m − 1) ⇒ 𝜃m = 0◦
4
[ ]
𝜋 𝜋
(AF)n = 0.707 = cos (cos 𝜃n − 1) ⇒ (cos 𝜃n − 1) = cos−1 (0.707)
4 4
⎧ 𝜋
⎪+ 4 for + 𝜋∕4 ⇒ cos 𝜃h − 1 = 1 ⇒ cos 𝜃h = 2 ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (2)
⎪ ⇒ does not exist
−1 ⎪
cos (0.707) = ⎨ 𝜋
⎪− 4 for − 𝜋∕4 ⇒ cos 𝜃h − 1 = −1
⎪ 𝜋
⎪ ⇒ cos 𝜃h = 0 ⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ = radians
⎩ 2
( )
𝜋
Therefore 𝜃1r = 𝜃2r = 2 − 0 = 𝜋 and
2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4
D0 ≃ = = = 1.273 = 1.049 dB
𝜃1r 𝜃2r (𝜋) 2 𝜋
( [ ])
𝜋
Computer Program Arrays: U = cos2 (cos 𝜃 − 1)
4
D0 = 1.9945 = 2.9984 dB
𝜋
6.11. (a) 𝛽 = +kd = +
[2 ]
𝜋
(b) (AF)n = cos (cos 𝜃 + 1)
4
[ ]
𝜋
(AF)n|max = 1 = cos (cos 𝜃m + 1) ⇒ 𝜃m = 180◦ = 𝜋 radians
4
( )
𝜋 𝜋
(AF)n = 0.707 = cos (cos 𝜃h + 1) ⇒ 𝜃h = 90◦ = radians
4 2
( )
𝜋
Θ1r = Θ2r = 2 𝜋 − =𝜋
2
and
4𝜋 4
D0 ≃ = = 1.273 = 1.049 dB
𝜋2 𝜋
Computer Program Arrays:

[ ]
𝜋
U = cos2 (cos 𝜃 + 1)
4
D0 = 1.9945 = 2.9984 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
158 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
λ
2𝜋
6.12. (a) 𝛽 = −kd = − = −𝜋 = −180◦
2λ
[ ] ( ) ( )
nλ nλ n
(b) 𝜃n = cos−1
1− = cos −1
1− = cos−1 1 −
Nd 4λ∕2 2
n = 1, 2, 3, … , n ≠ 4, 8, …
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (1∕2) = 60◦
n = 2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
n = 3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (−1∕2) = 120◦
(c) 𝜃m = cos−1 (1 − mλ∕d) = cos−1 (1 − mλ∕λ∕2)
= cos−1 (1 − 2m), m = 0, 1, 2, …
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
m = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦

( ) ( ) ( )
−1 λ −1 λ 1
(d) Θ0 = 2 cos 1− = 2 cos 1− = 2 cos−1 1 −
Nd 4λ∕2 2
( )
1
= 2 cos−1 = 2(60◦ )
2
Θ = 120◦
( ) ( )
d λ∕2
(e) D0 = 2N = 2(4) = 4 = 6.0211 dB because end-fire in both directions.
λ λ
D0 (computer programs Arrays) = 8.2085 = 9.1427 dB (using approximate AF)
D0 (computer program Arrays) = 4 = 6.021 dB (using exact AF)
( )
d
6.13. (a) D0 = 4N
λ
20 = 10 log10 D0 (dimensionless) ⇒ D0 (dimensionless) = 102 = 100

( )
λ
100 = 4N = N ⇒ N = 100
4λ
( )
λ 99
(b) L = 99 = λ = 24.175λ
4 4
⎛ ⎞
( ) ⎜ ⎟
1.391λ 1.391λ
(c) Θ3dB = Θh = 2 cos−1 1 − |n=100 = 2 cos−1 ⎜1 − ( ) ⎟
Nd𝜋 ⎜ λ
𝜋 100 ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
( )
1.391(4)
= 2 cos−1 1 − = 2 cos−1 (1 − 0.01771) = 2 cos−1 (0.98228)
100𝜋
Θh = 2(10.799◦ ) = 21.598◦ ≃ 21.6◦
(d) Sidelobe (dB) ≃ −13.5

( ) dB
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
(e) 𝛽 = ±kd = ± = ± = ±90◦
λ 4 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 159
6.14. N = 8, Ordinary End-Fire Array

(a) 0 < d < λ∕2
(b) 0 < d < λ∕2
(c) d = λ∕2
(d) d = nλ, n = 1, 2, 3, …
6.15. N = 6, 𝜃0 = 0◦ and 180◦ simultaneously
(a) d = λ∕2
( )
λ
(b) 𝛽 = ±kd = ± 2𝜋
λ
= ±𝜋 = ±180◦
( ) ( ) 2 ( )
d λ
(c) D0 = 12 4N = 12 (4)(6) = 6 = 7.78 dB
λ [ 2λ ] |
N
sin (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽) ||
] ||
2
(d) (AF)n = [
N sin 12 (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽) || N=6
| d=λ∕2
𝛽=−kd=−𝜋
[ ]
Nkd
sin (cos 𝜃 − 1)
2 sin[3𝜋(cos 𝜃 − 1)]
= [ ]= [ ]
kd 𝜋
N sin (cos 𝜃 − 1) 3 sin (cos 𝜃 − 1)
2 2
sin(−3𝜋) 0
(AF)n (𝜃 = 90◦ ) = = =0
3 sin(𝜋∕2) 3
sin(0)
(AF)n (𝜃 = 0◦ ) = =1
3 sin(0)
(AF)(𝜃0 = 90◦ ) 0
= = 0 = −∞ dB
(AF)(𝜃0 = 0◦ ) 1
6.16. (a) Choose different phase excitation. That is

( ) ( )
2.94 𝜋
𝛽 = ± kd + ≃ ± kd +
N N
( ) ( )
2𝜋 λ 2.94 𝜋
𝛽=± + =± + 0.0294
λ 4 100 2
= ± (1.570796 + 0.0294) ≈ ±(1.6) = ±91.684◦
(b) Directivity increase by 1.789 factor = 2.526 dB

(c) The HPBW will decrease because sidelobe level will increase.
( ) ( )
0.1398λ
−1 −1 0.1398λ
Θh = 2 cos 1− = 2 cos 1−
Nd 100λ∕4
( )
0.1398(4)
= 2 cos−1 1 −
100
= 2 cos−1 (1 − 0.005592) = 2 cos−1 (0.9944) = 2(6.066◦ )
Θh = 12.13◦ (decreased by 9.47◦ )
(d) Sidelobe level will increase. It will be higher than −13.25 dB

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
160 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
N−1 λ
6.17. (a) d = = 0.225λ
N 4
2.94
(b) 𝛽 = kd + = 2𝜋(0.225) + 0.294 = 1.7077 rad
10
( )
λ
(c) 𝜃n = cos−1 1 + (1 − 2n)
2dN
( )
1
𝜃n = cos−1 1 + (1 − 2n)
4.5
𝜃1 = cos−1 (0.777) = 38.9◦ , 𝜃2 = cos−1 (0.333) = 70.53◦
𝜃3 = cos−1 (−0.111) = 96.38◦ , 𝜃4 = cos−1 (−0.555) = 123.7◦
(d) First Null Beamwidth
( ) ( )
λ 1
𝜃n = 2 cos −1
1− = 2 cos −1
1− = 77.88◦
2dN 2(0.225)10
[ ( )]
4
(e) D0 = 1.805 4N = 1.805[4(10)(0.225)] = 16.245 = 12.107 dB
λ
6.18. N = 6
(a) d < λ∕2
(b) Choose d = 3λ∕8
( ) ( )
d 3
D0 = 4N = 4(6) = 9 = 9.54 dB(d = 3λ∕8)
λ 8
( )
5
D0 (d = 5λ∕24) = 4(6) = 5 = 6.99 dB(d = 5λ∕24)
24
Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire (d = 5λ∕24):

[ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]
d d d
(c) D0 = 1.805 4N = 1.805 4(6) = 1.805 24
λ λ λ
[ ( )]
5
= 1.805 24
24
D0 = 1.805(5) = 9.025 = 9.5545 dB
( ) ( )( )
N−1 λ 6−1 λ 5λ
(d) d = = =
N 4 6 4 24
6.19. (a) Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire Design
( )
N−1 λ λ
(b) d = = ⇒ (N − 1)5 = 4N
N 4 5 5N − 5 = 4N
N=5
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 161
( ) [ ]
λ λ
(c) Θh = 2 cos−1 1 − 0.1398 =2 cos−1 1 − 0.1398
Nd 5(λ∕5)
= 2 cos−1 (1 − 0.1398) = 2 cos−1 (0.8602)

Θh = 2(30.661) = 61.322
Θh = 61.322
[ ( )] [ ( )]
d 1
(d) D0 = 1.805 4N = 1.805 4(5)
λ 5
D0 = 7.22 = 8.585 dB
(e) Sidelobe Level ≃ −9 dB
6.20. D0 = 9.5545 = 10 log10 D0 (dimensionless)
D0 (dimensionless) = 100.95545 = 9.025
(a) End-Fire Hansen-Woodyard design.

[ ( )]
d
(b) D0 (dimensionless) = 1.805 4N ; Table 6.8.
λ
( )
d 1 N−1
= (6-25)
λ 4 N
[ ( )]
1 N−1
D0 = 9.025 = 1.805 4N = 1.805(N − 1)
4 N
N − 1 = 9.025∕1.805 = 5
N=6
( ) ( ) ( )
λ N−1 λ 6−1 5
(c) d = = =λ = 0.20833λ
4 N 4 6 24
d = 0.20833λ
( ) [ ]
(d) 𝛽 = − kd + 2.92 = − 2𝜋 (0.20833λ) + 2.92 (6-239)
N λ 6
[ ]
2.92
= − 2𝜋(0.20833) + = −(1.30898 + 0.487)
6
𝛽 = −1.79565 rads = −102.883◦
Progressive phase difference between the elements

See Matlab Computer Program Arrays solution.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
162 SOLUTION MANUAL
Relative phase of elements:
𝜙 #1: 0◦ (reference) 𝜙 # 5: 4(−102.883) = 411.532◦ or −51.532◦

𝜙 # 2: −102.883◦ 𝜙 # 6: 5(−102.883) = −514.415◦ or 154.415◦
𝜙 # 3: 2(−102.883) = −205.766◦
𝜙 # 4: 3(−102.883) = −308.649◦
6.21. N = 10, d = λ∕4

(a) Broadside (Tables 6.1 and 6.2) ⇒ 𝛽 = 0
[ ( )]
1.394 × 4
HPBW = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2(90◦ − 79.80◦ ) = 20.4◦
10𝜋
[ ( )]
4
FNBW = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2(90◦ − 66.42◦ ) = 47.16◦
10
[ ( )]
6
FSLBW = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2(90◦ − 53.13◦ ) = 73.74◦
10
From (6-17a) ⇒ Relative sidelobe
( ) maximum = −13.46 dB
d 1
From Table 6.8 ⇒ D0 = 2N = 2(10) = 5 = 6.99 dB
λ 4
Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2:
D0 = 5.21 ⇒ 7.17 dB
(b) Ordinary End-Fire (Tables 6.3 and 6.4) ⇒ 𝛽 = ±kd = ±𝜋∕2 = ±90◦
[ ]
1.391(4)
HPBW = 2 cos−1 1 − = 2(34.62◦ ) = 69.25◦
10𝜋
[ ]
4
FNBW = 2 cos−1 1 − = 2 cos−1 (0.6) = 2(53.13◦ ) = 106.26◦
10
[ ]
3(4)
FSLBW = 2 cos−1 1 − = 2(66.42) = 132.84◦
20
From (6-17a) ⇒ Relative side

( lobe
) maximum = −13.46 dB
d 1
From Table 6.8 ⇒ D0 = 4N = 4(10) = 10 = 10 dB
λ 4
Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2: ⇒ D0 = 10.05 = 10.02 dB
(c) Hansen-Woodyard End-Fire (Tables 6.5 and 6.6)
( )
𝜋
𝛽 = ± kd + = ±(90◦ + 18◦ ) = ±108◦
10
[ ]
1.398(4)
HPBW = 2 cos −1
1− = 2(19.25) = 38.5◦
10
[ ]
4
FNBW = 2 cos −1
1− = 2(36.87) = 73.74◦
2(10)
[ ]
4
FSLBW = 2 cos−1 1 − = 2(53.13) = 106.26◦
10
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 163
From Figure 6.14 ⇒ Relative side lobe maximum ≃ −9 dB
[ ( )] ( )
d 1
From Table 6.8 ⇒ D0 = 1.805 4N = 1.805(4)(10)
λ 4
D0 = 18.05 = 12.56 dB
Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2 ⇒ D0 = 17.79 = 12.50 dB

[ ] [ ( )]
N 𝜋
sin (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽) sin 5 cos 𝜃 + 𝛽
2 2
6.22. (AF)n = [ ]= [ ( )]
1 1 𝜋
N sin (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽) 10sin cos 𝜃 + 𝛽
2 2 2
( )
2𝜋 λ
𝜃0 = 45◦ ⇒ 𝛽 = −kd cos 𝜃0 = − cos 45◦ = −1.1107 radians
λ 4
(a) Using (6-22)
[ ] [ ]
−1 ◦ λ −1 ◦ λ
Θh = HPBW = cos cos 45 − 0.443 − cos cos 45 + 0.443
Ltd (Ltd)
[ ] [ ]
1 1
= cos−1 0.707 − 0.443 − cos−1 0.707 + 0.443
2.25 + 0.25 2.25 + 0.25
Θh = cos−1 (0.5299) − cos−1 (0.8843) = 58◦ − 27.83◦ = 30.2◦
Umax
(b) D0 = , Umax = 1
U0
[ ] 2
⎡ sin 5 𝜋 (cos 𝜃 − 0.707) ⎤
𝜋
1 ⎢ 2 ⎥
U0 =
2 ∫0 ⎢ 𝜋 ⎥ sin 𝜃 d𝜃
⎢ 5 (cos 𝜃 − 0.707) ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
𝜋 5𝜋
Let z = 5 (cos 𝜃 − 0.707), dz = − sin 𝜃 d𝜃
2 2
−13.4067 [ ]2
1 sin z
U0 = − dz (Nkd → large)
5𝜋 ∫2.3012 z
−∞ ( )2
1 sin z 𝜋 1
U0 ≃ − dz = =
5𝜋 ∫∞ z 5𝜋 5
Umax 1
D0 = ≃ = 5 = D0 |𝜃0 =90◦
U0 (1∕5) ( )
d
since for 𝜃0 = 90◦ D0 ≃ 2N
λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
164 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
d
and for 𝜃0 = 0◦ D0 ≃ 4N
λ
We might expect for 𝜃0 = 45◦ the value of D0 to be somewhere between D0 |𝜃0 =0◦ and
D0 |𝜃0 =90◦
( ) ( )
d 1
A possibility is D0 |𝜃0 =45◦ ≃ 3N = 3 ⋅ (10) ⋅ ⇒ D0 ≃ 7.5
λ 4
Using computer program Arrays:
D0 = 5.321
6.23. (a) The simplest design to achieve this will be a Scanning Uniform Linear Array. See
Section 6.3.3.
(b) Uniform array ⇒ all amplitudes are the same; normalized to unity
( ) (√ )
2𝜋 λ0 ◦ ◦ 3
(c) 𝛽 = −kd cos 𝜃0 = − cos(30 ) = −𝜋 cos(30 ) = −𝜋
λ0 2 2
𝛽 = −0.866𝜋 = −2.7207 rads = −155.8845◦
( )
nλ
6.24. 𝜃n = cos−1 ± , n = 1, 2, 3, … n ≠ N = 2N = 3N
Nd
N = 6, d = λ∕2
(a) Uniform array
(b) All amplitude coefficients the same: an = 1
( ) ( ) ( )
n λ || −1 ± n 2λ = cos−1 ± n
(c) 𝜃n = cos−1 ± = cos
N d || d=λ∕2 6 λ 3
N=6
( )
1
𝜃1 |n=1 = cos−1 ± = 70.529◦ , 109.471◦
3
( )
2
𝜃2 |n=2 = cos−1 ± = 48.189◦ , 131.811◦
3
( )
3
𝜃3 |n=3 = cos−1 ± = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦
3
(d) 𝛽n = 0: All of the same phase.

[ ]
N
sin (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽)
2
6.25. (AF)n = [ ]
1
N sin (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽)
2 ( )
N
sin kd cos 𝜃
(a) For 𝛽 = 0 ⇒ (AF)n = 2
( )
1
N sin kd cos 𝜃
2
In order for the array not to have any minor lobes, we can assume that its first null occurs
at 𝜃 = 0◦ or 180◦ . Thus
) (
N
sin
kd
2 N 2𝜋 λ
(AF)n = ( ) = 0 ⇒ kd = 𝜋 ⇒ d = =
1 2 kN N
N sin kd
2
This assures that there are no minor lobes formed.

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 165
(b) For 𝛽 = kd the maximum occurs at 𝜃 = 180◦ and the array factor can be written as
[ ]
N
sin 2
kd(cos 𝜃 + 1)
(AF)n = [ ]
1
N sin 2
kd(cos 𝜃 + 1)
In order for the array not to have any minor lobes, we can assume that the first null is
formed at 𝜃 = 0◦ .
N | 𝜋 λ
Thus kd(cos 𝜃 + 1)|| = Nkd = 𝜋 ⇒ d = =
2 |𝜃=0◦ Nk 2N
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
6.26. kd = =
λ 4 2
(a) 𝛽 = 0 radians
(b) 𝛽 = −𝜋∕2
(c) 𝛽 = +𝜋∕2
√
3
(d) 𝛽 = −1.36 = − 𝜋 = −0.433𝜋
( 4 ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋 11
(e) 𝛽 = − + 0.147 or − + 0.157 = − 𝜋 = −1.72
(2 ) (2 ) 20
𝜋 𝜋 11
(f) 𝛽 = + + 0.147 or + + 0.157 = 𝜋 = 1.72
2 2 20
6.27. N = 19, d = λ∕4 √ √
( ) 𝜋 3
2𝜋 λ ◦ 𝜋 3
𝛽 = −kd cos 𝜃0 | 𝜃 =30◦ = − cos(30 ) = − =− = −1.3603
(a) 0 λ 4 2 2 4
d=λ∕4
√
𝜋 3
𝛽=− = −1.3603 (rad) = −77.942◦
4
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
𝜃h = cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443 − cos−1 cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
(b) L + d 𝜃0 =30◦ L + d 𝜃0 =30◦
[ ] [ ]
0.443 0.443
= cos−1 0.866 − − cos−1 0.866 +
5 5
= cos−1 (0.7774) − cos−1 (0.9546) = 38.9769◦ − 17.3309◦ = 21.6459◦
𝜃h = 21.6459◦
(c) −13.5 dB
Computer Program Arrays:
HPBW ⇒ 23 degrees
D0 = 10.103 dB
6.28. D0 ≃ 2N(d∕λ)
λ 1
(a) d = , D0 = 2(10) ⋅ = 5 = 6.99 dB
4 4
Computer Program Arrays: D0 = 7.132 dB
( )
λ 1
(b) d = , D0 = 2(10) = 10 = 10 dB
2 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
166 SOLUTION MANUAL

3λ
(c) d = , D0 = 2(10)(0.75) = 15 = 11.76 dB
4
(d) d = λ, D0 = 2(10)(1) = 20 = 13.0 dB
6.29. The recommended element spacing is
1
d= , where 𝜃 is the scan angle in degrees
1 + cos 𝜃
(a) 𝜃0 = 30◦
1
d= = 0.5359 wavelength
1 + cos 30◦
(b) 𝜃0 = 45◦
1 1
d= ◦
= = 0.58578 wavelength
1 + cos 45 1 + 0.7071
(c) 𝜃0 = 60 ◦
1 1
d= = = 0.6667 wavelength
1 + cos 60◦ 1 + 0.5
Although a narrow element pattern can sometimes accommodate larger spacing, using
this rule will ensure that the array factor has only one maximum in the visible
region.
6.30. Since the excitation coefficient of each element is identical, 𝛽 = 0. Thus
AF = ej𝜓0 + ej𝜓x + ej𝜓y + ej𝜓z
where
𝜓0 = 0 ; For element at origin
𝜓x = kd cos 𝛾x = kd â x ⋅ â r = kd sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ; For element along x-axis
𝜓y = kd cos 𝛾y = kd â y ⋅ â r = kd sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ; For element along y-axis
𝜓z = kd cos 𝛾z = kd â z ⋅ â r = kd cos 𝜃 ; For element along z-axis
6.31. (AF)n = cos 𝜃; 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ , 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦
(a) Replace cos 𝜃 by sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
(AF)n ≃ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙; 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 180◦
(b) 1. xy-plane (𝜃 = 90◦ ) ⇒ (AF)n = sin 𝜙
sin 𝜙h = 0.707 ⇒ 𝜙h = 45◦ ⇒ Φh = 2(90◦ − 45◦ ) = 90◦
2. xy-plane (𝜙 = 90◦ ) ⇒ (AF)n ≃ sin 𝜃
sin 𝜃h = 0.707 ⇒ 𝜃h = 45◦ ⇒ Θh = 2(90◦ − 45◦ ) = 90◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 167
4𝜋Umax
(c) D0 = , Umax = sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙|max = 1
Prad
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin2 𝜙 d𝜙 sin3 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
( )
𝜋 4 4𝜋
= = (see below)
2 3 6
𝜋 𝜋 [ ]𝜋
1 1 1 𝜋
sin2 𝜙 d𝜙 = [1 − cos(2𝜙)] d𝜙 = 𝜙 − sin2 𝜙 =
∫0 2 ∫0 2 2 0 2
𝜋 ( )𝜋
1 4
sin3 𝜃 d𝜃 = −cos 𝜃 + cos3 𝜃 =
∫0 3 0 3
4𝜋(1)
D0 = = 6 = 7.782 dB
4𝜋∕6
6.32. (AF)n ≃ cos2 𝜃; 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ , 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦

(a) Replace cos 𝜃 by sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
(AF)n ≃ sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙; 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 180◦
(b) 1. xy-plane (𝜃 = 90◦ ) ⇒ (AF)n = sin2 𝜙
sin2 𝜙h = 0.707 ⇒ 𝜙h = sin−1 (0.841) = 57.228◦
⇒ Φh = 2(90◦ − 57.228◦ ) = 65.544◦
2. xy-plane (𝜙 = 90◦ ) ⇒ (AF)n = sin2 𝜃
sin2 𝜃h = 0.707 ⇒ 𝜃h = sin−1 (0.841) = 57.228◦
⇒ Θh = 2(90◦ − 57.228◦ ) = 65.544◦

4𝜋Umax
(c) D0 = , Umax = sin4 𝜃 sin4 𝜙|max = 1
Prad
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Prad = U(𝜃, 𝜙) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙 = sin4 𝜙 d𝜙
sin5 𝜃 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋 𝜋[ ] 𝜋
1 3 1 3𝜋 16
sin4 𝜙 d𝜙 = − 2 cos(2𝜙) + cos(4𝜙) = , sin5 𝜃d𝜃 =
∫0 4 ∫0 2 2 8 ∫0 15
4𝜋(1) 4(15)(8) 5(32)
D0 = = = = 10 = 10 dB
3𝜋 3(16) 16
(16∕15)
8
6.33. 𝛽 = 0◦ , d = λ∕4
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
(a) 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃 + 0 = cos 𝜃
λ 4 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
168 SOLUTION MANUAL
ψ = 0°
ψ = 180°
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(b) 𝜃 = 0◦ ⇒ 𝜓1 = cos 𝜃 ◦ = cos 0◦ = ⇒ z1 = j
2 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1
𝜃 = 45◦ ⇒ 𝜓2 = cos 45◦ = √ ⇒ z2 = 0.444 + j0.896
2 2 2
AF = (z − j)(z − 0.444 − j0.896)
= (−0.896 + j0.444) + z(−0.444 − j1.896) + z2
3 elements are needed

(c) a1 = −0.896 + j0.444
a2 = −0.444 − j1.896
a3 = 1
6.34. 𝛽 = 𝜋∕4, d = λ∕4
2𝜋 λ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃 + = cos 𝜃 +
λ 4 4 2 4
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
Visible region: 𝜃 = 0◦ ⇒ 𝜓 = + =
2 4 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = 180◦ ⇒ 𝜓 = − + = −
2 4 4
(b) AF = (z − z1 )(z − z2 )(z − z3 )
= a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 ⇒ 4 elements are required
(c) 𝜓10◦ = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = 90 cos(10◦ ) + 45◦ = 133.633◦
= −0.690 + j0.724 = z1
𝜓70◦ = 90◦ cos(70◦ ) + 45◦ = 75.782◦ = 0.2456 + j0.9694 = z2
𝜓110◦ = 90◦ cos(110◦ ) + 45◦ = 14.218◦ = 0.9694 + j0.2456 = z3
So
AF = (z + 0.690 − j0.724)(z − 0.2456 − j0.9694)(z − 0.9694 − j0.2456)
= [z2 + (0.4444 − j1.6934)z + (−0.8713 − j0.491)](z − 0.9694 − j0.2456)
AF = z3 + z2 (−0.5250 − j1.9390) + z(−1.718 + j1.041) + (0.724 + j0.690)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 169
θ = 0°
45°
x
45°
θ = 180°
So
a1 = +0.724 + j0.690 = 1.000138∠43.62◦
a2 = −1.718 + j1.041 = 2.00878∠148.786◦
a3 = −0.5250 − j1.9390 = 2.0088∠ − 105.1500◦

a4 = 1
6.35. (a) 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = 72◦ cos 𝜃

(b) 𝜃 = 0◦ : 𝜓 = 𝜓1 = 0.4𝜋 ⇒ z1 = 0.31 + j0.95
𝜃 = 50◦ : 𝜓 = 𝜓2 = 0.257𝜋 ⇒ z2 = 0.69 + j0.723
𝜃 = 100◦ : 𝜓 = 𝜓3 = −0.218 ⇒ z3 = 0.976 − j0.216
AF = (z − 0.31 − j0.95)(z − 0.69 − j0.723)(z − 0.976 + j0.216)
AF = z3 + z2 (−1.98 − j1.46) + z(0.865 + j2.298) + (0.272 − j0.96)
4 elements are required

y
+72°
ψ VR
x
–72°
(c) a1 = 0.272 − j0.962 = 1∠ − 74.22◦

a2 = 0.865 + j2.298 = 2.46∠69.37◦
a3 = −1.98 − j1.46 = 2.46∠216.4◦
a4 = 1∠0◦ = 1 + j0
6.36. (a) The excitation coefficients for a 3-element array are 1, 2, 1.
Placing one element at the origin, one above it, and the other below it, the problem is
identical to that of Problem 6.1. Thus the array factors are identical and equal to
( )
kd
(b) (AF)n = 1 + cos(kd cos 𝜃) = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃
2
(c) The nulls of the pattern can be found using either of the above forms, as it was demon-
strated in Problem 6.1.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
170 SOLUTION MANUAL
d = λ ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (nλ∕2d) = cos−1 (n∕2), n = ±1, ±3, ±5, … .
n = ±1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±1∕2) = cos−1 (±0.5) = 60◦ , 120◦
n = ±3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (±3∕2) = cos−1 (±1.5) = Does not exist.
n = ±5: 𝜃5 = cos−1 (±5∕2) = cos−1 (2.5) = Does not exist.
(d) The maxima of the pattern can also be found either of the forms. Using the results of
Problem 6.1.
d = λ ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 (mλ∕d) = cos−1 (m), m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, … .
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
m = ±1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦
m = ±2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 (±2) = Does not exist. The same holds for n ≥ 3.
6.37. For a three-element binomial array the array factor is that given in Problem 6.1 and 6.36.
Thus in normalized form it can be written as
( )
kd
(AF)n = cos2 cos 𝜃
2
whose maximum occurs at 𝜃 = 90◦ . In order not to have a side lobe, the argument of the
outer cosine function at 𝜃 = 0◦ or 180◦ must be equal or less than 𝜋∕2. Thus
| kd | 𝜋 𝜋 λ
| cos 𝜃 | ◦ ≤ ⇒d≤ =
|2 | 𝜃=0
| | 2 k 2
𝜃=180◦
6.38. The excitation coefficients of a 4-element binomial array are 1, 3, 3, 1 or

(a) }
a1 = 3
N = 2M = 4 ⇒ M = 2
a2 = 1
∑
M=2
𝜋d
(b) (AF)4 = an cos[(2n − 1)u], u = cos 𝜃, using (6-61a) and (6-61c).
n=1
λ
Thus
( ) ( )
𝜋d 3𝜋d
(AF)4 = a1 cos(u) + a2 cos(3u) = 3 cos cos 𝜃 + cos cos 𝜃
λ λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 171
which can also be written, using (6-66) for m = 3, as

( ) ( ) ( )
𝜋d 𝜋d 𝜋d
(AF)4 = 3 cos cos 𝜃 + 4 cos3 cos 𝜃 − 3 cos cos 𝜃
λ λ λ
( )
𝜋d
= 4 cos3 cos 𝜃
λ
( )
𝜋d
(AF)4 = 4 cos3 cos 𝜃
λ
(c) The nulls occur when

( )
𝜋d 𝜋d
(AF)4 = 4 cos3 cos 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0)
λ λ
(2n + 1)𝜋
=± , n = 0, 1, 2, …
2
or
[ ] [ ]
(2n + 1)λ (2n + 1)2
𝜃n = cos −1
± d = 3 λ∕4 cos −1
± , n = 0, 1, 2, …
2d = 3
( )
2
n = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 ± = 48.19◦ , 131.81◦
3
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±2) = does not exist. The same holds for n ≥ 2.
6.39. (a) Using Pascal’s triangle (2M + 1 = 5 ⇒ M = 2), kd = 5𝜋∕4

5𝜋
4 5
⇒d= = λ
2𝜋∕λ 8
2a1 = 6 ⇒ a1 = 3; a2 = 4, a3 = 1
∑
M+1 ∑
3
(b) (AF)5 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = an cos[2(n − 1)u]
n=1 n=1
= a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u)
x = 2u
= 3 + 4 cos(2u) + cos(4u) 3 + 4 cos(x) + cos(2x)
1 + cos(2x)
cos2 (x) = ⇒ cos(2x) = 2 cos2 (x) − 1
2
(AF)5 = 3 + 4 cos(x) + 2 cos2 x − 1 = 2 + 4 cos(x) + 2 cos2 (x)
= 2[1 + 2 cos x + cos2 x] = 2[1 + cos x]2
(AF)5 = 2[1 + cos(2u)]2 = 2(2)2 [cos2 u]2 = 8 cos4 u
𝜋d 5𝜋
u= cos 𝜃|d= 5λ = cos 𝜃
λ 8 8
5𝜋
(AF)5 = 8 cos4 (u), u = cos 𝜃
8
(c) [(AF)5 ]2n = cos8 (u), u = (5𝜋∕8) cos 𝜃

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
172 SOLUTION MANUAL
5𝜋 n𝜋
(d) (AF)n = cos4 (u) = 0 ⇒ u = cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = , n = ±1, ±3, …
8 2
[ ( )] ( )
n𝜋 8 4
𝜃n = cos−1 = cos−1 n , n = ±1, ±3, ±5, …
2 5𝜋 5
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (4∕5) = 36.87◦ n = −1: 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (−4∕5) = 143.13◦
n = 3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (12∕5) = does not exist n = −3: 𝜃−3 = cos−1 (−12∕5) = does not exist
n = 5: 𝜃5 = cos−1 (4) = does not exist n = −5: 𝜃−5 = cos−1 (−4) = does not exist
Nulls @ 𝜃 = 36.87◦ , 143.13◦

6.40. The excitation coefficients for a 4-element binomial array are 1, 3, 3, 1 or
(a) a1 = 3, a2 = 1
(b) Since the elements are placed along the x-axis
cos 𝛾 = â x ⋅ â r = â x ⋅ (̂ax sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â y sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â z cos 𝜃)
= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
The array factor for this array is similar to that of Problem 6.38. The
( ) ( )
𝜋d 3𝜋d
(AF)4 = 3 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ λ
( )
𝜋d
= 4 cos3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ
(c) The total field is obtained using the pattern multiplication rule of (6-5) by multiply-
ing the field of a single λ∕2 dipole, as given by (4-84), with the array factor above.
Thus
E𝜃 (total) = E𝜃 (single) × (AF)

( )
𝜋
e−jkr cos cos 𝜃 [ ( )]
I0 2 𝜋d
= j𝜂 ⋅ 4 cos3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2𝜋r sin 𝜃 λ
6.41. The answers to this problem are identical to those of Problem 6.40, except that cos 𝛾 is equal
to
cos 𝛾 = â y ⋅ â r = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
Therefore sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 in Problem 6.40 must be replaced by sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 173
6.42. (a) From (6-63), a1 = 10, a2 = 5, a3 = 1, ← Verified with computer program

(b) Since the array is broadside, the progressive phase shift between the elements as required
by (6-18a) is zero (𝛽 = 0.)
∑3
𝜋d 𝜋
(c) (AF)6 = 2 an cos[(2n − 1)u], u = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃,
n=1
λ 2
Computer Program ⇒ D0 = 6.089 dB for d = λ∕2
( ) ( )
⎡ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜋 ⎤
⎢ { ( )
4 ⎥ 10 cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃
I e−jkr
(d) E = â 𝜃 j𝜂 0 4
2𝜋r ⎢⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦ ( ) ( )}
3𝜋 5𝜋
+ 5 cos cos 𝜃 + cos cos 𝜃
2 2
6.43. (a) From (6-63), a1 = 10, a2 = 15, a3 = 6, a4 = 1

λ
Verified with computer program Arrays: (D0 = 6.467 dB) for d =
2
(b) Same answer like (b) in Problem 6.42.
∑4
(c) AF = an ⋅ cos[2(n − 1)u] = 10 + 15 cos 2u + 6 cos 4u + cos 6u
n=1
( )
𝜋d 𝜋
u= cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ 2
(d) Field of E𝜃 at origin: From (4-62a)
( ) ( )
⎡ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜋 ⎤
𝜂I0 ⎢ ( )
e−jkr 4 4 ⎥ dipole of λ length
E𝜃 ≃ j
2𝜋r ⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥ 4
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Array:
( )
⎡ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 − 0.707 ⎤
I ⎢
e−jkr 4 ⎥
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 0 ⎢ ⎥ [10 + 15 cos 2u + 6 cos 4u + cos 6u]
2𝜋r ⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )
𝜋d
u= cos 𝜃
λ
6.44. The excitation coefficients for a 5-element bionomial array are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 or a1 = 3,

a2 = 4, and a3 = 1. Thus the array factor can be written using (6-61b) and (6-61c) as
∑
3
(a) (AF)5 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u)
n=1
Using (6-69) for m = 2 and m = 4, the array factor can also be written as
(AF)5 = a1 + a2 [2 cos2 u − 1] + a3 [8 cos4 u − 8 cos2 u + 1]
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
174 SOLUTION MANUAL
(AF)5 = 3 + 4(2 cos2 u − 1) + (8 cos4 u − 8 cos2 u + 1) = 8 cos4 u

( )
𝜋d
(AF)5 = 8 cos4 cos 𝜃
λ
(b) Using the Directivity computer program of Chapter 2.
D0 = 3.668 = 5.64 dB
(c) The nulls of the pattern are obtained from
( )|
𝜋d
(AF)5 = 8 cos4 cos 𝜃n || = 8 cos4 (𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = 0
λ |d=λ
( )
2n + 1
𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = ± 𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … .
2
[ ( )]
2n + 1
𝜃n = cos−1 ± , n = 0, 1, 2, …
2
( )
1
n = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 ± = 60◦ , 120◦
2
( )
3
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 ± = does not exist. The same holds for n ≥ 2.
2
6.45. N = 3. = 2M + 1 ⇒ M = 1, d = λ∕2
(a) 1 2 1 ⇒ 2a1 = 2 ⇒ a1 = 1 , a2 = 1
∑
M+1
(b) (AF)2M+1 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u)
n=1
( )
1 + 1 cos(2u)
(AF)3 = 2 = 2 cos2 (u)
2
𝜋d 𝜋
(AF)3 = 1 + cos(2u) = 2 cos2 (u), u = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
λ 2
(2N − 2)(2N − 4) ⋯ 2 || 4(2) 8

(c) D0 = = = = 2.667 (6-65a)
(2N − 3)(2N − 5) ⋯ 1 ||N=3 3(1) 3
8
D0 = = 2.667 = 4.26 dB
3
( )
λ
(d) D0 l = = 1.643 = 2.156 dB
2
(e) D0 ≤ 1.643(2.667) = 4.382 = 6.417 dB

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 175
(f) Alternate:
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 3 = 3.0657 = 4.865 dB (6-65b)
(g) D0 ≤ 1.643(3.0657) = 5.037 = 7.02 dB

6.46. N = 3, d = λ∕4 ⇒ 2a1 = 2 ⇒ a1 = 1, a2 = 1,
( )
𝜋d 𝜋 λ 𝜋
u= cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ λ 4 4
2M + 1 = 3 ⇒ M = 1
∑
2
AF = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 cos(0) + a2 cos(2u) = a1 + a2 cos(2 − u)
n=1
= 1 + cos(2 − u)
( )
𝜋
AF = 1 + cos(2u) = 2 cos2 (u) = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃 ⇒ (AF)|max = 2
4
(a) (AF)max = 2 when 𝜃 = 90◦
( ) [ ( )]
𝜋 | 𝜋
(b) (AF) = 2 cos
2 cos 𝜃h | or (AF) = 1 + cos cos 𝜃h
4 | 2
|
|
(AF) = 2(0.707) | (AF) = 2(0.707) = 1.414
|
( ) | ( )
𝜋 | 𝜋
cos2 cos 𝜃h = 0.707 | cos 𝜃h = 0.414
| cos
4 | 2
𝜋 √ | 𝜋
cos 𝜃h = cos−1 ( 0.707) | cos 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.414) = 65.5436◦
|
4 | 2
|
| 𝜋
−1
= cos (0.84083) | cos 𝜃h = 1.14395 rads
| 2
|
𝜋 ◦ |
cos 𝜃h = 32.772 = 0.57198 rads|| cos 𝜃h = 1.14395(2∕𝜋) = 0.72826
4 |
( ) |
4 | 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.72826) = 43.259
𝜃h = cos −1 0.57198 |
𝜋 |
−1 |
= cos (0.72826) |
|
|
𝜃h = 43.259◦ |
|
𝜃h = 43.259◦ , 180◦ − 43.259◦ = 136.741◦
(c) Θh = 2(90 − 43.259) = 2(46.741◦ ) = 93.482◦ or Θh = 136.741 − 43.259 = 93.482

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
176 SOLUTION MANUAL
√
(d) D0 (Pozar) = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + 1∕93.482 = −172.4 + 173.87267
D0 (Pozar) = 1.47267 = 1.681 dB
D0 (McDonald) = 101∕[93.482 − 0.0027(93.482)2 ] = 1.4452 = 1.599 dB
6.47. N = 5, Binomial ⇒ 2M + 1 = N = 5 ⇒ M = 2; d = 3λ∕4

(a) 2a1 = 6 ⇒ a1 = 3, a2 = 4, a3 = 1 (from Pascal’s Triangle) Equation (6-63)
(b) AF = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u) = 3 + 4 cos(2u) + cos(4u)
= 3 + 4[2 cos2 (u) − 1] + [2 cos2 (2u) − 1]
= 3 + 8 cos2 u − 4 + 2[2 cos2 (u) − 1]2 − 1
= 3 + 8 cos2 u − 4 + 8 cos4 u − 8 cos2 u + 2 − 1
𝜋 3𝜋
AF = 8 cos4 u, u= d cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 ⇒ AF = 8 cos4 [(3𝜋∕4) cos 𝜃]
λ 4
( )
3𝜋 3𝜋 n𝜋
(c) AF = 8 cos4 cos 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = ±
4 4 2
n = 1, 3, 5, … .
( )
2n
𝜃n = cos−1 ± , n = 1, 3, 5, … .
3 {
48.1897◦
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±2∕3) =
131.8103◦
n = 3: 𝜃3 = cos (±2) = does not exist
−1
( )| ( )
3𝜋 3𝜋
(d) AF = 8 cos4 cos 𝜃m || = 8 ⇒ cos4 cos 𝜃m = 1
4 |max 4
3𝜋
⇒ cos 𝜃m = cos (±1) = ±m𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, … .
−1
4
𝜃m = cos (±4m∕3)
−1
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦

m = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±4∕3) = does not exist
6.48. (a) d = λ∕2
(b) AF = 3 + 4 cos(2u) + cos(4u) = 3 + 4[2 cos2 (u) − 1]
1 4 6 4 1 ⎫
⎪ + 2 cos2 (2u) − 1
2a1 = 6 ⇒ a1 = 3 ⎪
⎬ = 3 + 4[2 cos2 (u) − 1] + 2[2 cos2 (u) − 1]2 − 1
a2 = 4 ⎪
⎪ ( )
a3 = 1 𝜋d 𝜋 𝜋d
⎭ AF = 8 cos2 u = 0 = 8 cos2 ⇒ = ⇒ d = λ∕2
λ 2 2
(c) N = 5
(10 − 2)(10 − 4)(10 − 6)2 8(6)(4)2
D0 = = = 3.6571 = 10 log10 (3.6571)
(10 − 3)(10 − 5)(10 − 7)1 7(5)(3)1
D0 = 5.6314 dB
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 5 = 3.9578 = 10 log10 (3.9578) = 5.9745 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 177
Computer Program Arrays: D0 = 3.6571 = 5.6314 dB

d λ∕2 𝜋
(d) u = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ λ 2
( )
𝜋
AF = 8 cos2 u = 8 cos2 cos 𝜃
2
1.06 1.06 1.06
HPBW = √ =√ = = 0.53 = 30.37◦
N−1 5−1 2
*****************************************************
PROGRAM OUTPUT
*****************************************************
INPUT SPECIFICATION
————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
NONUNIFORM BINOMIAL (BROADSIDE) LINEAR ARRAY
NUMBER OF ARRAY ELEMENTS = 5
SPACING BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS (IN WAVELENGTHS) = 0.5
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ARRAY
————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
DIRECTIVITY = 5.6314 dB
DIRECTIVITY = 3.6571 dimensionless
NUMBER OF MAXIMA BETWEEN 0 AND 180 DEGREES = 1
HPBW using 0.5*AF∧ 2 FOR MAXIMUM # = 1 30.2827 degrees THMAX = 90
degrees
TOTAL EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE ARRAY DESIGN
6 4 1
NORMALIZED TOTAL EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS (RELATIVE TO EDGE)
6 4 1
NORMALIZED TOTAL EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS (RELATIVE TO CENTER)
1.0000 0.6667 0.1667
*** NOTE:
THE NORMALIZED ARRAY FACTOR (in dB) IS STORED IN
AN OUTPUT FILE CALLED .............. ArrFac.dat
=================================================
»
6.49. Binomial, d = λ∕2
Θ3dB = 15.18◦ = 0.26494 radians
√
(a) HPBW = √1.06 ⇒ N − 1 = 1.06 = 1.06 = 4
N−1 HPBW 0.26494
√
N − 1 = 4 ⇒ N − 1 = 16 ⇒ N = 17
√ √
(b) D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 17 = 1.77(4.123) = 7.298
D0 ≃ 7.298 = 8.632 dB
(c) No sidelobes formed because d = λ∕2.
⇒ sidelobe level = −∞ dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
178 SOLUTION MANUAL
6.50. D0 = 6 dB = 10 log10 D0 (dim) ⇒ D0 (dimensionless) = 100.6 = 3.981

(a) Binomial
√
(b) D0 = 3.981 ≃ 1.77 N ⇒ N = (3.981∕1.77)2 = (2.249)2 = 5.06 ≃ 5
N=5
(c) 2a1 , = 6, a2 = 4, a3 = 1 ⇒ a1 = 3, a2 = 4, a3 = 1
(d) d = λ∕2
(e) HPBW(d = λ∕2) ≃ √1.06 = √1.06 = 1.06 = 0.53 rads = 30.37◦
N−1 5−1 2
HPBW = 30.37◦
6.51. Uniform planar array

From Problem 6.53, Θx0 = Θy0 = 11.2992; Dx = Dy = 9
(a) ∙ Θh = Θx sec 𝜃|𝜃=0◦ = Θx = Θy = 11.2992
0 0 0
Θh = Θx0 = Θy0 = 11.2992◦ 11.2992◦
∙ D0 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃0 Dx Dy |𝜃0=0◦ = 𝜋(1)(9)(9) = 81𝜋 = 254.469 = 24.056 dB
D0 = 254.469 = 24.056 dB
(b) Binomial planar array

From Problem 6.53, Θx0 = Θy0 = 21.4725◦ ; Dx = Dy = 5.0922
∙ Θh = Θx0 = Θy0 = 21.4725◦
∙ Ψh = Θx0 = Θy0 = 21.4725◦
∙ D0 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃0 Dx Dy |𝜃0 =0 = 𝜋(1)(5.0922)(5.0922) = 81.4631
D0 = 81.4631 = 19.1096 dB
(c) Binomial HPBW is larger because smoother amplitude distribution from the center to
edge elements.
Yes, that is what it was expected.
21.4725◦ vs. 5.3438◦
(d) 81.4631 = 19.1096 dB vs. 254.469 = 24.056 dB

Binomial D0 is smaller because of larger HPBW.
Yes, that is what it was expected.
6.52. Binomial
(a) d = λ∕2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 179

√
(b) HPBW(d = λ∕2) = √1.06 = 𝜋 18◦ ⇒ N − 1 = 1.06(10)∕𝜋
N − 1 10
N = 1 + (10.6∕𝜋)2
N = 1 + (3.374)2 = 1 + 11.3844 = 12.3844 ⇒ N ≃ 12 or N ≃ 13

(c) For N = 12:
(2N − 2)(2N − 4) ⋯ ⋯ 2 22 ⋅ 20 ⋅ 18 ⋅ 16 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 12 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2
D0 = =
(2N − 3)(2N − 5) ⋯ ⋅ 1 21 ⋅ 19 ⋅ 17 ⋅ 15 ⋅ 13 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1
= 5.9457 = 7.742 dB
or
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 ( ) 12 = 1.77(3.464)
( ) = 6.13 = 7.876 dB
d 1
D0 (uniform) = 2N = 2(12) 2 = 12 = 10.792 dB
λ
D0 of binomial is smaller because of larger beamwidth, by
10.792 − 7.742 = 3.05 ≃ 3 dB
6.53. (a) N = 9 λ/2 λ/2 λ/2 λ/2 λ/2 λ/2 λ/2 λ/2
4λ
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
(b) Θh = cos−1cos 𝜃0 − 0.443 − cos cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
1 (6-22a)
(L + d) 𝜃 =90◦ (L + d)
[ ] [0
]
λ λ
= cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443
(4.5)λ (4.5)λ
Θh = cos−1 (−0.0984) − cos−1 (0.0984) = 95.6496 − 84.3504
Θh = 11.2992
( ) ( )
d λ
(c) D0 = 2N = 2(9) = 9 = 9.5424 dB
λ 2λ
(d) SLL ≃ −13.26 dB
(e) 2a1 = 70, a2 = 56, a3 = 28, a4 = 8, a5 = 1
1.06 1.06 1.06
(f) HPBW = √ =√ = √ = 0.3748 rad = 21.4725◦
N−1 9−1 8
HPBW = 21.4725
(2N − 2)(2N − 4)(2N − 6)(2N − 8)(2N − 10)(2N − 12)(2N − 14)(2N − 16)
(g) D0 =
(2N − 3)(2N − 5)(2N − 7)(2N − 9)(2N − 11)(2N − 13)(2N − 15)(2N − 17)
16(14)(22)(10)(8)(6)(4)(2)
D0 = = 5.0922 = 7.069 dB
15(13)(11)(9)(7)(5)(3)(1)
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 9 = 1.77(3) = 5.31 = 7.2509 dB
(h) SLL = +0 = −∞ dB because d = λ∕2

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
180 SOLUTION MANUAL
𝜋
6.54. N = 3 = 2M + 1 ⇒ M = 1, d = λ∕2 ⇒ Binomial design, u = d
λ
(a) 2a1 = 2 ⇒ a1 = 1, a2 = 1
∑
M+1=2
(b) (AF)3 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2𝜇) = 1 + cos(2u)
n=1
= 2 cos2 (u)
𝜋d 𝜋
u= cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ 2
1.06 1.06 1.06
HPBW = √ =√ = √ = 0.74953 = 42.945◦
N−1 3−1 2
(2N − 2)(2N − 4) ⋯ 2 4 ⋅ 2 8
(c) D0 = = = = 2.667 = 4.26 dB
(2N − 3)(2N − 5) ⋯ 1 3 ⋅ 1 3
( )
kd 𝜋d
6.55. AF = 2 cos 2 cos 𝜃 = 2 cos2 (u), u = cos 𝜃
z λ
1 + cos(2x)
(a) Using the trigonometric identity cos2 (x) =
2
[ ]
1 + cos(2u) ∑
M+1
AF = 2 cos2 u =2 = 1 + cos(2u) = an cos[(n − 1)u]
2 n=1
∑
2
1 + cos(2u) = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u)
n=1
a1 = 1, a2 = 1
N = 2M + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
(b) 2a1 = 2(1) = 2 , a2 = 1

(c) Binomial ( )| ( )
𝜋d 𝜋 3λ
(d) AF = 2 cos2 (u) = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃 || = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃
λ |d=3λ∕4 λ 4
( )
3𝜋
= 2 cos2 cos 𝜃
4
( ) ( )
3𝜋 3𝜋
AF = 2 cos2 cos 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ cos cos 𝜃n = 0
4 4
3𝜋 n𝜋
cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = ± , n = 1, 3, 5, …
λ 2
( )
2
cos 𝜃n = ±n
3
( )
⎧ −1 2 = 48.1897◦
( ) ⎪ cos 3
2
n = 1: 𝜃n = cos−1 ± =⎨ ( )
3 ⎪ cos−1 − 2 = 131.8103◦
⎩
( ) 3
4
n = 3: 𝜃n = cos −1 ± = do not exist.
3
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 181
6.56. 2M + 1 = 3 = Number of Elements ⇒ M = 1 Odd # of elements
( ) M+1
∑
d 𝜋d
AF = 1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u), u = cos 𝜃
λ n=1
λ
(6-61b)
(a) N = 3 = 2M + 1 ⇒ odd number of elements ⇒ 3

( ) ( )
d d
(b) 1 + cos 2𝜋 λ cos 𝜃 = a1 + a2 cos 2𝜋 λ cos 𝜃
a1 = 1 ⇒ 2a2 = 2
a2 = 1 a2 = 1
( ) ( )
d d
(c) AF|null = 1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃n = 0 ⇒ cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃n = −1
λ λ
d
2𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (−1) = ±n𝜋, n = 1, 3, 5, … .
λ
( ) ( )
λ || 2
𝜃n = cos−1 ±n | = cos−1 ±n , n = 1, 3, 5, …
2𝜋d |d=3λ∕4 3
⎧ cos−1 (2∕3) = 48.19◦

( ) ⎪
2
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 ± =⎨
3 ⎪ cos−1 (−2∕3) = 131.81◦
( ) ⎩
4
n = 3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 ± = do not exist
3
( )
⎡ 1 + cos 2𝜋 d cos 𝜃 ⎤
(d) ( ) ⎢ m ⎥
d λ
AF|max = 1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = 2⎢ ⎥
λ ⎢ 2 ⎥
( ) ⎣ ⎦
d
AF|max = 2 cos2 𝜋 cos 𝜃m = 2
λ
( ) ( )
d d
cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃m = 1 ⇒ cos 2 cos 𝜃m = ±1
2
λ λ
d
2 cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (±1) = m𝜋, m = 0, ±1, …
λ
( )| ( )
λ 4
𝜃m = cos−1 2 || = cos−1 m
d |d=3λ∕4 5
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
m = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (4∕3) = does not exist

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
182 SOLUTION MANUAL
Alternate Method
| ( )| ( )
d d
AF|max = ||1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m || = 2 ⇒ 1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = ±2
| λ | λ
( ) ( )
d d
+2 : 1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = 2 ⇒ cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = 1
λ λ
d
⇒ 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (1) = m𝜋, m = 0, 2, …
λ
( ) ( )
λ || −1 m 2
𝜃m = cos−1 m = cos
2d ||d=3λ∕4 3
( )
4
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ , m = 2: 𝜃2 cos−1 = does not exist.
3
( ) ( )
d d
−2 : 1 + cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = −2 ⇒ cos 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = −3
λ λ
d
2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (−3) = do not exist.
λ
6.57. 4-Element non-uniform array, 2M = 4 ⇒ M = 2, Binomial
𝛽 = 0, a1 = 3, a2 = 1 1 3 3 1
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙
∑
2
𝜋d
(a) (AF)2M = an cos[(2n − 1)u], u= cos 𝜃
n=1
λ
(AF)4 = a1 cos u + a2 cos(3u) = 3 cos u + cos(3u)
cos(3u) = 4 cos3 u − 3 cos u (6-66)

( )
𝜋d
(AF)4 = 3 cos u + 4 cos3 u − 3 cos u = 4 cos3 u = 4 cos3 cos 𝜃
λ
( ) ( )
(b) (AF)4 = 4 cos3 𝜋 λ cos 𝜃 = 4 cos3 𝜋 cos 𝜃
λ2 2
( )
𝜋
(AF)4n = cos 3 cos 𝜃
2
( )
r 𝜋
Nulls: (AF)4n = cos3 cos 𝜃n = 0
2
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = ± , ± , ⋯
2 2 2
( )
2 𝜋
cos 𝜃n = ± = ±1
𝜋 2
𝜃n = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 183

( )
r Maxima: (AF)4n = cos3 𝜋 cos 𝜃m = 1
2
𝜋
cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (±1) = 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, …
2
cos 𝜃m = 0 ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 (0) = 90◦

𝜋
cos 𝜃m = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 (2) = does not exist
2
r HPBW = √1.06 =√
1.06 1.06
= √ = 0.61199 rads = 35.064◦
N−1 4−1 3
r D = (2N − 2)(2N − 4)(2N − 6) = 6(4)(2) = 3.2 = 5.052 dB
0
(2N − 3)(2N − 5)(2N − 7) 5(3)(1)
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 4 = 1.77(2) = 3.54 = 5.49 dB
6.58. (a) Binomial

(b) dmax = λ∕2
(c) a1 = 3, a2 = 1
∑M
(d) AF = an cos[(2n − 1)u] = a1 cos(u) + a2 cos(3u)
n=1
𝜋d 𝜋
AF = 3 cos(u) + cos(3u) u= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ 2
( ) ( )
𝜋 3𝜋
= 3 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2 2
𝜋d 𝜋
(e) AF = 3 cos(u) + cos(3u) u= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
λ 2
( ) ( )
𝜋 3𝜋
= 3 cos sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + cos sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 2
(f) HPBW ≃ √1.06 = √1.06 = 1.06

√ = 0.61199 rads = 35.06
◦
N−1 4−1 3
HPBW = 35.06◦
(g) D0 = (2N − 2)(2N − 4) ⋯ 2 = 6(4)(2) = 48 = 3.2 = 5.05 dB

(2N − 3)(2N − 5) ⋯ 1 5(3)(1) 15
D0 = 3.2 = 5.05 dB
( ) ( )
6.59. AF = 3 cos 𝜋d sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos 𝜋d sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ λ
( )
𝜋d
AF = 4 cos3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ
(a) Linear
(b) x-axis
(c) Binomial
(d) N=4
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
184 SOLUTION MANUAL
(e) r HPBW ≃ √1.06 = √1.06 = 1.06 √ = 0.612 rads = 35.065

◦
N−1 4−1 3
r D = (2N − 2)(2N − 4)(2N − 6) || =
6(4)(2) 48
= = 3.2
0
(2N − 3)(2N − 5)(2N − 7) ||N=4 5(3)(1) 15
D0 = 3.2 = 5.05 dB
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 4 = 1.77(2) = 3.54 = 5.49 dB
r Omnidirectional pattern. Therefore use either of two.
101
D0 = (McDonald)
HPBW(degrees) − 0.0027[HPBW(degrees)]2
101
D0 ≃ = 3.3526 = 5.25 dB
33.08 − 0.0027(33.08)2
or
√ 1
D0 ≃ −(72.4 + 191) 0.818 + (Pozar)
HPBW(degrees)
√ 1
= −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = −172.4 + 175.91 = 3.51
33.08
D = 3.51 = 5.45 dB
(f) −∞ dB sidelobe (no sidelobe)

6.60. (a) dmax to dopt :
[ ( )] [ ( )]
λ −1 −1 λ 1
dmax = cos = 𝜋 − cos −1
𝜋 z0 𝜋 z0
∵ [cos−1 (−z) = 𝜋 − cos−1 (z)]
( )
⎡ −1 1 ⎤
⎢ cos
z0 ⎥ [ ]
dmax = λ ⎢1 − ⎥ ; z = cosh 1 cosh−1 (R )
⎢ 𝜋 ⎥ 0
P 0
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( √ ) [ ( √ )]
1
cosh−1 (R0 ) = ln R0 + R20 − 1 ; z0 cosh ln R0 + R20 − 1
P
( )
⎡ cos −1 1 ⎤
⎢ λ ⎥=d
P = N − 1; z0 = λ; dmax = λ ⎢1 − ⎥ opt
⎢ 𝜋 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 185
(b) dopt to dmax :
( )
⎡ cos −1 1 ⎤ [ ( √ )]
⎢ λ ⎥ 1 2
dopt = λ ⎢1 − ⎥ ; λ = cosh N − 1 ln R0 + R0 − 1
⎢ 𝜋 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
( √ )
ln R0 + R20 − 1 = cosh−1 (R0 ); P=N−1
[ ] [ ( )] [ ( )]
1 λ 1 λ 1
λ = cosh cosh−1 (R0 ) = z0 ; dopt = 𝜋 − cos−1 = 𝜋 − cos−1
P 𝜋 λ 𝜋 z0
[ ( )]
λ −1
[cos−1 (−z) = 𝜋 − cos−1 (z)]; dopt = cos−1 = dmax
𝜋 z0
6.61. R0 = 20 dB ⇒ R0 (voltage Ratio) = 101 = 10

√ √
z0 = 12 [(10 + 102 − 1)1∕2 + (10 − 102 − 1)1∕2 ] = 2.3452
(a) The array factor can be written as
∑
2
(AF)3 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u) = a1 + a2 [2 cos2 u − 1]
n=1
( )
𝜋d
(AF)3 = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 u = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 cos 𝜃
λ
Letting cos u = z∕z0 , and equating the array factor to the Tschebyscheff polynomial of
order 2, we obtain
( )2
z 2a2
(a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 = −1 + 2z2 ⇒ =2
z0 z20
⇒ a2 = z20 = (2.3452)2 = 5.5
Therefore
} {
a1 = 4.5 a1n = 4.5∕5.5 = 0.818
or normalized
a2 = 5.5 a2n = 5.5∕5.5 = 1.0
[(a1 − a2 ) = −1 ⇒ a1 = a2 − 1 = 4.5]
(b) Thus the array factor is equal to
( ) ( )
2𝜋d 𝜋d
(AF)3 = 0.818 + cos cos 𝜃 = −0.182 + 2 cos2 cos 𝜃
λ λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
186 SOLUTION MANUAL
(c) (AF)3 = 0.818 + cos(2𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = 0 ⇒ cos(2𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = −0.818

{
±144.885◦ = ±2.5287 rads Also (±2.5287 ± 2𝜋n) rads
2𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos (−0.818) =
−1
±215.115◦ = ±3.754 rads Also (±3.754 ± 2𝜋n) rads
Therefore
( )
2.5287
𝜃n = cos−1 ± = 66.27◦ , 113.73◦
2𝜋
( )
+2.5287 − 2𝜋
𝜃n = cos−1 = 126.69◦
2𝜋
( )
−2.5287 + 2𝜋
𝜃n = cos−1 = 53.31◦
2𝜋
( )
3.754
𝜃n = cos−1 ± = 53.31◦ , 126.69◦
2𝜋
( )
+3.754 + 2𝜋
𝜃n = cos−1 = 113.73◦
2𝜋
( )
−3.754 + 2𝜋
𝜃n = cos−1 = 66.27◦
2𝜋
Therefore the nulls occur at
𝜃n = 53.31◦ , 66.27◦ , 113.73◦ and 126.69◦
(d) The maxima of the pattern are obtained using
(AF)3 ||max = 1.818 = 0.818 + cos(2𝜋 cos 𝜃m ) ⇒ cos(2𝜋 cos 𝜃m ) = 1
2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = cos−1 (1) = 0◦ ± 360◦ m or 0 ± 2𝜋m radians
Thus
( )
0
𝜃m = cos−1 = 90◦
2𝜋
( )
2𝜋
𝜃m = cos−1 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
2𝜋
( )
2𝜋
𝜃m = cos−1 − = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
2𝜋
There exist two more maxima and one occurs between 53.31◦ and 66.27◦ and the other
between 113.73◦ and 126.69◦ . Alternate methods can be used to find them. One method
will be to take derivative of (AF)3 and equate it to zero. This allows you to find the extrema
(minima and maxima). If the value of the second derivative at these points is positive, they
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 187
are minima if it is negative they are maxima. Thus

d(AF)3
= −sin(2𝜋 cos 𝜃m )(−2𝜋 sin 𝜃m ) = 0
d𝜃
⇒ sin 𝜃m = 0, sin(2𝜋 cos 𝜃m ) = 0
sin 𝜃m = 0 ⇒ 𝜃m = sin−1 (0) = 0◦ , 180◦ . They are maxima (from above).
sin(2𝜋 cos 𝜃m ) = 0 ⇒ 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = sin−1 (0) = ±m𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, …

m = 0; cos 𝜃m = 0 ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ (Maximum)
( )
1
m = 1; 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = ±𝜋 ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 ± = 60◦ , 120◦ (Maxima)
2
m = 2; 2𝜋 cos 𝜃m = ±2𝜋 ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦ (Maxima)
Therefore the maxima occur at 𝜃 = 0◦ , 60◦ , 90◦ , 120◦ and 180◦

Note: This procedure did not yield any nulls because the nulls occur at points (see graph)
where the smooth curve was truncated and where, there are zero crossings.
An alternate method will be to use the procedure which was used to tabulate the data
of Table 6.9. Since this is a 3-element array, its array factor is equal to a Tschebyscheff
polynomial of order 2, and it is shown sketched here.
18
16 Tschebyscheff Polynomial of order 2
14 |T2(z)|
12
10
8
6
4
2.3452 –1 –1 2.3452
2 2 2
0
–3 –2–1 0 1 2 3
√
The nulls occur at z = ±1∕ 2 = ±0.707. Thus using the relation of (6-72)
( )
z 𝜋
= cos(u) = cos d cos 𝜃
z0 λ
√
For d = λ, z = ±1∕ 2 and z0 = 2.3452
1
cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃) = ± √ = ±0.3015
2.3452 2
{ ( )
1.2645
±72.45◦ = ±1.2645 rad ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 ±
𝜋 cos 𝜃 = cos (±0.3015) =
−1
𝜋
= 66.27◦ Also 𝜃 = 113.73◦
𝜋 cos 𝜃 = ±107.55◦ = ±1.877 rad
( )
1.877
⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 ± = 53.31◦ (Also 𝜃 = 126.69◦ )
𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
188 SOLUTION MANUAL
The maxima of the pattern occur at z = 0, z = ±z0 = ±2.3452

For z = 0:
( )
2m + 1
cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃) = 0 ⇒ 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = cos−1 (0) = ± 𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, …
2
( )
𝜋 1
m = 0: 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = ± ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 ± = 60◦ , 120◦
2 2
( )
3𝜋 3
m = 1: 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = ± ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 ± ⇒ does not exist.
2 2
The same holds for m ≥ 2.

For z = ±2.3452 = ±z0 :
z
cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃) = = ±1 ⇒ 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = cos−1 (±1) = ±m𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, …
z0
m = 0: 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
m = 1: 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = ±𝜋 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦
m = 2: 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = ±2𝜋 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (±2) ⇒ does not exist.
The same holds for m ≥ 3.

Thus the same answers are obtained as with the previous method.
6.62. For a three-element Tschebyscheff array:
∑
2
(a) (AF)3 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u) = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 u
n=1
R0 = 40 dB ⇒ R0 (voltage ratio) = 100
1 √ √
z0 = [(100 + 1002 − 1)1∕2 + (100 − 1002 − 1)1∕2 ] = 7.1063
2
Thus ( )2
z
(a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 u = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 = 2z2 − 1 = T2 (z)
z0
( )2
z
2a2 = 2z2 ⇒ a2 = z20 = (7.1063)2 = 50.5
z0
a1 − a2 = −1 ⇒ a2 = z20 = (7.1063)2
⇒ a1 = −1 + a2 = 49.5
}
a1 = 49.5 a1n = a1 ∕a2 = 49.5∕50.5 = 0.9802
normalized
a2 = 50.5 a2n = a2 ∕a2 = 50.5∕50.5 = 1.0000
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 189
( )
2𝜋d
(b) (AF)3 = a1n + a2n cos(2u) = 0.9802 + cos cos 𝜃
λ
( )
𝜋d
(AF)3 = (a1n − a2n ) + 2a2n cos2 u = −0.0198 + 2 cos2 cos 𝜃
λ
(c) For d = 3λ∕4 (0◦ < 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ )

[ ] ( )
2𝜋(3) 3𝜋
(AF)3 = 0.9802 + cos cos 𝜃n = 0.9802 + cos cos 𝜃n = 0
4 2
{
3𝜋 ±168.58◦ (±2.9423 rads)
cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (−0.9802) =
2 ±191.42◦ (±3.3409 rads)
Therefore
( )
2(2.9423)
𝜃n = cos −1
± = 51.36◦ , 128.64◦
3𝜋
( )
2(3.3409)
𝜃n = cos−1 ± = 44.85◦ , 135.15◦
3𝜋
{ [√ ]}2
2R20 2
(d) D0 =
( ) ( λ ) , f = 1 + 0.636 R0 cosh (cosh R0 ) − 𝜋
−1 2 2
1 + R20 − 1 f
L+d
{ [√ ]}
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh (100)) − 𝜋 )
−1 2 2 = 1.323
100
2(100)2
D0 = ( ) = 3.4 = 5.32 dB
4
1 + (1002 − 1) + 1.323 9
Using the Directivity computer program of Chapter 2, D0 = 3.76 = 5.75 dB

{ [ ( )]
λ
(e) HPBW = cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443
L+d
[ ( )]} |
λ
− cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443 f ||
L+d |𝜃0 =90◦
{ [ ( )] [ ( )]}
4 4
HPBW = cos−1 0 − 0.443 − cos−1 0 − 0.443 1.323 = 30.05◦
9 9
The excitation coefficients can also be found using (6-77b) or
∑
M+1
(q + M − 2)!(2M)
a2 = (−1)M−q+1 (z0 )2(q−1) with M = 1
q=n
𝜀n (q − n)!(q + n − 2)!(M − q + 1)!
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
190 SOLUTION MANUAL
Thus
∑
2
(q − 1)!2
a1 = (−1)2−q (7.1063)2(q−1)
q=1
2(q − 1)!(q − 1)!(2 − q)!
= −2 + (7.1063)2 = 49.5
∑
2
(q − 1)!2
a2 = (−1)2−q (7.1063)2(q−1) = (7.1063)2 = 50.5
q=2
(q − 2)!q!(2 − q)!
∑
2
6.63. (a) (AF) = an cos[(2n − 1)u]
4
n=1
= a1 cos u + a2 cos 3u = (a1 − 3a2 ) cos u + 4a2 cos3 u
R0 = 40 dB ⇒ R0 = 100
[ ]
1
z0 = cosh cosh−1 (100) = 3.0095
3
Therefore
( )3
z z
(AF)4 = (a1 − 3a2 ) + 4a2 = −3z + 4z3 = T3 (z)
z0 z0
4a2 ⟩
= 4 ⇒ a2 = 27.257 ⟩
(3.0095)3 a1 = 2.668 a1 = 1
a1 − 3(27.257) a2 = 1 a2 = 0.3748
= −3 ⇒ a1 = 72.742
(3.0095)
𝜋d
(b) AF = 2.668 cos u + cos 3u, u = cos 𝜃
λ
3λ 3
(c) d = , u = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
4 4
AF = 2.668 cos u + cos 3u = 2.668 cos u − 3 cos u + 4 cos3 u
( )[ ( )]
3𝜋 3𝜋
AF = −0.332 cos u + 4 cos3 u = cos cos 𝜃 −0.332 + 4 cos2 cos 𝜃
4 4
( )[ ( )]
3𝜋 3𝜋
AF = cos cos 𝜃 1.668 + 2 cos cos 𝜃 = 0
4 2
( ) {
3𝜋 3𝜋 ±2.5571
∴ cos cos 𝜃n = 0 or cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (±0.834) =
4 2 ±3.7261
( )
𝜋 4
𝜃n = cos−1 ± ⋅ = 48.19◦ , 131.81◦
2 3𝜋
[ ]
3
𝜃n = cos−1 ± (2.5571) = 57.137◦ , 122.863◦ Computer Program Arrays:
3𝜋
[ ] Directivity:
2
𝜃n = cos−1 (3.7261) = 37.7487◦ , 142.2513◦ D0 = 6.859 dB
3𝜋
( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1
dmax = cos−1 − = cos−1 − = 0.6078λ
𝜋 z0 𝜋 3.0095
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 191
Computer program Arrays: a1 = 72.742, a2 = 27.217

⇒ Normalized a2 = 1, a1 = 2.668. d = 3λ∕4 = 0.75λ exceeds dmax = 0.6078λ.
Thus all the minor lobes are not of the same level.
∑
3
6.64. (AF)5 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u)
n=1
= a1 + a2 (2 cos2 u − 1) + a3 (8 cos4 u − 8 cos2 u + 1)
(AF)5 = (2a2 − 8a3 ) cos2 u + (8 cos4 u)a3 + (a1 − a2 + a3 )

( )
1
R0 = 10, z0 = cosh cosh−1 (10) = 1.2933, T4 (z) = 8z4 − 8z2 + 1
4
( )2 ( )4
z z
∴ (2a2 − 8a3 ) + 8a3 + (a1 − a2 + a3 ) = −8z2 + 8z4 + 1
z0 z0
8z4 ⋅ a3
= 8z4 ⇒ a3 = 2.7976
(1.2933)4
z2 [2a2 − 8(2.7976)]
= −8z2 → a2 = 4.49992
(1.7933)2
a1 − a2 + a3 = 1 ⇒ a1 = 2.7023
(a) a3 = 1, a2 = 1.6085, a1 = 0.966

(b) Array Factor.
𝜋d
(AF) = 0.966 + 1.6085 cos(2u) + cos(4u), u = cos 𝜃
λ
3λ 3𝜋
(c) d = , u= cos 𝜃.
4 4
0 = 0.966 + 1.6085(2 cos2 u − 1) + 8 cos4 u − 8 cos2 u + 1
= 8 cos4 u − 4.783 cos2 u + 0.3575

( )
3𝜋
∴ cos cos 𝜃 = ±0.7143562028, ±0.2959226515
4
4
∴ cos(𝜃n ) = cos−1 (0.7143562028)
3𝜋
𝜃n = 70.79◦ ,
4
cos(𝜃n ) = cos−1 (±0.2959226515)
3𝜋
𝜃n = 57.37◦ , 37.423◦ .
Nulls (degrees):
𝜃n = 37.423◦ , 57.37◦ , 70.79◦
Computer program Arrays: a1 = 2.702, a2 = 4.5, a3 = 2.7.

After Normalized: a1 = 1, a2 = 1.609, a3 = 1.0.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
192 SOLUTION MANUAL
∑
3
6.65. (AF)6 = an cos[(2n − 1)u] = a1 cos u + a2 cos 3u + a3 cos 5u
n=1
R0 (dB) = 20 = 20 log10 (R0 ) ∴ R0 = 10

( )
1
z0 = cosh cosh−1 (10) = 1.2933
4
(AF)6 = a1 cos u + a2 (4 cos3 u − 3 cos u) + a3 (16 cos5 u − 20 cos3 u + 5 cos u)

= a3 (16) cos5 u + (4a2 − 20a3 ) cos3 u + (a1 − 3a2 + 5a3 ) cos u
(AF)6 = 16z5 − 20z3 + 5z
Substituting cos(u) = z∕z0 and matching similar terms
a3 (16)
= 16, → a3 = 3.618
(1.2933)5
4a2 − 20(3.618)
= −20, → a2 = 7.275
(1.2933)3
a1 − 3(7.275) + 5(3.618)
= 5 → a1 = 10.2015
(1.2933)
(a) a1 = 2.81965, a2 = 2.011, a3 = 1

(b) (AF)6 = 2.81965 cos(u) + 2.011 cos(3u) + cos(5u)
3𝜋
(c) Null point, u = cos 𝜃
4
(AF)6 = 2.81965(cos u) + 2.011(4 cos3 u − 3 cos u)
+ 16 cos5 u − 20 cos3 u + 5 cos u
(AF)6 = 16 cos5 u − 11.956 cos3 u + 1.78665 cos u = 0.
∴ cos u = 0, ±0.7353555305, ±0.4544251796.
( ) ( )
3𝜋 𝜋 4
cos cos 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃n = cos−1 = 48.19◦
4 2 3𝜋
( )
3𝜋
cos cos 𝜃 = +0.73535553, 𝜃n = 71.57◦
4
( )
3𝜋
cos cos 𝜃 = ±0.4544251796, 𝜃n = 62.19◦ , 29.90◦
4
∴ Nulls (in degrees):
𝜃n = 29.90◦ , 62.19◦ , 48.19◦ , 71.57◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 193
6.66. R0 = 40 dB ⇒ R0 (Voltage ratio) = 100
∑
2
𝜋d 𝜋
(AF)4 = an cos[(2n − 1)u], u = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
n=1
λ 4
= a1 cos u + a2 cos 3u = (a1 − 3a2 ) cos u + 4a2 cos3 u
[ ]
1
z0 = cosh cosh−1 (100) = 3.0095
3
Therefore ( )3
z z a1 − 3a2 4a
(AF)4 = (a1 − 3a2 ) + 4a2 = −3z + 4z3 ⇒ = −3, 32 = 4
z0 z0 z0 z0
a2 = z30 = (3.0095)3 = 27.2573, a1 = −3z0 + 3a2 = 72.7434
In normalized form a2n = a2 ∕a2 = 1.00, a1n = a1 ∕a2 = 2.6688

( ) ( )
𝜋 3𝜋
(AF)4 = 2.6688 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4 4
( )
𝜋
I0 e−jkr cos 2 cos 𝜃 [ (
𝜋
) (
3𝜋
)]
Etotal = j𝜂 2.6688 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2𝜋r sin 𝜃 4 4
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2R20 ⎥ ( λ
) (
λ
)
(a) D0 = ⎢
( ) ( ) ⎥ D l = , where D l = = 1.65
⎢ 1 + R2 − 1 f λ ⎥ 2 2
⎣ 0 L + [d ⎦
{ √ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh (R0 )) − 𝜋
−1 2 2
R0
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (5.2983)2 − 𝜋 2 = 1.323
100
2(100)2 (1.65)
D0 = = 2.49 = 3.96 dB,
⎛ ⎞
⎜ λ ⎟
1 + (1002 − 1)1.323 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3λ λ
+ ⎟
⎝ 4 4⎠
D0 (computer) = 3.2 = 5.05 dB
(b) 𝜃 = 𝜋∕2 (x-y plane)

[ ( ) ( )]
𝜋 3𝜋 3.6688
E𝜃 (total)|3−dB = (1) 2.6688 cos cos 𝜙 + cos cos 𝜙 = √
4 4 2
⇒ 𝜙 = 54.45◦
HPBW = 2(90 − 54.45) = 71.1◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
194 SOLUTION MANUAL
𝜙 = 𝜋∕2 (y-z plane)

( )
⎡ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥ 3.6688
E𝜃 (total)|3−dB = 3.6688 ⎢ ⎥= √ ⇒ 𝜃 = 50.8◦
⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥ 2
⎣ ⎦
HPBW = 2(90 − 50.8) = 78.4◦
which is the same as that of a λ∕2 dipole.

6.67. The answers for this are identically the same as those of Problem 6.66 except that the
sin𝜃cos𝜙 factor is replaced by the sin𝜃sin𝜙 factor. Also the HPBW in the x-z plane of this
problem is the same as that of the y-z plane of Prob 6.66.
∑
3
6.68. (AF)5 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u)

n=1
(a) R0 = 40 dB ⇒ R0 (Voltage ratio) = 100

{[ √ ]1∕4 [ √ ]1∕4 }
1 2 2
z0 = 100 + 100 − 1 + 100 − 100 − 1 = 2.013248
2
Letting cos u = z∕z0
(AF)5 = (a1 − a2 + a3 ) + (2a2 − 8a3 ) cos2 u + 8a3 cos4 u
( )2 ( )4
z z
= (a1 − a2 + a3 ) + (2a2 − 8a3 ) + 8a3 = 1 − 8z2 + 8z4
z0 z0
Equating similar terms yields a3 = 16.429, a2 = 49.503, a1 = 34.074

or in normalized form a3n = a3 ∕a3 = 1.0, a2n = a2 ∕a3 = 3.013, a1n = a1 ∕a3 = 2.074
( )
𝜋
(b) (AF) 5 = 2.074 + 3.013 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + cos(𝜋 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)
2
𝜋d
u= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙|d=λ∕4
λ
{ [√ ]}2
2
(c) f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh 100) − 𝜋
−1 2 2
100
[ ]2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 (35.64) = 1.323
100
2R20 2(100)2
D0 = ( ) ( ) =
λ 1
1 + R20 − 1 f 1 + (1002 − 1)1.323
L+d 1.25
D0 = 1.889 = 2.76 dB
D0 (computer program Arrays) = 1.998 = 3.01 dB

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 195
{ ( )
λ
(d) HPBW = f cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443
L+d
( )}
λ
− cos−1 cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
L + d 𝜃0 =90◦
{ [ ( )] [ ( )]}
1 1
= 1.323 cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443
1.25 1.25
= 1.323(41.513◦ )
HPBW = 54.9◦
6.69. (a) N = 2M + 1 = 9 ⇒ M = 4, R0 = 30 dB ⇒ R0 (Voltage Ratio) = 101.5 = 31.662
{ √ √ }
1
z0 = [31.662 + (31.662)2 − 1]1∕8 + [31.662 − (31.662)2 − 1]1∕8
2
z0 = 1.679244 + 0.595506 = 1.137375
∑
5
(b) (AF)9 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u)
n=1
+ a4 cos(6u) + a5 cos(8u)
+ a4 (32 cos6 u − 48 cos4 u + 18 cos2 u − 1)
+ a5 (128 cos8 u − 256 cos6 u + 160 cos4 u − 32 cos2 u + 1)
(AF)9 = (a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + a5 ) + (2a2 − 8a3 + 18a4 − 32a5 ) cos2 u
+ (8a3 − 48a4 + 160a5 ) cos4 u + (32a4 − 256a5 ) cos6 u
+ (128a5 ) cos8 u
Letting z∕z0 = cos u and equating (AF)9 = T8 (z) = 1 − 38z2 + 160z4 − 256z6 + 128z8
leads to a5 = z80 = (1.13737)8 = 2.8004
32a4 − 256a5
−256 = ⇒ a4 = (−256z60 + 256a5 )∕32 = 5.085
z60
8a3 − 48a4 + 160a5

160 = ⇒ a3 = (160z40 + 48a4 − 160a5 )∕8 = 7.970
z40
2a2 − 8a3 + 18a4 − 32a5 ( )

−32 = ⇒ a2 = −32z20 + 8a3 − 18a4 + 32a5 ∕2
z20
a2 = 10.226
1 = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + a5 ⇒ a1 = 1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − a5 = 5.540
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
196 SOLUTION MANUAL
Thus
a1 = 5.540 ⇒ 2a1 = 11.080 ⎫ a1n = a1 ∕a5 = 1.978, 2a1n = 3.956

⎪
a2 = 10.226 ⎪ a2n = a2 ∕a5 = 3.652
⎪ In Normalized
a3 = 7.970 ⎬ Form
a3n = a3 ∕a5 = 2.846
a4 = 5.085 ⎪ a4n = a4 ∕a5 = 1.815
⎪
a5 = 2.8004 ⎪ a5n = a5 ∕a5 = 1.0
⎭
{ [√ ]}2
2
(c) f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 31.662)2 − 𝜋 2
31.662
[ ]2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 (7.5373) = 1.144
31.662
{ ( ) ( λ )} { ( )}
1
D0 = 2R20 ∕ 1 + R20 − 1 f = 2(31.662)2 ∕ 1 + (31.6622 − 1)1.144
L+d 4.5
D0 = 7.844 = 8.945 dB
{ ( ) ( )}
λ λ
(d) HPBW = f cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443 − cos−1 cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
L+d L + d 𝜃0 =90◦
{ ( ) ( )}
1 1
= 1.144 cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443
4.5 4.5
= 1.144(95.65 − 84.35)
HPBW = 1.144(11.30) = 12.93◦
6.70. 2N + 1 = 3, N = 1
∑
N+1 ∑
2
(a) (AF)2N+1 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u)

n=1 n=1
= a1 + a2 cos(2u) = a1 + a2 [2 cos2 u − 1] = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 u
(AF)2N+1 = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 u
R0 (dB) = 26 = 20 log10 [R0 (dimensionless)], 1.3 = log10 R0
R0 = 101.3 = 20
20 = T2 (z0 ) = 2z20 − 1, 2z20 = 21, z20 = 10.5, z0 = 3.24
cos u = z∕z0
(AF)2N+1 = (a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 cos2 u = T2 (z) = 2z2 − 1
2a2 ( )
(a1 − a2 ) + 2a2 (z∕z0 )2 = 2z2 − 1, = 2 ⇒ a2 = z20 = (3.24)2 = 10.5
z20
(a1 − a2 ) = −1, a1 = 10.5 − 1 = 9.5, a1 = 9.5 ⇒ 2a1 = 19
a1n = 0.905 ⇒ 2a1n = 1.81, a2n = 1.0, a2n = 1.0

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 197
a2 2a1 a2
10.5 19 10.5
1.0 1.81 1.0
0.553 1 0.553
∑
2
(b) (AF)2N+1 = (AF)3 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 + a2 cos(2u)
n=1
[ ]
2𝜋
(AF)3 = 0.905 + cos[2u] = 0.905 + cos d cos 𝜃
λ
[ ]
2𝜋
(AF)3 = 0.905 + cos d cos 𝜃
λ
( )
2𝜋
(AF)3 = 0.5 + 0.553 cos d cos 𝜃
λ
( )|
2𝜋
(c) (AF)3 = 0.905 + cos d cos 𝜃n || =0
λ |d= 2λ
( )
2𝜋 λ
cos cos 𝜃n = cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = −0.905
λ 2 {
±154.82◦ or ±2.702 rads
𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos (−0.905) =
−1
±205.176◦ or ±3.581 rads
( )
2.702
𝜃1 = cos−1 ± = cos−1 (±0.86007) = 30.675◦ , 149.316◦
𝜋
( )
3.581
𝜃1 = cos−1 ± = cos−1 (1.13986) = does not exist.
𝜋
𝜃n = 30.675◦ , 149.316◦
( )
2𝜋
(d) (AF)3 = 0.905 + cos d cos 𝜃m = 0.905 + cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃m ) = 1.905
λ d=λ∕2
cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃m ) = 1, 𝜋 cos 𝜃m = cos −1
} (1) = 2m𝜋, m = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, …
cos 𝜃m = 2m ⇒ 𝜃m = cos (2m)
−1
𝜃 = 90◦
m = 0: 𝜃m = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
{ [√ ]}2
2
(e) R0 = 20, f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2
[ R0
−1
( 2 )1∕2 ]
cosh (R0 ) = ln R0 ± R0 − 1 = ln[20 ± (400 − 1)1∕2 ] = 3.68825
{ (√ )}2 [ ]2
2 1
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh 3.7336 = 1 + 0.636 cosh(1.93225)
20 10
f = 1 + 0.079 = 1.079
⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
[ ( )] ⎢𝜋
𝜋 −1 1.391λ −1 ⎜ 1.391λ ⎟⎥
𝜃n = 2 − cos = 2 ⎢ − cos ⎜ ⎟⎥
2 𝜋Nd ⎢2 ⎜ 𝜋(3) λ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
[ ]
𝜋
𝜃n = 2 − cos−1 (0.295)
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
198 SOLUTION MANUAL
[ ]
𝜋
Θn = 2 − 1.271 = 0.5996 rads = 34.3545◦
2
Θ′n = Θn f = 34.3545◦ (1.079) = 37.068◦
2R20 2(20)2
(f) D0 =
( 2 ) ( λ )= λ
= 2.7776
1 + R0 − 1 f 1 + (202 − 1)1.079
L+d 1.5λ
D0 = 2.7776 = 4.436 dB
**********************************************************
PROGRAM OUTPUT
**********************************************************
INPUT SPECIFICATION
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
NONUNIFORM DOLPH-TSCHEBYSCHEFF (BROADSIDE) LINEAR ARRAY
SIDE LOBE LEVEL (IN dB) = -26
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Zo = 3.2367
HPBW using 0.5*AF∧ 2 FOR MAXIMUM # =1 41.4899 degrees THMAX = 90
degrees
18.9526 10.4763
1.8091 1.0000
1.0000 0.5528
BEAM BROADENING FACTOR (BBF), f = 1.0787
DIRECTIVITY using (6-79) = 4.4379 dB
DIRECTIVITY using (6-79) = 2.7784 dimensionless
HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH for uniform array, using (6-22a) = 34.3551 degrees
HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH for Dolph-Tschebyscheff array computed using
HPBW(uniform) *f(BBF) = 37.0592 degrees
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
OPTIMUM SPACING (dopt IN WAVELENGTHS) = 0.59998
MAXIMUM SPACING (dmax IN WAVELENGTHS) = 0.59998
MAXIMUM SPACING dmax = OPTIMUM SPACING dopt
DIRECTIVITY (d=dmax=dopt) = 5.1849 dB
DIRECTIVITY (d=dmax=dopt) = 3.2998 dimensionless
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
*** NOTE:
AN OUTPUT FILE CALLED .......................... ArrFac.dat
==============================================================
»
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 199
( )
d
6.71. (a) D0 = 2N
λ
D0 = 33 dB = 10 log10 D0 (demensionless)
3.3 = log10 D0 (dimensionless)
D0 (dimensionless) = 103.3 = 1,995.26

( ) ( )
d λ N
1995.26 = 2N = 2N =
λ 16λ 8
⇒ N = 15,962.1 ≃ 15,962.
N = 15,962
λ (15,961λ)
(b) L = (N − 1)d = (15,962 − 1) = = 997.56λ
16 [ 16 ( )]
[ ( )]
𝜋 1.391λ 1.391(16)λ
(c) Θh ≃ 2 − cos−1 = 2 90◦ − cos−1
2 𝜋 Nd 𝜋(15,962)λ
Θh ≃ 2[90◦ − 89.9745◦ ] = 0.05086◦ = 0.05086◦
(d) −13.46 ≃ −13.5 dB
√
6.72. (a) 30 dB = 20 log10 R0 (ovr), cosh−1 (31.623) = ln[31.613 + (31.613)2 − 1]
R0 (ovr) = 101.5 = 31.623 = 4.147
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 (31.623))2 − 𝜋 2
31.623
{ }2 { }2
2 2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh[2.707] = 1 + 0.636 (7.5257)
31.623 31.623
= 1 + 0.636(0.226) = 1 + 0.144 = 1.144
f = 1.144
Θh = 1.144(0.0586) = 0.067◦
101.5 101.5
Θd = = = 0.05087◦ ≃ 0.0509◦
D0 1,995.26
Θh = 1.144(0.0509) = 0.0582◦
2R20 2(31.623)2
(b) D0 = ( ) =
λ λ
1 + R20 − 1 f 1 + [(31.623)2 − 1]1.144 ( )
L+d 1
997.56 + λ
16
2(31.623)2
= = 931.98 = 29.694 dB
1 + 1.146
D0 = 931.98 = 29.694 dB
6.73. Number of Elements = 6

(a) Excitation coefficients an , 2M = 6 ⇒ M = 3, P = 6 − 1 = 5, −40 dB sidelobe
⇒ R0 (dB) = 40 = 20 log10 R0 (ovr) ⇒ Rovr = 102 = 100
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
200 SOLUTION MANUAL
[( )1∕P ( )1∕P ]
√ √
1
z0 = Rovr + R2ovr − 1 + Rovr − R2ovr − 1
2
[( √ )1∕5 ( √ )1∕5 ]
1
= 100 + 1002 − 1 + 100 − 1002 − 1
2
[ ] [ ]
1 1
z0 = cosh cosh−1 (Rovr ) = cosh cosh−1 (100) = 1.6159
p 5
∑
M
(q + M − 2)!(2M − 1)
an = (−1)M−q (z0 )2q−1
q=n
(q − n)!(q + n − 1)!(M − q)!
∑
3
(q + 3 − 2)![2(3) − 1]
n = 1: a1 = (−1)3−q (z0 )2q−1
q=1
(q − 1)!(q + 1 − 1)!(3 − q)!
2!5 z3 3!5 4!5

= (−1)2 z0 + (−1)1 0 + (−1)0 z50
0!1!2! 1!2!1! 2!3!0!
= 8.0795 − 63.79 + 110.172 = 54.96
∑
3
(q + 3 − 2)![2(3) − 1]
n = 2: a2 = (−1)3−q (z0 )2q−1
q=2
(q − 2)!(q + 2 − 1)!(3 − q)!
3!(5) 4!5
= (−1)1 z30 + (−1)0 z50 = −21.097 + 55.086 = 33.9891
0!3!0! 1!4!0!
∑
3
(q + 3 − 2)![2(3) − 1]
n = 3: a3 = (−1)3−q (z0 )2q−1
q=3
(q − 3)!(q + 3 − 1)!(3 − q)!
4!5
= (−1)0 z50 = 11.0172
0!5!0!
a1 = 54.96 ⎫ a1 = 4.9886
⎪ ⇒
a2 = 33.9891 ⎬ a2 = 3.0851
Normalized
a3 = 11.0172 ⎪
⎭ a3 = 1
( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1
(b) d = cos−1 − = cos−1 − = 0.7124λ
𝜋 z0 𝜋 1.6159
(c) (AF)n = a1 cos(u) + a2 cos(3u) + a3 cos(5u)
( )
𝜋d 0.7 λ
u= cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 = 0.7𝜋cos 𝜃
λ λ
u = 2.1991 cos 𝜃
(AF)6 = 4.988 cos(u) + 3.085 cos(3u) + cos(5u)
𝜋d
where u = cos(𝜃)
λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 201
Polar Plot of Normalized Amplitude Pattern (0 < ϕ < 360 degrees)

0 0
30 30
–10
–20
60 –30 60
–40
–50
90 90
120 120
150 150
180
Figure P6-73 Four Side Lobes all at −40 dB Level (d = dmax = 0.71239λ)
Spacing d ( )
λ 1
d = dmax ≤ cos −1
−
𝜋 z0
for the condition which all the minor lobes to be of the same level. The dmax = 0.71239λ
is obtained by using the above equation.
*******************************************************
PROGRAM OUTPUT
*******************************************************
INPUT SPECIFICATION
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
NONUNIFORM DOLPH-TSCHEBYSCHEFF (BROADSIDE) LINEAR ARRAY
SIDE LOBE LEVEL (IN dB) = -40
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
Zo = 1.616
HPBW using 0.5*AF∧ 2 FOR MAXIMUM # =1 16.6581 degrees THMAX = 90
degrees
54.9801 34.0000 11.0199

4.9891 3.0853 1.0000
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
202 SOLUTION MANUAL

1.0000 0.6184 0.2004
BEAM BROADENING FACTOR (BBF), f = 1.3231

DIRECTIVITY using (6-79) = 8.1020 dB
DIRECTIVITY using (6-79) = 6.4595 dimensionless
HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH for uniform array, using (6-22a) = 11.8978 degrees
HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH for Dolph-Tschebyscheff array computed using
HPBW(uniform)*f(BBF) = 15.7425 degrees
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
OPTIMUM SPACING (dopt IN WAVELENGTHS) = 0.71239
MAXIMUM SPACING (dmax IN WAVELENGTHS) = 0.71239
MAXIMUM SPACING dmax = OPTIMUM SPACING dopt
DIRECTIVITY (d=dmax=dopt) = 8.2124 dB
DIRECTIVITY (d=dmax=dopt) = 6.6258 dimensionless
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————
*** NOTE:
AN OUTPUT FILE CALLED .................. ArrFac.dat
=======================================================
»
6.74. 40 dB = R0 (dB) ⇒ Rovr = 1040∕20 = 100, N = 3 ⇒ P = 3 − 1 = 2
[( )1∕P ( )1∕P ]
√ √
1
z0 = R0 + R20 − 1 + R0 − R20 − 1
2
[( √ )1∕2 ( √ )1∕2 ]
1 2 2
= 100 + (100) − 1 + 100 − (100) − 1
2
1
z0 = (14.142 + 0.0707) = 7.1063
2
(a) 2M + 1 = 3 ⇒ M = 1
∑
M+1
(q + M − 2)!2M
an = (−1)M−q+1 (z0 )2(q−1) ,
q=n
𝜀n (q − n)!(q + n − 2)!(M − q + 1)!
{
2, n=1
𝜀n =
1, n≠1
∑
2
(q + 1 − 2)!2!
n = 1: a1 = (−1)1−q+1 (7.1063)2(q−1)
q=1
(2)(q − 1)!(q + 1 − 2)!(1 − q + 1)!
(1 + 1 − 2)!2! 1!2!
a1 = (−1)(7.1063)2(0) + (−1)◦ (7.1063)2
2(0!)0!1! 1!1!0!
= −1 + 50.4995
= 49.4995
a1 = 49.4995 ⇒ 2a1n = 98.999

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 203
∑
2
(q + 1 − 2)!2!
n = 2: a2 = (−1)1−q+1 (7.1063)2(q−1)
q=2
𝜀n (q − 2)!(q + 2 − 2)!(1 − q + 1)!
(2 + 1 − 2)!2
a2 = (−1)0 (7.1063)2
1(0!)2!(1 − 2 + 1)!
a1 = 49.4995 2a1 = 98.999
a2 = 50.4995 49.4995
50.4995 a1n = 98.999
a2n = 1 = 2a1n =
50.4995 50.4995
50.4995 = 0.9802 = 1.9604
( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1
(b) dmax ≤ cos−1 − = cos−1 − = 0.5449λ
𝜋 z0 𝜋 7.1063
{ [√ ]}2
2
(c) f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh (100)) − 𝜋
−1 2 2
100
2
⎧ ⎫
⎪ 2 √ ⎪
= 1 + 0.636 ⎨ cosh [ (5.2983) − 𝜋 ]⎬
2 2
⎪ 100 ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ ⎪
⎩ 4.2664 ⎭
{ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 (35.6402) = 1 + 0.3231 = 1.3231
100
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
Θh (uniform) = cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443 ,
L+d L+d
L + d = 2(0.5449)λ + 0.5449λ
L + d = 1.6347λ
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
= cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443
1.6347λ 1.6347λ
Θh (uniform) = 105.7224 − 74.2776 = 31.44◦
Θh (Tschebyscheff) = Θh (uniform) f = 31.44(1.3231) = 41.60◦
2(100)2
(d) D0 = = 2.471 = 3.9287 dB
λ
1 + [(1002 − 1)]1.3231
1.6347λ
6.75. N = 5, R0 = −30 dB ⇒ Rovr = 103∕2 = 31.623; 2M + 1 = N = 5 ⇒ M = 2

[( )1∕P ( √ )1∕P ]
√
1
z0 = R0 + R20 − 1 + R0 R20 − 1
2
[( √ )1∕4 ( √ )1∕4 ]
1 2 2
= 31.623 + (31.623) − 1 + 31.623 − (31.623) − 1
2
= 1.58725
z0 = 1.58725
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
204 SOLUTION MANUAL
(1 + 2 − 2)!4
(a) a1 = (−1)2−1+1 (1.58725)2(1−1)
2(1 − 1)!(1 + 1 − 2)!(2 − 1 + 1)!
(2 + 2 − 2)!4
+ (−1)2−2+1 (1.58725)2(2−1)
2(2 − 1)!(2 + 1 − 2)!(2 − 2 + 1)!
(3 + 2 − 2)!4
+ (−1)2−3+1 (1.58725)2(3−1)
2(3 − 1)!(3 + 1 − 2)!(2 − 2 + 1)!
= 1 − 10.07745 + 19.04155 = 9.9641
(2 + 2 − 2)!4
a2 = (−1)2−2+1 (1.58725)2(2−1)
1(2 − 2)!(2 + 2 − 2)!(2 − 2 + 1)!
(3 + 2 − 2)!4
+ (−1)2−3+1 (1.58725)2(3−1)
1(3 − 2)!(3 + 2 − 2)!(2 − 3 + 1)!
= −10.07745 + 25.38875 = 15.3113
(3 + 2 − 2)!4
a3 = (−1)2−3+1 (1.58725)2(3−1) = 6.347188
1(3 − 3)!(3 + 3 − 2)!(2 − 3 + 1)!
a3 = 6.347188 ⇒ a3n = 6.347188∕6.347188 = 1
a2 = 15.3113 ⇒ a2n = 15.3113∕6.347188 = 2.4123
a1 = 9.9641 ⇒ a1n = 9.9641∕6.347188 = 1.5698

( ) ( )
λ −1 1 λ 1
(b) dmax = cos − = cos−1 − = 0.71695λ
4𝜋 z0 4𝜋 1.58725
{ [√ ]}2
2
(c) f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2
R0
[ √ ]
cosh−1 (31.623) = ln 31.623 ± (31.623)2 − 1 = 4.14678
[√ ] [√ ]
cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2 = cosh (4.14678)2 − 𝜋 2 = 7.5232
[ ]2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 (7.5232) = 1.144
31.623
[ ( )]
1.391λ
Θh (uniform) = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2[90◦ − cos−1 (0.12351)]
𝜋Nd
Θh (uniform) = 2(90◦ − 82.905) = 14.19◦
Θh (Tschebyscheff) = 14.19(1.144) = 16.24◦ = Θh (uniform) f

2R20 2(31.623)2
(d) D0 = ( ) λ =
λ
1 + R20 − 1 f 1 + [(31.623)2 − 1]1.144
L+d 3.58475λ
D0 = 6.2537 = 7.9614 dB
Computer program Arrays: D0 = 6.054 = 7.82 dB (see what follows)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 205
********************************************************
PROGRAM OUTPUT
********************************************************
INPUT SPECIFICATIONS
————————————————————-
NONUNIFORM TSCHEBYCHEFF ARRAY

SPACING BETWEEN THE ELEMENTS (IN WAVELENGTHS) = .717
SIDE LOBE LEVEL (IN dB) = 30.000

——————————————————————————————————–

HPBW FOR MAXIMUM # 1 = 18.3 DEGREE - - -> THMAX = 90.0 DE
GREES
EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE ARRAY DESIGN
1 9.964
2 15.311
3 6.347
NORMALIZED EXCITATION COEFFICIENTS
1 1.570
2 2.412
3 1.000
***NOTE:
AN OUTPUT FILE CALLED ......... ArrFac.dat
==============================================
6.76. R0 = 40 dB = 20 log10 Rovr ⇒ Rovr = 102 = 100; N = 20, P = 19

[( √ )1∕19 ( √ )1∕19 ]
(a) z0 = 1 2
100 + (100) − 1 2
+ 100 − (100) − 1
2
1
z0 = (1.32161899 + 0.7566477) = 1.03913
2
( ) ( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1 λ 𝜋
dmax ≤ cos−1 − = cos−1 − = (164.226◦ )
𝜋 z0 𝜋 1.03913 𝜋 180
dmax = 0.91236λ
[ ( )] [ ( )]
𝜋 1.391λ 𝜋 1.391 × 2
(b) Θh (uniform) = 2 − cos−1 =2 − cos−1
2 𝜋Nd 2 20𝜋
Θh (uniform) = 2(90◦ − 87.462◦ ) = 5.075◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
206 SOLUTION MANUAL
{ √ }2
(c) f = 1 + 0.636 2
cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2
R0
[ √ ]
cosh−1 (R0 ) = ln 100 ± (100)2 − 1 = 5.29829
{ √ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (5.29829)2 − 𝜋 2
100
{ }2 ( )2
2 2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh(4.2644) = 1 + 0.636 35.639
100 100
f = 1 + 0.323 = 1.323
Θh (Tschebyscheff) = Θh (uniform) f = 5.075(1.323) = 6.714◦
2R20 20,000
(d) D0 = = = 15.11 = 11.79 dB
1 1,323.868
1 + (1002 − 1)(1.323) ( )
19 1
+
2 2
( ) ( )
d 1
(e) D0 = 2N = 2(20) = 20 = 13 dB
λ 2
6.77. N = 4, linear, broadside, Dolph-Tschebyscheff, d = 3λ∕8
D0 = 27.959 dB = 25(dimensionless) = R0
(a) D0 = 27.959 dB = 20 log10 D0 (vr) ⇒ D0 (vr) = 1027.959∕20 = 101.398 = 25
[( )1∕3 ( )1∕3 ]
√ √
1
z0 = R0 + R20 − 1 + R0 − R20 − 1
2
[( √ )1∕3 ( √ )1∕3 ]
1 2 2
= 25 + 25 − 1 + 25 − 25 − 1
2
1[ ] 1
= (49.98)1∕3 + (0.02)1∕3 = (3.6835 + 0.27148) = 1.9775
2 2
z0 = 1.9775
[ ]
1
Alternate: z0 = cosh cosh−1 (25)
3
[ ]
cosh−1 (25) = ln 25 ± (252 − 1)1∕2 = ln[25 ± 24.98] = 3.9116
[ ]
1 3.6835 + 0.2715
z0 = cosh (3.9116) = cosh(1.30387) =
3 2
z0 = 1.9775
( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1 λ
dmax ≤ cos −1
− = cos−1 − = (120.3771) = 0.6688λ
𝜋 z0 𝜋 1.9775 180
dmax = 0.6688λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 207
{ [√ ]}2
2
(b) f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2
R0
{ [√ ]}2
2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh (25)) − 𝜋
−1 2 2
25
{ [√ ]}2 [ √ ]2
2 2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh (3.9116)2 − 𝜋 2 = 1 + 0.636 cosh 5.4310
25 25
[ ]2 [ ]2
2 2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh(2.3305) = 1 + 0.636 (5.1899) = 1 + 0.636(0.4152)2
25 25
f = 1 + 0.636(0.1724) = 1 + 0.1096 = 1.1096
Θh = 34.3366(1.1096) = 38.1◦
2R20 2(25)2
(c) D0 = ( ) =
λ λ
1 + R20 − 1 f 1 + (252 − 1)(1.1096)
L+d 3λ
(3 + 1)
8
2(625)
= ( )
2
1 + (624)(1.1096)
3
2(625)
D0 = = 2.7022 = 4.3171 dB
1 + 461.5936
D0 = 2.7022 = 4.3171 dB
6.78. (a) Order of polynomial Tm (z) = T5 (z)

(b) N = 6 ⇒ P = N − 1 = 6 − 1 = 5
(c) 40 = 20 log10 Rvr ⇒ Rvr = 102 = 100
[( √ )1∕5 ( √ )1∕5 ]
1
z0 = 100 + (100)2 − 1 + 100 − (100)2 − 1
2
1
z0 =
(2.8854 + 0.3466) = 1.616
2
( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1 λ
dmax ≤ cos −1
− = cosh−1 − = (128.23◦ = 2.238 rads)
𝜋 z0 𝜋 1.616 𝜋
dmax = 0.7124λ
6.79. Dolph-Tschebyscheff, N = 10, d = λ∕2, R0 = −26 dB, z0 = 1.0851

(a) 𝛽 = 0◦ (broadside)
(b) Tn (x) = TN−1 (x) = T10−1 (x) = T9 (x)
Number of minor lobes (complete) = 4
( ) ( ) ( )
λ 1 λ 1 λ 𝜋
(c) dmax ≤ cos −1
− = cos−1 − = (157.1573◦ ) = 0.8731λ
𝜋 z0 𝜋 1.0851 𝜋 180
dmax ≤ 0.8731λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
208 SOLUTION MANUAL
6.80. N = 6, d = λ∕4, R0 = 25 = 20 log10 Rovr ⇒ Rovr = 1025∕20 = 17.7828

{ [√ ]}1∕2
2
(a) f = 1 + 0.636 R cosh (cosh R0 ) − 𝜋
−1 2 2 cosh−1 (R0 )
0
[ √ ]
= cosh−1 (17.7828) = ln R0 ± R20 − 1
[ √ ]
= ln 17.7828 ± (17.7828)2 − 1 = 3.57059
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (3.57059)2 − 𝜋 2
17.7828
{ }2 { }2
2 2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh(1.69733) = 1 + 0.636 (2.8217)
17.7828 17.7828
f = 1 + 0.636(0.31732)2 = 1 + 0.064 = 1.064
[ ( )]
1.391λ
Θh (uniform) = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2[90◦ − cos−1 (0.29518)]
𝜋Nd
Θh (uniform) = 2(90◦ − 72.8317◦ ) = 34.337◦
Θh (Tschebyscheff) = Θh (Uniform) f = 34.337◦ (1.064) = 36.535◦

2R20 2(17.7828)
(b) D0 = =
λ λ
1 + (R20 − 1)f 1 + [(17.7828)2 − 1]1.064 ( )
(L + D) 5
+ 1
λ
4 4
2(17.7828)2
D0 = = 2.8168 = 4.498 dB
1 + 223.531
6.81. N = 6, R0 = 50 dB ⇒ Rovr = 1050∕20 = 316.228

{ [√ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2 ⇒ cosh−1 (y) = cosh−1 (316.228)
R0
√
= ln[316.228 ± (316.228)2 − 1] = ±6.4496
{ √ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh[ (6.4496)2 − 𝜋 2 ]
316.228
{ }2 { }2
2 2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh(5.63274) = 1 + 0.636 (139.713)
316.228 316.228
f = 1 + 0.636(0.7807) = 1.4966 ≃ 1.5
[ ( )] [ ( )]
1.391λ 1.391 × 2
(a) Θh (uniform) ≃ 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2 90◦ − cos−1
𝜋Nd 6𝜋
Θh (uniform) = 2(90◦ − 81.5128◦ ) = 16.975◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 209
Θh (Tschebyscheff) = Θh (uniform)f = 16.975(1.5) = 25.4625◦
Δ = Θh (Tschebyscheff) − Θh (uniform) = (25.4625◦ − 16.975)
Δ = 8.4875◦ (greater because of lower sidelobe − 50 dB vs. − 13.5 dB)
2R20 2(316.228)2
(b) D0 = =
1 + (R20 − 1)f
λ 1 + [(316.228)2 − 1]1.5(1∕3)
L+d
D0 = 3.99996 ≃ 4 = 6.02 dB
( ) ( )
d λ
D0 (uniform) = 2N = 2(6) =6
λ 2λ
D0 (uniform) = 7.78 dB (greater because smaller HPBW)
6.82. Binomial Design

(a) r 0 or −∞ dB because d = λ∕z
r HPBW = 21.4725◦
r 5.0922 = 7.069 dB
(b) Dolph-Tschebyscheff design (30 dB = 20 log10 R0 ⇒ R0 = 101.5 = 31.623)
r For a uniform array, Θ = 5.3438◦ . The beam broadening factor is:
h
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2
R0
√ √
cosh−1 R0 = ln[R0 + R20 − 1] = ln[31.623 + (31.623)2 − 1] = 4.1468
√ √
(cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2 = (4.1468)2 − 𝜋 2 = 2.7067
e2.7067 + e−2.7067 14.9797 + 0.0668

cosh 2.7067 = = = 7.5232
2 2
{ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 (7.5232) = 1 + 0.144 = 1.144
31.623
f = 1.144
r Therefore the HPBW of the Dolph-Tschebyscheff design is
HPBW(Tschebyscheff) = HPBW (uniform) f

= (11.2992)1.144
HPBW(Tschebyscheff) = 12.9263◦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
210 SOLUTION MANUAL
2R20 2(31.623)2
r D (DT) = = ( )
0 ( ) λ λ
1 + R20 − 1 f 1 + [(31.623)2 − 1]1.144
(L + d) 4.5λ
D0 (DT) = = 7.8441 = 8.9454 dB
254.9716
(c) The binomial HPBW (21.4725◦ ) is larger than that of the Dolph-Tschebyscheff because
of the more severe amplitude tapering of the binomial which leads to a wider HPBW;
yes, this is what we expected.
(d) The binomial D0 (max)(7.069 dB) is smaller than that of the Dolph-Tschebysheff
(8.9454 dB) because the binomial has wider HPBW, thus smaller D0 (max), due to the
severe amplitude tapering in the binomial array.
6.83. (a) Uniform (b) Binomial (−∞dB)

Dolph-Tschebyscheff Cosine-Squared (−31.5 dB)
Taylor Taylor (−25 dB)
Cosine-Squared Dolph-Tschebyscheff (−25 dB)
Binomial Uniform (−13.5 dB)
6.84. (a) HPBW = 50.6 = 50.6λ ⇒ d = 50.6 = 50.6 = 50.6

d∕λ λ λ HPBW 1
⇒ d = 50.6λ
◦
(b) HPBW(𝜃 = 𝜃0 ) = HPBW(𝜃 = 0) sec 𝜃0 = HPBW(𝜃 = 0 )
cos𝜃0
𝜃0 = 60◦ : HPBW(𝜃0 = 60◦ )cos(60◦ ) = HPBW(𝜃 = 0◦ )
HPBW(𝜃 = 0◦ ) = cos(60◦ )HPBW(𝜃0 = 60◦ ) = 0.5(1) = 0.5◦
Thus
d 50.6 50.6
= ◦
= = 101.2
λ HPBW(𝜃 = 0 ) 0.5
d = 101.2λ
6.85. (a) Tschebyscheff

(b) 30 = 20 log (Rovr ) ⇒ Rovr = 103∕2 = 31.623
10
√ √
1
z0 = [(R + R20 − 1)1∕P + (R0 − R20 − 1)1∕P ]
2 0
1 √ √
= [(31.623 + (31.623)2 − 1)1∕2 + (31.623 − (31.623)2 − 1)1∕2 ]
2
1
= [(31.623 + 31.607)1∕2 + (31.623 − 31.607)1∕2 ]
2
1
z0 = [7.952 + 0.1265] = 4.039
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 211
2M + 1 = 3 ⇒ M = 1, M + 1 = 2
(1 + 2 − 2)!2
a1 = (−1)1−1+1 (4.039)2(1−1)
2(1 − 1)!(1 + 1 − 2)!(1 − 1 + 1)!
(2 + 1 − 2)!2
+ (−1)1−2+1 (4.039)2(2−1)
2(2 − 1)!(2 + 1 − 2)!(1 − 2 + 1)!
1⋅2 1⋅2
= (−1)(1) + (1) ⋅ (4.039)2
2(1)(1) 2(1)(1)(1)
a1 = −1 + 16.314 = 15.314
(2 + 1 − 2)!2!
a2 = (−1)1−2+1 (4.039)2(2−1)
2(2 − 2)!(2 + 2 − 2)!(1 − 2 + 1)!
(1)(2)
a2 = (1)(4.039)2 = 16.314∕2 = 8.157
2(1)(2)(1)
{ }2
2
(c) f = 1 + 0.636 cosh[(cosh−1 31.623)2 − 𝜋 2 ]
31.623
{ [√ ]}2
1
= 1 + 0.636 cosh (4.1468)2 − 𝜋 2
31.623
{ }2 { }2
2 2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh(2.707) = 1 + 0.636 7.525
31.623 31.623
f = 1.144
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
HPBW = Θh = cos−1 cos𝜃0 − 0.443 − cos−1 cos𝜃0 + 0.443
L + d 𝜃0 =90◦ L + d 𝜃0 =90◦
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
= cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443 = 126.20◦ − 53.8◦
3λ∕4 3λ∕4
Θh = 72.4◦
Θh (Tschebyscheff) = 72.4(1.144) = 82.8256
2(1,000)
(d) D0 = ( ) = 1.312 = 1.1793 dB
4
1 + (999)1.144
3
( 𝜋x )
n
6.86. an = 1 + cos
L
( 𝜋x )
1
2a1 = 1 + cos = 1 + cos(0) = 2 ⇒ a1 = 1
L
( 𝜋x ) ( ) ( )
2 𝜋L 𝜋
a2 = 1 + cos |x2 =L∕4 = 1 + cos = 1 + cos = 1.707
L 4L 4
( 𝜋x ) ( )
3 𝜋
a3 = 1 + cos = 1 + cos =1
L x3 =L∕2 2
∴ a1 = 1
a2 = 1.707
a3 = 1
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
212 SOLUTION MANUAL
6.87. The length of the array is obtained using an iterative procedure of (6-22) or its graphical
solution of Figure 6.12.
( ) ( )
2.782 2.782
𝜃h = cos−1 cos𝜃0 − − cos−1 cos𝜃0 +
Nkd Nkd
(a) 𝜃0 = 30◦ , using iterative procedure:
( ) ( )
2◦ 𝜋 2.782 𝜋 2.782
× 𝜋 = cos −1
cos − − cos −1
cos +
180◦ 6 x 6 x
Nkd = x = 318.95, Nkd = 318.95, N = (L + d)∕d
2𝜋
∴ (L + d) = 318.95, L + d = 50.76λ
λ
∴ L = (50.76λ − d)
From Fig. 6.12, L + d = 50λ ∴ L = (50λ − d)
(b) 𝜃0 = 45◦ , using iterative procedure:
Nkd = x = 225.46, L + d = 35.88λ ∴ L = (35.88λ − d)
From Fig. 6.12, L + d = 35λ ∴ L = (35λ − d)
(c) 𝜃0 = 60◦ , using iterative procedure:
Nkd = x = 184.07, L + d = 29.2956λ, ∴ L = 29.2956λ − d
From Fig. 6.12, L + d = 30λ, ∴ L = (30λ − d)
6.88. 𝜃0 = 60◦ , 𝜙0 = 90◦ , dx = dy = λ, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 0◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦

We need to find 𝜙 and 𝜃 which angle satisfy both (6-49a) and (6-49b) i.e.
mλ
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜙0 = ± = ±m (← dx = λ)
dx
nλ
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − sin 𝜃0 sin 𝜙0 = ± = ±n (← dy = λ)
dy
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = ±m; m = −1, 0, 1

√
3
sin 𝜃 ⋅ sin 𝜙 − = ±n; n = 0, 1
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 213
In case of
In case of
Again, we found the angle of grating lobe
⟨
⎧ ◦
𝜃 = 90◦ → Major lobe
⎪ At, 𝜙 = 90
⎪ 𝜃 = 120◦ → Grating lobe
n = 0, m = 0 ⎨ ⟨ }
𝜃 ◦
⎪ = 240
⎪ 𝜙 = 270◦ ⇒ Not physical.
⎩ 𝜃 = 300◦
{ { }}
◦
𝜃 = −7.699◦
n = −1, m = 0 𝜙 = 90 ⇒ Not physical
𝜃 = −172.301◦
at 𝜙 = 270◦ , 𝜃 = 7.699◦ , 𝜃 = 172.301◦ .

↑ ↑
Grating lobe Grating lobe
Therefore, three grating lobes exist.
n = 0, m = 0, (𝜃 = 120◦ , 𝜙 = 90◦ ) ○
A
n = −1, m = 0, (𝜃 = 7.699◦ , 𝜙 = 270 ◦ ) (𝜃 = 172.301◦ , 𝜙 = 270 ◦ )

○
B ○
C
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
214 SOLUTION MANUAL
The maximum value is not 1 C

at (θ = 90°, ϕ = 352°) (172.301, ϕ = 270°)
θ = 90°
1 (0.98026) ϕ = 180°
(7.699°, 270°)
B A
0.8 (θ = 120°, ϕ = 90°)
Major
0.6 lobe
0.4
0.2
0
200 × 2
150 × 2
=300°
100 × 2 150°
=200°
ϕ 50 × 2 100°
=100° 50°
eta )
0 0° θ (Th
Figure P6-88
6.89. According to (6-4a), the normalized array factor of a two-element array with the elements
along the z-axis and of the same amplitude, 𝛽-phase difference, and d separation between
them
[ ]
1
AF = cos (kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽)
2
(a) For a two-element array with the elements along the x-axis
[ ]
1
(AF)n = cos (kd sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 𝛽x )
2 x
(b) For a two-element array with the elements along the y-axis
[ ]
1
(AF)n = cos (kd sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + 𝛽y )
2 y
(c) For a four-element array with the elements along the x- and y-directions
[ ] [ ]
1 1
(AF)n = cos (kdx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 𝛽x ) + cos (kdy sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + 𝛽y )
2 2
(d) Maximum along the +z axis:
𝛽 x = 𝛽y = 0
Minimum along the +z axis:
𝛽x = 𝛽y = 180◦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 215
6.90. dx = dy = λ∕8, M = 10, N = 8, 𝜃0 = 10◦ , 𝜙0 , 90◦

2𝜋 λ
(a) 𝛽x = −kdx sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜙0 = − sin (10◦ ) cos (90◦ ) = 0
λ 8
2𝜋 λ
𝛽y = −kdy sin 𝜃0 sin 𝜙0 = − sin (10◦ ) cos (90◦ ) = −0.1364 rad = −7.81◦
λ 8
(b) D0 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃0 Dx Dy
( ) ( )
dx 1
Dx = 2N = 2(10) = 2.5 = 3.98 dB
λ 8
( ) ( )
dy 1
Dy = 2N = 2(8) = 2.0 = 3.01 dB
λ 8
D0 = 𝜋 cos (10◦ )(2.5)(2) = 15.47 = 11.89 dB
[ ]
−1 cos 𝜃 − 0.443 λ
Θ
(c) x0 = cos 0
L + dx 𝜃0 =90◦
[ ]
λ
− cos−1cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
L + dx 𝜃 =90◦
0
( ) ( )
1 1
= cos−1 −0.443 − cos −1 0.443 = 110.76◦ − 69.24◦
1.25 1.25
Θx0 = 41.52◦ = 0.7245 rads
Also from Table 6.2

[ ( )] [ ( )]
1.391λ 1.391 × 8
Θx0 = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 41.49◦
𝜋Mdx 10𝜋
Θx0 = 0.724 rads
( ) ( )
λ λ
Θy0 = cos −1
cos 𝜃0 − 0.443 − cos −1
cos 𝜃0 + 0.443
L + dy 𝜃 =90◦ L + dy 𝜃 =90◦
0 0
( ) ( )
1 1
= cos−1 −0.443 − cos−1 0.443 = 116.3◦ − 63.70◦ = 52.59◦
1 1
Θy0 = 0.918 rads
Also from Table 6.2

[ ( )] [ ( )]
1.391λ 1.391 × 8
Θy0 = 2 90◦ − cos−1 = 2 90◦ − cos−1
𝜋Ndy 8𝜋
Θy0 = 52.56◦ = 0.917 rads
Therefore
√
1 | Θy 0 52.59◦
Θh = | = =
| ◦
cos 𝜃0 cos(10◦ )
cos2 𝜃0 [Θ−2 cos2 𝜙0 + Θ−2
y sin 𝜙0 ]
2 | 𝜙0 =90◦
x 0 0 𝜃0 =10
◦
Θh = 53.40 = 0.932 rads
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
216 SOLUTION MANUAL
√
1 |
Ψh = | ◦
◦ = Θx0 = 41.52 = 0.7245 rads
|
Θ−2 sin 𝜙0 + Θ2y cos2 𝜙0 | 𝜙0 =90◦
2
x0 0 𝜃0 =10
ΩA = Θh Ψh = 53.40(41.52) = 2,217.17 (degrees)2

32,400 32,400
D0 ≃ = = 14.61 = 11.65 dB
ΩA (degrees)2 2,217.17
and it agrees with the more accurate values above.
Computer program Arrays: D0 = 15.7755 = 11.9798 dB

6.91. N = 4 = M; Binomial planar array
𝜃0 = 30◦ , 𝜙0 = 45◦
(a) Θh = Θx0 sec 𝜃0 = Θy0 sec 𝜃0
From Problem 6.57, Θx0 = Θy0 = 35.06◦
Θh = 35.06◦ sec(30◦ ) = 35.06◦ (1.1547) = 40.484◦
Θh = 40.484◦
Ψh = Θx0 = Θy0 = 35.06◦
Dx = Dy = 3.2 from Problem 6.57
D0 = 𝜋 cos(30◦ )(3.2)(3.2) = 27.86 = 14.45 dB
D0 = 14.45 dB = 27.86
(c) ΩA = Θh Ψh = (35.06)(40.484) = 1,419.369 (degrees)2
32,400 32,400
D0 ≃ 2
= = 22.827 = 13.585 dB
ΩA (degrees) 1,419.369
D0 ≃ 22.827 = 13.585 dB
41,253 41,253
D0 (Kraus) ≃ = = 29.064 = 14.634 dB
ΩA (degrees)2 1,419.369
D0 = 29.064 = 14.634 dB
6.92. dx = dy = λ∕4, N = M = 10, 𝜃0 = 10◦ , 𝜙0 = 45◦ , R0 = 26 dB = 20
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 R0 )2 − 𝜋 2
R0
{ [√ ]}2
2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh −1
(20))2 − 𝜋2
20
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 217
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (3.69)2 − 𝜋 2
20
[ ]2 [ ]2
2 2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh(1.93) = 1 + 0.636 (3.52) = 1 + 0.079 = 1.079
20 20
( )
λ 9
(a) D0 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃0 Dx Dy , Lx = Ly = 9 = λ = 2.25λ
4 4
2R20 2R20
Dx = ( ) = Dy =
λ λ
1 + R20 − 1 f 1 + (R20 − 1)f
Lx + dx Ly + dy
2(20)2
Dx = Dy = 1
= 4.62 = 6.65 dB
1 + (202 − 1)1.079 2.5
D0 = 𝜋cos(10◦ )(4.62)(4.62) = 66.04 = 18.20 dB
(b) For a square array ⇒ Θh = Θx0 sec 𝜃0 = Θy0 sec 𝜃0 , Ψh = Θx0 = Θy0
{ [ ]
λ
Θx0 = Θy0 = cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443
Lx + dx 𝜃0 =90◦
[ ] }
λ
− cos −1
cos 𝜃0 + 0.443 ⋅f
Lx + dx 𝜃0 =90◦
{ [ ]
λ
= cos−1 cos 𝜃0 − 0.443
Ly + dy 𝜃0 =90◦
[ ] }
λ
− cos −1
cos 𝜃0 + 0.443 ⋅f
Ly + dy 𝜃0 =90◦
{ ( ) ( )}
1 1
= cos−1 0 − 0.443 − cos−1 0 + 0.443 ⋅ (1.079)
2.5 2.5
Θx0 = Θy0 = [100.21 − 79.79]1.079 = 20.41(1.079) = 22.03◦ = 0.3844 rads
Also from Table 6.2

[ ( )]
1.391λ
Θx0 = Θy0 = 2 90◦ − cos−1 (1.079) = 2(10.20)(1.079)
𝜋 × 10 × λ∕4
= 22.01◦ = 0.3842 rads
Thus
Θh = Θx0 sec 𝜃0 = Θy0 sec 𝜃0 = 22.03 sec (10◦ ) = 22.03(1.015) = 22.37◦

= 0.390 rads
Ψh = Θx0 = Θy0 = 22.03◦ = 0.3844 rads
(c) ΩA = Θh Ψh = 22.37(22.03) = 492.81 (degrees)2 = 0.1501 (rads)2

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
218 SOLUTION MANUAL
6.93. dx = dy = λ∕8, M = 10, N = 8, 𝜃0 = 10◦ , 𝜙0 = 90◦ , R0 = 30 dB = 31.623

( )
2𝜋 λ
(a) 𝛽x ≃ −kdx sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜙0 = − sin(10◦ ) cos(90◦ ) = 0
λ 8
( )
2𝜋 λ
𝛽y ≃ −kdy sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜙0 = − sin(10◦ ) sin(90◦ ) = −0.1364 rad = −7.81◦
λ 8
{ [√ ]}2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh (cosh−1 (31.623))2 − 𝜋 2
31.623
{ [√ ]}2 [ ]2
2 2
= 1 + 0.636 cosh (4.147)2 − 𝜋 2 = 1 + 0.636 (7.523)
31.623 31.623
f = 1.144
2R20 2(31.623)2
Dx = =
λ 1
1 + (R20 − 1)f 1 + (31.623)2 − 1)(1.144)
Lx + dx 1.25
Dx = 2.185 = 3.395 dB
2R20 2(31.623)2
Dy = = 1
λ 1 + (31.6232 − 1) (1.144)
1 + (R20 − 1)f 1
Ly + dy
Dy = 1.748 = 2.426 dB
D0 = 𝜋cos(10◦ )(2.185)(1.748) = 11.817 = 10.725 dB
(c) Θx0 = Θ′x |uniform f = 41.52(1.144) = 47.50◦ ⎫ Θx0 |uniform and Θy0 |uniform
′ ′
0 ⎪
⎬ were obtained from the
Θy0 = Θy |uniform f = 52.56(1.144) = 60.13◦ ⎪
′
0 ⎭ solution of Problem 6.90
From the solution of Problem 6-90
Θy0 60.13◦
Θh | 𝜙 ◦ = = = 1.0154(60.13◦ ) = 61.05◦ = 1.066 rads
0 =90 cos 𝜃0 cos(10)◦
𝜃0 =10◦
Ψh | 𝜙 ◦ = Θx0 = 47.50◦ = 0.829 rads

0 =90
𝜃0 =10◦
ΩA = Θh Ψh = 61.09(47.50) = 2,901.775 (degrees)2 = 0.884 (rads)2
32,400 32,400
D0 ≃ 2
= = 11.17 = 10.48 dB and it agrees closely with the
ΩA (degrees) 2,901.775 more accurate value of 11.817 or
10.725 dB
6.94. In the design of an array, the maximum accurs at 𝜃 = 𝜃0 at the design frequency f = f0 which
has been used to determine the progressive phase between the elements. As the shifts from
f0 , the maximum also shifts to some other angle 𝜃 array from 𝜃0 .
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 219
At a frequency fh , the maximum of the array factor will be 0.707 of the normalized maximum
value of unity. The frequency fh is referred to as the half-power frequency, and it is used to
determine the frequency bandwidth over which the pattern varies over an amplitude of 3-dB
from the maximum at f0 . To determine the frequency fh and the 3-dB frequency bandwidth,
the normalized array factor of (6-10c) is written using (6-21) as
[ ]
N𝜋d
sin (cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃0 )
1 λ
AF = [ ]
N 𝜋d
sin (cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃0 )
λ
The frequency is obscured in the array factor. To be valid over a band of frequencies, the
wavelengths λ and λ0 and the frequencies f and f0 should be shown explicitly. Using the
relation 𝜐 = λf , the array factor can be written as
[ ]
𝜋Nd
sin (f cos 𝜃 − f0 cos 𝜃0 )
1 𝜐
AF = [ ]
N 𝜋d
sin (f cos 𝜃 − f0 cos 𝜃0 )
𝜐
which peaks at 𝜃 = 𝜃0 when f = f0 . At any other frequency, the array factor peaks when
f0
f cos 𝜃 − f0 cos 𝜃0 = 0 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃0
f
The half-power of the array factor is obtained by letting 𝜃 = 𝜃0 and occurs
N𝜋d N𝜋d
(f cos 𝜃0 − f0 cos 𝜃0 ) = cos 𝜃0 (fh − f0 ) = 1.391
𝜐 h 𝜐
or
1.391𝜐 0.886𝜐 0.886𝜐
(fh − f0 ) = = =
N𝜋 d cos 𝜃 Nd cos 𝜃0 (L + d) cos 𝜃
Therefore the 3-dB frequency bandwidth is
0.886𝜐 0.886𝜐
BW(3-dB) = =
Nd cos 𝜃0 (L + d) cos 𝜃0
Therefore the bandwidth of an array depends not on the frequency operation but rather on the
array length and scan angle. This is a fundamental constraint on wide-instantaneous band-
width of arrays.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
220
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
CHAPTER 7
Solution Manual
7.1. Using (7-4), the array factor can be written as
AF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 = 1 + 2z + z2 = (1 + z)2
which has two roots and both occur at z = −1.

(a) The nulls of the array factor can be found by setting z equal to −1. Thus
z = ej(kd cos 𝜃+𝛽) = −1 ⇒ kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = ±(2n + 1)𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, …
For d = λ∕4
( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = ±(2n + 1)𝜋, n = 0, 1, 2, …
λ 4 2
[ ]
2
𝜃 = cos−1 (−𝛽 + (2n + 1)𝜋) , n = 0, 1, 2, …
𝜋
For 𝛽 = 0;
𝜃 = cos−1 [±2(2n + 1)] = does not exist; no zeros.
𝜋
For 𝛽 = ;
2
𝜃 = cos−1 [2(−0.5 ± (2n + 1))]
For n = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 [2(−0.5 ± 1)]
Using the positive sign between the two terms
𝜃 = cos−1 (+1) = 0◦
For 𝛽 = 𝜋;
𝜃 = cos−1 [2(−1 ± (2n + 1))]

For n = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 [2(−1 ± 1)] = cos−1 (0) = 90◦

221
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
222 SOLUTION MANUAL
For 𝛽 = 3𝜋∕2;
𝜃 = cos−1 [2(−1.5 ± (2n + 1))]

For n = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 [2(−1.5 ± 1)] = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
λ
The computed patterns for d = and 𝛽 = 0, 𝜋∕2, 𝜋, 3𝜋∕2 are shown plotted in Fig. P7.1.
4
The nulls do occur at the computed angles.
30 30
beta = 0
beta = 90
60 beta = 180 60
beta = 270
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 150
0 dB
180
Figure P7.1
7.2. For 𝛽 = 0 and d = λ∕4

( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ 4 2
which reduces to
𝜋
𝜃 = 0◦ : 𝜓 = 𝜓1 = ⇒ z1 = j
2
( ) √
𝜋 1 𝜋
𝜃 = 60◦ : 𝜓 = 𝜓2 = = ⇒ z2 = (1 + j)∕ 2
2 2 4
( ) √
𝜋 1 𝜋
𝜃 = 120◦ : 𝜓 = 𝜓3 = − = − ⇒ z3 = (1 − j)∕ 2
2 2 4
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 223
Therefore the array factor of (7-5) can be written as

( )( )
1 1
AF = (z − z1 )(z − z2 )(z − z3 ) = (z − j) z − √ (1 + j) z − √ (1 − j)
2 2
√ √
= −j + (1 + j 2)z − ( 2 + j)z2 + z3
AF = (1)ej3𝜋∕2 + (1.732)ej0.9553 z + (1.732)ej(3.757) z2 + (1)z3
Another Form is
AF = (1)e−j𝜋∕2 + (1.732)ej0.9553 z + (1.732)e−j2.526 z2 + (1)z3
AF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3
(a) Four (N = 4) elements are required.

(b) The excitation coefficients are equal to
a1 = (1)ej3𝜋∕2 = e−j𝜋∕2 = 1 ∠3𝜋∕2 = 1 ∠ − 𝜋∕2
a2 = (1.732)ej0.9553 = 1.732 ∠0.9553
a3 = (1.732)ej3.757 = (1.732)e−j2.526 = 1.732 ∠3.757 = 1.732 ∠ − 2.526
a4 = 1 = 1 ∠0
(c) The array factor is given by any of the two above forms.
(d) The array factor is plotted and it is shown below.
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 150
0 dB
180
Figure P7.2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
224 SOLUTION MANUAL
7.3. (a) Schelkunoff Method
𝜋
𝜓= cos 𝜃 Fig. 7.2(b)
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜓|𝜃=0 = cos 𝜃|𝜃=0 = ⇒ z1 = +j
2 2
( )
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋 1
𝜓|𝜃=60◦ = cos 𝜃|𝜃=60◦ = 2
= ⇒ z2 = √ (1 + j)
2 2 4 2
( )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜓|𝜃=120◦ = cos 𝜃|𝜃=120◦ = − 12 = − ⇒ z3 = √ (1 − j)
2 2 4 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝜓|𝜃=180◦ = cos 𝜃|𝜃=180◦ = (−1) = − ⇒ z4 = −j
2 2 2
∑
N
AF = an zn−1 = (z − z1 )(z − z2 )(z − z3 )(z − z4 )
n=1
[ ][ ]
1 1
= (z − j) z − √ (1 + j) z − √ (1 − j) (z + j)
2 2
[( ) ] [( ) ]
2 2 1 1 1 1
= (z − j ) z− √ − j√ z− √ + j√
2 2 2 2
( )2
⎡ ⎤ [ √ ]
1
= (z2 + 1) ⎢ z − √ + 12 ⎥ = (z2 + 1) z2 − 2z + 12 + 12
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
√ √ √
= (z2 + 1)(z2 − 2z + 1) = (z4 − 2z3 + z2 + z2 − 2z + 1)
√ √ ∑
N
4 3 2
AF = (z − 2z + 2z − 2z + 1) = an zn−1
n=1
N=5
√ √
2 3 4 2 3 4
(b) AF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z + a4 z + a5 z = 1 − 2z + 2z − 2z + z
√ √
a1 = 1, a2 = − 2 = −1.414, a3 = 2, a4 = − 2 = −1.414, a5 = 1
( )
2𝜋 λ
7.4. For d = λ∕2, 𝛽 = 0 ⇒ 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
λ 2
𝜓 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 60◦ : 𝜓1 = 𝜋 cos(60◦ ) = 𝜋(1∕2) = 𝜋∕2

𝜃 = 90◦ : 𝜓2 = 𝜋 cos(90◦ ) = 0
𝜃 = 120◦ : 𝜓3 = 𝜋 cos(120◦ ) = 𝜋(−1∕2) = −𝜋∕2
⇒ s1 = +j ⎫ AF = (z − s1 )(z − s2 )(z − z3 )
⎪
⇒ s2 = 1 ⎬ = (z − j)(z − 1)(z + j) = (z − 1)(z2 + 1)
⇒ s3 = −j ⎪ AF = z3 − z2 + z − 1
⎭
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 225
(a) 4 elements
(b) AF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 = −1 + z − z2 + z3
a1 = −1, a2 = +1, a3 = −1, a4 = +1
(c) Nulls @: Element Factor: 𝜃 = 0◦ , 180◦
Array Factor: 𝜃 = 60◦ , 90◦ , 120◦
7.5. d = 3λ∕8, 𝛽 = 0
( )
2𝜋 3λ
𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = cos 𝜃
λ 8
3𝜋
𝜓= cos 𝜃
4
[ ]
3𝜋 1
𝜃 = 0◦ : 𝜓= = 135◦ z1 = √ (−1 + j)
4 2
𝜃 = 90◦ : 𝜓 = 0 [z2 = 1]
[ ]
◦ 3𝜋 1
𝜃 = 180 : 𝜓 = − z3 = √ (−1 − j)
4 2
z - plane
z = x + jy
Visible
Region
θ = 0°
z1 = – 1 + j 1
√2 √z 135°
ψ
θ = 90°
z2 x
(1, 0)
z3 = – 1 + j 1 –135°
√2 √2
θ = 180°
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
226 SOLUTION MANUAL
(a) AF = (z − z1 )(z − z2 )(z − z3 )

[ ] [ ]
1 1
= z − √ (−1 + j) [z − 1] z − √ (−1 − j)
2 2
√
= (z − 1)(z2 − 2z + 1)
AF = z3 + 0.414z2 − 0.414z − 1
AF = a4 z3 + a3 z2 + a2 z + a1
Number of elements = N = 4
(b) a1 = −1, a2 = −0.414, a3 = 0.414, a4 = 1
( )
3𝜋 5𝜋
(c) 135◦ < 𝛽 < 225◦ <𝛽<
4 4
7.6. AF = z(z4 − 1) = −z + z5 = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 + a5 z4 + a6 z5
Therefore
a1 = a3 = a4 = a5 = 0 ⎫ Total of 6 elements, four of which are
⎪
(a) a2 = −1 = 1 ∠180◦ ⎬ null elements. Therefore only 2 active
a6 = +1 = 1 ∠0◦ ⎪ elements.
⎭
z1 = 0 z4 = 3d ⎫
⎪ The spacing between the active elements
(b) z2 = d z5 = 4d ⎬
is z6 − z2 = (5 − 1)d = 4d
z3 = 2d z6 = 5d ⎪
⎭
(c) The excitation coefficients are shown in part (a).
(d) For a spacing of 2λ between the active elements
z6 − z2 = 4d = 1.6λ ⇒ d = 0.4λ
The nulls of the array factor are found using
AF = z(z4 − 1) = ejkd cos 𝜃 (ej4kd cos 𝜃 − 1) = ej0.8𝜋 cos 𝜃 (ej3.2𝜋 cos 𝜃 − 1) = 0
Therefore 3.2𝜋 cos 𝜃|𝜃=𝜃n = 3.2𝜋 + cos 𝜃n = ±n𝜋, n = 0, 2.
( )
n
𝜃n = cos−1 ± ⇒ 𝜃n = 90◦ , 51.32◦ , 128.68◦ .
3.2
7.7. AF = z(z3 − 1) = −z + z4 = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 + a5 z4
Therefore
a1 = a3 = a4 = 0 ⎫ Total of 5 elements three of which are
⎪
(a) a2 = −1 = 1 ∠180◦ ⎬ null elements. Therefore only 2 active
a5 = 1 = 1 ∠0◦ ⎪ elements.
⎭
z1 = 0 z4 = 3d ⎫
⎪ The spacing between the active elements
(b) z2 = d z5 = 4d ⎬
is z5 − z2 = (4 − 1)d = 3d
z3 = 2d ⎪
⎭
(c) The excitation coefficients are shown in part (a).
(d) z5 − z2 = 1.5λ, d = 0.5λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 227
The nulls of the array factor are found using

AF = z(z3 − 1) = ej𝜋 cos 𝜃 (ej3𝜋 cos 𝜃 − 1) = 0.
3𝜋 cos 𝜃|𝜃=𝜃n = 3𝜋 cos 𝜃n = ±n𝜋, n = 0, 2, 4, …
( )
n
𝜃n = cos−1 ± ⇒ 𝜃n = 90◦ , 48.19◦ , 131.81◦
3
7.8. AF = (z + 1)3 = (z + 1)(z + 1)2 = (z + 1)(z2 + 2z + 1) = 1 + 3z + 3z2 + z3
= a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a3 z3
(a) Number of elements = N = 4
(b) a1 = 1, a2 = 3, a3 = 3, a4 = 1
(c) Binomial
(d) AF = (z + 1)3 = (ejkd cos 𝜃n + 1)3 = 0 ⇒ ejkd cos 𝜃n
= cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) + j sin (kd cos 𝜃n ) = −1
( )
2𝜋 λ
cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) = −1 = cos cos 𝜃n = cos(𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = −1
λ 2
𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (−1) = ±n𝜋, n = 1, 3, 5, … . ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 (±n), n = 1, 3, 5, …
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦ ⇒ sin(𝜋 cos 𝜃n )|𝜃n =0◦ ,180◦ = 0
n = 3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (±3) = does not exist
Nulls @: 𝜃 = 0◦ , 180◦
1.06 1.06 1.06
(e) HPBW = √ =√ = √ = 0.612 rads = 35.06◦ (6-64)
N−1 4−1 3
(2N − 2)(2N − 4) ⋯ 2 6 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 2 48
(f) D0 = = = = 3.2 = 5.05 dB (6-65a)
(2N − 3)(2N − 5) ⋯ 1 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 15
√ √
D0 ≃ 1.77 N = 1.77 4 = 1.77(2) = 3.54 = 5.49 dB (6-65b)
7.9. AF(z) = (z2 + 1)(z − 1) = (z + j)(z − j)(z − 1)

Roots: z1 = −j; z2 = +j; z = +1
Since we are using 𝛽 = 45◦ = 𝜋∕4 rads, d = λ∕8, the plot of the VR (visible region) and IR
(invisible region) along the unit circle is the one of Figure 7.3(a) shown here. The roots of
the given AF polynomial are shown/indicated on the plot by X. √
However, for our problem, the root at z = −j is NOT within the VR for 𝛽 = 𝜋∕4, d = λ 8,
and it does not contribute. Therefore the only part of the AF polynomial that is within the VR
is part which is realizable for real physical angle; 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , is
AF = (z − j)(z − 1) = z2 − jz − z + j = z2 − (1 + j)z + j.
(a) The actual number of elements that contribute to the VR are 3.
(b) The excitation coefficients for the actual elements that contribute to the VR are:
√ ◦
a1 = j = 1 ∠90◦ ; a2 = −(1 + j) = − 2ej45 ; a3 = +1
(c) AF = (z − j)(z − 1) = 0 (only the part that contributes to VR)
r z = j = ej𝜋∕2 = ej(kd cos 𝜃1 +𝛽) ⇒ kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = 𝜋∕2
1 1
( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos 𝜃1 + = cos 𝜃1 + = (cos 𝜃1 + 1) =
λ 8 4 4 4 4 2
cos 𝜃1 + 1 = 2 ⇒ cos 𝜃1 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃1 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
r z = 1 = 1 ∠0◦ = ej0 = ej(kd cos 𝜃2 +𝛽) ⇒ kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 = 0
2 2
𝜋
(cos 𝜃2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ cos 𝜃2 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃2 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
4
∴ The nulls occur at 𝜃 = 0◦ , 180◦
which match those of the Matlab computer program Synthesis:
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
228 SOLUTION MANUAL
jy
VR
z = +j
VR
θ = 0°
θ = 90°
l
z=1
x
θ = 180°
IR
z = –j
(a) d = λ/8, β = π /4
ψ = π cos θ + π
4 4
7.10. AF = (z + 1)4 , 𝛽 = 0, z = ej(kd cos 𝜃+𝛽) = ejkd cos 𝜃 , d = 3λ∕4

AF = (z + 1)4 = (z + 1)2 (z + 1)2 = (z2 + 2z + 1)(z2 + 2z + 1)
= z4 + 4z3 + 6z2 + 4z + 1
AF = 1 + 4z + 6z2 + 4z3 + z4 = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 + a5 z4
(a) N = 4 elements
(b) a1 = 1, a2 = 4, a3 = 6, a4 = 4, a5 = 1 ⇒ 1 4 6 4 1
(c) Binomial
(d) AF = (z + 1)4 = (ejkd cos 𝜃 + 1)4 |𝜃=𝜃n = 0
⇒ ejkd cos 𝜃n = cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) + j sin(kd cos 𝜃n ) = −1
kd cos 𝜃n = ±n𝜋, n = 1, 3, 5, ….
( )
2n
𝜃n = cos−1 (±n𝜋∕kd)d=3λ∕4 = cos−1 ± , n = 1, 3, 5, …
{ 3
48.19 ◦ Both in Visible Region
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (±2∕3) =
131.81◦ (no angles in Invisible Region)
n = 3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (±2) does not exist
(e) AF = (z + 1)4 |max = (ejkd cos 𝜃m + 1)|max = 2 ⇒ ejkd cos 𝜃m = +1
⇒ kd cos 𝜃m = ±m𝜋, m = 0, 2, 4, …
𝜃m = cos−1 (±m𝜋∕kd)|d=3λ∕4 = cos−1 (±2 m∕3), m = 0, 2, 4, …
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ : In Visible Region (no angles in Invisible Region)
m = 2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 (±4∕3) = does not exist
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 229
)4
(
( )4
−j kd cos 𝜃 kd
cos 𝜃
(f) 4 jkd cos 𝜃 4 j kd + e
cos 𝜃 2 4 e+j 2
AF = (z + 1) = (e + 1) = e 2 2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
kd kd kd
|AF| = 24 cos4 cos 𝜃 = 16 cos4 cos 𝜃 ⇒ |AF|n = cos4 cos 𝜃
2 2 2
( )
kd
|AF|n max = 1 ⇒ |AF|n(3−dB) = 0.707 = cos4 cos 𝜃h
2
kd
cos 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.707)1∕4
2
kd
cos 𝜃h = cos−1 (0.9167) = 23.513◦ = 0.41038 rads
2
( )
0.41038 ||
⇒ 𝜃h = cos−1 | = cos−1 (0.17417)
kd∕2 |
|d=3λ∕4
𝜃h = cos−1 (0.17417) = 79.9696◦
Θh = 2(90◦ − 79.9696◦ ) = 20.06◦
101
(g) D0 (McDonald) = = 5.3232 = 7.2617 dB (2-33a)
20.06 − 0.0027(20.06)2
√
1
D0 (Pozar) = −172.4 + 191 0.818 + = 5.5327 = 7.429 dB (2-33b)
20.06
( )2
√ √ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 1
7.11. AF = (z4 3 2 2
− 2z + 2z − 2z + 1) = (z + 1) z − √ + ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
(a) N = 5 elements
( )2
⎡ ⎤
1
(b) (z2 + 1) ⎢ z − √ 1
+ ⎥ = 0 ⇒ (z2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ z2 = −1 ⇒ z = ±j
⎢ 2 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
( )2 ( )2
1 1 1 1 1 1
z− √ + =0⇒ z− √ =− ⇒ z − √ = ±j √ ⇒
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
z = √ ± j√
2 2
1 1 1 1
z1 = +j; z2 = −j; z3 = √ + j √ = 1 ∠45◦ ; z4 = √ − j √ = 1 ∠ − 45◦
2 2 2 2
(c) z1 = +j ⇒ 𝜓 = 90◦ = 𝜋 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃1 ⇒ cos 𝜃1 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃1 = 0◦

2 2
𝜋 𝜋
z2 = −j ⇒ 𝜓 = −90◦ = − = cos 𝜃2 ⇒ cos 𝜃2 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃2 = 180◦
2 2
1 𝜋 𝜋 1
z3 = √ (1 + j) = 1 ∠45◦ ⇒ 𝜓 = = cos 𝜃3 ⇒ cos 𝜃3 =
2 4 2 2
⇒ 𝜃3 = cos−1 (1∕2) = 60◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
230 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 𝜋 𝜋 1
z4 = √ (1 − j) = 1 ∠ − 45◦ ⇒ 𝜓 = − = cos 𝜃4 ⇒ cos 𝜃4 = −
2 4 2 2
⇒ 𝜃4 = cos−1 (−1∕2) = 120◦

Nulls @: 𝜃 = 0◦ , 60◦ , 120◦ , 180◦
7.12. Computer Solution Using Synthesis program

% Schelkunoff synthesis method
% Spacing d= 0.25 lambda

% Progressive phase beta= 0 degrees
% The Schelkunoff polynomial is:

% zˆ3+z
% Excitation coefficients:
% Real part Imag part
% 0.0000 0.0000
% 1.0000 0.0000
% 0.0000 0.0000
% 1.0000 0.0000
% Phase of rots on the unit circle (in degrees):

% +90.00
% -90.00
% Visible region extends from -90.00 degrees to 90.00 degrees
% Roots in invisible region:

% none
% Roots in visible region:

% 0.000 +1.000 j
% 0.000 -1.000 j
% Array Factor nulls inside visible region were found at:

% 0.00 deg.
% 180.00 deg.
% Directivity (dimensionless) as computed from Array Factor = 2.00

% Directivity (dB) as computed from Array Factor = 3.01
AF = z(z2 + 1) = z3 + z = z + z3 = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3
(a) N = 4 (2 active, 2 null)

(b) a1 = 0, a2 = 1, a3 = 0, a4 = 1
a1 = 0 a2 = 1
a3 = 0 a4 = 1
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 231
(c) d = λ∕4, 𝛽 = 0 [refer to Figure 7.2(b)]

AF = z(z2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ z = 0, z2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ z2 = −1 ⇒ z ± j
In the VR [unit circle of Figure 7.2(b)] the only roots are

z = ±j
(d) z = ejkd cos 𝜃n = ±j
cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) + j sin(kd sin 𝜃n ) = ±j
cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) = 0 ; sin(kd cos 𝜃n ) = ±1

n𝜋
cos(kd cos 𝜃n ) = 0 ⇒ kd cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (0) = , n = ±1, ±3, ±5, … .
2
[ ( )] [ ( )] ( )
1 n𝜋 λ n𝜋 nλ |
𝜃n = cos−1 = cos−1 = cos−1 |
kd 2 2𝜋d 2 4d |d=λ∕4
𝜃n = cos−1 (n), n = ±1, ±3, … .
n = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
n = −1: 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
𝜃±1 = 0◦ , 180◦
[ ] ( )
2𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin(kd cos 𝜃n ) = ±1 : 𝜃 = 0◦ ⇒ sin cos(0◦ ) = sin = +1
λ 4 2
[ ] ( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
𝜃 = 180◦ ⇒ sin cos(180◦ ) = sin − = −1
λ 4 2
7.13. AF = z4 − 1 = (z2 + 1)(z2 − 1)

(a) AF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 + a5 z4 = −1 + z4 (7-4)
N=5
(b) a1 = −1, a2 = a3 = a4 = 0, a5 = +1
(c) AF = z4 − 1 = (z2 + 1)(z2 − 1){= 0
+j
z2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ z2 = −1 ⇒ z = ⇒ z1 = +1, z2 = −1, z3 = +j, z4 = −j
−j
{
+1
z2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ z2 = +1 ⇒ z =
−1
(d) Visible region (𝛽 = 0, d = λ∕4)
z1 = +1, z3 = +j, z4 = −j
(e) From the graph:

𝜃n = 0◦ , 90◦ , 180◦
Analytically:
( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽| d=λ∕4 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝛽=0 λ 4 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜓(z = +j) = = cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
2 2
𝜋
𝜓(z = +1) = 0 = cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
2
𝜋 𝜋
𝜓(z = −j) = − = cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
2 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
232 SOLUTION MANUAL
θ = 0°
θ = 90°
l
ψ
IR VR
θ = 180°
d = λ /4, β = 0
ψ = π cos θ
2
7.14. z1 = +1, z2 = −1, z3 = +j, z4 = −j; (𝛽 =) 0; d = λ∕2

Use Figure 7.2(c); 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 = 2𝜋
λ
λ
2
cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦
(a) AF = (z − z )(z − z )(z − z )(z − z ) = (z − 1)(z + 1)(z − j)(z + j) = (z2 − 1)(z2 + 1)
1 2 3 4
AF = z4 + z2 − z2 − 1 = z4 − 1 = −1 + z4 = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3 + a5 z4
(b) Comparing the two: N = 5
(c) a1 = −1
a2 = 0 (null) λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2
a3 = 0 (null)
a4 = 0 (null)
a5 = 1
(d) 𝜓 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
1. 𝜓 = 𝜋 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0◦
2. 𝜓 = 𝜋∕2 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = 1∕2 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (1∕2) = 60◦
3. 𝜓 = 0 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
4. 𝜓 = −𝜋∕2 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = −1∕2 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (−1∕2) = 120◦
5. 𝜓 = −𝜋 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⇒ cos 𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos−1 (−1)180◦
AF = z4 − 1 = 0 ⇒ z4 = 1; z = ejkd cos 𝜃n ; z4 = (ejkd cos 𝜃n )4 = ej4kd cos 𝜃n

= cos(4kd cos 𝜃n ) + j sin(4kd cos 𝜃n ) = 1
( )
2𝜋 λ
cos(4kd cos 𝜃n ) = cos 4 cos 𝜃n = cos(4𝜋 cos 𝜃n ) = 1
λ 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 233
4𝜋 cos 𝜃n = cos−1 (1) = n𝜋, n = 0, ±2, ±4, ±6, …

( )
n
cos 𝜃n = (n∕4) ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 , n = 0, ±2, ±4, …
4
n = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
( )
1
n = ±1: 𝜃±1 = cos−1 ± = 60◦ , 120◦
2
n = ±2: 𝜃±2 = cos−1 (±1) = 0◦ , 180◦
( )
3
n = ±3: 𝜃±3 = cos−1 ± does not exist.
2
7.15. 𝛽 = 0, d = λ∕2; nulls @ 𝜃 = 60◦ , 90◦ , 120◦
(a) Schelkunoff Method
(b) AF = (z − j)(z − 1)(z + j) = (z2 + 1)(z − 1) = z3 − z2 + z − 1
( )
2𝜋 λ
𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 + 𝛽| 𝛽=0 = cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
d=λ∕2 2 2
( )
1 𝜋
𝜓 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃|𝜃=60◦ = 𝜋 = = 90◦ ⇒ z1 = +j
2 2
𝜓 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃|𝜃=90◦ = 𝜋(0) = 0 ⇒ z2 = 1
( )
1 𝜋
𝜓 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃|𝜃=120◦ = 𝜋 − = − = −90◦ ⇒ z3 = −j
2 2
AF = (z − z1 )(z − z2 )(z − z3 ) = (z − j)(z − 1)(z + j)
AF = (z2 + 1)(z − 1) = z3 − z2 + z − 1
(c) 4 elements
}
(d) AF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3
⇒ a = −1, a2 = +1, a3 = −1, a4 = 1
AF = 1 + z − z2 + z3
a1 = −1
a2 = +1
a3 = −1
a4 = 1
{
1 40◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 140◦
7.16. SF(𝜃) =
0 elsewhere
𝜋 7
40◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 140◦ ⇒ ⩽𝜃⩽ 𝜋
4.5 9
Using Equation (7-8a), −k∕(1.3054) ⩽ 𝜉 ⩽ k∕(1.3054) for kz = 0, and 140◦ ≥ 𝜃 ≥ 40◦ . Thus
[ ( )/( )]
k kz ′ kz ′
I(z′ ) = sin and
𝜋(1.3054) 1.3054 1.3054
{ [ ( )] [ ( )]}
1 1 1 1 1
SF(𝜃)d ≃ SF(𝜃)a = Si 𝜋 cos 𝜃 + − Si 𝜋 cos 𝜃 −
𝜋 λ 1.3054 λ 1.3054
For l = 5λ and l = 10λ, the normalized current distribution is shown in Fig. P7.16(a) and the
patterns in Figure P7.16(b).
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
234 SOLUTION MANUAL
0.8 Line Source

(l = 5λ)
0.6 Line Source
Normalized Current l(z')

(l = 10λ )
0.4
0.2
–0.2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(a) Source Position z'/λ
1 Desired
Synthesized
Synthesized
l = 10λ
l = 5λ
0.8
Space Factor |SF(θ )|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(b) Observation Angle θ (degrees)
Figure P7.16
7.17. Using Equation (7-8a), −k∕2 ⩽ 𝜉 ⩽ k∕2 for kz = 0 and 120◦ ≥ 𝜃 ≥ 60◦ . Thus from Exam-
ple 7.2
[ ( ) / ( )]
′ k kz′ kz′
I(z ) = sin
2𝜋 2 2
while the desired factor is approximately represented by

{ [ ( )] [ ( )]}
1 l 1 l 1
SF(𝜃)d ≃ SF(𝜃)a = Si 𝜋 cos 𝜃 + − Si 𝜋 cos 𝜃 −
𝜋 λ 2 λ 2
where Si (x) is the sine integral of (4-68b).
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 235
For l = 5λ and l = 10λ, the normalized current distribution is shown in Fig. P7.17(a) and
the patterns in Figure P7.17(b).
1
Line Source
0.8
(l = 5λ)
Line Source
Normalized Current l(z')

0.6
(l = 10λ )
0.4
0.2
–0.2
–0.4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(a) Source Position z'/λ
1.2
Synthesized
(l = 5λ )
1 Desired
Synthesized
(l = 10λ)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
(b) Observation Angle θ (degrees)
Figure P7.17
7.18. For 60◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 120◦ , the excitation coefficients can be obtained using
( )
⎡ sin m𝜋 ⎤
𝜋∕2
1 1⎢ 2 ⎥
am = e−jm𝜓 d𝜓 = ⎢ ⎥
2𝜋 ∫−𝜋∕2 2⎢ m𝜋
⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
236 SOLUTION MANUAL
or in normalized form by
( )
m𝜋
sin
(am )n = 2
m𝜋
2
In normalized form, the excitation coefficients are equal to
2M + 1 = 11 ⇒ M = 5 2M + 1 = 21 ⇒ M = 10
m = 0, ±1, … , ±5 m = 0, ±1, … , ±10
m (am )n m (am )n
0 1.00 0 1.0
2
±1 0.6366 = ±1 2∕𝜋
𝜋
±2 0 ±2 0
2
±3 −0.2122 = − ±3 −2∕3𝜋
3𝜋
±4 0 ±4 0
2
±5 0.1273 = ±5 2∕5𝜋
5𝜋
±6 0
±7 −2∕7𝜋
±8 0
±9 2∕9𝜋
±10 0
For d = λ∕2, the corresponding array factors are given by (7-3a), or
AF(𝜃)11 = 1 + 2[a1n cos 𝜓 + a3n cos 3𝜓 + a5n cos 5𝜓]

AF(𝜃)21 = 1 + 2[a1n cos 𝜓 + a3n cos 3𝜓 + a5n cos 5𝜓
+ a7n cos 7𝜓 + a9n cos 9𝜓]
where 𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃

The desired and synthesized patterns are shown plotted in Figure P7.18
1.0
Desired
Synthesized (N = 11)
Array Factor |AF (θ )|
0.5
10° 50° 90° 130° 150°

Observation Angle θ (degrees)
Figure P7.18
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 237
7.19. For l = 5λ ⇒ 𝜃m cos−1 (m λl ) = cos−1 (0.2 m), m = 0, ±1, … , ±5. Thus
m 𝜃m am m 𝜃m am
0 90◦ 1
1 78.46◦ 1 −1 101.54◦ 1
2 66.42◦ 1 −2 113.58◦ 1
3 53.13◦ 0 −3 126.87◦ 0
4 36.87◦ 0 −4 143.13◦ 0
5 0 0 −5 180◦ 0
( )
λ
For l = 10λ ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 m = cos−1 (0.1 m), m = 0, ±1, … , ±10. Thus
l
m 𝜽m am m 𝜽m am
0 90◦ 1
1 84.26◦ 1 −1 95.74◦ 1
2 78.46◦ 1 −2 101.54◦ 1
3 72.64◦ 1 −3 107.46◦ 1
4 66.42◦ 1 −4 113.58◦ 1
5 60.◦ 0.5 −5 120◦ 0.5
6 53.13◦ 0 −6 126.87◦ 0
7 45.57◦ 0 −7 134.43◦ 0
8 36.87◦ 0 −8 143.13◦ 0
9 25.84◦ 0 −9 154.16◦ 0
10 0◦ 0 −10 180◦ 0
The patterns are computed using (7-18) are shown plotted in Figure P7.19
1.0
Desired
Synthesized (l = 5λ)
Space Factor |SF ( θ)|
0.5
50° 130°
10° 90° 170°
Figure P7.19
7.20. Since the number of elements (N = 11 and N = 21) is identical, respectively, to the number of
samples for l = 5λ and l = 10λ in Problem 7.15 when d = λ∕2, the corresponding excitation
coefficients and the angles where each of the composing functions is maximum are identically
the same as those tabulated in the solution of Prob. 7.19. The patterns computed using these
parameters, along with Equation (7.21), are shown plotted in Fig. P7.20
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
238 SOLUTION MANUAL
1.0
Desired
Array Factor |AF (θ )|

0.5
50° 130°
10° 90° 170°
Figure P7.20
7.21. For a desired pattern of
SF(𝜃) = sin3 (𝜃), 0◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 180◦
the desired excitation coefficients and other parameters for l = 5λ are listed below.
m 𝜽m (deg.) am (= SF(𝜃 = 𝜃m ) m 𝜽m (deg.) am = SF(𝜃 = 𝜃m )

0 90◦ 1.0000
1 78.46◦ 0.9406 −1 101.54 0.9406
2 66.42◦ 0.7698 −2 113.58 0.7698
3 53.13◦ 0.5120 −3 126.87 0.5120
4 36.87◦ 0.2160 −4 143.13 0.2160
5 0 0 −5 180 0
The pattern computed using these parameters and Equation (7-18) is shown plotted in
Fig. P7.21.
It is identical to that obtained using discrete array modeling.
1.0
Desired
Synthesized
a. l = 5λ
Array Factor |AF(θ )|
b. N = 11 (d = λ /2)
0.5
10° 50° 90° 130° 170°

Figure P7.21
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 239
⎧ 1 𝜃−2 60◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦

⎪ 30 1
7.22. SF = ⎨− 𝜃 + 4 90◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 120◦
⎪0 30 Elsewhere
⎩
(a) M ≤ l∕λ = 3λ∕λ = 3 ⇒ N = 2M + 1 = 7 samples
(b, c) 𝜃m = cos−1 (mλ∕l) = cos−1 (mλ∕3λ) = cos−1 (m∕3), m = 0, ±1, ±2, … (7-19b)
m Angle (0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ ) bm

0 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ SF = 1
30
(90) − 2 = 3 − 2 = 1
+1 𝜃1 = cos−1 (1∕3) = 70.53◦ SF = 1
30
(70.53) − 2 = 0.35
+2 𝜃2 = cos−1 (2∕3) = 48.19◦ SF = 0
+3 𝜃3 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦ SF = 0
−1 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (−1∕3) = 109.47◦ SF = 1
30
(109.47◦ ) + 4 = 0.35
−2 𝜃−2 = cos−1
(−2∕3) = 131.81◦ SF = 0
−3 𝜃−3 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦ SF = 0
Computer Program Synthesis:

% Woodward-Lawson synthesis method for line source
% Length of line source = 3 lambda
% Desired Directivity (dimensionless) = 5.81

% Directivity (dimensionless) as computed from synthesized Space
Factor = 4.87 (even samples)
% » =
5.01 (odd samples)
% Desired Directivity (dB) = 7.64

% Directicity (dB) as computed from synthesized Space Factor =
6.87 (even samples)
% » = 7.00 (odd samples)
Synthesized Space Factor using the W-L method (L = 3λ)
1
0.9
Desired
Line-source, odd (7) samples
0.8
0.7
0.6
|Space Factor|
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
θ (in degrees)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
240 SOLUTION MANUAL
7.23. SF = (z2 + 1)(z + 1) = z3 + z2 + z + 1 = 1 + z + z2 + z3

SF = (z2 + 1)(z + 1)
(a) 4 Elements
(b) SF = a1 + a2 z + a3 z2 + a4 z3
a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = 1
(c) For d = 𝛌∕4: ( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ 4 2
The visible region is sketched.{
z + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = −1
Roots: (z2 + 1)(z + 1) = 0 ⇒
z2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ z2 = −1 ⇒ z = ±j
So the roots are @ z1 = −1, z2 = +j, z3 = −j
Within the visible region (shown ) the only roots are z2 = +j(𝜃 = 0◦ ) and
z3 = −j(𝜃 = 180 )◦
∴ Nulls are @ 𝜃 = 0◦ , 180◦
jy
θ = 0° jy root root
θ = 60°
z-plane 1 1
ψ θ = 90° θ = 0° ψ θ = 90°
x x
θ = 180°
root root
θ = 120°
θ = 180°
root root
(d) For d = 𝛌∕2: ( )

2𝜋 λ
𝜓 = kd cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
λ 2
The visible region is sketched.{
z + 1 = 0 ⇒ z = −1
Roots: (z2 + 1)(z + 1) = 0 ⇒
z2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ z2 = −1 ⇒ z = ±j
So the roots are @ z1 = −1, z2 = +j, z3 = −j
Within the visible region (shown ) the roots are at z1 = −1(𝜃 = 0◦ , 180◦ ),
z2 = +j(𝜃 = 60◦ ), z3 = −j(𝜃 = 120◦ )
∴ Nulls are at 𝜃 = 0◦ , 60◦ , 120◦ , 180◦
⎧ 1 𝜃−2 60◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦

⎪ 30
7.24. SF = ⎨− 1 𝜃 + 4 90◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 120◦
⎪0 30 Elsewhere
⎩
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 241
(a) M ≤ l∕λ = 3λ∕λ = 3 ⇒ 2M = 6 samples

( ) ( )( )
⎧ 2m − 1 2m − 1 λ
⎪ Δ = , m = +1, +2, …
cos 𝜃m = ⎨ ( 2 2 l
(b) ) ( )( ) (7-19c)
⎪ 2m + 1 Δ = 2m + 1 λ
, m = −1, −2, …
⎩ 2 2 l
m Angle (0◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 180◦ ) bm
[ ( )] ( ) { 80.41◦ 0.68
m = ±1: 𝜃±1 = cos−1 ± 12 13 = cos−1 ± 16 =
99.59◦ 0.68
[ ( )] ( ) {
60◦ 0
m = ±2 𝜃±2 = cos−1 ± 32 1
= cos−1 ± 12 =
3 120◦ 0
[ ( )] ( ) {
33.56◦ 0
m = ±3 𝜃±3 = cos−1 ± 52 1
= cos−1 ± 56 =
3 146.44◦ 0
1 80.41
(c) 𝜃 = 80.41◦ ⇒ SF = 𝜃−2= − 2 = 2.68 − 2 = 0.68
30 30
1 99.59
𝜃 = 99.59◦ ⇒ SF = − 𝜃 + 4 = − + 4 = −3.32 + 4 = 0.68
30 30
Synthesized Space Factor using the W-L method (L = 3λ )

1
Desired
Line-source, even (6) samples
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
|Space Factor|
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
θ (in degrees)
Computer Program Synthesis:
% Woodward-Lawson synthesis method for line source
% Length of line source = 3 lambda

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
242 SOLUTION MANUAL
Synthesized Space Factor using the W-L method (L = 3λ)

1
Desired
Line-source, even (6) samples
0.9 Line-source, odd (7) samples
0.8
0.7
0.6
|Space Factor|
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
θ (in degrees)

% Directivity (dimensionless) as computed from synthesized Space

% Directivity (dB) as computed from synthesized Space Factor =
6.87 (even samples)
7.25. l = 4λ, line source, odd samples

1
(a) 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ : SF = (𝜃)
90
1
90 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ : SF = (180 − 𝜃)
90
(b) Using odd samples and l = 4λ
( )
λ
cos 𝜃m = mΔ = m , m = 0, ±1, ±2, … .
l
[ ( )] [ ( )] ( )
λ λ m
𝜃m = cos−1 m = cos−1 m = cos−1
l 4λ 4
m = 0: 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
( )
1
m = ±1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 + = 75.522◦ , 104.478◦
4
( )
1
m = ±2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 + = 60◦ , 120◦
2
( )
3
m = ±3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 + = 41.41◦ , 138.59◦
4
m = ±4: 𝜃4 = cos−1 (+1) = 0◦ , 180◦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 243
(c) 1
b0 |𝜃=90◦ = SF|𝜃=90 = 𝜃| ◦ = 1
90 𝜃=90
75.522
b±1 |𝜃=75.522◦ ,104.478◦ = = 0.839
90
60 2
b±2 |𝜃=60◦ ,120◦ = = = 0.667
90 3
41.41
b±3 |𝜃=41.41◦ ,138.59◦ = = 0.460
90
0
b±4 |𝜃=0◦ ,180◦ = =0
90
7.26. Since the number of elements N = 10 for d = λ∕2 is identical as the number of samples of
Prob. 7.21, the excitation coefficients and other required parameters are the same as those
listed in the solution of Prob. 7.21. Using these and equation (7-21), the pattern computed is
shown plotted in Fig. P7.21. It is identical to that obtained using continuous–source modeling.
7.27. SF = sin2 𝜃
(a) M = l∕λ = 3λ∕λ = 3
For even number of samples
m = ±1, ±2, ±3
Number of samples = 6
(2m − 1) ( λ )
(b) cos 𝜃m = , m = 1, 2, 3
2 l
[ ] ( ) ( )
(2m − 1) λ (2m − 1) 1 2m − 1
𝜃m = cos−1 = cos−1 = cos−1
2 l l=3λ 2 3 6
m = +1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 (1∕6) = 80.406◦
m = +2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 (1∕2) = 60◦
m = +3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (5∕6) = 33.56◦
( )
2m + 1 λ
cos 𝜃m = , m = −1, −2, −3
2 l
[ ] ( )
−1 (2m + 1) λ 2m + 1
𝜃m = cos = cos−1
2 l l=3λ 6
m = −1: 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (−1∕6) = 99.594◦
m = −2: 𝜃−2 = cos−1 (−1∕2) = 120◦
m = −3: 𝜃−3 = cos−1 (−5∕6) = 146.44◦
(c) m = ±1: bm = SF(𝜃 = 0.406◦ , 99.594◦ ) = sin2 (80.406◦ ) = sin2 (99.594◦ )
bm = 0.9722
m = ±2: bm = SF(𝜃 = 60◦ , 120◦ ) = sin2 (60◦ ) = sin2 (120◦ ) = 0.75
bm = 0.75
m = ±3: bm = SF(𝜃 = 33.56◦ , 146.44◦ ) = sin2 (33.56◦ ) = sin2 (146.44◦ )
bm = 0.3056
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
244 SOLUTION MANUAL
7.28. Since the desired pattern is given by

{
0.342 csc(𝜃) 20◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 60◦
SF(𝜃) =
0 Elsewhere
the required parameters for a Woodward-Lawson line-source design of l = 20λ are listed
below
m 𝜽m (deg.) am = SF(𝜃 = 𝜃m ) m 𝜽m (deg.) am = SF(𝜃 = 𝜃m )

0 90. 0
1 87.13 0 −1 92.87 0
2 84.26 0 −2 95.74 0
3 81.37 0 −3 98.63 0
4 78.46 0 −4 101.54 0
5 75.52 0 −5 104.48 0
6 72.54 0 −6 107.46 0
7 69.51 0 −7 110.49 0
8 66.42 0 −8 113.58 0
9 63.26 0 −9 116.74 0
10 60. 0.3949 −10 120. 0
11 56.63 0.4095 −11 123.37 0
12 53.13 0.4275 −12 126.87 0
13 49.46 0.4500 −13 130.54 0
14 45.57 0.4789 −14 134.43 0
15 41.41 0.5171 −15 138.59 0
16 36.87 0.5700 −16 143.13 0
17 31.79 0.6492 −17 148.21 0
18 25.84 0.7846 −18 154.16 0
19 18.19 0 −19 161.81 0
20 0 0 −20 180 0
The pattern computed using these parameters and Equation (7-18) is shown plotted in
Fig. P7.28
1.0
Desired
0.5
10° 50° 90° 130° 170°

Figure P7.28
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 245
7.29. Since the number of elements N = 41 with a spacing of d = λ∕2 is identical to the number of
samples in Prob. 7.28, the excitation coefficients and other parameters are identical to those
listed in the solution of Prob. 7.28. Using these parameters along with Equation (7-21), the
pattern computed is shown plotted in Fig. P7.29
1.0

Desired
0.5
170°
10° 50° 90° 130°
Figure P7.29
7.30. For the desired pattern of

⎧1 15◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 20◦
⎪
SF(𝜃) = ⎨ 0.342 csc(𝜃) 20◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 60◦
⎪0 Elsewhere
⎩
the required parameters for l = 20λ are identical to those listed in the solution of Prob. 7.28
except that for m = 19 they should be equal to
m = 19, 𝜃m = 18.19◦ , am = SF(𝜃 = 𝜃m ) = 1
The computed pattern using (7-18) is shown in Fig. P7.30.
1.0
Desired
0.5
10° 50° 90° 130° 170°

Figure P7.30
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
246 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
90◦ − 𝜃
7.31. SF(𝜃) = g(𝜃) = sec4 , l = 3λ, odd samples
2
(a) M = l∕λ = 3λ∕λ = 3 ⇒ number of samples = 2M + 1 = 7
( ) ( ) ( )
λ λ m
(b) 𝜃m = cos−1 m = cos−1 m = cos−1 , m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
l 3λ 3
m = 0:𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦
( )
1
m = 1: 𝜃1 = cos−1 = 70.53◦
3
1
m = −1: 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (− ) = 109.47◦
3
( )
2
m = 2: 𝜃2 = cos−1 = 48.19◦
3
( )
2
m = −2: 𝜃−2 = cos−1 − = 131.81◦
3
m = 3: 𝜃3 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦
m = −3: 𝜃−3 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦
( )
90 − 90
(c) b0 = sec4 = sec4 (0) = 1
2
( ) ( )
90 − 70.53 90 − 109.47
b±1 = sec4 = sec4 = 1.0597
2 2
( ) ( )
90 − 48.19 90 − 131.81
b±2 = sec4 = sec4 =0 Function does not exist
2 2
b±3 = 0 Function does not exist
7.32. For the desired pattern of

⎧1 15◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 20◦
⎪
AF(𝜃) = ⎨ 0.342 csc(𝜃) 20◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 60◦
⎪0 Elsewhere
⎩
the required parameters for N = 41 and d = λ∕2 are those listed in the Solution of Prob. 7.30.
The pattern computed using Equation (7-21) is shown plotted in Figure P7.32.
1.0
Desired
0.5
10° 50° 90° 130° 170°

Figure P7.32
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 247
⎧ 1 𝜃−2 60◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ 1 2 3 4 5 6

⎪ 30 1
7.33. AF = ⎨ − 𝜃 + 4 90◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 120◦
λ |4 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |4
⎪ 0 30 Elsewhere
⎩
(a) Number of elements = 6
(b) M ≤ l∕λ = 3λ∕λ = 3 ⇒ N = 2M + 1 = 7 samples odd
(c,d) 𝜃m = cos−1 (mλ∕l) = cos−1 (mλ∕3λ) = cos−1 (m∕3), m = 0, ±1, ±2, …
m Angle (0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ ) bm
0 𝜃0 = cos−1 (0) = 90◦ 1

AF = 30 (90) − 2 = 3 − 2 = 1
+1 𝜃1 = cos−1 (1∕3) = 70.53◦ 1
AF = 30 (70.53) − 2 = 0.35
+2 𝜃2 = cos−1 (2∕3) = 48.19◦ AF = 0
+3 𝜃3 = cos−1 (1) = 0◦ AF = 0
−1 𝜃−1 = cos−1 (−1∕3) = 109.47◦ 1
AF = − 30 (109.47◦ ) + 4 = 0.35
−2 𝜃−2 = cos−1 (−2∕3) = 131.81◦ AF = 0
−3 𝜃−3 = cos−1 (−1) = 180◦ AF = 0
Synthesized Array Factor using the W-L method (L = 3λ)

1
0.9
Desired
Array-source, odd (7) samples
0.8
0.7
0.6
|Array Factor|
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
θ (in degrees)
% Woodward-Lawson synthesis method for linear array ( odd samples)

% Number of array elements = 6
% Spacing = 0.5 lambda
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
248 SOLUTION MANUAL
% Real part (7 pts) Imag part (7 pts) Real part (6 pts) Imag part
(6 pts)
% 0.0654 -0.0000 0.0587 -0.0000
% 0.1667 0.0000 0.1603 0.0000
% 0.2680 0.0000 0.2190 0.0000
% 0.2680 -0.0000 0.2190 -0.0000
% 0.1667 -0.0000 0.1603 -0.0000
% 0.0654 0.0000 0.0587 0.0000
% Directivity (dimensionless) as computed from synthesized Array
% » =
5.00 (odd samples)
% Directivity (dB) as computed from synthesized Array Factor = 6.97
(even samples)
% » = 6.99
(odd samples)
Amplitude distribution using the W-L method for the array (N = 6, d = 0.5λ)
0.3
odd (7) samples
0.25
0.2
|l(z′)|
0.15
0.1
0.05
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
z′/λ (normalized)
⎧ 1 𝜃−2 60◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 90◦ 1 2 3 4 5 6

⎪ 30
7.34. AF = ⎨ − 1 𝜃 + 4 90◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 120◦ λ |4 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |4
⎪ 0 30 Elsewhere
⎩
(a) Number of elements = 6
(b) M ≤ l∕λ = 3λ∕λ = 3 ⇒ 2M = 6 samples even
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 249
( ) ( )( )
⎧ 2m − 1 Δ = 2m − 1 λ
, m = +1, +2, … (7-19c)
⎪ 2 2 l
(c) cos 𝜃m = ⎨ ( ) ( )( )
⎪ 2m + 1 Δ = 2m + 1 λ
, m = −1, −2, … (7-19c)
⎩ 2 2 l
m Angle (0◦ ⩽ 𝜃 ⩽ 180◦ ) bm

[ ( )] ( ) { 80.41◦ 0.68
m = ±1: 𝜃±1 = cos−1 ± 12 13 = cos−1 ± 16 =
99.59◦ 0.68
[ ( )] ( ) {
60◦ 0
m = ±2 𝜃±2 = cos−1 ± 32 13 = cos−1 ± 12 =
120◦ 0
[ ( )] ( ) { 33.56◦ 0
m = ±3 𝜃±3 = cos−1 ± 52 13 = cos−1 ± 56 =
146.44◦ 0
1 80.41
(d) 𝜃 = 80.41◦ ⇒ AF = 𝜃−2= − 2 = 2.68 − 2 = 0.68
30 30
1 99.59
𝜃 = 99.59◦ ⇒ AF = − 𝜃 + 4 = + 4 = −3.32 + 4 = 0.68
30 30
Synthesized Array Factor using the W-L method (L = 3λ)

1
0.9
Desired
Array-source, even (6) samples
0.8
0.7
0.6
|Array Factor|
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
θ (in degrees)
% Woodward-Lawson synthesis method for linear array ( even samples)
% Number of array elements = 6

% Spacing = 0.5 lambda
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
250 SOLUTION MANUAL
% Real part (7 pts) Imag part (7 pts) Real part (6 pts) Imag part
(6 pts)
% 0.0654 -0.0000 0.0587 -0.0000
% 0.1667 0.0000 0.1603 0.0000
% 0.2680 0.0000 0.2190 0.0000
% 0.2680 -0.0000 0.2190 -0.0000
% 0.1667 -0.0000 0.1603 -0.0000
% 0.0654 0.0000 0.0587 0.0000
% Directivity (dimensionless) as computed from synthesized Array
% » =
5.00 (odd samples)

% Directicity (dB) as computed from synthesized Array Factor = 6.97
(even samples)
% » = 6.99
(odd samples)
Amplitude distribution using the W-L method for the array (N = 6, d = 0.5λ)
0.22
even (6) samples
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
|l(z′)|
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
–1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
z′/λ (normalized)
7.35. (a) For a −25 dB side lobe level
R0 (voltage ratio) = 1025∕20 = 101.25 = 17.7828
Using (7-26)
1 1
A=cosh−1 (R0 ) = cosh−1 (17.7828)
𝜋 𝜋
1 3.5706
A = {ln[17.7828 + (17.78282 − 1)1∕2 ]} = = 1.13655
𝜋 𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 251
and (7-28) with n = 5

5 5
𝜎=√ = = 1.07728
(1.13655)2 + (5 − 0.5)2 4.6413
The nulls are given by (7-29) or

{ √
±𝜎 A2 + (n − 0.5)2 1⩽n<5
vn = un ∕𝜋 =
±𝜋 5⩽n⩽∞
vn = ±1.3376, ±2.0274, ±2.9585, ±3.9643, ±5, ±6, ±7, ±8, ±9, ±10, ±11, ±12, …
For l = 10λ, the corresponding angles are given by
𝜃n = 82.31◦ (97.68◦ ), 78.30◦ (101.70◦ ), 72.79◦ (107.21◦ ), 66.64◦ (113.36◦ ),
60◦ (120◦ ), 53.13◦ (126.87◦ ), 45.57◦ (134.43◦ ), 36.87◦ (143.13◦ ),
25.84(154.16◦ ), 0◦ (180◦ )
The half-power beamwidth is obtained using (7-31), and it is equal to

⎧ ( )2 1∕2 ⎫
⎡ ⎤
⎪ λ(1.07728) 17.7828
⎢( cosh−1 (17.7828))2 − cosh−1 √ ⎥ ⎪
Θ0 ≃ 2 ⋅ sin−1 ⎨
⎪ 𝜋(10λ) ⎢⎣ ⎥ ⎬
⎩
2 ⎦ ⎪ ⎭
{ }
0.107728
Θ0 ≃ 2 sin−1 [(3.5706)2 − (3.22322)2 ]1∕2 = 2(3.0197) = 6.039◦
𝜋
The corresponding normalized current distribution and pattern are shown in Figure
P7.35(a).
1.0
Relative Power (dB down)
10
0.8
Normalized Current
0.6 20
0.4
0.2 30
–0.5ℓ –0.3ℓ –0.1ℓ 0 0.1ℓ 0.3ℓ 0.5ℓ

–5λ –4λ –3λ –2λ –λ 0 λ 2λ 3λ 4λ 5λ –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Position on Source z' v = u/π = (ℓ/λ ) cosθ
(a)
Figure P7.35 (a)
(b) For a −20 dB side lobe level

R0 (voltage ratio) = 1020∕20 = 10
using (7-26)
1 2.9932
A= cosh−1 (10) = = 0.95277
𝜋 𝜋
and (7-28) with n = 10

10 10
𝜎√ = = 1.0474
2
(0.95277) + (10 − 0.5)2 9.5476
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
252 SOLUTION MANUAL
The nulls are given by (7-29) or

vn = ±1.1270, ±1.8612, ±2.8020, ±3.7992, ±4.8176, ±5.8464,
±6.8807, ±7.9185, ±8.9585, ±10, ±11, ±12, … .
For l = 10λ, the corresponding angles are given by

𝜃n = 83.53◦ (96.47◦ ), 79.27◦ (100.73◦ ), 73.73◦ (106.27◦ ), 67.67◦ (112.33◦ ),
61.20◦ (118.80◦ ), 54.22◦ (125.78◦ ), 46.52◦ (133.48◦ ),
37.64◦ (142.36◦ ), 26.38◦ (153.62◦ ), 0◦ (180◦ )
The half-power beamwidth is obtained using (7-31), and it is equal to

⎧ ( )2 1∕2 ⎫
⎡ ⎤
⎪ λ(1.0474) ⎢( cosh−1 10)2 − cosh−1 √10 ⎥ ⎪
Θ0 ≃ 2 sin−1 ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 𝜋(10) ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
{ }
0.10474
Θ0 ≃ 2 sin−1 [(2.99322)2 − (2.64412)2 ]1∕2 = 2(2.68) = 5.36◦
𝜋
The corresponding normalized current distribution and pattern are shown plotted in
Fig. P7.35(b).
1.0
Normalized Current
0.5
–0.5 –0.3 –0.1 0 0.1 0.3 0.5
–5λ –4λ –3λ –2λ –λ 0 λ 2λ 3λ 4λ 5λ

Position on Source z′
Relative Power (dB Down)
10
20
30
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10
v = u/π = ( /λ) cos θ
(b)
Figure P7.35 (b)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 253
7.36. From page 379 of Reference 17 (Formula 1)
𝜋 1
ejz cos 𝜃 cos 𝜓 Jv− 1 (z sin 𝜃 sin 𝜓)Cnv (cos 𝜃) sinv+ 2 (𝜃)d𝜃
∫0 2
√
2𝜋 n 1
= ⋅ j ⋅ sinv− 2 𝜓 ⋅ Cnv (cos 𝜓)Jv+n (z)
z
For v = 1∕2.
𝜋
√
2𝜋 n 1∕2
ejz cos 𝜃 cos 𝜓 J0 (z sin 𝜃 sin 𝜓)Cn (cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃d𝜃 =
1∕2
j Cn (cos 𝜓)J 1 +n (z)
∫0 z 2
From page 50 of Reference 17.

{ 1∕2
1 ∑ Cn (t) = P0n (t)
= an Cnv (t), where
(1 − 2at + a2 )v n
1∕2
C0 (t) = P00 (t) = 1.
Thus for n = 0, the above integral reduces to
𝜋
√
jz cos 𝜃 cos 𝜓 1∕2 2𝜋 0 1∕2
e J0 (z sin 𝜃 sin 𝜓)C0 (cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = j C0 (cos 𝜓)J 1 (z)
∫0 z 2
or
𝜋
√
2𝜋
ejz cos 𝜃 cos 𝜓 J0 (z sin 𝜃 sin 𝜓) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = J 1 (z)
∫0 z 2
Since
√ √
𝜋 2𝜋
jn (x) = J 1 (x) ⇒ J 1 (x) = 2j0 (z)
2x n+ 2 z 2
then
𝜋
sin(z)
ejz cos 𝜃 cos 𝜓 J0 (z sin 𝜃 sin 𝜓) sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = 2j0 (z) = 2
∫0 z
Making a change of variable of the form 𝜃 ′ = 𝜃 − 𝜋∕2.

The above integral can be written as
𝜋∕2
sin(z)
e−jz cos 𝜃
′ cos 𝜓
J0 (z cos 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜓) cos 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = 2
∫−𝜋∕2 z
Going through another change of variable of the form

√
𝜉 = − sin 𝜃 ′ ⇒ d𝜉 = − cos 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ , cos 𝜃 ′ = 1 − sin2 (𝜃 ′ )
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254 SOLUTION MANUAL
the integral reduces to

+1 √ sin(z)
ejz𝜉 cos 𝜓 ⋅ J0 (z sin 𝜓 1 − 𝜉 2 )d𝜉 = 2
∫−1 z
By letting 𝜉 = 2l z′ ⇒ d𝜉 = 2l dz′ , the integral can be written as

[ √ ]
l∕2 ( )2 sin(z)
jz( 2l z′ ) cos 𝜓 2 ′ 2 ′
e ⋅ J0 z sin 𝜓 ⋅ 1− z dz = 2
∫−l∕2 l l z
Lastly by letting
( )2
𝜋l
} z2 (sin2 𝜓 + cos2 𝜓) = z2 = cos 𝜃 − (𝜋B)2
z sin 𝜓 = j𝜋B λ
⇒ or √
2
(z cos 𝜓) = k cos 𝜃 ( )2 √
l 𝜋l
z= λ
cos 𝜃 − (𝜋B)2 = u2 − (𝜋B)2
Therefore
( √ ) √
l∕2 ( )2 sin[ u2 − (𝜋B)2 ]
jkz′ cos 𝜃 2 ′ ′
e J0 j𝜋B 1− z dz = l √
∫−l∕2 l u2 − (𝜋B)2
where u = 𝜋 λl cos 𝜃
7.37. Taylor (Tschebyscheff Error)
l = 3λ, R0 = 40 dB ⇒ R0 (dimensionless) = 100

40 = 20 log10 [R0 (voltage ratio)] ⇒ 102 = 100
(a) 2 inner must nulls maintained at −40 dB ⇒ n − 1 = 2 ⇒ n = 3
cosh(𝜋A) = R0 (voltage ratio) = 100 (7-26)

1
𝜋A = cosh−1 (100) ⇒ A = cosh−1 (100)
𝜋
1 1
A = ln[100 ± (1002 − 1)1∕2 ] = ln[100 + 99,994999]
𝜋 𝜋
1
A = (5.29829) = 1.6865
𝜋
A = 1.6865
(b) 𝜎 = √ n 3 3 3
) √
= =√ = = 0.995
( ( )2 3.016
1 1 9.094
A2 + n − (1.6865)2 + 3 −
2 2 (7-28)
𝜎 = 0.995
⎧ √ ( )2
l ⎪ A2 + n − 12 1≤n<n
(c) 𝜋 cos 𝜃n = ⎨ ±𝜋𝜎 (7-29)
λ ⎪ ±n𝜋 n≤n≤∞
⎩
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SOLUTION MANUAL 255

[ √ ] [ √ ]
)2
( ( )2
λ 1 𝜎 1
𝜃±n = cos−1 ± 𝜎 A2 + n − = cos−1 ± A2 + A −
l 2 3 2
[ √ ]
( ) √
0.995 1 2
n = 1: 𝜃±1 = cos−1 ± (1.6865)2 + 1 − = cos−1 [±0.3327 3.094]
3 2
= cos−1 (±0.583)
{
−1 54.31
= cos (±0.584) =
125.69
[ √ ]
( )2
0.995 1
n = 2: 𝜃±2 = cos−1 ± A2 + 2 − = cos−1 [±0.3317(2.257)]
3 2
= cos−1 (±0.749)
{
41.53◦
= cos−1 (±0.749) =
138.47◦
[ ] ( ) { ◦
λ 3 0
n = 3: 𝜃±3 = cos−1 ± (n) = cos−1 ± = cos−1 (±1) =
l 3 180◦
[ ]
4
n = 4: 𝜃±4 = cos−1 ± = does not exist
3
7.38. For a −30 dB side lobe level
R0 = 1030∕20 = 101.5 = 31.62 voltage ratio
and
sinh(𝜋B)
31.62 = 4.603 ⇒ 𝜋B = 4.009 ⇒ B = 1.2761
𝜋B
The excitation coefficients are obtained using (7-32).
For a spacing of d = λ∕2 between the elements
2a1 = In (z′ )|z′ =0 = J0 (j4.009) = 11.40 ⇒ a1 = 5.70

a2 = In (z′ )|z′ =±λ∕2 = J0 (j3.882) = 10.2
a3 = In (z′ )|z′ =±λ = J0 (j3.472) = 7.2
a4 = In (z′ )|z′ =± 3λ = J0 (j2.652) = 3.7
2
′
a5 = In (z )|z′ =±2λ = J0 (j0) = 1
The array factor is given by (6-61b) and (6-61c), or
AF(𝜃) = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u) + a4 cos(6u) + a5 cos(8u)
𝜋d 𝜋
where u = cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
λ 2
The patterns computed for the continuous distribution and the discretized array of N = 9
elements with d = λ∕2, are shown plotted in Fig. P7.38. The agreement between the two is
not as good as that in Fig. 7.10.
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256 SOLUTION MANUAL
θ θ
0°
30° 30°
Relative Power (dB Down)

20
60° 40 60°
60
90° 60 40 20 90°
120° 120°
Continuous
Discretized
150° 150°
180°
Figure P7.38
7.39. N = 20, d = λ∕4, R0 = −30 dB, n = 4 ⇒ l = (N − 1)d = 19(λ∕4) = 4.75λ
Rovr = 1030∕20 = 31.62 = cosh(𝜋A) ⇒ 𝜋A = cosh−1 (31.62)

√
= ln[31.62 ± (31.62)2 − 1] = 4.1467
A = 4.1467∕𝜋 = 1.3199
n 4 4
𝜎=√ =√ = = 1.06934
2
(A) + (n − 1∕2) 2
(1.3199) + (4 − 1∕2)2 3.7406
⎧ ( )2 1∕2 ⎫
⎡ ⎤
−1 ⎪ λ𝜎 ⎢( cosh−1 (R ))2 − R ⎥ ⎪
(a) Θ0 ≃ 2 sin ⎨ cosh−1 √0 ⎬
⎪ 𝜋l ⎢ 0
2 ⎥ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤ ⎫
2 1∕2
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
−1 ⎪ λ(1.06934) ⎢ −1 2 ⎜ −1 31.62 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
≃ 2 sin ⎨ ( cosh (31.62)) − cosh √ ⎬
⎪ 𝜋(4.75λ) ⎢ ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞
⏟ ⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞
⏟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎜⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
⎪ ⎢ 4.1467
⏟⏟⏟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎜ ⏟⏟⏟ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
3.79986
⎪ ⎢ 17.195 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎝ 14.43896 ⎠ ⎦ ⎪ ⎭
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SOLUTION MANUAL 257
{ }
1.06934
Θ0 = 2 sin−1 [17.195 − 14.43896]1∕2
4.75𝜋
{ }
1.06934
Θ0 ≃ 2 sin−1 (1.66) = 2 sin−1 (0.11896) = 2(6.832◦ ) = 13.664◦
4.75𝜋
(b) The HPBW in Part (a) will be slightly greater than that of an equivalent Dolph-
Tschebyscheff because the Taylor has a monotonic decrease in side lobes after the first
2 minor lobes which have the same level; tradeoff between side lobe level and HPBW.
(c) Number = n − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2
7.40. R0 = 26 dB ⇒ R0 (voltage ratio) = 1026∕20 = 101.3 = 19.95
(a) cosh(𝜋A) = R0 ⇒ 𝜋A = cosh−1 (R0 ) (7-26)
Using the algorithm from bottom of page 331
√ [ ] √
𝜋A = cosh (R0 ) = ln R0 ± R0 − 1 = ln[19.95 ± (19.95)2 − 1]
−1 2
𝜋A = ln(39.87492) = 3.686
A = 3.686∕𝜋 = 1.173
n 3 3
𝜎=√ =√ = = 1.086
( )2 ( )2 2.7615
2 1 2 1
(A) + n − 2 (1.173) + 3 − 2
⎧ ( )2 1∕2 ⎫
⎡ ⎤
−1 ⎪ λ𝜎 R0 ⎪
⎨ 𝜋l ⎢⎢( cosh R0 ) − ⎥
−1 2 −1
Θ0 = 2 sin cosh √ ⎬
⎪ ⎣ 2 ⎥ ⎪
⎩ ⎦ ⎭
cosh−1 R0 = 3.686
( )
R0 ( )
−1 19.95
cosh √ = cosh−1 = cosh−1 (14.1089)
2 1.414
√
= ln[14.1089 ± (14.1089)2 − 1]
( )
R0
cosh−1 √ = ln(28.1823) = 3.3387
2
{ }
1.086 [ ]1∕2
Θ0 = 2 sin−1 (3.686)2 − (3.3387)2
𝜋(5)
{ } { }
1.086 1.086
= 2 sin−1 (2.4397)1∕2 = 2 sin−1 (1.56195)
𝜋(5) 𝜋(5)
Θ0 = 2 sin−1 (0.107988) = 2(6.199) = 12.398◦
Taylor: Θ0 = 12.398◦
Θ0 (Taylor) 12.398
(b) Dolph-Tschebyscheff: Θ0 = =
𝜎 1.086
Θ0 = 11.416◦
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258 SOLUTION MANUAL
(c) Alternate (longer!!)

{ (√ )2 }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh ( cosh R0 )2 − 𝜋
−1 2
= 1.079
R0
2R20
D0 = where L′ = L + d = 5λ
1 + (R20 − 1)f L1′
D0 = 9.184 = 9.63 dB (6-79)
101.5 101.5 101.5
D0 = ⇒ Θd = −
Θd D0 9.184
Θd = 11.05◦
[ ] [ ]
λ λ
Θh (uniform) = cos−1 cos 𝜃0 = 0.443 − cos−1 cos 𝜃0 + 0.443 (6-22a)
L+d L+d
L + d = 5λ
Θh (uniform) = 10.17◦
Θh (D − T) = Θh (uniform) × f = 10.17◦ (1.079) = 10.973◦
Θh (D − T) = 10.973◦
7.41. For a −40 dB side lobe level
R0 = 100 and B = 1.7415
The excitation coefficients are equal to
2a1 = J0 (j5.471) = 41.55 ⇒ a1 = 20.775 = 20.775 ∠0◦

a2 = J0 (j4.738) = 21.58 ⇒ 21.58 ∠0◦
a3 = J0 (j0) = 1 = 1 ∠0◦
The array factor is given by
AF(𝜃, 𝜙) = a1 + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u)
𝜋
where u = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4
7.42. L = 4λ, R0 = −35 dB ⇒ Rovr = 1035∕20 = 101.75 = 56.234
| sinh(𝜋B) |
(a) R0 = 56.234 = 4.603 || | ⇒ B = 1.5136 from Table after equation (7-38a)
|
| 𝜋B |
λ λ λ λ
a3 a2 2a1 a2 a3
(b) d = λ ⇒ N = 2M + 1 = 5
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SOLUTION MANUAL 259
√ ( )2 ⎤
⎡
2z′
(c) an = In = J0 ⎢j𝜋B 1− ⎥ ; −l∕2 ≤ z′ ≤ l∕2
⎢ l ⎥
⎣ ⎦
z′ = 0: 2a1 = J0 (j𝜋B) = J0 (j1.5136𝜋) = 22.79 ⇒ a1 = 11.395

[ ⇒√
2a1 = 22.79 a1 = 11.395]
( )2
z′ = ±λ: a2 = J0 j𝜋B 1 − 12 = J0 [j0.866(1.5136)𝜋] = J0 (j4.118)
= 12.324√
z′= ±2λ: a3 = J0 [j𝜋B 1 − 1] = J0 (j0) = 1
a1 = 11.395 a2 = 12.324, a3 = 1
∑
M+1=3
(d) (AF)5 = an cos[2(n − 1)u] = a1 cos(0) + a2 cos(2u) + a3 cos(4u) (6-61b)
n=1
= 11.395 + 12.324 cos(2u) + cos(4u)
𝜋d
u= cos 𝜃 = 𝜋 cos 𝜃 (6-61c)
λ
7.43. Using (7-1) for 𝜙n (z′ ) = 0
l∕2
′ cos 𝜃
SF(𝜃) = In (z′ )ejkz dz′
∫−l∕2
Uniform: In (z′ ) = I0
ejkz cos 𝜃
l∕2 l∕2 ′
′ cos 𝜃
SF(𝜃) = I0 ejkz dz′ = I0 d(jk cos 𝜃z′ )
∫−l∕2 ∫−l∕2 jk cos 𝜃
( )
⎡ kl ⎤ [ ]
⎢ sin 2 cos 𝜃 ⎥ sin(u) ( )
l
= I0 l ⎢ kl ⎥ = I 0 l where u = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
⎢ cos 𝜃 ⎥ u 2
⎣ 2 ⎦
( )
2
In a similar manner, it can be shown that for Triangular, In (z′ ) = I1 1 − |z′ |
l
[ ( )]
u
( ) sin ( )
l 2 l
SF(𝜃) = I1 ( ) , where u = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
2 u λ
2
Cosine: In (z′ ) = I2 cos(𝜋z′ ∕l)

( ) ( )
𝜋 cos u l
SF(𝜃) = I2 l , where u = 𝜋 cos 𝜃
2 (𝜋∕2)2 − u2 λ
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260 SOLUTION MANUAL
)(
z′
Cosine Squared: In (z′ )
= I3 𝜋
cos2
l [ ]
( )[ ]
l sin u 𝜋2
SF(𝜃) = I3
2 u 𝜋 2 − u2
7.44. For l = 4λ and Table 7.1
a. Uniform distribution: c. Cosine distribution:

HPBW = 50.6∕4 = 12.65◦ HPBW = 68.8∕4 = 17.20◦
FNBW = 114.6∕4 = 28.65◦ FNBW = 171.9∕4 = 42.98◦
FSLMM = −13.2 dB FSLMM = −23.2 dB
D0 = 2(4) = 8 = 9.03 dB D0 = 0.810(8) = 6.48 = 8.12 dB
b. Triangular distribution: d. Cosine-Squared distribution:

HPBW = 73.4∕4 = 18.35◦ HPBW = 83.2∕4 = 20.80◦
FNBW = 229.2∕4 = 57.30◦ FNBW = 229.2∕4 = 57.30◦
FSLMM = −26.4 dB FSLMM = −31.5 dB
D0 = 0.75(8) = 6.80 = 8.33 dB D0 = 0.667(8) = 5.34 = 7.27 dB
7.45. Using Table 7.1 and trying one of the 4 distributions, we find that the cos2 distribution will
lead to such a HPBW.
83.2 83.2
(a) HPBW = = = 16.64◦ (cosine-squared)
(l∕λ) 5
(b) From Table 7.1
Side lobe level = −31.5 dB
(c) From Table 7.1

[ ( )]
l
D0 = 0.667 2 = 0.667[2(5)] = 6.67
λ
D0 = 6.67 = 8.241 dB
7.46. l = 3λ, triangular distribution, line source, f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 cm

Use Table 7.1 (third column)
73.4 73.4
(a) HPBW = = = 24.47◦
l∕λ 3
(b) −26.4 dB
[ ( )]
l
(c) D0 = 0.75 2 = 0.75[2(3)] = 4.5 = 6.532 dB
λ
λ2 λ2
(d) Aem = D0 = (4.5) = 0.3581λ2
4𝜋 4𝜋
( )
λ λ2
(e) Ap = l(d) = 3λ = = 0.01λ2
300 100
A 0.3581λ2
𝜀ap = em = 2 = 35.81 = 3,581%
Ap λ ∕100
( )( )
W 1
(f) PL = Aem Wi (PLF) = 0.3581λ2 10−3 2
( ) cm 2
2 −3 1
= 0.3581(30) (10 ) = 0.1612 Watts
2
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SOLUTION MANUAL 261
7.47. From Table 7.1

( ) ( )
2 2
I(z′ ) = I1 1 − z′ = 1 − z′
l l
l1 = 1
a4 a3 a2 2a1 a2 a3 a4 z
1.5λ 1.5λ
(a) 2a1 = I(z′ = 0) = 1 ⇒ a1 = 1∕2

( ) ( )
2 1 2
a2 = I(z′ = λ∕2) = 1 − 0.5λ = 1 − =
3λ 3 3
( ) ( )
2 2 1
a3 = I(z′ = λ) = 1 − λ = 1 − =
3λ 3 3
( )
2 3λ
a4 = I(z′ = 3λ∕2) = 1 − = (1 − 1) = 0
3λ 2
(b) From Table 7.1
73.4 73.4
HPBW = = = 24.47◦
l∕λ 3
( )
l
(c) D0 = 0.75 2 = 0.75(2(3)) = 0.75(6) = 4.5 = 6.532 dB
λ
( )|
l |
(d) D0 (uniform) = 2 = 2(3) = 6 = 7.7815 dB
λ ||l=3λ
Larger than that of part (c) by
7.7815 − 6.532 = 1.2495 = 1.2495 dB
3λ l
(e) 1. le = = = 1.5λ: Triangular
2 2
2. le = l = 3λ: Uniform
7.48.
Center
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2
L = 3λ
(a) d = λ∕2
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262 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) ( )
𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′
(b) Amplitude = cos2 x = cos2 3λ x
L
( )
2 𝜋
A4 = cos 0 = cos2 (0) = 1
3λ
( ) ( )
𝜋 λ 𝜋
A5 = A3 = cos2 = cos2 = cos2 (30◦ ) = (0.866)2 = 0.75
3λ 2 6
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋
A6 = A2 = cos2 λ = cos2 = cos2 (60◦ ) = (0.5)2 = 0.25
3λ 3
( ) ( )
𝜋 3λ 𝜋
A7 = A1 = cos2 = cos2 =0
3λ 2 2
(c) From Table 7.1
83.2 83.2 83.2
HPBW = = = = 27.73◦
L∕λ 3λ∕λ 3
(d) From Table 7.1

[ ( )] [ ( )]
L 3λ
D0 = 0.667 2 = 0.667 2 = 0.667(6)
λ λ
D0 = 4.002 = 10log10 (4.002) = 6.02 dB
7.49. Using (7-45), the space factor for each distribution can be derived as follows:
Uniform: An (𝜌′ ) = I0
a
SF(𝜃) = 2𝜋I0 𝜌′ J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′
∫0
Using Equation (V-22) from Appendix V, or

a a |a
1 |
xp+1 Jp (𝛼x)dx|p=0 xJ0 (𝛼x)dx = xJ1 (𝛼x)|
∫0 ∫0 𝛼 |
|0
the space factor reduces to
{ }
SF(𝜃) = 2𝜋I0
a
[J1 (ka sin 𝜃) − * 0 ] = 2𝜋a2 I J1 (ka sin 𝜃)

J1 (0) 0
k sin 𝜃 ka sin 𝜃
J (u) 2𝜋a
= 2𝜋a2 I0 1 , where u = ka sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
u λ
Radial: An (𝜌′ ) = I1 [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ]

a
SF(𝜃) = 2𝜋I1 [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ]J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃)𝜌′ d𝜌′
∫0
using the integral

1
gp (u = ka sin 𝜃) = 2𝜋a2 (1 − r2 ) p J0 (ur)rdr
∫0
[ ( )2 ] p
a
𝜌′ 2p p!Jp+1 (u)
= 2𝜋 1− J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃)𝜌′ d𝜌′ = 2𝜋a2
∫0 a up+1
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SOLUTION MANUAL 263
the space factor reduces to

[ ] ( )
J2 (u) 2𝜋a
SF(𝜃) = 4𝜋a I1 2
, where u = sin 𝜃 = ka sin 𝜃
u λ
Radial Squared: An (𝜌′ ) = I2 [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ]2

Using the same procedure as for the radial, it can be shown that
[ ] ( )
J3 (u) 2𝜋a
SF(𝜃) = 16𝜋a2 I2 , u= sin 𝜃 = ka sin 𝜃
u λ
7.50. l = 4λ, 23 dB ⇒ 23 = 20 log10 D0 (ovr) ⇒ D0 (ovr) = 101.15 = 14.125

23 = 10 log10 D0 (dimensionless) ⇒ D0 (dimensionless) = 102.3 = 199.526
(a) Using Table 7.1

( ) ( )
𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′
Distribution = Cosine = I2 cos z = cos z ; −l∕1 ≤ z′ ≤ l∕2
l l
(b) d = λ∕2:
λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2 λ |2
2λ 2λ
( ) ( )
𝜋 ′ | 𝜋
(c) 2a1 = cos z | z′ =0 = cos 0 =1
l | l=4λ 4λ
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
a2 = cos = cos = 0.9239 = cos(22.5◦ )
4λ 2 8
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋
a3 = cos λ = cos = 0.7071
4λ 4
( ) ( )
𝜋 3λ 3𝜋
a4 = cos = cos = cos(67.5◦ ) = 0.3827
4λ 2 8
( ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋
a5 = cos 2λ = cos =0
4λ 2
68.8 68.6 68.2
(d) HPBW = = = = 17.15◦
(l∕λ) 4λ∕λ 4
[ ( )]
l
(e) D0 = 0.810 2 = 0.810(2)(4) = 6.48 = 8.116 dB
λ
D0 = 6.48 = 8.116 dB
7.51. Using the equations from Table 7.2 with a = 2λ, the desired parameters for each distribution
are as follows:
(a) Uniform;
HPBW = 29.2∕2 = 14.60◦
FNBW = 69.9∕2 = 34.95◦
FSLMM = −17.6 dB
D0 = (4𝜋)2 = 157.91 = 21.98 dB
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264 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Radial taper:

HPBW = 36.4∕2 = 18.20◦
FNBW = 93.4∕2 = 46.70◦
FSLMM = −24.6 dB
D0 = 0.75(4𝜋)2 = 118.44 = 20.73 dB
(c) Radial taper—Squared:
HPBW = 42.1∕2 = 21.05◦
FNBW = 116.3∕2 = 58.15◦
FSLMM = −30.6 dB
D0 = 0.56(4𝜋)2 = 88.43 = 19.47 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 8
Solution Manual
l∕2 [( ) ]
1 𝜕2 e−jkr
8.1. I(z′ ) + 𝛽2 dz′ = −j𝜔𝜀Ezi (p = a), R2 = (z − z′ )2 + a2
4𝜋 ∫−l∕2 𝜕z2 R
( )
𝜕 e−jkr (z − z′ ) −j𝛽R
e
= −(1 + j𝛽R)
𝜕z R R3
( ) [ ]
𝜕 2 e−j𝛽R e−j𝛽R (z − z′ )2 (z − z′ )2 −j𝛽R
= −(1 + j𝛽R) − j𝛽 − (1 + j𝛽R)(3 + j𝛽R) e
𝜕z2 R R3 R4 R5
e−j𝛽R e−j𝛽R
= −(1 + j𝛽R) 3
− [j𝛽(R2 − a2 )R − (3 + j4𝛽R − (𝛽R)2 )(R2 − a2 )] 5
R R
e−j𝛽R 2 2 2 e−j𝛽R
= −(1 + j𝛽R) − (R − a )[(𝛽R) − 3(1 + j𝛽R)]
R3 R5
e−j𝛽R
= [−R2 (1 + j𝛽R) − (R2 − a2 )(𝛽R)2 + 3(R2 − a2 )(1 + j𝛽R)]
R5
( )
𝜕2 e−j𝛽R e−j𝛽R
= {(1 + j𝛽R)(2R2 − 3a2 ) − (R2 − a2 )(𝛽R)2 }
𝜕z2 R R5
Therefore
l∕2 [( ) ]
1 𝜕2 e−j𝛽R
I(z′ ) + 𝛽2 dz′
4𝜋 ∫−l∕2 𝜕z2 R
l∕2
1 e−j𝛽R
= I(z′ ) 5 {(1 + j𝛽R)(2R2 − 3a2 ) − k2 (kR)2 + a2 (𝛽R)2 + 𝛽 2 R4 }dz′
4𝜋 ∫−l∕2 R
l∕2
1 e−j𝛽R
= I(z′ ) 5 [(1 + j𝛽R)(2R2 − 3a2 ) + (𝛽aR)2 ]dz′
4𝜋 ∫−l∕2 R

265
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266 SOLUTION MANUAL
Vi V
8.2. Ef = â 𝜌 , M f = −2̂n × Ef = −2̂az × â 𝜌 E𝜌 = −̂a𝜙 ′ i (1)
2𝜌′ ln(b∕a) 𝜌 ln(b∕a)
Vi
M𝜙 = −
𝜌 ln(b∕a)
′
The solution presented here is that reported in the following journal Paper: L. L. Tsai, “A
numerical solution for the near and far fields of an annular ring of magnetic current,” IEEE
Transactions Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-20, No. 5, Sept. 1972, pp. 569–576.
The radiated electric and magnetic fields can be found using
1 1
E = −j𝜔A − j ∇(∇ ⋅ A) − ∇ × F (2a)
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜀
1 1
H = −j𝜔F − j ∇(∇ ⋅ F) − ∇ × A (2b)
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜇
where
𝜀 e−jkr ′
F= Mf ds (2c)
4𝜋 ∬ R
s
𝜇 e−jkr ′
A= J ds (2d)
4𝜋 ∬ R
s
Since J = 0, then A = 0 and (2a) and (2b) reduce to
1
E = − ∇×F (3a)
𝜀
1
H = −j𝜔F − j ∇(∇ ⋅ F) (3b)
𝜔𝜇𝜀
To evalute (2c) the differential area ds′ on the frill is
ds′ = 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′ (4)
Dividing the frill into d𝜌′ wide magnetic ring current, the contribution of each ring will be
evaluated first. This is accomplished by integrating with respect to 𝜙′ before summing over
all the rings.
The problem possesses symmetry since there are no 𝜙 variations. Therefore the observa-
tion can be located at any plane. Without loss of generality we choose the yz plane for the
observations. For this plane 𝜌 = y and the F potential is 𝜙-polarized (F𝜙 ). Using (1) and (2c)
we can then write that
b 𝜋 ′
𝜀 1 e−j𝛽R
F𝜙 = − cos 𝜙′ ′ d𝜙′ d𝜌′ (5)
2𝜋 ln(b∕a) ∫0 ∫0 R
where
R′ = [(z − z′ )2 + 𝜌2 − (𝜌′ )2 − 2𝜌𝜌′ cos 𝜙′ ]1∕2 (5a)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 267
z
Positive sense
for ϕ'
Plane of ring
parallel to xy plane ϕˆ (Observation
p 1 point in y - z plane)
p' ϕ' Right triangle p'

√p2 + p'2 – 2pp'cos ϕ' z
ϕ'
z' (z – z') Observation
R' Mϕ' – ϕ' y (or p)
point in plane
y–z p'
(p, z)
y (or p) Polarization
2 vector for each
increment dϕ' of
R' = √ (z – z')2 + p2 + p'2 – 2pp' cos ϕ' magnetic current Lϕ'
x x
Geometry for Ring Polarization for source and
observation
Figure P8.3
Because the ring is on the xy-plane, each pair of incremental current element d𝜙′ (symmet-
rically located at ±𝜙′ ) has only a net â 𝜙 contribution. This leads to the 2 cos 𝜙′ factor with
an integration in 𝜙′ from 0 to 𝜋. Now using (2a) and (2b) in cylindrical coordinates, we can
write that
11 𝜕
Ez = − (𝜌F𝜙 ) (6a)
𝜀 𝜌 𝜕𝜌
1 𝜕
E𝜌 = (F ) (6b)
𝜀 𝜕z 𝜙
H𝜙 = −j𝜔F𝜙 (6c)
E𝜙 = H𝜌 = Hz = 0 (6d)
Closed form expressions for the electric and magnetic fields can be derived when 𝜌 ≫ b
without making far field approximations. From (5a)
R0 = [(z − z′ )2 + 𝜌2 ]1∕2
After suitable approximations on (5), we can write that

{ }
𝜀 e−jkR0 (b2 + a2 ) 1 1
F𝜙 (𝜌, z) ≃ − k𝜌 2 (b2 − a2 ) −j + +j (7)
4 ln(b∕a) R 0
4R20 2kR0 2
Using (7), we can write (6a) as

{ [ ]
k(b2 − a2 ) e−jkR0 1 (b2 − a2 )
Ez ≃ +Vi 2 +j−j
8 ln(b∕a) R2 kR0 2R20
0
[( )( ) ( )]}
𝜌2 1 (b2 + a2 ) 2 1 (b2 + a2 )
+ +j−j −jk − + − 2 +j (8)
R0 kR0 2R20 R0 kR0 R30
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268 SOLUTION MANUAL
and (6b) as
{ [ ] [ ]}
(b2 − a2 )𝜌 (z − z′ ) e−jkR0 3 k(b2 + a2 ) 1 2(b2 + a2 ) 3
E𝜌 ≃ −Vi k− + +j −
8 ln(b∕a) R0 R2 0
k 2 R20 R30 R0
(9)
8.3. On the axis of the ring (𝜌 = 0), the symmetry of the problem along the 𝜙 direction requires
that E𝜌 (𝜌 = 0, z) = 0. However equations (8) and (9) of the solution of Problem 8.3 are no
longer accurate when 𝜌 → 0. Therefore we will derive a simpler form for the field which will
be accurate only for 𝜌 = 0. When 𝜌 = 0, we have that
R′ = [(z − z′ )2 + (𝜌′ )2 ]1∕2 (1)
Therefore
b ′ [ 2𝜋 ]
𝜀 1 e−jkR
F𝜙 (0, z) = − cos 𝜙′ d𝜙′ d𝜌′ = 0 (2)
4𝜋 ln(b∕a) ∫a R′ ∫0
Then
H𝜙 (0, z) = −j𝜔F𝜙 = 0 (3)
From (6a) of the solution of Problem 8.3
1 F𝜙 1 𝜕F𝜙 2 𝜕F𝜙 ||
Ez (0, z) = − − =− (4)
𝜀 𝜌 𝜀 𝜕𝜌 𝜀 𝜕𝜌 ||𝜌=0
In deriving (4), L’Hospital’s rule was used to take care of the 00 term. Using (2) and (4) and
interchanging the order of integration and differentiation, it can be shown that (4) can be
written as
b 𝜋 [ −jkR′
]
1 1 ′ 𝜕 e
Ez (0, z) = cos 𝜙 d𝜙′ d𝜌′
𝜋 ln(b∕a) ∫0 ∫0 𝜕𝜌 R′ 𝜌=0
{ −jk[(z−z′ )2 +a2 ]1∕2 ′ 2 2 1∕2 }
1 e e−jk[(z−z ) +b ]
Ez (0, z) = − (5)
2 ln(b∕a) [(z − z′ )2 + a2 ]1∕2 [(z − z′ )2 + b2 ]1∕2
The above solution is that found in:

1. L. L. Tsai, “A numerical solution for the near and far fields of an annular ring of
magnetic current,” IEEE Transactions Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-20, No. 5,
Sept. 1972, pp. 569–576.
8.4. l = 0.47λ, a = 0.005λ, N = 21.
Impedance matrix [Zmn ] for using the delta-gap or magnetic frill generator is same, but right
hand sides [Vm ] are different.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 269

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
270 SOLUTION MANUAL

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 271

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
272 SOLUTION MANUAL

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 273
8.5. l = λ∕50, a = 0.005λ, N = 21.

Delta Gap Magnetic Frill
Zin = 8.17 × 10−6 − j2.75 × 10−2 ohms Zin = 0.2199 − j407.3 ohms
8.6.
l Antenna Length Antenna Length
l∕d l = λ∕4 = 0.25λ l = 3λ∕4 = 0.75λ
Radius a Impedance Radius a Impedance
l∕d = 50 a = 0.0025λ 0.123e2 − j0.3453e3 a = 0.0075λ 0.5325e3 + j0.1844e3
l∕d = 25 a = 0.005λ 0.1137e2 − j0.2477e3 a = 0.015λ 0.4053e3 + j0.1269e3
l∕d = 109 a = 1.25 0.13101e2 − j0.1311e4 a = 3.75 0.3406e3 + j0.1177e4
× 10−10 λ × 10−10 λ
Using 20 subsections and Hallén Computer Program, the plots that follow represent the mag-
nitude of the current distribution for dipole with l = λ∕4 and l = 3λ∕4.
0.004
Radius = 0.0025 λ (l/d = 50)
Radius = 0.0025 λ
0.0035
Radius = 1.25e – 10 λ
0.003
0.0025
Magnitude
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0.0
0
Antenna Length (l =λ /4)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
274 SOLUTION MANUAL
0.004
Radius = 0.0075 λ (l/d = 50)
Radius = 0.015 λ
Radius = 3.75e – 10 λ
0.003
Magnitude
0.002
0.001
0.0
–0.3 –0.2 –0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Antenna Length (l = 3λ /4)
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
l/d = 50 (a = 0.0025)
l/d = 25 (a = 0.005) Pattern is basically identical
l/d = 10e9 (a = 1.25e – 10)
Radiation Pattern of Dipole Antenna (L = λ∕4) (Prob. 8.6)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 275
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
l/d = 50 (a = 0.0075)
l/d = 25 (a = 0.015) Pattern is basically identical
l/d = 10e9 (a = 3.75e – 10)
Radiation Pattern of Dipole Antenna (L = 3λ∕4) (Prob. 8.6)

1 1 𝜕Az
8.7. H= ∇ × A = −̂a𝜙 (1)
𝜇 𝜇 𝜕𝜌
Since the field is not a function of 𝜙, because of the azimuthal symmetry, the observations
can be made at any angle 𝜙. Choosing 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2 reduces x and y to
x = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 = 0⎫ √
y = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 = 𝜌 ⎪ , R=
√
(x − x′ )2 + (y − y′ )2 + (z − z′ )2
√
𝜕 𝜕 ⎬ (2)
= ⎪ = x2 + y2 + (z − z′ )2 = 𝜌2 + (z − z′ )2
𝜕𝜌 𝜕y ⎭
and (1)
{ }
I 𝜕 0 [ ( )] −jkR l∕2 [ ( )] −jkR
l e l e
H = −̂a𝜙 0 sin k +z ′ ′
dz + sin k −z ′
dz ′
(3)
4𝜋 𝜕y ∫−l∕2 2 R ∫0 2 R
Using Euler’s relation
[ ( )] ′ ′
l ejk(l∕2±z ) − e−jk(l∕2±z )
sin k ± z′ = (4)
2 2j
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
276 SOLUTION MANUAL
reduces (3) to
{ [0 ′ ] 0 [ ′ ]
I 𝜕 e−jk(R−z ) 𝜕 e−jk(R+z )
H𝜙 = − 0 e +j(kl∕2) ′
dz − e −j(kl∕2)
dz′
8𝜋j ∫−l∕2 𝜕y R ∫−l∕2 𝜕y R
l∕2 [ −jk(R+z′ ) ] l∕2 [ −jk(R−z′ ) ] }
𝜕 e 𝜕 e
+ e+j(kl∕2) dz′ − e−j(kl∕2) dz′ (5)
∫0 𝜕y R ∫0 𝜕y R
The third term within the brackets can be written as

l∕2 [ ′ ] l∕2 { ( )}
𝜕 e−jk(R+z ) 1 𝜕 −jk(R+z′ ) ′ 𝜕 1
e+j(kl∕2) dz′ = e+j(kl∕2) [e ] + e−jk(R+z ) dz′
∫0 𝜕y R ∫0 R 𝜕y 𝜕y R
(6)
The two terms of (6) can be expanded to

√
𝜕 −jk(R+z′ ) 𝜕 2 2 ′ 2 ′ y ′
[e ] = [e−jk( x +y +(z−z ) +z ) ] = −jk e−jk(R+z ) (6a)
𝜕y 𝜕y R
( )
𝜕 1 𝜕 y
= {[x2 + y2 + (z − z′ )2 ]1∕2 } = − 3 (6b)
𝜕y R 𝜕y R
Thus (6) can be expressed as
l∕2 [ ′ ] l∕2 [ ′ ′ ]
+j(kl∕2) 𝜕 e−jk(R+z ) ′ +j(kl∕2) e−jk(R+z ) e−jk(R+z )
e dz = ye −jk − dz′ (7)
∫0 𝜕y R ∫0 R2 R3
Consider now the differential of

[ −jk(R+z′ ) ]
e ′
d = d[R−1 (R + z′ − z)−1 e−jk(R+z ) ]
R(R + z′ − z)
[ ]
′ dR−1 d(R + z′ − z)−1 d(R + z′ )
= e−jk(R+z ) + − jk (8)
(R + z′ − z) R R(R + z′ − z)
Each term of (8) can be written as

[ ]
dR−1 z − z′
= dz′ (9)
(R + z′ − z) R3 (R + z′ − z)
[ ] [ ]
d(R + z′ − z)1 (R + z′ − z)−2 d(R + z′ − z) 1
=− =− 2 (10)
R R R (R + z′ − z)
[ ] ( )
d(R + z′ ) 1
−jk ′
= −jk dz′ (11)
R(R + z − z) R2
Adding (9)-(11) reduce (8) to

[ ′ ] [ ]
e−jk(R+z ) −jk(R+z′ ) 1 1
d = e − − jk dz′ (12)
R(R + z′ − z) R3 R2
which is an exact differential.

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 277
With the aid of (12), (6) can be integrated and expressed as
l∕2 [ ′ ] l∕2 [ ′ ]
𝜕 e−jk(R+z ) e−jk(R+z )
e+j(kl∕2) dz′ = ye+j(kl∕2) d
∫0 𝜕y R ∫0 R(R + z′ − z)
[ ]
e−jk(R1 +l∕2) e−jkr
= yej(kl∕2) − (13)
R1 (R1 + l∕2 − z) r(r − z)
where according to Figure 8.14(b) for 𝜙 = 𝜋∕2

√ √
) (( )
l 2 l 2
R1 = x2
+ z− + y2
= y2 + z − (14)
2 2
√ √
r = x2 + y2 + z2 = y2 + z2 (15)
Because
( )2 ⎫
l
R21 − − z = y2 ⎪
2 ⎬
r − z2 = y2
2 ⎪
⎭
(13) can be placed into the form of

[ ′ ] [( ) ]
l∕2
𝜕 e−jk(R+z ) ej(kl∕2) l∕2 − z −jk(R1 +l∕2) ( )
z −jkr
e+j(kl∕2) dz′ = 1− e − 1+ e
∫0 𝜕y R y R1 r
(16)
In a similar manner, the other terms of (5) can be written as

[ ′ ] [( ) ]
+j(kl∕2)
0
𝜕 e−jk(R−z ) ′ ej(kl∕2) l∕2 + z −jk(R2 +l∕2) ( )
z −jkr
+e dz = 1− e − 1− e
∫−l∕2 𝜕y R y R2 r
(16a)
[ ] [( ) ]
0
𝜕 e −jk(R+z′ ) e−j(kl∕2) l∕2 + z −jk(R2 −l∕2) ( )
z −jkr
−ej−(kl∕2) dz′ = 1+ e − 1+ e
∫−l∕2 𝜕y R y R3 r
(16b)
[ ] [( ) ]
l∕2 ′
𝜕 e−jk(R−z ) e−j(kl∕2) l∕2 − z −jk(R1 −l∕2) ( )
z −jkr
−e−j(kl∕2) ′
dz = 1+ e − 1− e
∫0 𝜕y R y R1 r
(16c)
√ √
( )2 ( )2
l l
where R2 = x2 + y2 + z + = 𝜌2 + z + (16d)
2 2
Using (16)-(16c) reduces (5) to
I0 1 [ −jkR ( )
kl −jkr
]
H𝜙 = − e 1 + e−jkR2 − 2 cos e (17)
4𝜋j y 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
278 SOLUTION MANUAL
⎧ [ ]
⎡ 𝜕H 0⎤
𝜌7
0 0
1 1 ⎪ 1 𝜕H 𝜕H𝜙 𝜕H7
â 𝜌
z ⎢
+ â 𝜙 −
z ⎥
j𝜔𝜀 ⎨
E= ∇×H = −
j𝜔𝜀 ⎪ 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜕z ⎢𝜕z 𝜕𝜌 ⎥⎦
⎩ ⎣
⎡ ⎫
1⎢𝜕 7 0 ⎤⎪
𝜕H𝜌
+ â z (𝜌H𝜙 ) − ⎥ ⎬ (18)
𝜌 ⎢ 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜙 ⎥⎦⎪
⎣ ⎭
which reduces in the yz-plane (x = 0) to
1 𝜕H𝜙
E𝜌 = Ey = (19)
j𝜔𝜀 𝜕z
1 1 𝜕 1 1 𝜕
Ez = (𝜌H𝜙 ) = (yH𝜙 ) (20)
j𝜔𝜀 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 j𝜔𝜀 y 𝜕y
since 𝜌 = y. Thus
{ ]}
1 𝜕 I 1 [ −jkR ( )
kl −jkr
E𝜌 = − 0 e 1 + e−jkR2 − 2 cos e
j𝜔𝜀 𝜕z 4𝜋j y 2
[( ) ( ) −jkr ]
𝜂I0 l e−jkR1 e−jkR2 kl e
=j z− + (z + l) − 2z cos (21)
4𝜋y 2 R1 R2 z r
{ [ ( ) ]}
1 1 𝜕 I0 e−jkR1 e−jkR2 kl −jkr
Ez = − + − 2 cos e
j𝜔𝜀 y 𝜕y 4𝜋j R1 R2 2
[ ( ) −jkr ]
𝜂I0 e−jkR1 e−jkR2 kl e
= −j + − 2 cos (22)
4𝜋 R1 R2 2 r
{
8.8. Rim = Rr = 60 C + ln(kl) − Ci (kl) + 12 sin(kl)[Si (2kl) − 2Si (kl)]
}
+ 12 cos(kl)[C + ln(kl∕2) + Ci (2kl) − 2Ci (kl)]
{ [ ( )]}
2ka2
Xim = 30 2Si (kl) + cos(kl)[2Si (kl) − Si (2kl)] − sin(kl) 2Ci (kl) − Ci (2kl) − Ci
l
where C = 0.5772
( ) ( ) ( )
2ka2 2ka2 2ka2
Ci = 0.577 + ln − Cin according to (4-69)
l l l
Rin = Rim ∕(sin2 (kl∕2)), Xin = Xim ∕(sin2 (kl∕2))
(a) l = λ∕4: kl = 𝜋∕2, 2kl = 𝜋, 2ka2 ∕l = 𝜋∕8 = 0.12566, kl∕2 = 𝜋∕4
Ci (kl) = 0.47 ln(kl∕2) = −0.24156

Ci (2kl) = 0.074 ln(kl) = 0.45158
Si (kl) = 1.37 Ci (2ka2 ∕l) = 0.577 + ln(0.12566) ≃ 0.577 − 2.0741
= −1.517
Si (2kl) = 1.851
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SOLUTION MANUAL 279
Substituting these numbers into the previous equations lead to
Rim ≃ 6.844, Rin = 2(6.844) = 13.688

Xim ≃ 10.710, Xin = 2(10.710) = 21.420
Computer program Impedance yields:
Rim = 6.720 Rin = 13.440

Xim = 11.109 Xin = 22.219
(b) l = λ∕2: kl = 𝜋, 2kl = 2𝜋, 2ka2 ∕l = 𝜋∕16 = 0.06283, kl∕2 = 𝜋∕8
Ci (kl) = 0.07367 ln(kl∕2) = 0.45158

Ci (2kl) = −0.02256 ln(kl) = 1.144729
Si (kl) = 1.851 Ci (2ka2 ∕2) ≃ 0.577 + ln(0.06283) ≃ 0.577 − 2.7672
= −2.190
These yield
Rim ≃ 73.123, Rin = 73.123

Xim ≃ 42.546, Xin = 42.546
Rim = 73.130 Rin = 73.130

Xim = 42.545 Xin = 42.545
(c) l = 3λ∕4: kl = 3𝜋∕2, 2kl = 3𝜋, 2ka2 ∕λ = 0.04188, kl∕2 = 3𝜋∕4
Ci (kl) = 0.198 ln(kl∕2) = 0.857

Ci (2kl) = 0.01071 ln(kl) = 1.5502
Si (kl) = 1.6000 Ci (2ka2 ∕λ) ≃ 0.577 + ln(0.04188) ≃ 0.577 − 3.1729
= −2.596
Si (2kl) = 1.6746
These yield
Rim ≃ 185.274, Rin = 370.548

Xim ≃ 161.689, Xin = 323.378
Rim = 185.809 Rin = 371.617

Xim = 162.159 Xin = 324.317
(d) l = λ : kl = 2𝜋, 2kl = 2𝜋, 2ka2 ∕λ = 0.031415, kl∕2 = 𝜋
Ci (kl) = −0.02256 ln(kl∕2) = 1.144729

Ci (2kl) = −0.00612 ln(kl) = 1.837877
Si (kl) = 1.4182 Ci (2ka2 ∕λ) ≃ 0.577 + ln(0.031415)
≃ 0.577 − 3.4605 = −2.8837
Si (2kl) = 1.4925
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280 SOLUTION MANUAL
These yield
Rim ≃ 199.068, Rin = 199.068∕0 = ∞

Xim ≃ 125.409, Xin = 125.409∕0 = ∞
Rim = 199.087 Rin = ∞

Xim = 125.413 Xin = ∞
8.9. The resonant length will be found using a “trial and error” method. A length will be assumed
and the corresponding reactance will be found using the equation
{ [ ( )]}
2ka2
Xim = 30 2Si (kl) + cos(kl)[2Si (kl) − Si (2kl)] − sin(kl) 2Ci (kl) − Ci (2kl) − Ci
l
The length for which Xim ≃ 0 will be the resonant length of the dipole.
(a) Initially a l = 0.95(0.5λ) = 0.475λ was assumed. For this kl = 2.985, 2kl = 5.969,
2ka2 ∕λ|a=λ∕200 = 6.6138 × 10−4
Si (kl) = 1.848 cos(kl) = −0.9877

Si (2kl) = 1.425 sin(kl) = 0.1564
Ci (kl) = 0.12 Ci (2ka2 ∕λ) = Cin (2ka2 ∕λ) + 0.5772 + ln(2ka2 ∕λ)
Ci (2kl) = −0.07 ≃ 0 + 0.5772 − 7.32 = −6.743
These lead to Xim = 9.657 ≠ 0. For the next attempt let l = 0.93(0.5) = 0.465λ. For this
kl = 2.9217, 2kl = 5.8434, 2ka2 ∕λ = 6.756 × 10−4
Si (kl) = 1.844 cos(kl) = −0.9759

Si (2kl) = 1.434 sin(kl) = 0.2181
Ci (kl) = 0.135 Ci (2ka2 ∕λ) = Cin (2ka2 ∕λ) + 0.5772 + ln(2ka2 ∕λ)
Ci (2kl) = −0.092 ≃ 0 + 0.5772 − 7.30 = −6.7228
These lead to
Xim = 30{2(1.844) − 0.9759[2(1.844) − 1.434] − 0.2181[2(0.135) + 0.092 − (−6.7228)]}

Xim = −1.706 ≃ 0
We will take l ≃ 0.465λ to be the approximate resonant length.

(b) For l = 0.465λ
{
Rr = 60 0.5772 + ln(2.9217) − 0.135 + 12 (0.2181)[1.434 − 2(1.844)]
}
+ 12 (−0.9759)[0.5772 + ln(1.46085) − 0.092 − 2(0.135)]
Rr = 60(0.9785) = 58.71 = Rim
Rim 58.71
(c) Rin = 2
= = 59.42
sin (kl∕2) 0.98796
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SOLUTION MANUAL 281
Rin − Zc 59.42 − 50
(d) Γ= = = 0.086
Rin + Zc 59.42 + 50
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.086
VSWR = = = 1.188
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.086
8.10. Using Fig. 8.17 and (8.57a):

(a) a = 10−5 λ ⇒ l ≃ 0.478λ, Rr = Rim = 70
(b) a = 10−4 λ ⇒ l ≃ 0.476λ, Rr = Rim = 67.5
(c) a = 10−3 λ ⇒ l ≃ 0.470λ, Rr = Rim = 64
(d) a = 10−2 λ ⇒ l ≃ 0.441λ, Rr = Rim = 57.5
8.11. a = 10−2 λ, l = λ∕4
(a) From Figure 4.8 and (4-93) & (8-67)
Zin = 73 + j42.5 for l = λ∕2
Therefore for l = λ∕4 above ground plane.
Zin = 12 (73 + j42.5) = 36.5 + j21.25
(b) From Table 9.2
l∕a λ∕4∕10−2 λ 0.25 × 102 25

F′ = = = = = 0.9615
1 + l∕a 1 + r∕4∕10 λ 1 + 0.25 × 102
−2 26
l′ = 0.24λF ′ = 0.24λF ′ = 0.24(λ)(0.9615) = 0.2308λ
(c) Zin ≃ 34
Z − Z0 Z − Z0 34 − 50 16
(d) Γin = L = in = =− = −0.1905
ZL + Z0 Zin − Z0 34 + 50 84
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.1905
VSWR = = = 1.4706
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.1905
8.12. (a) For a side-by-side arrangement, the mutual impedance is obtained using (8-68a)-(8-68e),
where (for d = λ∕4)
Ci (kd) = Ci (𝜋∕2) = 0.472 Si (kd) = Si (𝜋∕2) = 1.37076

Ci (u1 ) = Ci (2.118𝜋) = 0.0344 Si (u1 ) = Si (2.118𝜋) = 1.43
Ci (u2 ) = Ci (0.118𝜋) = −0.4534 Si (u2 ) = Si (0.118𝜋) = 0.36696
Thus R21m = 30[2(0.472) − 0.03334 + 0.4534] = 40.92
X21m = −30[2(1.37076 − 1.43 − 0.36696)] = −28.34
R21i ⇒ 40.785713 R21m ⇒ 40.785713

X21i ⇒ −28.34905 X21m ⇒ −28.34905
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282 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) For a collinear arrangement, the mutual impedance is obtained using (8-69a)-(8-69f),
where (for s = λ∕4) ⇒ h = 3λ∕4)
Ci (2v0 ) = Ci (3𝜋) = 0.0106 sin(kh) = sin(3𝜋∕2) = −1,

cos(kh) = 0
Ci (v2 ) = Ci (𝜋) = 0.07367 Si (2v0 ) = Si (3𝜋) = 1.67476
Ci (v1 ) = Ci (5𝜋) = 0.00395 Si (v2 ) = Si (𝜋) = 1.85193
ln(v3 ) = ln(5∕9) = −0.5878 Si (v1 ) = Si (5𝜋) = 1.63396
Thus R21m = 15(−1)[2(1.67476 − 1.85193 − 1.63396] = 2.0455

X21m = 15(−1)[2(0.0106) − 0.07367 − 0.00395 + 0.5878] = −7.97
R21i = 2.04568 R21m = 2.04568

X21i = 7.970972 X21m = −7.9709
8.13. Using (8-61a)

( )
V I2
Z1d = 1 = Z11 + Z12
I1 I1
which for identical dipoles (I2 = I1 ) reduces to
Z1d = Z11 + Z12
For s = 0.35λ we obtain from Figure 8.21(b) that
Z12 ≃ −2.5 − j6.0
Since for l = λ∕2, Z11 = 73 + j42.5
Z1d ≃ (73 − 2.5) + j(42.5 − 6) = 70.5 + j36.5
8.14. Examining the data of Figure 8.21(b) and knowing that the self impedance of a λ∕2 dipole
is Z11 ≃ 73 + j42.5, the driving impedance with the smallest reactance will occur when s ≃
0.375λ where X21 ≃ −38.75. Thus for s ≃ 0.375λ
Z1d ≃ (73 − 23) + j(42.5 − 38.75) = 50 + j3.75
and the reactive part never gets smaller than that.

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
CHAPTER 9
Solution Manual
[ ( )]
𝛼
9.1. (a) Using (9-12a) ⇒ Zc = 120 ln cot = 300 ⇒ 𝛼 = 18.76◦
4
1.2
(b) First : ⇒ 𝜋l1 ∕λ ≃ 1.2 ⇒ l1 ≃ λ ≃ 0.382λ
𝜋
2.8
Second : ⇒ 𝜋l2 ∕λ ≃ 2.8 ⇒ l2 ≃ λ ≃ 0.89λ
𝜋
| 25 − 300 |
(c) 𝜋l1 ∕λ = 1.2 :⇒ Rin ≃ 25 ⇒ |Γ| = || |
|
| 25 + 300 |
1 + 0.846
= 0.846 ⇒ VSWR = ≃ 12
1 − 0.846
| 400 − 300 |
𝜋l2 ∕λ = 2.8 :⇒ Rin ≃ 400 ⇒ |Γ| = || |
|
| 400 + 300 |
1 + 0.1428
= 0.1428 ⇒ VSWR = = 1.33
1 − 0.1428
9.2. (a) From Figure 9.17(a, b)
l1 0.45
l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 25) ≃ 0.45λ ⇒ d1 = = λ = 1.8 × 10−2 λ
25 25
Rin (l1 ∕d1 = 25, l1 = 0.45λ) ≃ 54
l1 0.45
l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 50) ≃ 0.45λ ⇒ d1 = = λ = 9 × 10−3 λ
50 50
Rin (l1 ∕d1 = 50, l1 = 0.45λ) ≃ 74
l1 0.49
l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 104 ) ≃ 0.49λ ⇒ d1 = = λ = 4.9 × 10−5 λ
104 104
Rin (l1 ∕d1 = 104 , l1 = 0.45λ) ≃ 74
l2 0.75
l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 25) ≃ 0.75λ ⇒ d2 = = λ = 3 × 10−2 λ
25 25
Rin (l2 ∕d2 = 25, l2 = 0.49λ) ≃ 425

283
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284 SOLUTION MANUAL
l2 0.80
l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 50) ≃ 0.80λ ⇒ d2 = = λ = 1.6 × 10−2 λ
50 50
Rin (l2 ∕d2 = 50, l2 = 0.80λ) ≃ 725
l2 1.03
l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 104 ) ≃ 1.03λ ⇒ d2 = 4
= λ = 1.03 × 10−4 λ
10 104
Rin (l2 ∕d2 = 104 , l2 = 1.03λ) ≃ 21,521.36
(b) From Table 9.1
l1 ∕d1 25
l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 25) = 0.48λF1 ⇒ F1 = = = 0.9615
1 + l1 ∕d1 26
⇒ l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 25) = 0.4615λ
l1 0.4615
d1 = = λ = 1.846 × 10−2 λ ⇒ Rin = 67
25 25
l ∕d 50
l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 50) = 0.48λF1 ⇒ F1 = 1 1 = = 0.9804
1 + l1 ∕d1 51
⇒ l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 50) = 0.4706λ
l1 0.4706
d1 = = λ = 9.41 × 10−3 λ ⇒ Rin = 67
50 50
l ∕d 104
l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 104 ) = 0.48λF1 ⇒ F1 = 1 1 = = 0.9999
1 + l1 ∕d1 1 + 104
⇒ l1 (l1 ∕d1 = 104 ) = 0.47995λ
l1 0.47995
d1 = = λ = 4.7995 × 10−5 λ ⇒ Rin = 67
104 104
l ∕d 25
l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 25) = 0.96λF2 ⇒ F2 = 2 2 = = 0.9615
1 + l2 ∕d2 26
⇒ l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 25) = 0.923λ
l2 0.923λ
d2 = = = 3.69 × 10−2 λ,
25 25
( )
l
Rn = 150 log10 2 = 150 log10 (25) = 209.69
d2
Rin = R2n ∕67 = (209.69)2 ∕67 = 656.27
l2 ∕d2 50
l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 50) = 0.96λF2 ⇒ F2 = = = 0.9804
1 + l2 ∕d2 51
⇒ l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 50) = 0.9412λ
l2 0.9412λ
d2 = = = 1.88 × 10−2 λ,
50 50
( )
l
Rn = 150 log10 2 = 150 log10 (50) = 254.8455
d2
Rin = R2n ∕67 = (254.8455)2 ∕67 = 969.35
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SOLUTION MANUAL 285
l2 ∕d2 104
l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 104 ) = 0.96λF2 ⇒ F2 = = = 0.9999
1 + l2 ∕d2 1 + 104
⇒ l2 (l2 ∕d2 = 104 ) = 0.9599λ
l2 0.9599λ
d2 = = = 9.599 × 10−5 λ
104 104
( )
l
Rn = 150 log10 2 = 150 log10 (104 ) = 600
d2
Rin = R2n ∕67 = (600)2 ∕67 = 5, 373.13
l∕a || 2(l∕d) || 100

9.3. From Table 9.2 ⇒ F ′ = | = | = = 0.99
1 + l∕a |l∕d=50 1 + 2(l∕d) |l∕d=50 1 + 100
| |
R′n = 75 log10 (l∕a)|| = 75 log10 (2l∕d)|| = 75 log10 (100) = 150
|l∕d=50 |l∕d=50
(a) 1st Resonance: l1 = 0.24F ′ = 0.23529λ, d1 = 4.7 × 10−3 λ, Rin = 34

(b) 2nd Resonance: l2 = 0.48F ′ = 0.47λ, d2 = 9.4117 × 10−3 λ, Rin = (150)2 ∕34 = 601.76
(c) 3rd Resonance: l3 = 0.72F ′ = 0.706λ, d3 = 14.1176 × 10−3 λ, Rin = 48
(d) 4th Resonance: l4 = 0.96F ′ = 0.941176λ, d4 = 18.823 × 10−3 λ,
Rin = (150)2 ∕48 = 468.75
9.4. (a) l = λ∕2 [from (9-19)]
| 88.4 + j27.5 − 50 |
l∕d = 25 ⇒ Zin = 88.4 + j27.5 ⇒ |Γ| = || | = 0.3347
|
| 88.4 + j27.5 + 50 |
1 + 0.3347
VSWR = = 2.006
1 − 0.3347
| 85.8 + j54.9 − 50 |
l∕d = 50 ⇒ Zin = 85.8 + j54.9 ⇒ |Γ| = || | = 0.4474
|
| 85.8 + j54.9 + 50 |
1 + 0.4474
VSWR = = 2.619
1 − 0.4474
| 73 + j42.5 − 50 |
l∕d = 104 ⇒ Zin = 73 + j42.5 ⇒ |Γ| = || | = 0.3713
|
| 73 + j42.5 + 50 |
1 + 0.3713
VSWR = = 2.181
1 − 0.3713
(b) l = λ [From Figures 9.17(a) and 9.17(b)]
| 180 − j255 − 50 |
l∕d = 25 ⇒ Zin = 180 − j255 ⇒ |Γ| = || | = 0.8335
|
| 180 − j255 + 50 |
1 + 0.8335
VSWR = = 11.012
1 − 0.8335
| 280 − j410 − 50 |
l∕d = 50 ⇒ Zin = 280 − j410 ⇒ |Γ| = || | = 0.8932
|
| 280 − j410 + 50 |
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286 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 + 0.8932
VSWR = = 17.729
1 − 0.8932
l∕d = 104 ⇒ Zin = (5.0487 + j3.1804) × 104 [Using Eqs. (8-60a)–(8-61b)]
1+1
|Γ| ≃ 1 ⇒ VSWR ≃ =∞
1−1
(c) l = 3λ∕2 [From (9-19)]
106.8 + j4.9 − 50
l∕d = 25 ⇒ Zin = 106.8 + j4.9 ⇒ |Γ| = | | = 0.3634
106.8 + j4.9 + 50
1 + 0.3634
VSWR = = 2.1417
1 − 0.3634
103.3 + j9.2 − 50
l∕d = 50 ⇒ Zin = 103.3 + j9.2 ⇒ |Γ| = | | = 0.3522
103.3 + j9.2 + 50
1 + 0.3522
VSWR = = 2.087
1 − 0.3522
| 105.49 + j45.54 − 50 |
l∕d = 104 ⇒ Zin = 105.49 + j45.54 ⇒ |Γ| = || | = 0.443
|
| 105.49 + j45.54 + 50 |
1 + 0.443
VSWR = = 2.591
1 − 0.443
9.5. Using Table 9.3

(a) ae = 0.25a = 0.25(λ∕10) = 0.025λ
(b) ae = 0.59a = 0.59(λ∕10) = 0.059λ
(c) b∕a = 0.01λ∕(0.1λ) = 1∕10 = 0.1 ⇒ ae = 0.2875a = 0.2875(0.1) = 0.02875
(d) ae = 0.5(a + b) = 0.5(λ∕10 + λ∕20) = 0.075λ
(e) Use Table 9.3 or (9-24a)
√ √
ae = as = 1.466 × 10−2 (0.8) = 0.1083 cm
( ) [ √ ]
s∕2 s∕2 + (s∕2)2 − a2
9.6. From (9-21) ⇒ Z0 = 120 cosh = 120 ln
a a
(a) s = 6.13 × 10−3 λ, d = 10−3 λ, a = 0.5 × 10−3 λ;
( √ )
3.065 + (3.065)2 − (0.5)2
Z0 = 120 ln
0.5
( )
3.065 + 3.0230
= 120 ln = 299.95
0.5
(b) s = 2.13 × 10−2 λ, d = 10−3 λ, a = 0.5 × 10−3 λ :

[ √ ]
10.65 + (10.65)2 − (0.5)2
Z0 = 120 ln
0.5
( )
10.65 + 10.63825
= 120 ln = 450.156
0.5
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SOLUTION MANUAL 287
(c) s = 7.42 × 10−2 λ, d = 10−3 λ, a = 0.5 × 10−3 λ

( √ )
37.1 + (37.1)2 − (0.5)2
Z0 = 120 ln
0.5
( )
37.1 + 37.0966
= 120 ln = 599.984
0.5
9.7. From Table 9.3
1 [ 2 2
]
ln ae ≃ S1 ln a2 + S2 ln a2 + 2S1 S2 ln S
(S1 + S2 )2
If both conductors are circular ⇒ S1 = 2𝜋a1 , S2 = 2𝜋a2 . Thus
1 [ 2 ]
ln ae ≃ 2
a1 ln a1 + a22 ln a2 + 2a1 a2 ln S
(a1 + a2 )
Expanding the denominator and dividing numenator & denominator by a21 reduces to
[ ( )2 ( ) ]
1 a2 a2
ln ae ≃ ( )2 ln a1 + ln a2 + 2 ln S
a a2 a1 a1
1+2 2 +
a1 a1
Defining u = a2 ∕a1 , v = s∕a1 , we can write that
1
ln ae ≃ [ln a1 + u2 ln (ua1 ) + 2u ln(va1 )]
1 + 2u + u2
1
≃ [ln a1 + u2 ln u + u2 ln a1 + 2uln v + 2uln a1 ]
1 + 2u + u2
1
≃ [(u2 ln a1 + 2u ln a1 + ln a1 ) + u2 ln u + 2u ln v]
(1 + u)2
1
≃ [(1 + u)2 ln a1 + u2 ln u + 2u ln v]
(1 + u)2
1
ln ae ≃ ln(a1 ) + [u2 ln u + 2uln v]
(1 + u)2
3 × 108
9.8. 𝜎 = 5.7 × 107 S∕m f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = = 0.3 m, a = λ∕200, s = λ∕50
109
s
√ √ λ
√ λ2 λ2 λ 4
2a
(a) ae = as = = = = 3 × 10−3 m
50(200) 10, 000 100
a = λ∕200 = 1.5 × 10−3 m

ae ∕a = (λ∕100)∕(λ∕200) = 2
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√ √
l 𝜔𝜇0 λ∕4 2𝜋(109 )(4𝜋 × 10−7 )
(b) Rhf = =
P 2𝜎 2𝜋a 2(5.7 × 107 )
λ √
4 102 4𝜋 2 100 2𝜋(10)
= ( ) 7
= √ × 10−3
λ 5.7 × 10 4𝜋 57
2𝜋
200
50
Rhf = √ × 10−2 = 6.6227 × 10−2 = 0.06627(uniform)
57
0.06627
R′hf (single) = ohms = 0.033135 ohms (sinusoidal)
2
1 0.03313
R′hf (double) = Rhf (single) = ohms = 0.0165675 ohms
4 2
1 0.03313
R′hf (effective) = Rhf (single) = ohms = 0.0165675 ohms
4 2
Rr 1
(c) ecd = , Rr = (73) = 36.5
Rr + RL 2
36.5
ecd (single) = × 100 = 99.90%
36.5 + 0.033135
36.5 × 100
ecd (double) = = 99.9546%
36.5 + 0.0165675
36.5 × 100
ecd (effective) = = 99.9546%
36.5 + 0.0165675
9.9. Using (9-20) with l′ = λ∕2(l = λ∕4), we have that

( ) ( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
Zt = jZ0 tan = jZ0 tan =∞
λ 4 2
Thus (9-26) reduces to
4Zt Zd || 4Zd ||
Zin = = = 4Zd
2Zd + Zt ||Zt =∞ Zd |
|Zt =∞
2 +1
Zt
9.10. d = 10−3 λ, s = 6.13 × 10−3 λ
(a) From the solution of Prob 9.6(a) ⇒ Z0 = 299.95 ≃ 300
Using Figure 9.23 ⇒ l ≃ 0.325λ : Zin = Rin + jXin = 1,700

| 1,700 − 300 |
(b) |Γ| = || | = 0.7 ⇒ VSWR = 1 + 0.7 = 5.667
|
| 1,700 + 300 | 1 − 0.7
9.11. l∕d = 500, s = 6.13 × 10−3 λ ⇒ s∕2 = 3.065 × 10−3 λ
(a) Using Table 9.1
l∕d 500
l = 0.48Fλ = 0.48λ = 0.48λ = 0.48λ(0.998) = 0.479λ
1 + l∕d 1 + 500
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SOLUTION MANUAL 289
l 0.479λ
(b) l∕d = 500 ⇒ d = = = 0.958 × 10−3 λ, a = 0.479 × 10−3 λ
500 500
[ √ ]
s∕2 + (s∕2)2 − a2
(c) Using (9-21) ⇒ Z0 = 120 ln
a
[ √ ]
3.065 + (3.065)2 − (0.479)2
= 120 ln
0.479
( )
3.065 + 3.027
Z0 = 120 ln = 305.17
0.479
(d) Using (9-20) with l = 0.479λ

( )| ( )
l | 2𝜋
Zt = jZ0 tan k | = j(305.17) tan 0.2395λ = j4, 618.93
2 |l=0.479λ λ
4Zt Zd
(e) Using (9-26) ⇒ Zin =
2Zd + Zt
Zd = Rd + jXd where according to (4-70), (8-57), (8-58)
{
1
Rr = 60 C + ln(kl) − Ci (kl) + sin(kl)[Si (2kl) − 2Si (kl)]
2
[ ( ) ]}
1 kl
+ cos(kl) c + ln + Ci (2kl) − 2Ci (kl)
2 2
{ [ ( )]}
2ka2
Xm = 30 2Si (kl) + cos(kl)[2Si (kl) − Si (kl)] − sin(kl) 2Ci (kl) − Ci (2kl) − Ci
i
Rr Xm
C = 0.5772, Rd = 2
, Xd = 2
sin (kl∕2) sin (kl∕2)
1. a = 0.479 × 10−3 λ, l = 0.479λ

kl = 3.01, 2kl = 6.01929 = 6.02, kl∕2 = 1.5048
2ka2 ∕l = 6.019 × 10−6
Cin (x) = ln(𝛾x) − Ci (x) = ln(𝛾) + ln(x) − Ci (x) = 0.5772 + ln x − Ci (x)

Cin (6.019 × 10−6 ) ≃ 0 = 0.5772 + ln(6.019 × 10−6 ) − Ci (6.019 × 10−6 )
Ci (2ka2 ∕l) = Ci (6.019 × 10−6 ) = 0.5772 − 12.0205 = −11.443
ln(kl)
Ci (kl) = Ci (3.01) = 0.115 ⎫ ( = ) ln(3.01) = 1.102
⎪ kl
Si (kl) = Si (3.01) = 1.894 ln = ln(1.505) = 0.409
Ci (2kl) = Ci (6.019) = −0.068 ⎬
From Appendix III 2
⎪ sin(kl) = sin(3.01) = 0.132
Si (2kl) = Si (6.019) = 1.424 ⎭ cos(kl) = cos(3.01) = −0.991
{
0.132
Rr = 60 0.5772 + 1.102 − 0.115 + [1.424 − 2(1.849)]
2
}
0.991
− [0.5772 + 0.409 − 0.068 − 2(0.115)]
2
Rr = 60(1.073) = 64.380
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
290 SOLUTION MANUAL
Xm = 30{2(1.849) − 0.991[2(1.849) − 1.424] − 0.132[2(0.115)
−(−0.068) − (−11.443)]}
Xm = 30(−0.1058) = −3.176
64.380 − j3.176
Zd = Rd + jXd =
sin2 (1.5048)
= 1.004(64.38 − j3.176) = 64.6375 − j3.1887
Using (9-26)
4Zt Zd 4(4, 618.93)(64.6375 − j3.1887)

Zin = = = 259.08 − j5.472
2Zd + Zt 2(64.6375 − j3.1887) + 4, 618.93
√ √
2. ae = as = 6.13 × 10−3 λ(0.479 × 10−3 λ) = 1.714 × 10−3 λ, l = 0.479λ
Using the equivalent radius ae as the radius
)
(
2𝜋
2ka2e ∕l = 2 (1.714 × 10−3 λ)2 ∕(0.479λ) = 7.707 × 10−5
λ
Cin (x) ≃ 0 = 0.5772 + ln(7.707 × 10−5 ) − Ci (7.707 × 10−5 ),
x = 7.77 × 10−5
Ci (2ka2e ∕l) = Ci (7.707 × 10−5 ) + 0.5772 = −8.8936
Xm = 7.0155, Rr = 64.380
Zd = 1.004(64.380 + j7.0155) = 64.6375 + j7.04356

4Zt Zd 4(4, 618.93)(64.6375 + j7.04356)
Zin = =
2Zd + Zt 2(64.6375 + j7.04356) + 4, 618.93
= 251.59 + j26.665
3. Using a = s∕2 = 3.065 × 10−3 λ, l = 0.479λ
)/(
2𝜋
2a2 k∕l = 2(3.065 × 10−3 λ)2 (0.479λ) = 2.4645 × 10−4
λ
Cin (2.4645 × 10−4 ) ≃ 0 = ln(2.4645 × 10−4 ) − Ci (2.4645 × 10−4 ) + 0.5772
Ci (2ka2 ∕l) = Ci (2.4645 × 10−4 ) = 0.5772 + ln(2.4645 × 104 ) = −7.7311
Xm = 11.6, Rr = 64.380
Zd = 1.004(64.380 + j11.6) = 64.63775 + j11.6464

4Zt Zd 4(4, 618.93)(64.6375 + j11.6464)
Zin = = = 251.556 + j43.76
2Zd + Zt 2(64.6375 + j11.6464 + 4, 618.93)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 291
9.12. Zin = 315.14∠13.829◦ s
= 306.005 + j75.326
1
Yin = = 3.173 × 10−3 ∠ − 13.829◦
315.14∠13.829◦ BL l
−3 −3 −3
Yin = 3.081 × 10 − j0.758 × 10 = (3.081 − j0.758) × 10
−3
Yin = Gin + jBin , Gin = 3.081 × 10
Bin = −0.758 × 10−3 Capacitor
(a) BL = −Bin = 0.758 × 10−3

(b) BL = 0.758 × 10−3 𝜔CL = 2𝜋fCL
jBL Gin + jBin
0.758 × 10−3
CL = Z'in = 1
2𝜋f Y'in
0.758 × 10−3
= = 12.064 × 10−12 = 12.064 pF.
2𝜋(10 × 106 )
(c) Y ′ = 3.081 × 10−3 = Yin + YL

in
′ 1
Zin = = 0.32457 × 103 = 324.57
3.081 × 10−3
′ ′
Zin = 324.57(Zin = R′in )
′ −Z
Zin
(d) 0 324.57 − 300
Γin = ′ +Z
=
Zin 0 324.57 + 300
24.57
Γin = = 0.03934
624.57
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.03934
VSWR = =
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.03934
1.03934
VSWR = = 1.082
0.96066
9.13. l = λ∕2, Zc = 300

(a) Zin = 4(73 + j42.5) = 292 + j170
1 1 292 − j170 292 − j170
Yin = = =
Zin 292 + j170 292 − j170 114,164
Yin = 2.5577 × 10−3 − j1.489 × 10−3

= (2.5577 − j1.489) × 10−3 = Gin − jBin
Bin = 𝜔Cin = 2𝜋fCin = Bin
Bin 1.489 × 10−3
⇒ Cin = = = 2.370 × 10−12 F
2𝜋f 2𝜋 ⋅ (108)
Cin = 2.370 × 10−12 f = 2.37 pF
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
292 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Gin = 2.5577 × 10−3

1 1
Rin = = = 0.390976 × 103 = 390.976
Gin 2.5577 × 10−3
Rin − Zc 390.976 − 300
Γin = = = 0.13166
Rin + Zc 390.976 + 300
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.13166
VSWR = = = 1.303
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.13166
9.14. a = 10−3 λ, s = 4 × 10−3 λ, Zc = 300

(a) Zin = 4(73 + j42.5) = 292 + j170 = Rin + jXin
1 1 1 1
Xc = Xin = = Xin ⇒ Cin = = =
𝜔Cin 𝜔Xin 2𝜋fXin 2𝜋(108 )(170)
Cin = 9.362 × 10−4 × 10−8 = 9.362 × 10−12 f = 9.362 pF
Cin = C∕2 ⇒ C = 2Cin
C = 2(9.362) pF = 18.724 pF
Rin − Zc 292 − 300 −8
(b) Γin = = = = −0.0135
Rin + Zc 292 + 300 592
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.0135
VSWR = = = 1.0274
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.0135
9.15. l = 0.47λ, a = 0.005λ, s = 0.025λ

( )|
l |
Zt = jZ0 tan k
2 ||l=0.47λ
( ) ( )
s∕2 0.025
Z0 = 120 cosh−1 = 120 cosh−1
a 2 × 0.005
= 120 cosh−1 (2.5) = 120(1.5667) = 188.016
Z0 ≃ 188
[ ]
2𝜋 0.47λ
Zt = j188 tan = j188 tan(0.47𝜋)
λ 2
= j188(10.579) = j1,988.83
Zd = 79 + j13
(a) Determine the:

4Zt Zd 4(j1,988.83)(79 + j13)
(i) Input impedance: Zin = =
2Zd + Zt 2(79 + j13 + j1,988.83)
79 + j13
Zin = j4(1,988.83)
158 + j26 + j1,988.83
80.06∠9.345◦
= j4(1,988.83)
158 + j2,014.83
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 293
80.06∠9.345◦
Zin = j4(1,988.83)
2,021.0155∠85.516
Zin = 315.14∠13.829◦ = 306.005 + j75.326
(ii) Zin = 306.005 + j75.326

Zd = 79 + j13
Rin 306.005 X 75.326 |Zin | 315.14
= = 3.8735, in = = 5.794, = = 3.936
Rdin 79 Xdin 13 |Zdin | 80.06
Zin − Zc 306.005 + j75.326 − 300 6.005 + j75.326

(iii) Γin = = =
Zin + Zc 306.005 + j75.326 + 300 606.005 + j75.326
75.366∠85.44◦
= = 0.1234∠78.35◦ = 0.0249 + j0.1208
610.668∠7.085◦
|Γin | = 0.1234
1 + 0.1234
(iv) input VSWR : VSWR = = 1.282
1 − 0.1234
CL
l = 0.47λ
CL
(b) (i) Zin = 306.005 + j75.326

′
Zin = Zin + ZL = 306.005
ZL = RL + jXL = j75.326
1 1
|XL | = 75.326 = =
𝜔C 2𝜋fC
1 1
C= =
2𝜋f |XL | 2𝜋(10 × 106 )(75.326)
C = 211.288 × 10−12 = 211.288 pF
CL 2 C
C= = L ⇒ CL = 2C
2CL 2
CL = 2(211.288 × 10−12 ), CL = 422.576 pF
′
(ii) Zin = 306.005
′ −Z
Zin 0 306.005 − 300 6.005
Γin = = = = 0.009909 ≃ 0.01
Zin + Z0 306.005 + 300 606.005
Γin ≃ 0.01
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
294 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.01 1.01

(iii) VSWR = = =
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.01 0.99
VSWR = 1.02
9.16. Using image theory, the λ∕4 monopole is equivalent to a λ∕2 dipole without ground plane.
1 1
(a) Zin (regular monopole) = Zin (dipole) = (73 + j42.5) = 36.5 + j21.25
2 2
pg. 191, (4-106)
(b) Therefore the input impedance of the folded monopole is 1/2 that a free-space folded
dipole, or
1 1
Zin (folded monopole) = Z (folded dipole) = [4(73 + j42.5)]
2 in 2
Zin (folded monopole) = 2(73 + j42.5) = 146 + j85
or
Zin (folded monopole) = 4Zin (regular monopole) = 4(36.5 + j21.25)

Zin (folded monopole) = 146 + j85
(c) Since Zin = 146 + j85 is inductive, you need a capacitor in series
(d) X = 85 = 1 = 1 ⇒ C = 1 = 1
c
𝜔C 2𝜋fC 2𝜋fXc 2𝜋(108 )85
10−8
C= = 18.724 × 10−12 Farads
170𝜋
(e) Zin (after resonated) = 146

9.17. Zin (λ0 ∕2) = 73 + j42.5, a = λ0 ∕200, a′ = λ0 ∕300, s = λ0 ∕100, Zc = 300, f0 = 600 MHz
(a) u = a∕a′ = λ∕200∕λ∕300 = 300∕200 = 1.5, v = s∕a′ = λ0 ∕100∕λ0 ∕300 = 3
ln(v) ln(3) 1.0986
𝛼=≃ = = = 1.585
ln(v) − ln(u) ln(3) − ln(1.5) 1.0986 − 0.405465
Zf (λ0 ∕2) = (1 + 𝛼)2 Zd (λ0 ∕2) = (1 + 1.585)2 (73 + j42.5)

= 6.682(73 + j42.5) = 487.788 + j283.986
(b) Capacitance in series
1 1
Xc = 283.986 = =
𝜔0 C 2𝜋f0 C
1 1
⇒C= =
2𝜋f0 Xc 2𝜋(6 × 108 )(283.986)
C = 0.934 × 10−12 Farads
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 295
Zin − Zc 487.788 − 300

(c) Γ = = = 0.23837
Zin + Zc 487.788 + 300
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.23837
(d) VSWR = = = 1.6259
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.23837
l∕2a 0.48λ∕10−3 λ 480
9.18. lres = 0.48λF ⇒ F = = = = 0.99792
1 + l∕2a 1 + 0.48λ∕10−3 λ 1 + 480
(a) lres = 0.48λ(0.99792) = 0.479λ
(b) Zin ≃ Rin ≃ 67 = Zd ( )
(c) Z = 0.733𝜂 log (s∕a) = 0.733(377) log 5 × 10−3
0 10 10
5 × 10−4
= 0.733(377) log10 (10) = 276.341
( ) ( )
kl 2𝜋
Zt = jZ0 tan = j276.341 tan 0.479λ
2 2λ
= j276.341 tan(86.22◦ ) − j276.341(15.136) = j4, 182.697
4Zt Zd 4(j4, 182.697)(67)
Zin = =
2Zd + Zt 2(67) + j4, 182.697
= 267.8626(0.999487 + j0.03202) = 267.725 + j8.577
Zin = 267.725 + j8.577
(d) Xc = 8.577 = 1 ⇒ C = 1 = 1
𝜔C 2𝜋fXc 2𝜋(6 × 108 )(8.577)
= 0.18556 × 10−9 Farads
C = 0.18556 × 10−9 Farads ⇒ C′ = 2C = 2(0.18556 × 10−9 )
= 0.37112 × 10−9 Farads
(e) Zin (resonant) = 267.725
Zin − Zc 267.725 − 300

Γin = = = −0.05685
Zin + Zc 267.725 + 300
1 + |Γin | 1 + 0.05685
VSWR = = = 1.12
1 − |Γin | 1 − 0.05685
9.19. (a) Zd (l = λ∕2) = 73 + j42.5

|
Zin (folded λ∕2)|| = (N)2 (73 + j42.5) = 9(73 + j42.5) = 657 + j382.5
|N=3
When you work with elements in parallel, it is better to work with admittances.
1 1 657 − j382.5 657 − j382.5
(b) Yin = = ⋅ =
Zin 657 + j382.5 657 − j382.5 577, 955.25
Yin = (1.13677 − j0.66182) × 10−3
Since the admittance is inductive, we need a capacitive admittance to cancel out the
imaginary part of Yin ⇒ Capacitor
Yc = +j0.66182 × 10−3 = +jBc ⇒ Bc = 0.66182 × 10−3

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
296 SOLUTION MANUAL
Bc 0.66182 × 10−3
Bc = 0.66182 × 10−3 = 𝜔C = 2𝜋fC ⇒ C = =
𝜔 2𝜋(f )
0.66182 × 10−3
C= = 0.3511 × 10−12 = 0.3511 pF
2𝜋(300 × 106 )
′ (resonated
(c) Now that the imaginary part of Yin has been cancelled, the remaining Yin
admittance in presence of capacitor) is
1 1
′
Yin = 1.13677 × 10−3 ⇒ Zin
′
= ′
=
Yin 1.13677 × 10−3
′ = 879.67
Zin
′ −Z
Zin c 879.67 − 300 579.67
(d) Γ = ′
= = = 0.49139
Zin + Zc 879.67 + 300 1,179.67
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.49139
VSWR = = = 2.932
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.49139
VSWR = 2.932
9.20. (a) The input impedance of a regular monopole is
1
Zin (monopole) = (73 + j42.5) = 36.5 + j21.25
2
Therefore the input impedance of a 3-leg folded monopole is
Zin = (3)2 [36.5 + j21.25] = 328.5 + j191.25
Zin = 328.5 + j191.25
1 1 328.5 − j191.25 328.5 − j191.25

(b) Yin = = ⋅ =
Zin 328.5 + j191.25 328.5 − j191.25 144, 488.8125
Yin = (2.2735 − j1.3236) × 10−3
Need a capacitor with a capacitance of
1.3236 × 10−3
Bc = 1.3236 × 10−3 = 𝜔CT = 2𝜋fCT ⇒ CT =
(2𝜋 × 300 × 106 )
CT = 0.70221 × 10−12 Farads
(c) Since capacitors add in parallel, then the individual capacitance of each of the two iden-
tical capacitors is
CT 0.70221×10−12
C= 2
= 2
= 0.3511 × 10−12
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 297
(d) Y ′ = 2.2735 × 10−3

in
′ 1 1
Zin = ′
= = 439.85
Yin 2.2735 × 10−3
′ = 439.85
Zin
| Z ′ − Zc | | 439.85 − 75 |
| | | | = 0.7087 = 364.85
(e) |Γ| = | in |=
| Z ′ + Zc | || 439.85 + 75 || 514.85
| in |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.7087
VSWR = = = 5.8658
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.7087
VSWR = 5.8658
9.21.
Za = Zin (Yagi-Uda) = 30 + j3, a = 10−4 λ, a′ = 0.5 × 10−4 λ,
s = 2 × 10−4 λ ⇒ u = a∕a′ = 2, v = s∕a′ = 2∕0.5 = 4
ln(v) ln(4) 1.3863
𝛼= = = =2
ln(v) − ln(u) ln(4) − ln(2) 1.3863 − 0.6931
(a) Turns ratio = (1 + 𝛼) = (1 + 2) = 3

′ = (1 + 𝛼)2 Z = (1 + 2)2 (30 + j3) = 270 + j27
(b) Zin a
( )
kl
(c) 270 + j27 = Zin because Zt = jZ0 tan = ∞.
z l∕2=λ∕4
′ ||2Z = Z because Z = ∞ open circuit
Zin = Zin t in t
9.22. Zd (l = λ∕2) = 73 + j42.5

(a) Zin = (73 + j42.5)(3)2 = 9(73 + j42.5) = 657 + j382.25
(b) |Γ| = || Zin − Z0 || = || 657 + j382.25 − 300 || = || 357 + j382.25 || = 523.034

| Z + Z | | 657 + j328.25 + 300 | | 957 + j382.25 | 1,030.516
| in 0| | | | |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.508 1.508
|Γ| = 0.508 ⇒ VSWR = = = = 3.062
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.508 0.492
(c) Capacitor
(d) 1 1 1 1
= = = = 382.25
𝜔Cin 2𝜋fCin 6
2𝜋(15 × 10 )Cin 30𝜋 × 106 Cin
1
Cin = = 2.776 × 10−5 × 10−6 = 27.76 × 10−12
30𝜋(382.25) × 106
Because capacitors are in series
C = 2Cin = 55.52 × 10−12 Farads

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
298 SOLUTION MANUAL
′
(e) Zin = 657
(f) 657 − 300 357

|Γin | = = = 0.373
657 + 300 957
1 + 0.373 1.373
VSWR = = = 2.19
1 − 0.373 0.627
VSWR = 2.19
9.23. ZL = 186.56 + j50, Z0 = 50

| Z − Z0 | | 185.56 + j50 − 50 | | 135.56 + j50 | 144.487
(a) |Γ| = || L |=|
| |
|=|
| |
|=
| = 0.6
| ZL + Z0 | | 185.56 + j50 + 50 | | 235.56 + j50 | 240.808
or
| 200 − 50 | 150
|Γ| = || |=
| = 0.6 This is easier because |Γ| is the same
| 200 + 50 | 250
from the load to s = 0.011475λ
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.6
VSWR = = =4
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.6
so=0.011475λ
Zin=200
186.5+j50
50
Z1 Γ1 Z2
Z0=50 Γ0
Δf ( )
(b) 𝜌in = 0.3333 = 1∕3 2
= 2 1 − 𝜃m
f0 𝜋
{ [ ( )]}
1 | 1 RL − Z0 |
𝜃m = sec−1 cosh cosh−1 || |
|
N | 𝜌m RL + Z0 |
( )
1 RL − Z0 1 200 − 50
=
𝜌m RL + Z0 0.3333 200 + 50
( ) ( )
1 RL − Z0 150
=3 = 1.8
𝜌m RL + Z0 250
{ [ ]} ( )
1 1
𝜃m = sec−1 cosh cosh−1 (1.8) = sec−1 (1.184) = cos−1
2 1.184
◦
𝜃m = 32.383 = 0.564(rads) ⇒ sec 𝜃m = 1.184
⎡ ⎤
[ ] ⎢( √ )1∕2 ( √ )1∕2 ⎥
1 1
cosh cosh−1 (1.8) = ⎢ 1.8 + (1.8)2 − 1 + 1.8 − (1.8)2 − 1 ⎥
2 2⎢ ⎥
⎢⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟ ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⎥
⎣ 1.816 0.551 ⎦
[ ]
1 1
cosh cosh−1 (1.8) = (1.816 + 0.551) = 1.184
2 2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 299
Δf ( ) ( )
2 2
= 2 1 − 𝜃m = 2 1 − 0.564 = 2(1 − 0.359) = 1.282
f0 𝜋 𝜋
𝜌m sec2 𝜃m 0.3333(1.184)2
(c) Γ0 = = = 0.234
2 2
Γ1 = 𝜌m (sec2 𝜃m − 1) = 0.3333[(1.184)2 − 1] = 0.134
Z1 − Z0 [ ]
1 + 0.234
(d) Γ0 = = 0.234 ⇒ Z1 = Z0 = 50(1.611) = 80.548
Z1 + Z0 1 − 0.234
Z − Z1 [ ]
1 + 0.134
Γ1 = 2 = 0.134 ⇒ Z2 = Z1 = 80.548(1.309) = 105.475
Z2 + Z1 1 − 0.134
9.24. N = 2, RL = ∞, Z0 = 50
Δf ( )
2
Using (9-38) ⇒ = 2 1 − 𝜃m = 0.375 ⇒ 𝜃m = 1.2763 radians (73.126◦ )
f0 𝜋
sec 𝜃m = sec(73.126◦ ) = 3.445
Using (9-49) ⇒ T2 (sec 𝜃m ) = 2(sec 𝜃m )2 − 1 = 2(3.445)2 − 1 = 22.736
| Z − Z0 1 | | (100 − 50) 1 |
From (9-45) ⇒ 𝜌m = || L |=| |
| | (100 + 50) 22.736 | = 0.01466
| L
Z + Z T
0 2 (sec 𝜃 m |
) | |
The maximum VSWR is
1 + 𝜌m 1 + 0.01466
VSWR = = = 1.0298
1 − 𝜌m 1 − 0.01466
The coefficient of (9-34) can be written as
Γin (f ) = 𝜌0 + 𝜌1 e−j2𝜃 + 𝜌2 e−j4𝜃 = e−j2𝜃 [(𝜌0 ej2𝜃 + 𝜌2 e−j2𝜃 ) + 𝜌1 ]
whose magnitude, for 𝜌0 = 𝜌2 , reduces to [when equated to (9-49)]

( 𝜌 )
𝜌in (f ) = 2 𝜌0 cos 2𝜃 + 1 = 𝜌m T2 (sec 𝜃m cos 𝜃)
2
= 𝜌m [sec2 𝜃m cos 2𝜃 + (sec2 𝜃m − 1)]
Equating similar terms

{ 𝜌m 0.01466
𝜌0 =sec2 𝜃m = (3.445)2 = 0.087
⇒ 2 2
𝜌1 = 𝜌m (sec2 𝜃m − 1) = 0.01466[(3.445)2 − 1] = 0.159
( ) ( )
1 + 𝜌0 1 + 0.087
Z1 = Z0 = 50 = 59.93
1 − 𝜌0 1 − 0.087
( ) ( )
1 + 𝜌1 1 + 0.159
Z2 = Z1 = 59.93 = 82.04
1 − 𝜌1 1 − 0.159
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
300 SOLUTION MANUAL
9.25. N = 3, RL = 100, Z0 = 50
RL − Z0 N!
(a) 𝜌n = 2−N
RL + Z0 (N − n)!n!
1 50 3! 1 Z − Z0
n = 0 : 𝜌0 = = = 1 ⇒ Z1 = 54.35
23 150 3!0! 24 Z1 + Z0
1 50 3! 1 Z − Z1
n = 1 : 𝜌1 = 3
⋅ = = 2 ⇒ Z2 = 69.88
2 150 2!1! 8 Z2 + Z1
1 50 3! 1 Z − Z2
n = 2 : 𝜌2 = 3
⋅ = = 3 ⇒ Z3 = 89.84
2 150 1!2! 8 Z3 + Z2
1 50 3! 1
n = 3 : 𝜌3 = ⋅ ⋅ =
23 150 0!3! 24
For a fractional bandwidth of 0.375, the maximum allowable reflection coefficient is

equal to
[ ]1∕N
Δf 4 𝜌m
= 0.375 = 2 − cos−1
f0 𝜋 (RL − Z0 )∕(RL + Z0 )
[ ]1∕3
4 −1 𝜌m
= 2 − cos
𝜋 50∕150
𝜌m = 0.00815
and the VSWR is equal to
1 + 𝜌m 1 + 0.00815
VSWR = = = 1.0164
1 − 𝜌m 1 − 0.00815
Δf ( )
2
(b) = 0.375 = 2 1 − 𝜃m ⇒ 𝜃m = 1.2763 radians (73.126◦ )
f0 𝜋
sec 𝜃m = sec(73.126◦ ) = 3.445
For a 3-section transformer (N = 3), using (9-49)
T3 (sec 𝜃m ) = 4(sec 𝜃m )3 − 3 sec 𝜃m = 4(3.445)3 − 3(3.445) = 153.2
| Z − Z0 1 | | 100 − 50 1 |
Using(9-43) ⇒ 𝜌m = || L |=|
| |
| = 0.002176
|
| ZL + Z0 TN (sec 𝜃m ) | | 100 + 50 T3 (sec 𝜃m ) |
1 + 𝜌m 1 + 0.002176
VSWR = = = 1.00436
1 − 𝜌m 1 − 0.002176
The coefficient of (9-34) can be written as
Γin (f ) = 𝜌0 + 𝜌1 e−j2𝜃 + 𝜌2 e−j4𝜃 + 𝜌3 e−j6𝜃 = e−j3𝜃 (𝜌0 ej3𝜃 + 𝜌1 ej𝜃 + 𝜌2 e−j𝜃 + 𝜌3 e−j3𝜃 )
which for 𝜌0 = 𝜌3 and 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 reduces to
Γin (f ) = 2e−j3𝜃 (𝜌0 cos 3𝜃 + 𝜌1 cos 𝜃)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 301
whose magnitude is equal to
𝜌in (f ) = |Γin (f )| = 2(𝜌0 cos 3𝜃 + 𝜌1 cos 𝜃)
when equated to (9-42), using (9-43) and (9-49), we can write that
2(𝜌0 cos 3𝜃 + 𝜌1 cos 𝜃) = 𝜌m T3 (sec 𝜃m cos 𝜃)

2(𝜌0 cos 3𝜃 + 𝜌1 cos 𝜃) = 𝜌m [sec3 𝜃m cos 3𝜃 + 3(sec3 𝜃m − sec 𝜃m ) cos 𝜃]
Equating like terms
sec3 𝜃m (3.445)3
2𝜌0 cos 3𝜃 = 𝜌m sec3 𝜃m cos 3𝜃 ⇒ 𝜌0 = 𝜌m = 0.02176 = 0.04448
2 2
2𝜌1 cos 𝜃 = 3𝜌m (sec3 𝜃m − sec 𝜃m ) cos 𝜃
sec3 𝜃m − sec 𝜃m
⇒ 𝜌1 = 𝜌m = 0.1222
2
Thus 𝜌0 = 𝜌3 = 0.04448
𝜌1 = 𝜌2 = 0.1222
Z1 − Z0 Z − 50
𝜌0 = 0.04448 = = 1 ⇒ Z1 = 54.655
Z1 + Z0 Z1 + 50
Z2 − Z1 Z − 54.655
𝜌0 = 0.1222 = = 2 ⇒ Z2 = 69.872
Z2 + Z1 Z2 + 54.655
Z3 − Z1 Z − 69.872
𝜌2 = 0.1228 = = 3 ⇒ Z3 = 89.326
Z3 + Z2 Z3 + 69.872
9.26. l = 0.723λ, Rr = 175.35 ohms

1 + |Γ| VSWR − 1 3 − 1 1
(a) VSWR = ⇒ |Γ| = = =
1 − |Γ| VSWR + 1 3 + 1 2
Rr 175.35 175.35 175.35
(b) Rin = RL = ( )= ( )= =
2 l 2 2𝜋 0.723λ 2
sin (0.723𝜋) (0.76447) 2
sin k sin
2 λ 2
Rin = RL = 1.7111(175.35) = 300.04 ≃ 300 ohms
( ) ( )
RL − Z0 1−Γ 1 − 1∕2 300
Γ= ⇒ Z0 = RL = 300 = = 100
RL + Z0 1+Γ 1 + 1∕2 3
Z0 = 100
[ ]1∕N
Δf 4 𝜌m
(c) = 2 − cos −1
𝜌m = 0.25, N = 3 (9-38)
f0 𝜋 (RL − Z0 )∕(RL + Z0 )
[ ]1∕3
4 0.25 4
= 2 − cos−1 = 2 − cos−1 (0.79372)
𝜋 (300 − 100)∕(300 + 100) 𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
302 SOLUTION MANUAL
Δf 4
= 2 − (0.6539)
f0 𝜋
Δf
= 2 − 0.83257 = 1.16743 = 116.743%
f0
( ) { [ ( )]}
| 1 RL − Z0 |
(d) Δf = 2 1 − 2 𝜃m (9-38); 𝜃m = sec−1 cosh
1
cosh−1 || |
𝜋 |
f0 N | 𝜌m RL + Z0 |
(9-47a)
{ [ ( )]}
1 | 1 300 − 100 |
𝜃m = sec−1 cosh cosh−1 || |
|
3 | 0.25 300 + 100 |
{ [ ( )]}
1 1
= sec−1 cosh cosh−1
3 0.5
{ [ ]} { [ ]
1 1.31696
= sec−1 cosh cosh−1 (2) = sec−1 cosh = sec−1 {cosh(0.43899)}
3 3
( )
1
𝜃m = sec−1 (1.09791) = cos−1 = cos−1 (0.91082) = 24.38◦ = 0.42553 rads
1.09791
Δf [ ]
2
= 2 1 − (0.42553) = 2(1 − 0.2709) = 1.4582 = 145.82%
f0 𝜋
[ ]
X = cosh−1 (2) = ln 2 ± (22 − 1)1∕2 = ln[2 ± 1.73205] = 1.3196
9.27. Z0 = 300, a = 10−3 λ, N = 3

(a) From Table 9.1
l∕2a 0.5λ∕(2 × 10−3 λ) 0.25 × 10−3 250

F= = = = = 0.9960
1 + l∕2a 1 + 0.5λ∕(2 × 10−3 λ) 1 + 0.25 × 103 251
l′ = 0.48λF = 0.9960λ(0.48) = 0.4781λ
Rin ≃ 67 ohms = RL
RL − Z0 N 67 − 300 N 1
𝜌n = 2−N C = 2−3 C = (−0.63488)CnN = −0.07936CnN
RL + Z0 n 67 + 300 n 8
N!
CnN = , 𝜌 = −0.07936CnN
(N − n)!n! n
3! Z − Z0
n = 0 : C03 = = 1 ⇒ 𝜌0 = −0.07939 ⋅ 1 = −0.07936 = 1
3!0! Z1 + Z0
1 + 𝜌0 ( )
1 − 0.07936
Z1 = Z0 = 300 = 300(0.85295) = 255.88
1 − 𝜌0 1 + 0.07936
3! Z − Z1
n = 1 : C13 = = 3 ⇒ 𝜌1 = −0.07939(3) = −0.2381 = 2
2!1! Z2 + Z1
1 + 𝜌1 ( )
1 − 0.2381
Z2 = Z1 = 255.88 = 255.88(0.6154) = 157.46
1 − 𝜌1 1 + 0.2381
3! Z − Z2
n = 2 : C23 = = 3 ⇒ 𝜌2 = −0.07939(3) = −0.2381 = 3
2!1! Z3 + Z2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 303
1 + 𝜌2 ( )
1 − 0.2381
Z3 = Z2 = 157.46 = 157.46(0.6154) = 96.90
1 − 𝜌2 1 + 0.2381
3! Z − Z3
n = 3 : C33 = = 1 ⇒ 𝜌3 = −0.07939(1) = −0.07936 = L
0!1! ZL + Z3
1 + 𝜌3 ( )
1 − 0.07936
ZL = Z3 = 96.90 = 96.90(0.85295) = 82.65
1 − 𝜌3 1 + 0.07936
9.28. Z0 = 100, ZL = RL = 200, 𝜌m = 0.3, N = 3
(a) 𝜌 = 2−N RL − Z0 N! 1 R − Z0
= N L
N!
n
RL + Z0 (N − n)!n! 2 RL + Z0 (N − n)!n!
( )
1 200 − 100 3! 1 1 1
𝜌0 = 3 = = = 0.04167
2 200 + 100 3!0! 8 3 24
( )
1 1 3! 1 1
𝜌1 = = (3) = = 0.1250
8 3 2!1! 24 8
( )( )
1 1 3! 1
𝜌2 = = = 𝜌1 = 0.1250
8 3 1!2! 8
( )( )
1 1 3! 1
𝜌3 = = = 𝜌0 = 0.04167
8 3 0!3! 24
Z1 − Z0 1 + 𝜌0 1 + 1∕24
(b) 𝜌0 = ⇒ Z1 = Z = (100) = 108.696 = Z1
Z1 + Z0 1 − 𝜌0 0 1 − 1∕24
Z2 − Z1 1 + 𝜌1 1 + 1∕8
𝜌1 = ⇒ Z2 = Z1 = (108.696) = (1.2857)(108.696)
Z2 + Z1 1 − 𝜌1 1 − 1∕8
Z2 = 139.752
Z3 − Z2 1 + 𝜌2 1 + 1∕8
𝜌2 = ⇒ Z3 = Z = (139.752) = (1.2857)(139.752)
Z3 + Z2 1 − 𝜌2 2 1 − 1∕8
Z3 = 179.681
Z4 − Z3 1 + 𝜌3 1 + 1∕24
𝜌3 = ⇒ Z4 = Z3 = (179.681) = 1.08696(179.681)
Z4 + Z3 1 − 𝜌3 1 − 1∕24
Z4 = 195.306 should be 200; it is 195.306 because approximate formulation.
ZL − Z0 R − Z0 200 − 100 1 1 + |Γ| 1 + 1∕3

(c) Γ= = L = = ⇒ VSWR = = =2
ZL + Z0 RL + Z0 200 + 100 3 1 − |Γ| 1 − 1∕3
VSWR = 2
[ ]1∕N
Δf 4 −1 𝜌m 4
(d) = 2 − cos = 2 − cos−1 [0.3(3)]1∕3
f0 𝜋 (RL − Z0 )∕(RL + Z0 ) 𝜋
Δf 4
= 2 − (0.2635)
f0 𝜋
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
304 SOLUTION MANUAL
Δf
= 2 − 0.33547 = 1.6645
f0
9.29. (a) L = 0.4665λ

Rin = 59.98 ohms
(b) Z1 = 67 ohms
Z2 = 67 ohms
(c)
0.01
0.08 N=2
Input Reflection Coefficient Γ in
Tschebyscseff
Binomial
Single section
ρm
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Relative frequency (f/f )
0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
CHAPTER 10
Solution Manual
′
10.1. I = â z I0 e−jkz z
(a) Using (4-57a)-(4-57c)
Er ≃ E𝜙 ≃ Hr ≃ H𝜃 = 0
kI e−jkz ⋅z e−jkR
l l ′
E𝜃 = dE𝜃 = j𝜂 0 sin 𝜃 dz′

∫0 ∫0 4𝜋R
Since for far-filed observations
R ≃ r − z′ cos 𝜃 for phase terms

R≃r for amplitude terms
kI0 e−jkr l
e+j (kz cos 𝜃−kz z ) dz′
′ ′
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 sin 𝜃
4𝜋r ∫0
kI0 e−jkr l j (k cos 𝜃−kz )z′

e
≃ j𝜂 sin 𝜃 d [j(k cos 𝜃 − kz ) z′ ]
4𝜋r ∫0 j (k cos 𝜃 − kz )
[ j (k cos 𝜃−k )z′ ]l

kI0 e−jkr e z
≃ j𝜂 sin 𝜃
4𝜋r j (k cos 𝜃 − kz ) 0
[ ]
kl
kI0 e−jkr −j kl (k−cos 𝜃) sin (cos 𝜃 − K)
E𝜃 ≃ j𝜂 e 2 sin 𝜃 2
4𝜋r kl
(cos 𝜃 − K)
2
kz E
where K = and H𝜙 ≃ 𝜃
k 𝜂

305
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
306 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 1
(b) W ave = R (E × H ∗ ) = Re [̂a𝜃 E𝜃 × â 𝜙 H𝜙∗ ]
2 e 2
( )
1 E𝜃∗ â
= Re â 𝜃 E𝜃 × â 𝜙 = r |E𝜃 |2
2 𝜂 2𝜂
which for K = kz ∕k = 1 reduces to
|I0 |2 [ ]
sin2 𝜃 kl
W ave = â r 𝜂 sin2 (cos 𝜃 − 1)
8𝜋 2 r2 (cos 𝜃 − 1) 2 2
Using the trigonometric identify (from Appendix VI)

( )
x sin x
cot =
2 1 − cos x
it reduces to
|I0 |2 ( ) [ ]
𝜃 kl
W ave = â r 𝜂 cot 2 sin2 (cos 𝜃 − 1)
8𝜋 2 r2 2 2
2𝜋 𝜋
(c) Prad = W ave ⋅ ds = â r Wr ⋅ â r r2 sin 𝜃 d𝜃 d𝜙
∯ ∫0 ∫0
s
|I0 |2 𝜋 ( ) [ ]
𝜃 kl
Prad = 𝜂 (2𝜋) cot 2 sin2 (cos 𝜃 − 1) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
8𝜋 2 ∫0 2 2
which reduces to
[ ( ) ]
|I0 |2 kl sin(2kl)
Prad = 𝜂 1.415 + ln − Ci (2kl) +
4𝜋 𝜋 2kl
10.2. For a long wirre antenna, the sin 𝜃 variation in (10-2b) are much slower than those of the
[ ]
kl
sin (cos 𝜃 − K)
2
kl
(cos 𝜃 − K)
2
function. Therefore near the axis
[ ]
kl
kI0 le−jkr kl
sin (cos 𝜃 − K)
E𝜃 = j𝜂 e−j 2 (K−cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 2
4𝜋r kl
(cos 𝜃 − K)
2
[ ]
kl
klI0 e−jkr −j kl (K−cos 𝜃) sin (cos 𝜃 − K)
≃ j𝜂 e 2 sin 𝜃 2
4𝜋r kl
(cos 𝜃 − K)
2
The first maximum occurs when
( )
kl kl kz vp kz
(cos 𝜃m − K) = cos 𝜃m − ≃0⇒K= = ≃ cos 𝜃m
2 2 k v0 k
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 307
vp
(a) = cos 𝜃m |𝜃m =10◦ = cos(10◦ ) = 0.9848 ⇒ vp = 0.9848v0
v0
vp = 0.9848(3 × 108 ), vp = 2.9544 × 108 m∕sec.
vp
(b) = cos 𝜃m |𝜃m =20◦ = cos(20◦ ) = 0.93969 ⇒ vp = 0.93969v0
v0
vp = 0.93969(3 × 108 ), vp = 2.819 × 108 m∕sec.
𝜇I0 l −jkx′ e−jkR ′

10.3. A = â x e dx
4𝜋 ∫0 R
{
R = r − x′ cos 𝜓 phase
In far-field:
R=r Amplitude
0
y
ψ l
𝜇I0 e−jkr l jk(1−cos 𝜓)x′ ′

Ax = e dx
4𝜋r ∫0
[ ]l
𝜇I e−jkr e−jk(1−cos 𝜓)x′
= 0
4𝜋r −jk(1 − cos 𝜓) 0
[ ]
𝜇I0 le−jkr e−jk(1−cos 𝜓)l 1
Ax = +
4𝜋r −jk(1 − cos 𝜓) jk(1 − cos 𝜓)
𝜇I0 le−jkr −jX sin X kl
= e , where X = (1 − cos 𝜓)
4𝜋r X 2
Convert to spherical coordinates
Ar = Ax sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎫ ⎧ E = −j𝜔A

⎪ ⎪ 𝜃 𝜃
A𝜃 = Ax cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎬ Far-field ⇒ ⎨ E𝜙 = −j𝜔A𝜙
A𝜙 = −Ax sin 𝜙 ⎪ ⎪ Er = 0
⎭ ⎩
−j𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr −jX sin X

E𝜃 = e cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙, cos 𝜓 = |̂ax ⋅ â r |
4𝜋r X
j𝜔𝜇I0 le−jkr −jX sin X
E𝜙 = + e sin 𝜃, cos 𝜓 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4𝜋r X
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
308 SOLUTION MANUAL
E𝜃 E𝜙 kl kl
H𝜙 = , H𝜃 = − , X = (1 − cos 𝜓), X = (1 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)
𝜂 𝜂 2 2
10.4. In the far-zone;
(a) 𝜇e−jkr l ′ jkz′ cos 𝜃 ′

A(r) ≃ â z I(z )e dz
4𝜋r ∫0
{ }
𝜇I0 e−jkr l
′ ′ cos 𝜃
l
′ ′ cos 𝜃
= â z [1 + R]−1 e−jkz ejkz dz′ + R ejkz ejkz dz′
4𝜋r ∫0 ∫0
l l
′ cos 𝜃
e−jkz (1−cos 𝜃) dz′
′ ′
First integral: e−jkz ejkz dz′ =
∫0 ∫0
Let 𝜉 = z′ − l∕2
l l∕2
kl sin(A) kl
e−jkz (1− cos 𝜃) dz′ = e−j 2 (1− cos 𝜃) e−jk𝜉(1−cos 𝜃) d𝜉 = le−jA
′
, A = (1− cos 𝜃)
∫0 ∫−l∕2 A 2
l l
′ cos 𝜃
ejkz (1+cos 𝜃) dz′
′ ′
Second integral: ejkz ejkz dz′ =
∫0 ∫0
Let 𝜉 = z′ − l∕2
l l∕2
kl sin(B) kl
dz′ = ej 2 (1+cos 𝜃)
′ cos 𝜃
ejk𝜉(1+cos 𝜃) d𝜉 = lejB
′
ejkz ejkz , B = (1 + cos 𝜃)
∫0 ∫−l∕2 B 2
⎧ −jA sin(A) + RejB sin(B) ⎫

𝜇I0 l e−jkr ⎪ e A B ⎪
4𝜋 r ⎨ ⎬
∴ Az =
⎪ 1 + R ⎪
⎩ ⎭
{ }
𝜇I le−jkr e−jA sin(A)∕A + RejB sin(B)∕B
A𝜃 = −Az cos 𝜃 ≃ − 0 sin 𝜃
4𝜋r 1+R
A𝜙 = 0
Er ≃ 0; E𝜙 ≃ 0
{ }
2kI le−jkr e−jA sin(A)∕A + RejB sin(B)∕B
E𝜃 ≃ −j𝜔A𝜃 = j 0 − sin 𝜃
4𝜋r 1+R
(b) |E𝜃 |2 𝜂(kl)2 |{ −jA sin(A)∕A + RejB sin(B)∕B }|2

2| e |
Wave ≃ ≃ |I0 | | | sin2 𝜃
2𝜂 32𝜋 2 r2 | 1 + R |
| |
𝜂 ( l )2
{
| −jA sin(A)∕A + RejB sin(B)∕B }|2
2| e |
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = lim r Wave =
2
|I0 | | | sin2 𝜃
r→∞ 8 λ | 1 + R |
| |
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 309
𝜋 kl kl
𝜃= , A= , B= , sin 𝜃 = 1
2 2 2
( )
kl | kl kl |2
( ( ) ) sin2 | e−j 2 + Re+j 2 |
𝜋 𝜂 l 2
2 | |
U 𝜃 = ,𝜙 = |I0 | ( )2 |
2
|
2 8 λ kl | 1+R |
| |
2
10.5. Using (10-7), the first maximum occurs exactiy when 2m + 1 = 0.742 and approximately
when 2m + 1 = 1. Thus
[ ]
λ λ
(a) Exact; 𝜃m = cos−1 1 ± (0.742) = 10◦ ⇒ cos(10)◦ = 1 ± (0.742)
2l 2l
0.742λ
l= = 24.42λ = lexact
2(0.01519)
[ ]
λ λ
Approx; 𝜃m = cos−1 1 ± (1) = 10◦ ⇒ cos(10)◦ = 1 ± (1)
2l 2l
λ
l= = 32.9115λ = lapprox
2(0.01519)
[ ]
(b) Using (10-7), ⇒ 𝜃m = cos−1 1 − 2lλ (2m + 1) with the minus sign and with
lexact = 24.42λ and (2m + 1) = 0.742, 2.93, 4.96, 6.97, 8.99, 11, 13, . . . . . .
𝜃m0 = 10.00◦ , 𝜃m1 = 19.95◦ , 𝜃m2 = 26.05◦ , 𝜃m3 = 30.99◦ , 𝜃m4 = 35.32◦
𝜃m5 = 39.22◦ , 𝜃m6 = 42.79◦ , … … …
With lapprox ≃ 32.9115λ and 2m + 1 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, . . . . . . .
𝜃m0 = 10.00◦ , 𝜃m1 = 17.36◦ , 𝜃m2 ≃ 22.48◦ , 𝜃m3 ≃ 26.66◦ , 𝜃m4 ≃ 30.31◦
𝜃m5 ≃ 33.60◦ , 𝜃m6 ≃ 36.63◦ , … … …

( )
(c) Using (10-10) ⇒ 𝜃n = cos−1 1 − n λl , n = 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . . with
lexact = 24.42λ lapprox = 32.9115λ
𝜃n0 = 16.45◦ 14.16◦

𝜃n1 = 23.35◦ 20.08◦
𝜃n2 = 28.70◦ 24.65◦
𝜃n3 = 33.26◦ 28.54◦
𝜃n4 = 37.32◦ 32.00◦
𝜃n5 = 41.04◦ 35.15◦
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
310 SOLUTION MANUAL
[ ( ) ]
kl sin(2kl)
(d) Using (10-12) ⇒ Rr = 60 1.415 + ln − Ci (2kl) +
𝜋 2kl
l = lexact = 24.42λ
kl∕𝜋 = 48.84 ⇒ ln(kl∕𝜋) = ln(48.84) = 3.88855
2kl = 306.87077 ⇒ Ci (2kl) = Ci (306.87077) ≃ 0 from Fig III-1.
sin(2kl)∕2kl = sin(306.87077)∕306.87077 = −0.00275
Rr = 60[1.415 + 3.88855 − 0.00275] = 318.05
l = lapprox = 32.9115λ
kl
= 65.823 ⇒ ln(kl∕𝜋) = ln(65.823) = 4.186969
𝜋
2kl = 413.5781 ⇒ Ci (2kl) = Ci (413.5781) ≃ 0 from Fig III-1.
sin(2kl)∕2kl = sin(413.5781)∕413.5781 = −0.002168
Rr = 60(1.415 + 4.186969 − 0.002168) = 335.988
[
( )]
1 0.371λ
cos−1 1 −
2 cot 2
2 l
(e) Using (10-13) ⇒ D0 = ( )
2l sin(2kl)
1.415 + ln − Ci (2kl) +
λ 2kl
l = lexact = 24.42λ
[ ( )]
1 0.371
cot cos−1 1 − = 11.42997
2 24.42
2(11.42997)2
D0 = = 49.29227 = 16.928 dB
5.3007986
l = lapprox = 32.9115λ
[ ( )]
1 0.371
cot cos−1 1 − = 13.282337
2 32.9115
2(13.282337)2
D0 = = 63.00957 = 17.994 dB
5.5998
10.6. (a) Exact:

[ ]
λ λ λ
𝜃0 = cos−1 1 ± (0.742) ⇒ cos 𝜃0 = 1 ± (0.742) ⇒ 0.9063 = 1 ± (0.742)
2l 2l 2l
λ 0.742λ
−0.0937 = ± (0.742) ⇒ l = = 3.96λ
2l 2(0.0937)
Approximate:
[ ]
λ
𝜃m ≃ cos−1 1 ± (2m + 1) , m = 0, 1, 2, …
2l
[ ]
λ λ
𝜃0 ≃ cos−1 1 ± (1) ⇒ cos 𝜃0 ≃ 1 ±
2l 2l
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 311
λ λ
cos(25◦ ) ≃ 1 ± = 0.9063 ⇒ ± ≃ 0.9063 − 1 = 0.0937
2l 2l
λ
l≃ = 5.3366λ
2(0.0937)
2𝜋
(b) kl = (3.96λ) = 2𝜋(3.96) = 24.88, 2kl = 49.76
λ
sin(2kl)∕2kl = −0.00999, ln(kl∕𝜋) = ln(7.42) = 2.0693
ln(2l∕λ) = ln[2(3.71)λ∕λ] = 2.0693
Ci (2kl) = Ci (49.76) ≃ 0
[ ( ) ]
kl sin(2kl)
Rr = 60 1.415 + ln − Ci (2kl) +
𝜋 (2kl)
= 60 [1.415 + 2.0693 − 0.00999] = 208.46
[ ] ( )] [
1 0.371 1
2 cot 2 cos−1 1 −
cos−1 (1 − 0.371λ∕l) 2 cot 2 2
2 3.96
(c) D0 = =
sin(2kl) 1.415 + 2.0693 − 0 − 0.00999
1.415 + ln(2l∕λ) − Ci (2kl) +
2kl
40.6954
D0 = = 11.7132 = 10.686 dB
3.47431
[ ( )]
1 0.371λ
2 cot 2 2
cos−1 1 − l
10.7. D0 =
1.415 + ln(2l∕λ) − Ci (2kl) + sin(2kl)∕2kl
(a) l = 2λ;
[ ( )]
1 0.371
cot cos−1 1 − = 3.127566
2 2
ln(2l∕λ) = ln(4) = 1.386294
Ci (2kl) = Ci (8𝜋) ≃ 0 from Fig III.1 (Appendix III)
sin(2kl)∕(2kl) = sin(8𝜋)∕(8𝜋) ≃ 0
2(3.127566)2
D0 = = 6.984 = 8.44 dB
1.415 + 1.386294
(b) l = 3λ;
[ ( )]
1 0.371
cot cos−1 1 − = 3.89519
2 3
ln(2l∕λ) = ln(6) = 1.791759
Ci (2kl) = Ci (12𝜋) ≃ 0 from Fig III.1 (Appendix III)
sin(2kl)∕(2kl) = sin(12𝜋)∕(12𝜋) ≃ 0
2(3.89519)2
D0 = = 9.4628 = 9.76 dB
1.415 + 1.791759
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
312 SOLUTION MANUAL
√
10.8. (a) The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission line is given by Z0 = CL where
L is the inductance per unit length (H/m) and C is the capacitance per unit lenght (F/m)
of the line. For a two-wire transmission line, as shown in Fig. 9.20(a), the characteristic
impedance is given by (9-21) or
( ) [ √ ]
−1 s∕2 s∕2 + (s∕2)2 − a2
Z0 = 120 cosh = 120 ln
a a
which for s ≫ a reduces to

( ) ( )
s≫a s s
Za ≃ 120 ln = 120(2.3026) log10
a a
( )
s
Z0 ≃ 276.31 log10
a
For a one wire above a ground plane transmission line, its characteristic impedance is
equal to [see Fig. 10.1(b)]
( ) ( )
1 1 s s
Z = Z0 ≃ (276.31) log10 = 138.155 log10
2 2 a a
For s∕2 = h and a = d∕2, it can be written as
( )
h
Z ≃ 138.155 log10 4
d
where h is the height of the wire, of diameter d, above the ground plane.
(b) The expression above compares very well with (10-14).
d = 2a
d = 2a
h = s/2
s
h = s/2
(a) (b)
10.9. (a) Rr = 73 + 69 log10 (n) (10-16)
138.843 = 73 + 69 log10 n
69 log10 n = 65.843
log10 n = 0.95425
n = 100.95425 = 9
n=9
l = 9(λ∕2) = 4.5λ
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SOLUTION MANUAL 313
( ) ( ) ( )
n−1 9−1 8
(b) 𝜃max = cos−1 = cos−1 = cos−1 = 27.27◦ (10-17)
n 9 9
𝜃max = 27.27◦ 𝜃max = 23.73◦ (Computer Program)
120 120 120

(c) D0 = = = (10-18)
Rr sin2 𝜃max 138.843 sin2 (27.27◦ ) 138.843(0.45818)2
D0 = 4.117 = 6.146 dB
D0 = 4.6344 = 6.66 dB (Computer Program)
10.10. (a) AF = e+jkh cos 𝜓 − e−jkh cos 𝜓

( jkh cos 𝜓 )
e − e−jkh cos 𝜓
= 2j
2j
AF = 2j sin(kh cos 𝜓)
cos 𝜓 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
( ) ( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
AF = 2j sin(kh cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃) = 2j sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 = 2j sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ 20 10
r1
x
r
h ψ r2
h cos ψ
z
h ψ
(b) E𝜃 = E𝜃 (single Wire) ⋅ AF

⎧ [ ]⎫
⎪ sin kl
(cos 𝜃 − K) ⎪
( )⎪ ⎪ klI0 e−jkr −j kr (K−cos 𝜃)
𝜋 2
= 2j sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎨sin 𝜃 kl ⎬ j𝜂 4𝜋r e 2
10 ⎪ (cos 𝜃 − K) ⎪
2
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
( )
(c) RL = 138 log10 4 h
d
( )
λ∕20
= 138 log10 4 = 138. log10 (4.5) = 138. log10 (20)
λ∕100
RL = 138(1.3010) = 179.542
( )
10.11. (a) 𝜃max = cos−1 n − 1 = 10◦ ⇒ n − 1 = cos(10◦ ) = 0.9848 ⇒ n = 65.823
n n
⇒ n = 65 (odd multiples) ⇒ l = 65(λ∕2) = 32.5λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
314 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) Rr = 73 + 69 log10 (65) = 73 + 69(1.8129) = 73 + 125.091 = 198.091

120 120
(c) D0 = = = 20.1 = 13.032 dB
2 ◦
198.091 sin (10 ) 198.091(0.1736) 2
⎛ λ ⎞
( ) ⎜ 20 ⎟
(d) R = 138 log h
L 10 4 = 138 log10 ⎜4 ⎟ = 138 log10 (80) = 138(1.9031)
d ⎜ λ∕400 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
RL = 262.6264
( )
l
10.12. From (10-20) ⇒ D0 = 2.94 λ
+ 1.15
(a) l = 2λ; D0 = 2.94(2) + 1.15 = 6.43 = 8.082 dB
(b) l = 3λ; D0 = 2.94(3) + 1.15 = 9.97 = 9.987 dB
In Problem 10-7
D0 (l = 2λ) = 6.984 = 8.44 dB

D0 (l = 3λ) = 9.4628 = 9.76 dB
10.13. D0 = 8 dB = 10 log10 D0 (dim) ⇒ D0 (dim) = 100.8 = 6.3096

( )
l
From (10-20) ⇒ D0 (dim) = 2.94 + 1.15 = 6.3096
λ
l
⇒ = 1.755 ⇒ l = 1.755λ
λ
( )2 ( )
l l
Using (10-19b) ⇒ 2𝜃0 = 13.39 − 78.27 + 169.77
λ λ
2𝜃0 = 13.39(1.755)2 − 78.27(1.755) + 169.77

2𝜃0 ≃ 73.65◦
10.14. D0 = 5 dB = 10 log10 D0 (dim) ⇒ D0 (dim) = 100.5 = 3.1623
( )
l l
From (10-20) ⇒ D0 (dim) = 2.94 + 1.15 = 3.1623 ⇒ = 0.6844, l = 0.6844
λ λ
( )3 ( )2 ( )
l l l
Using (10-19a) ⇒ 2𝜃0 = −149.3 + 603.4 − 809.5 + 443.6
λ λ λ
2𝜃0 = −149.3(0.6844)3 + 603.4(0.6844)2 − 809.5(0.6844) + 443.6

2𝜃0 ≃ 124.34◦
( )3 ( )2 ( )
10.15. (a) 2𝜃0 = −149.3 l + 603.4 l − 809.5 l + 443.6
λ λ λ
= −149.3(0.5)3 + 603.4(0.5)2 − 809.5(0.5) + 443.6
2𝜃0 = 171.0375◦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 315
( )
l
(b) D0 = 2.94 + 1.15 = 2.94(0.5) + 1.15
λ
D0 = 1.47 + 1.15 = 2.62 = 4.183 dB
(c) G0 = e0 D0 = 0.35(2.62) = 0.917
G0 = 0.917 = −0.376 dB
10.16. V-dipole: D0 = 5.257 dB ⇒ D0 (dim) = 100.5257 = 3.3551

( )
(a) D0 = 2.94 l + 1.15 = 3.3551 ⇒ l∕λ = 0.75 ⇒ l = 0.75λ
λ
( )
(b) 2𝜃0 = −149.3(l∕λ)3 + 603.4(l∕λ)2 − 809.5 l + 443.6
λ
= −149.3(0.75)3 + 603.4(0.75)2 − 809.5(0.75) + 443.6
= −62.9945 + 339.4125 − 607.125 + 443.6
2𝜃0 = 112.893◦
(c) 1.20
D0 = , (10-18)
Rr sin2 𝜃max
( )
n−1
𝜃max = cos−1 (10-17)
n
Rr = 73 + 69 log10 (n) (10-16)
For 180◦ dipole ⇒ L = 2l = 2(0.75λ) = 1.5λ ⇒ n = 3

( )
3−1
𝜃max = cos−1 = cos−1 (2∕3) = 48.19◦ (from Fig. 10.10: ≃ 45◦ )
3
Rr = 73 + 69 log10 (3) = 73 + 32.9214 = 105.9214
120 120
D0 = = = 2.0392
105.9214 sin (48.19) 105.9214(0.7454)2
2
D0 (180◦ dipole) = 2.0392 = 3.0947 dB
(d) Computer Program (more accurate): D0 = 2.2253 = 3.4939 dB
D0 (V) − D0 (180◦ ) = D0 (112.893◦ ) − D0 (180◦ ) = 5.257 − 3.0947
△D0 = 2.1623 dB(V dipole D0 greater)

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
316 SOLUTION MANUAL
10.17. D0 = 9 dB = 100.9 = 7.9433

( )
l
(a) 7.9433 = 2.94 + 1.15
λ
l 7.9433 − 1.15
= = 2.3106 ⇒ l = 2.3106λ
λ 2.94
( )2 ( )
l l
(b) 2𝜃0 = 13.39 − 78.27 + 169.77
λ λ
= 13.39(2.3106)2 − 78.27(2.3106) + 167.77
2𝜃0 = 71.49 − 180.8507 + 169.77 = 60.41◦
(c) Dt = D0 Da
( ) ( )
d λ
Da = 2N = 2(10) = 5 = 6.989 dB ≃ 7 dB
λ 4λ
Dt = 7.9433(5) = 39.7165 = 15.9897 dB ≃ 16 dB
Dt (dB) = D0 (dB) + Da (dB) = 9 + 7 = 16 dB
10.18. h1 + h2 = 0.25λ, a = 0.25 × 10−3 λ

(a) Using Fig. 10-11(b) ⇒ h1 ≃ 0.14λ. Therefore the bent is made at h1 ≃ 0.14λ above the
ground.
(b) Using Fig. 10-11(b) ⇒ R = 24 ohms
| R − Z0 | | 24 − 50 |
(c) Γ = || |=|
| |
| = 0.35135
|
| R + Z0 | | 24 + 50 |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.35135
VSWR = = = 2.083
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.35135
10.19. S = λ∕50, λ = 3 × 108 ∕4 × 108 = 34 = 0.75 m

√
(a) Using (10-28a) ⇒ C = 𝜋D = 2λ(λ∕50) = λ∕5 = 0.2λ
C = 0.2λ = 0.15 m, D = 0.2λ∕𝜋 = 0.06367λ = 0.04775 m
√ √
√ ( )2 ( )2
λ λ 1 1
(b) L0 = S2 + c2 = + =λ + = 0.2009975λ
50 5 2500 25
L0 = 0.150748 m
(c) Ln = NL0 = 5(0.2009975λ) = 1.0049875λ = 0.75374 m

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S S λ∕50
(d) 𝛼 = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 1
= tan−1 10 = 5.71◦
𝜋D C λ∕5
10.20. N = 4, f = 800 MHz ⇒ λ0 = 30 × 109 ∕880 × 106 = 34.0909 cm
L = 5.7 cm ⇒ L = (5.7∕34.0909)λ0 = 0.1672λ0 = λ0 ∕5.9808
D = 0.5 cm ⇒ (5∕34.0909)λ0 = 0.01467λ0 = λ0 ∕68.182
λ0 ∕5.9808
(a) S = L∕N = = λ0 ∕23.923 = 0.0418λ0
4
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 317
√
√ ( )2 ( )2
λ0 λ0
(b) L0 = (𝜋D)2 + (S)2 = 𝜋 + = 0.0622λ0
68.182 23.923
L0 = λ0 ∕16.074 = 2.121 cm
(c) Ln = 4L0 = 4(0.0622λ0 ) = 0.2488λ0 = λ0 ∕4.0193 = 8.4818 cm

2λ0 S 2λ0 (λ0 ∕23.923)
(d) AR = = = 39.378
(𝜋D)2 [𝜋(λ0 ∕68.182)]2
(e) AR = E𝜃 ∕E𝜙 = 39.378 ≃ 39 ⇒ E𝜃 = 39.378E𝜙 ⇒ E𝜃 ≫ E𝜙
Primary component: E𝜃
𝛼 = tan−1 (S∕𝜋D)
Since E𝜃 ≫ E𝜙 ⇒ Vertical Polarization ⎫ ⎛ λ0 ⎞
⎪ −1 ⎜ 5.9808 ⎟
(f) ⎬ = tan ⎜ ⎟
Vertical wire because E𝜃 ≫ E𝜙 ⎪ ⎜ 𝜋λ0 ∕68.182 ⎟
⎭ ⎝ ⎠
𝛼 = tan−1 (3.6287) = 74.59◦
(g) Rr ≃ 640(L∕λ0 )2 = 640(λ0 ∕5.9808λ0 )2 = 17.892

( )2
L
(h) L = λ0 ∕5.9808 ⇒ λ0 ∕50 < L < λ0 ∕10 ⇒ Rr = 20𝜋 2
λ0
Hower because of ground-plane
[ ( )2 ] ( )2 ( )2
1 2 L 2 L 2 λ0 ∕5.9809
Rr = 20𝜋 = 10𝜋 = 10𝜋 = 2.759
2 λ0 λ0 λ0
Rr = 2.759
(i) Helix is preferred because Rr = 17.892, compared to 2.759 for monopole, is easier to
match to practical transmission lines (greater matching/reflection) efficiency.
10.21. N = 10, C = λ0 = 2𝜋a ⇒ a = λ0 ∕2𝜋 = 0.1592λ0 ; 12◦ < 𝛼 < 14◦ ⇒ 𝛼 = 13◦
(a) 𝛼 = tan−1 (S∕C) ⇒ S = C tan(𝛼) = λ0 tan(13◦ ) = 0.2309λ0
3∕2
52λ0 52
(b) HPBW = √ =√ = 34.22◦
λ0 10(0.2309λ0 ) 2.309
C2 S λ2 (0.2309λ0 )
(c) D0 = 15N 3 = 15(10) 0 = 15(2.309) = 34.635 = 15.395 dB
λ0 λ30
2N + 1 20 + 1
(d) AR = = = 1.05 ≃ 1 ⇒ Nearly circular polarization
2N 20
|( â ± ĵa ) |2 |( â ± ĵa ) |2
| x | | x | 1
|
(e) 1. PLF ≃ | √
y
|
⋅ â y | = | | √
y
⋅ â x || = = −3 dB
| 2 | | 2 | 2
| | | |
(
| â ± ĵa ) ( ) ( )
â x + â y || | |
2 2
| x | 1 ± j1 |
| √
y
⋅ √ | | | = 1 = −3 dB
2. PLF ≃ | | =| √ |
| 2 2 | | 2 || 2
| | |
10.22. D0 = 10 dB = 10, N = 9, R0 = 110 ohms
( )
C
(a) R0 = 110 = 140 ⇒ C = 0.7857λ0
λ0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
318 SOLUTION MANUAL
2 (0.7857λ0 )2 S
(b) D0 = 10 = 15N C S = 15(9) = 15(9)(0.6173)S
λ30 λ30
10 = 15(9)(0.6173)S ⇒ S = 0.12λ0
S = 0.12λ0
3∕2 3∕2
52λ0 52λ0
(c) HPBW (degrees) = √ = √ = 63.6879◦
C NS 0.7857λ0 9(0.12λ0 )
HPBW = 63.6879◦
(d) D0 (Kraus’) ≃ 41,253 = 41,253 = 10

Θ1d Θ2d Θ2hd
41,253
Θ2hd = = 4,125.3
10
√
Θhd = 4,125.3 = 64.23◦
63.99◦ using (10-31) vs. 64.23◦ using (2-27) Kraus’ formula.

10.23. D0 = 17.16 dB ⇒ D0 = 101.716 = 52 (dimensionless)
(a) 𝛼 ≃ 13◦ , C ≃ λ0
S S
tan 𝛼 = = ⇒ S = 2𝜋a tan 𝛼 (10-29)
𝜋D 2𝜋a
S = 2𝜋a tan 𝛼 = C tan 𝛼 = λ0 tan(13◦ ) = 0.231λ0
S = 0.231λ0
( )
C2 S
(b) D0 (dimensionless) ≃ 15N = 15N(0.231)
λ30
D0 (dimensionless) 52
N= = = 15
15(0.231) 0.231(15)
N = 15
2N + 1 2(15) + 1 31
AR = = = = 1.033
2N 2(15) 30
AR = 1.033 (dimensionless)
(c) Hansen-Woodyard: √ √
L0 ∕λ0 S2 + C 2 (0.231)2 + (1)2 1.02633
p= ( )= ( )= =
2N + 1 2N + 1 0.231 + 1.033 1.2643
S∕λ0 + S∕λ0 +
2N 2N
p = 0.8118
(d) According to (6-25), the spacing for H-W

( ) design
( )
N − 1 λ0 (15 − 1) λ0 14
S=d= = = (0.25λ0 )
N 4 15 4 15
S = 0.233λ0 which is close to S = 0.231λ0 of part a.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 319
10.24. AR = 1.1, Axial (end-fine) mode

2N + 1
(a) AR = = 1.1 ⇒ 2N + 1 = 1.1(2N) ⇒ 2N(1.1 − 1) = 1
2N
1
2N = = 10 ⇒ N = 5
0.1
C = λ0 , 𝛼 = 13◦ , N = 5
3∕2 3∕2
52λ0 52λ
(b) HPBW = √ = √0
C NS λ0 5S
( ) ( )
S S
𝛼 = tan−1 = tan−1 ⇒ S = C tan 𝛼 = λ0 tan (13◦ )
𝜋D C
S = λ0 tan (13◦ ) = λ0 (0.231) = 0.231λ0
3∕2
52λ0 52
HPBW = √ = = 48.385◦
λ0 5(0.231λ0 ) 1.075
2
λ (0.231λ0 )
C2 S
(c) D0 = 15N 3
= 15(5) 0 = 17.325
λ0 λ30
D0 = 17.325 = 12.387 dB
41,253 41,253 41,253
(d) D0 (Kraus) = = = (2-27)
Θ1d Θ2d (Θd ) 2 (48.385)2
D0 = 17.621 = 12.460 dB
72,815 72,815 72,815
(e) D0 (T&P) = = = (2-30b)
Θ21d + Θ22d 2(Θ2d ) 2(48.385)2
D0 (T&P) = 15.551 = 11.918 dB
(f) The directivity of Part d (17.621=12.460 dB) agrees closer with that of Part c
(17.325 = 12.387), as it should, because the HPBW = 48.358◦ which according
to Table 2.1 and statement after it, the Kraus formula is more accurate if the
HPBW > 39.77◦ .
10.25. AR = 1.1, f0 = 100 MHz ⇒ λ0 = 3 × 108 ∕108 = 3 m
√
Method #1 : C = λ0 = 𝜋D = 2Sλ0 ⇒ S = C2 ∕2λ0 = λ20 ∕2λ0 = λ0 ∕2
Method #2 : tan 𝛼 = tan (14◦ ) = S∕𝜋D
λ0
⇒ S = 𝜋D tan (𝛼 ) = 𝜋(2a) tan (14◦ ) = λ0 tan(14◦ ) ≃
4
C2 S 2N + 1
(a) D0 = 15N , AR = 1.1 = ⇒N=5
λ30 2N
λ20 (λ0 ∕2)

Method #1 : D0 = 15(5) = 37.5 = 15.74 dB
λ30
λ20 (λ0 ∕4)
Method #2 : D0 = 15(5) = 18.75 = 12.73 dB
λ30
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
320 SOLUTION MANUAL
3∕2
52λ
(b) HPBW = √0
C NS
3∕2
52λ0
Method #1 : HPBW = √ = 32.888◦ ;
λ0 5(λ0 ∕2)
3∕2
52λ0
Method #2 : HPBW = √ = 46.51◦
λ0 5(λ0 ∕4)
(c) R = 140 (C∕λ0 ) = 140 ohms

Z − Zc 140 − 50 90 1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.4737
(d) Γ = L = = = 0.4737 ⇒ VSWR = = = 2.8
ZL + Zc 140 + 50 190 1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.4737
√
(e) L0 = S2 + C2
√ √
Method #1 : L0 = (λ0 ∕2)2 + λ20 = 5∕2λ0 = 1.118λ0 ;
√
Method #2 : L0 = (λ0 ∕4)2 + λ20 = 1.031λ0
L0 ∕λ0
p=
S∕λ0 + 1
1.118λ0 1.118
Method #1 : p = = = 0.7453 ⇒ v = pv0 = 0.7453(3 × 108 )
λ0 ∕2λ0 + 1 1.5
= 2.2359 × 108 m∕sec
1.03λ0 1.031
Method #2 : p = = = 0.8248 ⇒ v = pv0 = 0.8248(3 × 108 )
λ0 ∕4λ0 + 1 1.25
= 2.4744 × 108 m∕sec
10.26. f = 500 MHz, N = 10
(a) Hansen–Woodyard End–Fire

(b) C ≃ λ0 , 𝛼 = 13◦
( ) ( )
S S S
𝛼 = tan−1 = tan−1 ⇒ = tan 𝛼 ⇒ S = C tan 𝛼 (10-24)
𝜋D C C
S = C tan 𝛼 = λ0 tan (13◦ ) = 0.23087λ0
S = 0.23087λ0
(c) Since it is Hansen–Woodyard design
Sidelobe level ≃ −8.9 ≃ −9 dB

√ √
(d) L0 = C2 + S2 = λ0 (1)2 + (0.23087)2 = 1.0281λ0
L0 ∕λ0 1.0281
p= ( )= ( ) = 0.80266
2N + 1 21
S∕λ0 + 0.23087 +
2N 20
v = pv0 = 0.80266 (3 × 108 ) 2.408 × 108 m/sec
v = 2.408 × 108 m/sec

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 321
3∕2
52λ0 52
(e) HPBW = √ = √ = 34.22◦
C NS (1) 10(0.23087)
(f) C2 S (1) (0.23087)

1. D0 = 15 N = 15 (10) = 34.63 = 15.395 dB (10-31)
λ30 (1)
D0 = 34.63 = 15.395 dB
41,253 41,253
2. D0 = = = 34.399 (2-27)
Θ1d Θ2d (34.63)2
D0 = 34.399 = 15.366 dB (Kraus)
72,815 72,815 72,815
3. D0 ≃ = = = 31.09 (2-30a)
Θ21d + Θ22d 2Θ21d 2(34.22)2
D0 ≃ 31.09 = 14.99 dB (Tai & Pereira)
4. Helix Electric Field (From Table 6.7)
( )
⎡ sin N 𝜓 ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥
En ≃ [cos 𝜃] ⎢ (𝜓 ) ⎥
⏟⏟⏟ ⎢ N ⎥
Element Factor ⎣ 2 ⎦
(EF) ⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟⏞⏞⏞⏞⏞⏟
Array Factor
(AF)
D0 (total) ≃ D0 (EF)D0 (AF) (crude approximation)

D0 (EF) = D0 (cos 𝜃) = 4 (dimensionless)Table 2.1
( )] [
d
D0 (AF) = D0 (Hansen–Woodyard) ≃ 1.805 4N Table 6.7
λ
= 1.805[4(10)(0.23087)] = 16.669
D0 (Total) = D0 ≃ 16.669 (4) = 66.675 = 18.24 dB
D0 ≃ 66.675 = 18.24 dB
5. D0 (exact) = 26.425 = 14.22 dB
10.27. f = 300 MHz ⇒ λ = 300 × 106 ∕300 × 106 = 1 m

(a) Near optimum ⇒ C ≃ λ = 1 m
(b) Pitch angle near optimum is 𝛼 ≃ 14◦
( )
S S
Using (10-24) ⇒ 𝛼 = tan−1 ⇒ = tan 𝛼 = tan (14◦ ) = 0.24933
C C
S = 0.24933C = 0.24933λ = 0.24933 m
( )
C
(c) Using (10-30) ⇒ Rin = 140 = 140 ohms
λ
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322 SOLUTION MANUAL
52λ3∕2 52(1)
(d) Using (10-31) ⇒ HPBW (degrees) ≃ √ = √ = 46.57◦
C NS 1 5(0.24933)
115λ3∕2 115(1)
Using (10-32) ⇒ FNBW (degrees) ≃ √ = √ = 102.997◦
C NS 1 5(0.24933)
C2 S 1(0.24933)
Using (10-33) ⇒ D0 ≃ 15N 3
= 15(5) = 18.69975 = 12.718 dB
λ 1
2(5) + 1
AR (for increased directivity) = (2N + 1)∕(2N) = = 1.1
2(5)
(e) Z0 = 50 :
| R − Z0 | | 140 − 50 |
|Γ| = || in |=| | = 0.47368
| | |
| Rin + Z0 | | 140 + 50 |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.47368
VSWR = = ≃ 2.8
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.47368
Z0 = 75:
Rin − Z0 140 − 75
|Γ| = = = 0.302326
Rin + Z0 140 + 75
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.302326
VSWR = = ≃ 1.867
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.302326
10.28. f = 1,575.42, AR = 1.1
2N + 1
(a) AR = = 1.1 ⇒ 2N + 1 = 1.1 (2N) = 2.2N
2N
1 = 0.2N ⇒ N = 5
𝛼 = 13◦ (optimum), N = 5
(b) C = λ (optimum)
( )
S
𝛼 = tan−1 ⇒ S = C tan 𝛼 = (λ) tan (13◦ ) = 0.23087λ
C
C=λ
S = 0.23087λ
3∕2
52λ0 52 52
(c) HPBW ≃ √ =√ = = 48.399◦
C NS 5(0.23087) 1.0744
3∕2
115λ0 115 115
FNBW ≃ √ =√ = = 107.036◦
C NS 5(0.23087) 1.0744
(d) C2 S
D0 (dimensionless) = 15N = 15 (5) (0.23087) = 17.315
λ30
D0 = 17.315 = 12.384 dB
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SOLUTION MANUAL 323
√ √
(e) L0 = S2 + C2 = λ0 (0.23087)2 + (1)2 = 1.0263λ0
(L ∕λ )v 1.0263v0
p (ordinary end-fire) = 0 0 0 = = 0.8338
S∕λ0 + 1 0.23087 + 1
vp = pv0 = 0.8338(3 × 108 ) = 2.501 × 108 m∕sec.
L0 ∕λ0 1.0263 1.0263

p (H − W) = ( )= ( )= = 0.77115
2N+1 10 + 1 0.23087 + 1.1
S∕λ0 + 2N 0.23087 +
10
vp = pv0 = 0.77115(3 × 108 ) = 2.31345 × 108 m∕sec.
H − W ≡ Hansen-Woodyard
10.29. The normalized far-field pattern is
( ) S = 0.24933
√ m = 0.24933λ0
𝜋 sin[(N∕2)𝜓] λ0 √
= 1 m,
E = sin cos 𝜃 , = (0.24933)2 + 12 λ0
2N sin[𝜓∕2] L0 = S2 + C2
S = 1.0306λ0
( )
L
where 𝜓 = k0 S cos 𝜃 − 0
p
L0 ∕λ0 1.0306
(a) p = = = 0.824933
S∕λ0 + 1 0.24933 + 1
L0 ∕λ0 1.0306
(b) p = ( )= = 0.763797
S∕λ0 + 2N 2N+1 0.24933 + 1.1
(c) p = 1
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
Amplitude–Pattern 180
Fig. P10.29(a) Helical Antenna (Ordinary End-fire)
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324 SOLUTION MANUAL
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
Fig. P10.29(b) Helical Antenna (Hansen-Woodyard End-fire)
90 0
120 60
–10
150 –20 30
–30
180
210 330
240 300
270
Fig. P10.29(c) Helical Antenna (p = 1)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 325
10.30. Using computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.

(a) Ordinary end-fire; D0 = 9.2178 dB
(b) Hansen-Woodyard end-fire; D0 = 11.98661 dB
(c) p = 1; D0 = 5.0365 dB
10.31. f = 500 MHZ ⇒ λ = 300 × 106 ∕500 × 106 = 3∕5 = 0.6 m
(a) Near Optimum ⇒ C ≃ λ = 0.6 m
(b) Pitch angle near optimum is 𝛼 = 14◦
( )
S S
Using (10-24) ⇒ 𝛼 = tan−1 ⇒ = tan 𝛼 = tan 14◦ = 0.24933
C C
S = 0.24933C = 0.24933λ =(0.149598
) m
C
(c) Using (10-30) ⇒ Rin ≃ 140 = 140 ohms
λ
52λ3∕2 52λ3∕2
Using (10-31) ⇒ HPBW (degrees) ≃ √ = √ = 46.57◦
C NS λ 5(0.24933λ)
115λ3∕2 115λ3∕2
Using (10-32) ⇒ FNBW(degrees) ≃ √ = √
C NS λ 5(0.24933λ)
= 102.997◦
C2 S λ2 (0.24933λ)
Using (10-33) ⇒ D0 ≃ 15N 3
D0 = 15(5) = 18.7 = 12.72 dB
λ λ3
2N + 1 2(5) + 1 11
AR (for increased directivity) = = = = 1.1
2N 2(5) 10
(d) Z0 = 50:
| R − Z0 | | 140 − 50 |
|Γ| = || in |=|
| |
| = 0.47368
|
| Rin + Z0 | | 140 + 50 |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.47368
VSWR = = ≃ 2.8
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.47368
Z0 = 75:
| R − Z0 | | 140 − 75 |
|Γ| = || in |=| | = 0.302326
| | |
| Rin + Z0 | | 140 + 75 |
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.302326
VSWR = = ≃ 1.867
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.302326
10.32. f = 500 MHz → λ = 60 cm

( )
S
(a) 𝛼 = tan−1 ⇒ S = C tan 𝛼 = 60 tan (13◦ ) = 60(0.23) = 13.852 cm
C
52λ3∕2 52(60)3∕2 52 (464.758)
HPBW (degrees) = 45◦ = √ = √ = √
C NS 60 N(13.852) 60 N(13.852)
[ ]2
1 52(464.758) 80.1185
N= = = 5.7839 ≃ 6
13.852 60(45) 13.852
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
326 SOLUTION MANUAL
2 2
(b) D0 = 15N Cλ3S = 15(6) (60) (60)
(13.852)
3 = 90(13.852)
60
D0 = 20.778 = 13.176 dB
2N + 1 2(6) + 1 13
(c) AR = = = = 1.0833
2N 12 12
3 60(4) v
(d) C1 = λ = 60 cm ⇒ λ1 = = 80 cm ⇒ λ1 =
4 3 f1
f1 = 3 × 1010 ∕80 = 375 MHz
4 3(60)
C2 = λ = 60 cm ⇒ λ2 = = 45 cm, f2 = 666.67 MHz
3 2 4
( )
(e) R0 = 140 (1) = 140 ohms, R1 = 140 3 = 105 ohms
4
( )
4
R2 = 140 = 186.67 ohms
3
10.33. N = 20, f = 1 GHz, PL = 1 Watt, Wi = 1 × 10−3 W∕cm2 , no losses

2N + 1 41
(a) AR = = = 1.025 ≃ 1: Circular polarization
2N 40
(b) P = A W ⇒ A = PL = 1 = 1,000 cm2
L em i em
Wi 10−3
30 × 109 1,000λ2 1,000 2 10 2
λ0 = = 30 cm ⇒ Aem = = λ = λ
109 (30)2 900 9
Because of linear polarized incident field and nearly circularly polarized antenna
( )
4𝜋 4𝜋 10 2 80𝜋
D0 ≃ (2) 2
Aem = (2) 2
λ = = 27.9253 = 14.46 dB
λ λ 9 9
D0 ≃ 27.9253 = 14.46 dB
(c) Since there are no other antenna losses
G0 = D0 ≃ 27.9253 = 14.46 dB
(d) C ≃ λ, 𝛼 ≃ 13◦ , S = C tan 𝛼 = λ0 tan (13◦ ) = 0.2309 λ0

√ √
L0 = S2 + C2 = λ0 (1)2 + (0.2309)2 = 1.0263 λ0
(e) For increased directivity design, use Hansen–Woodyard
L0 ∕λ0 1.0263
p= ( )= = 0.8172
2N + 1 0.2309 + 41∕40
S∕λ0 +
2N
p = 0.8172
C2 S
10.34. D0 ≃ 15N
λ3
(a) 15 = 10 log10 D0 (VR) ⇒ D0 (VR) = 101.5 = 31.62, C ≃ λ, S = λ∕10
( )
1
31.62 ≃ 15N ⇒ N = 21.08 ≃ 21
10
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 327
2N + 1 42 + 1 43
(b) AR = = = = 1.0238 = 0.2 dB
2N 42 42√ √
52λ 3∕2 52 10 10
(c) HPBW = √ = √ = 52 = 52(0.69) = 35.88◦ = 0.626 rads
λ 21(λ∕10) 21 21
41,253 41,253
D0 (Kraus) = = = 32.04 = 15.06 dB
Θ1d Θ2d (35.88)2
72,815 72,815
D0 (Tai & Pereira) = = = 28.28 = 14.51 dB
Θ21d
2
+ Θ2d 2(35.88) 2
( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ◦
(d) 𝛽 = ± kS + 𝜋 = ± 2𝜋 λ + 𝜋 = ± 1 + 1 𝜋 180
N λ 10 21 5 21 𝜋
( )
1 1
=± + 180◦
5 21
𝛽 = ± 44.57◦ = ± 0.78 radians
10.35. N = 10
f = 10 GHz
C = 0.95λ
𝛼 = 14◦
3 4 Mode of operation is Axial

(a) Since λ < C = 0.95λ < λ ⇒
4 3 (End-Fire)
(b) S = C tan 𝛼 = 0.95λ tan (14◦ ) = 0.95λ(0.2493) = 0.2369λ
52λ3∕2 52λ3∕2
HPBW = √ = 35.57◦ = √
0.95λ 10(0.2369λ) C NS
C2 S (0.95λ)2 (0.2369λ)
(c) D0 = 15N = 15(10) = 32.07 = 15.06 dB
λ3 λ3
41,253 41,253
D0 = = = 32.61 = 15.13 dB
Θ1d Θ2d (35.57)2
10.36. N = 10 f = 500 MHz

C=λ Pin = 5 Watts
Z0 = 78
( )
(a) R ≃ 140 C = 140 ohms
λ
R − Z0 140 − 78
Γ= = = 0.2844
R + Z0 140 + 78
Prad = (1 − |Γ|2 )Pin = (1 − |0.2844|2 )5 = 0.919116(5) = 4.595
Prad = 4.595 Watts
Prad 4.595
(b) Wisotropic = = = 0.3656 × 10−8
4𝜋r2 4𝜋(104 )2
Wisotropic = 3.656 × 10−9 = 3.656 nWatts∕m2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
328 SOLUTION MANUAL
C2 S λ2 (λ)
(c) D0 ≃ 15N = 15(10) = 15 = 11.76 dB
λ3 10λ3
Whelix |max = Wisotropic D0 = 3.656 × 15 × 10−9 = 54.84 × 10−9
Whelix |max = 54.84 nWatts∕m2
λ2 v 3 × 108
(d) Aem = D0 , λ = = = 0.6 meters
4𝜋 f 5 × 108
0.36
Aem = (15) = 0.4297 m2
4𝜋
Prec = Whelix Aem = 54.84 × 10−9 (0.4297) = 23.56 × 10−9
Prec = 23.56 × 10−9 Watts = 23.56 nWatts
2N + 1 40 + 1
10.37. AR = = = 1.025 ≃ 1
2N 40
| |2 | |2
| (̂
a ± ĵ
a y) | | 1 |
PLF = ||â x ⋅ x
√ | = | √ | = 1 = −3.01 dB
| | |
| 2 || | 2| 2
| | |
1 + |Γ| 1.1 − 1 0.1

10.38. VSWR = = 1.1 ⇒ 1 + |Γ| = 1.1(1 − |Γ|) ⇒ |Γ| = = = 0.0476
1 − |Γ| 1.1 + 1 2.1
| ±(ZL − Zc ) | ±(ZL − 300)
(a) |Γ| = || |= ⇒ |Γ|(ZL + 300) = ±(ZL − 300)
|
| ZL + Zc | ZL + 300
( ) ( )
−|Γ ∓ 1 −0.0476 ∓ 1
ZL (|Γ| ∓ 1) = 300(∓1 − |Γ|) ⇒ ZL = 300 = 300
|Γ| ∓ 1 0.0476 ∓ 1
( )
⎧ 300 −0.0476 − 1 = 300 (1.0958) = 328.74 (using −)
⎪ 0.0476 − 1
ZL = ⎨ ( )
⎪ 300 −0.0476 +1
= 300 (0.909) = 272.74 (using +)
⎩ 0.0476 + 1
328.74 272.74
(b) = 82.186, = 68.185
4 4
λ∕2 resonant folded dipole will transform impedance.
10.39. Zin = 300 + j25

1 1
(a) Yin = = = 1.1034 × 10−5 (300 − j25)
Zin 300 + j25
= 3.3103 × 10−3 − j 0.27586 × 10−3
Ystub = +j 0.27586 × 10−3 (capacitive)
1 1
(b) Zstub = = = −j3.625 × 103 = −j3, 625 (capacitive) = −jXc
Ystub j0.27586 × 10−3
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 329
(c) Zin = j300 tan (kl) = −j3,625 ⇒ 300 tan (kl) = −3,625
⇒ kl = tan−1 (−3,625∕300) = tan−1 (−12.0853)
λ λ
l = tan−1 (−12.0853) = (85.2691◦ = 1.4882 rads) = 0.2369λ
2𝜋 2𝜋
l = 0.2369λ
′
(d) Yin = 3.3103 × 10−3 ⇒ Zin
′ ′
= 1∕Yin = 1∕3.3103 × 10−3 = 302.0874
′ −Z
Zin c 302.0874 − 300
Γ= ′
= = 0.00347
Zin + Zc 302.0874 + 300
1 + |Γ| 1 + 0.00347
10.40. VSWR = = = 1.007
1 − |Γ| 1 − 0.00347
−j 𝜋8 −jks12 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 j𝜋
U(𝜃, 𝜙) ∼ |E𝜃 |2 = sin2 𝜃|1 − e e − e 8 ejks23 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 |2
−j 𝜋8 −jks12 j𝜋
Umax = |1 − e e − e 8 ejks23 |2
j𝜋 j𝜋
|1 − e 8 e−jks12 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − e 8 ejks23 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 |2
Pn (𝜃, 𝜙) = sin 𝜃 2
−j 𝜋8 −jks12 j𝜋
|1 − e e − e 8 ejks23 |2
𝜋
E-plane: 𝜙 = ; 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋
2
𝜋
H-plane: 𝜃 = ; 0 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋
2
(a)
90 1 90 1.5
120 60 120 60
0.8
1
0.6
150 30 150 30
0.4 0.5
0.2
180 0 180 0
210 330 210 330
240 300 240 300

270 270
E–plane H–plane
(b)
s23 FBR|E−plane
0.15λ 2.32
0.20λ 15.0
0.25λ 77.1
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
330 SOLUTION MANUAL
10.41. (a) See Figure P10-41

(b) 16.8385 dB
(c) 17.6497 degrees
(d) 17.9358 degrees
(e) 15.2290 dB
(f) 15.1964 dB
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
E–Plane Pattern
H–Plane Pattern
E and H Plane Field Pattern of Yagi-Uda Antenna (Prob. 10-41)
Fig. P10.41
10.42. (a) See Figure P10-42

(b) 9.29577 dB
(c) 54.0517 degrees
(d) 65.7668 degrees
(e) 7.65044 dB
(f) 7.64547 dB
10.43. λ0 = 3 × 108 ∕f0 = 3 × 108 ∕2.16 × 108 = 1.3889 m = 138.89 cm = 54.68′′ = 4.56′
Since the gain of a λ∕2 dipole is
G0 = 10 log10 (1.643) = 2.156 ≃ 2.15 dB
then the gain of the Yagi–Uda array (above a λ∕2 dipole) is
G = 14.4 − 2.15 = 12.25 dB (relative to a λ∕2 dipole).

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 331
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
E–Field Pattern
H–Field Pattern
E and H Plane Field Pattern of Yagi-Uda Antenna (Prob. 10-42)
Fig. P10.42
To accomplish this, according to Table 10-6, it would require

(a) 12 elements (1 reflector, 1 feeder, 10 directors)
(b) s12 (reflector-feed) = 0.2λ0 = 0.278 m = 0.912 ft
(c) sik (director spacing) = 0.2λ0 = 0.278 m = 0.912 ft
(d) L = 2.2λ0 = 2.2(1.3889) = 3.0556 m = 10.025 ft
(e) For d∕λ0 = 0.0085, l1′′ = 0.482λ0 , l3′′ = 0.432λ0 , l4′′ = 0.415λ0
l5′′ = 0.407λ0 = l12

′′ , l6′′ = 0.398λ0 = l11
′′ , l7′′ = 0.390λ0 = l8′′ = l9′′ = l10
′′
3∕8
(f) For a desired d∕λ0 = = 0.00686 ⇒ d = 0.00686λ0 = 9.53 × 10−3 m
54.68
= 3.13 × 10−2 ft plot, the lengths from part e in Fig. 10-27 and draw a vertical line
through d∕λ0 = 0.00686. You will find that the uncompensated lengths are:
l1′ = 0.482λ0 , l3′ = 0.432λ0 l4′ = 0.420λ0 , l5′ = 0.412λ0 = l12

′
l6′ = 0.403λ0 = l11

′
, l7′ = 0.398λ0 = l8′ = l9′ = l10
′
3∕4
(g) For a D∕λ0 = = 0.0137 ⇒ D = 0.0137λ0 = 1.9 × 10−2 m = 6.25 × 10−2 ft, you
54.68
find from Fig.10-28, that each element lenght must be increased by Δl = 0.0095λ0 . Thus
for the array design
l1 = (0.482 + 0.0095)λ0 = 0.4915λ0 = 0.683 m = 2.24 ft

l3 = (0.432 + 0.0095)λ0 = 0.4415λ0 = 0.613 m = 2.01 ft
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
332 SOLUTION MANUAL
l4 = (0.420 + 0.0095)λ0 = 0.4295λ0 = 0.596 m = 1.96 ft

l5 = l12 = (0.412 + 0.0095)λ0 = 0.4215λ0 = 0.585 m = 1.92 ft
l6 = l11 = (0.403 + 0.0095)λ0 = 0.4115λ0 = 0.573 m = 1.88 ft
l7 = l8 = l9 = l10 = (0.398 + 0.0095)λ0 = 0.4075λ0 = 0.566 m = 1.86 ft
The driven element should be a λ∕2 folded dipole.

10.44. (a) vhf-tv channels 2-6 (54-88 mhz)
λ0 = 3 × 108 ∕f0 = 300 × 106 ∕88 × 106 = 3.409 m = 134.216′′ = 11.18 ft
The gain & number of elements are the same as for Prob. 10-43. Thus
Gain = G = 14.4 − 2.15 = 12.25 dB (relative to a λ∕2 dipole)
According to Table 10-6 and solution of Prob. 10-43, the design requires
a. 12 elements (1 relector, 1 feeder, 10 directors)
b. s12 (reflector-feeder spacing)= 0.2λ0 = 0.6816 m = 2.236 ft
c. sik (director spacing) = 0.2λ0 = 0.6816 m = 2.236 ft
d. L = 2.2λ0 = 2.2(3.409)m = 7.4998 m = 24.6056 ft
e. For d∕λ0 = 0.0085
l1′′ = 0.482λ0 , l3′′ = 0.432λ0 , l4′′ = 0.415λ0 , l5′′ = 0.407λ0 = l12
′′
l6′′ = 0.398λ0 = l11

′′ , l′′ = 0.390λ = l′′ = l′′ = l′′
7 0 8 9 10
3∕8
f. For a desired d∕λ0 = = 0.002794 ⇒ d = 0.002794λ0 = 0.00952 m
134.216
= 0.0312 ft
drawing a vertical through d∕λ0 = 0.002794 in Fig. 10-27, leads to the uncompen-
sated lengths of
l1′ = 0.487λ0 , l3′ = 0.452λ0 , l4′ = 0.438λ0 , l5′ = 0.432λ0 = l12
′
l6′ = 0.427λ0 = l11

′ , l′ = 0.420λ = l′ = l′ = l′
7 0 8 9 10
3∕4
g. For a D∕λ0 = = 0.005588 ⇒ D = 0.005588λ0 = 1.9 × 10−2 m
134.216
= 6.25 × 10−2 ft you find from Fig. 10-28 that each element must be increased in
lenght by Δl = 0.003λ0 . Thus for the array design
l1 = (0.487 + 0.003)λ0 = 0.490λ0 = 1.6704 m = 5.4782 ft

l3 = (0.452 + 0.003)λ0 = 0.455λ0 = 1.5511 m = 5.0869 ft
l4 = (0.438 + 0.003)λ0 = 0.441λ0 = 1.5034 m = 4.9304 ft
l12 = l5 = (0.432 + 0.003)λ0 = 0.435λ0 = 1.4829 m = 4.8633 ft
l11 = l6 = (0.427 + 0.003)λ0 = 0.430λ0 = 1.4659 m = 4.8074 ft
l7 = l8 = l9 = l10 = (0.420 + 0.003)λ0 = 0.423λ0 = 1.4420 m = 4.7291 ft

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 333
(b) VHF-TV Channels 7-13 (174-216 MHz)

Since the design is performed at the upper frequency of the desired frequency band (in
this case f0 = 216 MHz), and it is assumed it accomodates all the frequencies below
f0 (f < f0 = 216 MHz), the design for this part is identical to that of Prob. 10-43. For the
specific details, see the solution of Problem 10-43.
300 × 106
10.45. f0 = 108 MHz ⇒ λ0 = = 2.778 m = 9.1134 ft
108 × 106
Gain = G = 12.35 − 2.15 = 10.2 dB (relative to a λ∕2 dipole)
According to Table 10.6, the design requires
(b) s12 (reflector-feeder spacing) = 0.5556 m = 1.823 ft = 0.2λ0
(d) L = 1.2λ0 = 3.3336 m = 10.936 ft
(e) For d∕λ0 = 0.0085
l1′′ = 0.482λ0 , l3′′ = 0.428λ0 = l6′′ , l4′′ = 0.420λ0 = l5′′
3∕8
(f) For a desired d∕λ0 = = 0.003429
109.36
⇒ d = 0.003429λ0 = 6.097 × 10−3 m = 3.125 × 10−2 ft
drawing a vertical line through d∕λ0 = 0.003429 in Fig. 10-27, leads to the uncompen-
sated lengths of
l1′ = 0.485λ0
l3′ = 0.445λ0 = l6′
l4′ = 0.438λ0 = l5′
3∕4
(g) For a D∕λ0 = = 0.00686 ⇒ D = 6.86λ0 = 1.905 × 10−2 m = 6.25 × 10−2 ft
109.36
You find from Fig.10-28 that each element must be increased in length by
Δl = 0.004λ0 . Thus for the array design
l1 = (0.485 + 0.004) λ0 = 0.489 λ0 = 1.358 m = 4.456 ft
l6 = l3 = (0.445 + 0.004) λ0 = 0.449 λ0 = 1.247 m = 4.092 ft
l5 = l4 = (0.438 + 0.004) λ0 = 0.442 λ0 = 1.228 m = 4.028 ft
The driven element shoult be a λ∕2 folded dipole.
300 × 106
10.46. f0 = 806 MHz ⇒ λ0 = = 0.3722 m = 1.221 ft = 14.654′′
806 × 106
Gain = G = 12.35 − 2.15 = 10.2 (relative to a λ∕2 dipole)
According to Table 10.6, the design requires
(b) s12 (reflector-feeder spacing) = 0.20λ0 = 0.0744 m = 0.2442 ft
(d) L = 1.2λ0 = 0.44665 m = 1.4654 ft
(e) For d∕λ0 = 0.0085 ⇒ d = 8.5 × 10−3 λ0 = 3.16 × 10−3 m = 1.04 × 10−2 ft
l1′′ = 0.482λ0 = 0.1794 m = 0.5886 ft
l3′′ = 0.428λ0 = 0.1593 m = 0.5226 ft = l6′′
l4′′ = 0.420λ0 = 0.1563 m = 0.5129 ft = l5′′
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
334 SOLUTION MANUAL
3∕32
(f) For a desired d∕λ0 = = 6.4 × 10−3 ⇒ d = 0.00238 m = 0.00782 ft. Drawing
14.654
a vertical line through d∕λ0 = 0.0064 in Fig. 10-27, leads to the uncompensated
lengths of
l1′ = 0.484λ0 = 0.1801 m = 0.591 ft
l3′ = 0.434λ0 = 0.1615 m = 0.530 ft = l6′
l4′ = 0.428λ0 = 0.1794 m = 0.527 ft = l5′
3∕16
(g) For a D∕λ0 = = 0.012795 ⇒ D = 0.012795λ0 = 4.76 × 10−3 m = 1.56 × 10−2 ft.
14.654
You find from Fig.10-28 that each element must be increased in length by
Δl = 0.0076λ0 . Thus for the array design
l1 = (0.484 + 0.0076)λ0 = 0.4916λ0 = 0.1830 m = 0.6003 ft

l6 = l3 = (0.434 + 0.0076)λ0 = 0.4416λ0 = 0.1644 m = 0.5393 ft
l5 = l4 = (0.428 + 0.0076)λ0 = 0.4356λ0 = 0.1621 m = 0.5319 ft

P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
CHAPTER 11
Solution Manual
11.1. 𝜙0 = 0, 𝜋; f = 10 MHz, 𝜌0 = 0.5 × √

10−3 λ
1
(a) 𝜌1 = 𝜌0 ea(𝜙−𝜙0 ) , L = (𝜌1 − 𝜌0 ) 1+
a2
30 × 109
λ= = 3, 000 cm = 30 m ⇒ L = λ = 30 m
10 × 10
Thus
√
−3 a(2𝜋−0) 1
1λ = 0.5 × 10 λ[e − 1] 1+
a2
Solving iteratively, it yields
a = 1.166 rad−1
(b) 𝜌1 = 𝜌0 ea(𝜙−𝜙0 ) = 0.5 × 10−3 λe1.166(2𝜋−0) = 0.75979λ = 22.79 m

(c) 𝜌 = 𝜌0 ea(𝜙−𝜙0 ) = 0.015e1.166(𝜙−0) = 0.015e1.166𝜙 = 0.5λe1.166𝜙
x
0m 30 m
ρ
ϕ 1 meter 25 m
5m 20 m
10 m 15 m

335
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
336 SOLUTION MANUAL
11.2. Using the geometry of Figure 11-9

[ ] [ ]
−1 ln ∕2 ln
𝛼 = tan = tan −1
Rn 2Rn
⎛ dn ⎞
( ) ( ) ⎜R ⎟
ln dn ∕2𝜎
Using (11-26a) ⇒ 𝛼 = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 ⎜ n ⎟
2Rn 2Rn ⎜ 4𝜎 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ dn ⎞ ⎛ dn+1 ⎞
⎜R ⎟ ⎜R ⎟
𝛼 = tan−1 ⎜ n ⎟ = tan−1 ⎜
n+1 ⎟
⎜ 4𝜎 ⎟ ⎜ 4𝜎 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
As the spacing between the elements approaches zero
⎛ dn+1 ⎞ ⎡ Rn+1 − Rn ⎤ ⎡ Rn ⎤
⎜R ⎟ ⎢ R ⎥ ⎢ 1− R ⎥ ( )
1−𝜏
𝛼 = tan−1 ⎜
n+1 ⎟
= tan−1 ⎢ ⎥ = tan−1 ⎢
n+1 n+1 ⎥
= tan−1
⎜ 4𝜎 ⎟ ⎢ 4𝜎 ⎥ ⎢ 4𝜎 ⎥ 4𝜎
⎜ ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
11.3. D0 = 9 dB, Rin = 75 Ω
(a) f = (54 − 216) MHz DL = 1.905 cm, Ds = 0.476 cm
Optimum 𝜎|D0 =9 dB = 0.175, 𝜏|D0 =9 dB = 0.93

( )
−1 1 − 0.93
𝛼 = tan = 5.711◦ , Bar = 1.1 + 7.7(1 − 0.93)2 cot 𝛼 = 1.477
4(0.175)
216 3 × 108
Bs = (1.477) = 5.908, λmax = = 5.556 m
54 54 × 106
( ) ( )
λ 1 5.556 1
L = max 1 − cot 𝛼 = 1− cot(5.711◦ ) = 11.538 m
4 Bs 4 5.908
ln(5.908)
N = 1+ = 25.477 ≈ 25 or 26 elements
ln(1∕0.93)
0.175 λmax
𝜎′ = √ = 0.1815, lmax = = 2.778 m, dmax = 0.75 in = 1.905 cm
0.93 2
lmax ∕dmax = 145.8268
Using (11-33) ⇒ Za = 120[ln(145.8268) − 2.25] = 327.89 ohms
Za ∕Rin = 327.89∕75 = 4.372 ⇒ Z0 ∕Rin ≃ 1.15 (From Fig 11.14)

Z0 = 1.15(75) = 86.25 ohms
( )
3 86.25
s = cosh = 0.75 cosh(0.719) = 0.75(1.26961) = 0.9522′ = 2.42 cm
4 120
(b) Again from Part a.

88
𝜏 = 0.93, 𝛿 = 0.175, 𝛼 = 5.711◦ , Bar = 1.477, Bs = (1.477) = 2.407
54
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 337
( )
5.556 1
λmax = 5.556 m, L = 1− cot(5.711◦ ) = 8.1187 m
4 2.407
ln 2.407
N = 1+ = 13.10 ⇒ N = 13 elements
ln(1∕0.93)
lmax 2.778
𝛿 ′ = 0.1815, lmax = 2778 m, = = 145.8268
dmax 1.905 × 10−2
Za Z
Za = 327.89 ohm, = 4.372 ⇒ 0 = 1.15, Z0 = 1.15(75) = 86.25 ohms
Rin Rin
( )
3 86.25
s = cosh = 0.75 cosh(0.719) = 0.75(1.26961) = 0.9522′′ = 2.42 cm
4 120
(c) Again from Part a.
216
𝜏 = 0.93, 𝜎 = 0.175, 𝛼 = 5.711◦ , Bar = 1.477, Bs = (1.477) = 1.8335
174
( )
3 × 108 1.724 1
λmax = = 1.724 m, L = 1 − cot(5.711◦ ) = 1.959 m
174 × 106 4 1.8335
ln(1.8335) l 0.8612
N = 1+ = 9.354, N = 9 or 10 element, max = = 143.53
ln(1∕0.93) dmax 0.006
Za
Za = 120[ln(143.53) − 2.25] = 325.988 ohms, = 4.3465
Rin
Z0
⇒ = 1.2 ⇒ Z0 ≃ 1.2(75) = 90 ohms
Rin
s = 0.6 cosh(90∕120) = 0.6(1.2947) = 0.7768 cm
(d) f = (512 − 806) MHz, DL = 0.2 cm, Ds = 0.128 cm

Again from Part a: 𝜎|D0=9 dB = 0.175, 𝜏 = 0.93, 𝛼 = 5.711◦ , Bar = 1.477
( )( )
806 3 × 108 ∕512 × 106 1
Bs = (1.477) = 2.326, L = 1− cot 𝛼 = 0.835 m
512 4 2.326
N = 1 + ln(2.36)∕ln(1∕0.93) = 12.63 ≈ N = 13 elements
λmax l 0.293 l l
lmax = = 0.293 m, max = −2
= 146.5, min = 145.3, n = 145.9
2 dmax 0.2 × 10 dmin dn
Za 328
Za = 120[ln(145.9) − 2.25] = 328.0, = = 4.373
Rin 75
Z0
𝜎 ′ = 0.1815, from Fig 11.14 ⇒ = 1.15 ∴ Z0 = 1.15(75) = 86.25 ohms
Rin
( )
86.25
s = (0.2 cm) cosh = 2.539 mm, s = 2.54 × 10−3 m
120
(e) Again from Part a:
108 3 × 108
Bs = (1.477) = 1.8127, λmax = = 3.409 m
88 88 × 106
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
338 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
λ 1
L = max 1− cot 𝛼 = 3.82073 m,
4 Bs
ln(1.8127)
N = 1+ = 9.1964
ln(1∕0.93)
λmax l 1.7045
N = 9 or 10 elements, lmax = = 1.7045 m, max = = 145.8
2 dmax 1.169 × 10−2
Za = 120[ln(145.808) − 2.25] = 327.875 ohms
Za 327.875 Z
= = 4.37167 ⇒ 0 ≈ 1.16 ⇒ Z0 = 87 ohms
Rin 75 Rin
( )
87
s = (1.169 cm) cosh = 1.169(1.2745) = 1.48992 cm
120
11.4. Since for all parts of Problem 11.3, 𝜏 = 0.93, then according to (11.27)
( ) ( ) ( )
f2 1 1
(a) Δ = ln( f2 ) − ln( f1 ) = ln = ln = ln = 0.07257
f1 2 0.93
or f2 ∕f1 = 1∕2 = 1.07527 ⇒ f2 = 1.07527f1
(b) fmax = (1.07527)N fmin ⇒ N = log10 ( fmax ∕fmin )∕ log10 (1.07527). Thus
( )
216
(a) N = log10 ∕ log10 (1.07527) ≈ 19 (b) N ≃ 6.729, (c) N ≃ 2.9795
54
(d) N ≃ 6.2526 (e) N ≃ 2.822
11.5. Using the design program, LPOA.FOR, set up the main screen as shown. Whether or not
the dipole diameters are quantized make little difference as long as they are quantized to
reasonable value.
Please see the file LPDA.DOC for information about these parameters
1 Design Title: Homework Problem 11.5
2 Upper Design Frequency 216.00000 MHz
3 Lower Design Frequency 54.00000 MHz
4 Tau, Sigma, and Directivity Choices...
Directivity: 7.00000 dBi
5 Length to Diameter Ratio 40.00000
6 Source Resistance .00000 0hms
7 Length of Source Transmission Line .00000 m
8 Impedance of Source Transmission Line 5.00000 + j0.0
9 Boom Spacing Choices...
Boom Diameter: 10.00000 cm
Desired Input Impedance: 65.00000 0hms
10 Length of Termination Transmission Line .00000 m
11 Termination Impedance 100000.00000 + j0.0
12 Tube Quantization Choices...
13 Design Summary and Analysis Choices...
Design Summary : Y
E-and H-plane Patterns : N
Custom Plane Pattern : N
Swept Frequency Analysis : Y
14 Begin Design and Analysis
Please enter a line number or enter 15 to save and exit.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 339
(a)
Gain vs. Frequency

10
0
Gain (dBi)
100,000 Ohm Load
–10
–20
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
Input impedance vs. Frequency

200
150
Input impedance (Ohms)
100 100,000 Ohm Load
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
340 SOLUTION MANUAL
VSWR vs. Frequency

5
3
VSWR
100,000 Ohm Load
0
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
(b) The directivity peaks when the frequency is shown below. The ratio of each frequency
to the next highest is also shown
f (MHz) 𝜏 (Ratio)
73.87 0.6447
114.58 0.7579
151.19 0.7937
190.49 0.7937
240.00 0.8313
288.72 0.8507
339.41 0.9330
363.77 ———
The average of the ratios is 0.80. The computer program calculated 0.78.
(c) At frequencies below the lower design frequency, no element is long enough to support
a half-wavelength resonance, so the antenna ceases to act as a radiating structure.
At frequencies above the upper design frequency, several elements might be capable of
supporting resonances which are multiples of a half wavelength. Therefore, the antenna
does not lose its radiating characteristics, but it does tend to lose its directive properties.
11.6. Please see the file LPDA.DOC for information about these parameters
8 Impedance of Source Transmission Line 75.00000 + j 0.0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 341

11 Termination Impedance 75.00000 + j 0.0
Design Summary : Y
E-and H-plane Patterns : N
Swept Frequency Analysis Y
14 Begin Design and Analysis :
(a)
Gain vs. Frequency

10
0
Gain (dBi)
75 Ohm Load
–10
–20
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
Input Impedance vs. Frequency

200
150
Input Impedance (Ohms)
100 75 Ohm Load
50
0
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
342 SOLUTION MANUAL
VSWR vs. Frequency

5
3
VSWR
75 Ohm Load
2
0
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
(b) The 75 ohms termination resistor acts as a matched load which prevents reflections from
occuring at the end of the antenna. The 100 K ohms termination does not prevent these
reflections. Any reflected energy has a second chance to radiate, often in a destructive
fashion relative to the primary radiation. The result is a rapidly varying input impedance,
gain, and VSWR, especially at low frequencies.
6 Source Resistance 10.00000 0hms
Design Summary : Y
E- and H-plane Patterns: N
Swept Frequency Analysis : Y
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 343
(a)
Gain vs. Frequency

8
5
Gain (dBi)
Rs = 0 Ohms
4
Rs = 10 Ohms
0
0 100 200 300 400
Frequency (MHz)
(b) A fraction of the source current is absorbed by the source resistance, and a fraction is
absorbed by the antenna. The fraction absorbed by the source resistance is Rs ∕(Rs + Zin ).
Zin
The fraction absorbed by the antenna is
Rs + Zin
( )2
Zin
Therefore, the efficiency is e = = 77.9%
Rs + Zin
(c) Since the antenna of Problem 11.6 is 100% efficient (Rs = 0 ohms), the antenna of this
problem should exhibit a gain pattern which is 10log(0.779) dB = −1.09 dB different
than that of Problem 11.6. The calculated gains of the two antennas are shown.
7 Length of Source Transmission Line 2.00000 m
Design Summary : Y
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
344 SOLUTION MANUAL
E-and H-plane Patterns : Y

Swept Frequency Analysis : N
(a)
E- and H-Plane Gain

10
–10
Gain (dBi)
–20
E-plane gain
–30 H-plane gain
–40
–50
0 90 180 270 360
Frequency (MHz)
(b)
E- and H-Plane Gain

8
7.5
E-plane gain
7
H-plane gain
6.5
6
Gain (dBi)
5.5
4.5
3.5
3
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
15 45 75 105 135 165 195 225 255 285 315 345
Theta (degrees)
3-dB beamwidths are E-plane ∼ 67◦

H-plane ∼ 103◦
(c) From the E and H-plane analysis at 600 MHz, the front-to-back ratio is 12.89 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 345
(d) The E-plane has deep nulls because this plane corresponds to the plane of the dipoles.
The dipole pattern has a null along the axis of the dipole; therefore, the log-periodic
dipole array has a null there also.
} ( )( )
11.9. 2a = λ∕𝜋 2𝜋 λ
ka = =1
a = λ∕𝜋 λ 2𝜋
1 + 3(ka)2 1+3
(a) Q= 3 2
= =2
(ka) [1 + (ka) ] 1(1 + 1)
Δf 1 1
(b) = =
f0 Q 2
11.10. l = λ∕10, b = λ∕500, f0 = 500 MHz
(a) According to (11-35a), λ /10 a = λ /20 = 0.05λ
1 + 2(ka)2 ( )
2𝜋 λ 𝜋
Qmin = , ka = = = 0.314927
(ka)3 [1 + (ka)2 ] λ 20 10
1 + 2(0.314927)2 1 + 0.198358
Qmin = =
(0.314927)3 [1 + (0.314927)2 ] 0.031234[1 + 0.099179]
1.198358
Qmin = = 34.905
0.0343318
Δf 1 1
FBWmax = = = = 0.02865
f0 Qmin 34.905
(b) Δf = 0.02865 f0 = 0.02865(500) = 14.3246

Δf
= 7.1623 MHz
2
( )
Δf
fl = 500 − = 500 − 7.1623 = 492.838 MHz
2
( )
Δf
fu = 500 + = 500 + 7.1623 = 507.1623 MHz
2
(c) According to Figure 4.2, the radius of the sphere which separates the two regions is
referred to as
λ
Radian Distance r = = 0.1592λ
2𝜋
1 + 2(ka)2 1
11.11. Q= ≈
(ka)3 [1 + (ka)2 ] (ka)3
( )
λ 2𝜋 λ 𝜋
(a) a= , ka = = = 0.157
40 λ 40 20
1 + 2(𝜋∕20)2 1 + 0.049
Q = ( )3 = = 264.28
𝜋 0.003875[1 + 0.02467]
[1 + (𝜋∕20)2 ]
20
Q = 264.28
P1: OTE/SPH P2: PAE
346 SOLUTION MANUAL
1 1 1
Q≃ [ ( )]3 = (𝜋∕20)3 = 0.003875 = 258.01
2𝜋 λ
λ 40
(b) Larger to better utilize the available volume.
Δf 1
11.12. (a) = = 0.1 ⇒ Q = 10
f0 Q
d 0.54
(b) From Figure 11.17, Q = 10 ⇒ ka = kd∕2 ≃ 0.54 ⇒ = λ = 0.0859λ
2 2𝜋
d = 0.1718λ = λ∕5.82
(c) alternate: If ka = kd∕2 ≪ 1
( )3
1 1 kd 1
Q ≃ = = 10 ⇒ = = 0.1
(ka)3 (kd∕2)3 2 10
kd 2(0.1)1∕3
⇒ = (0.1)1∕3 ⇒ d =
2 k
2(0.1)1∕3 (0.1)1∕3 0.464159
d = = λ= λ = 0.1477λ = λ∕6.77
2𝜋∕λ 𝜋 𝜋
11.13. ecd = 50%, Δf ∕f0 = 1% = 0.01

Δf 1
(a) f = 0.01 = Q ⇒ Q = 100 for 100%
0
1 + 2(ka)2 ka≪1 1
50 = ≃ ⇒ (ka)3 = 1∕50 = 0.02
(ka)3 [1 + (ka)2 ] (ka)3
⇒ ka = (0.02)1∕3 = 0.2714
0.2714 0.2714
a = = = 0.0432λ ⇒ lmax = 2(0.0432λ) = 0.0864λ
k 2𝜋∕λ
(b) In practice, the measured:

1. Q would be larger because the space enclosed within the sphere of radius 0.0432λ
in not totally utilized.
2. fractional bandwidth would be smaller than the maximum of 1% because the mea-
sured Q would be larger than the ideal one.
11.14. ecd = 100%, Δf ∕f0 = 2% = 0.02
Δf 1 1 1
(a) = ⇒Q= = = 50
f0 Q Δf ∕f0 0.02
1 + 2(ka)2 ka≪1 1
Q = ≃ = 50
(ka)3 [1 + (ka)2 ] (ka)3
1
⇒ (ka)3 = = 0.02 ⇒ ka = (0.02)1∕3 = 0.2714
50
0.2714 0.2714
a = = = 0.0432λ ⇒ lmax = 2a = 2(0.0432λ) = 0.0864λ
k 2𝜋∕λ
(b) Q becomes smaller with increasing the cone angle because the antenna utilizes more
efficiently the spare within a sphere with radius 0.0432λ.
(c) The fractional bandwidth becomes larger with increasing the cone angle because the Q
becomes smaller; the two quantities (Q and Δf ∕f0 ) are inversely proportional.
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
CHAPTER 12
Solution Manual
12.1. (a) For a uniform plane wave
Ea = â x 𝜂H0 e−jkz |z=0 = â x 𝜂 H0
Equivalent
{
−2̂n × Ea = −2̂ay 𝜂H0 = −̂ay 2𝜂H0 over aperture
Ms =
0 elsewhere
(b) Far field.
b∕2 a∕2
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+jky′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
L𝜃 = My cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙ejkx dx dy
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
b∕2 a∕2
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃+jky′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
L𝜙 = My cos 𝜙ejkx dx dy
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
𝛼
C∕2 ⎡ sin C ⎤
(Using the formula j𝛼z
e dz = C ⎢ 2 ⎥
∫−C∕2 ⎢ 𝛼C ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
[ ]
sin X sin Y ka
L𝜃 = −2𝜂H0 ab cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
X Y 2
[ ]
sin X sin Y kb
L𝜙 = −2𝜂H0 ab cos 𝜙 Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
X Y 2
ke−jkr 𝜂H ab sin X sin Y
E𝜃 ≃ −j L𝜙 = j 0 ke−jkr cos 𝜙
4𝜋r 2𝜋r X Y
ke−jkr 𝜂H ab sin X sin Y
E𝜙 ≃j L = −j 0 ke−jkr cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 𝜃 2𝜋r X Y

347
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
348 SOLUTION MANUAL
12.2. (a) H i = â x H0 e−jkz , Ei = −̂ay 𝜂H0

{
−2̂n × Ei = −2̂ax 𝜂H0 over aperture
Ms =
0 elsewhere
(b) Far field.
sin X sin Y
L𝜃 = −2𝜂H0 ab cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ,
X Y
ka
X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
sin X sin Y 2
L𝜙 = 2𝜂H0 ab sin 𝜙
X Y kb
Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
𝜂H0 ab −jkr sin X sin Y
E𝜃 ≃ −j ke sin 𝜙
2𝜋r X Y
𝜂H0 ab −jkr sin X sin Y
E𝜙 ≃ −j ke cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2𝜋r X Y
12.3. (a) Ei = â y E0 e−jkz
{
−2̂n × E0 â y = â x 2E0 over aperture
Ms =
0 elsewhere
(b) Far field.
sin X sin Y ka kb
L𝜃 = 2E0 ab cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Y = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
X Y 2 2
sin X sin Y
L𝜙 = −2E0 ab sin 𝜙
X Y
ke−jkr ke−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ −j L𝜙 , E𝜙 ≅ j L
4𝜋r 4𝜋r 𝜃
12.4. This is the same problem as Problem (12.1) except Ea = â x E0 e−jkz

Equivalent Magnetic Current
{
−2̂n × Ea = −̂ay 2E0 , over aperture
(a) M s =
0, elsewhere
(b) Far field
E0 abk −jkr sin X sin Y

E𝜃 ≃ +j e cos 𝜙
2𝜋r X Y
E ab sin X sin Y
E𝜙 ≃ −j 0 ke−jkr cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2𝜋r X Y
ka
2
kb
2
12.5. Write an expression for the incident field
E = â z E0 ejk(y sin 𝜙0 −x cos 𝜙0 )

P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 349
′ sin 𝜙
At x = 0, E = â z E0 ejky 0
Using the equivalent current density

′ sin 𝜙
M = −2̂n × E = â y 2E0 ejky 0
Thus N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃)

L𝜃 = My cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙ejk(y dy′ dz′
∬
b∕2 a∕2
′ cos 𝜃
ejky (sin 𝜙0 +sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) dy′
′
= +2E0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ejkz dz′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
𝛼
C∕2 ⎛ sin C ⎞
Using ⎜
j𝛼z
e dz = C 2 ⎟
∫−C∕2 ⎜ 𝛼C ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
kb
[ ][ ] Z= cos 𝜃
sin Z sin Y 2
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 b a , where
Z Y ka
Y = (sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + sin 𝜙0 )
2
b∕2 a∕2
′ cos 𝜃
L𝜙 = 2E0 cos 𝜙 ejkz dz′ ejk(sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙+sin 𝜙0 ) dy′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
sin Y sin Z
L𝜙 = 2E0 ab cos 𝜙
Y Z
−jke−jkr abE0 cos 𝜙ke−jkr sin Y sin Z
Thus E𝜃 = L𝜙 = −j
4𝜋r 2𝜋r Y Z
jke−jkr abE0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙ke−jkr sin Y sin Z
E𝜙 = L𝜃 = +j
4𝜋r 2𝜋r Y Z
H𝜃 = −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 = E𝜃 ∕𝜂
12.6. E = (̂ay E0 cos 𝜙0 + â x E0 sin 𝜙0 )ejk(y sin 𝜙0 −x cos 𝜙0 )

E0 jk(y sin 𝜙 −x cos 𝜙 )
H = â z e 0 0
𝜂
At x = 0, E = (̂ay cos 𝜙0 + â x sin 𝜙0 )E0 ejky sin 𝜙0
Using the equivalent M = −2̂n × E = −2̂az cos 𝜙0 E0 ejky sin 𝜙0 ; thus N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0.

L𝜃 = − Mz sin 𝜃ejk(y dy′ dz′
∬
b∕2 a∕2
′ cos 𝜃
ejky (sin 𝜙0 +sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) dy′
′
= −2E0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙0 ejkz dz′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
kb
[ ][ ] cos 𝜃
Z=
sin Z sin Y 2
L𝜃 = −2E0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙0 b a , where
Z Y ka
Y = (sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + sin 𝜙0 )
2
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
350 SOLUTION MANUAL
L𝜙 = 0
ke−jkr E abk sin 𝜃 sin Y sin Z
E𝜙 = j L𝜃 = −j 0 cos 𝜙0 e−jkr
4𝜋r 2𝜋r Y Z
E𝜙
H𝜃 = −
𝜂
√ √
′ 2 ′ 2
12.7. (a) M s = 2Ea × n̂ = (̂ay × â z )2E0 e−jk0 x 2 = â x 2E0 e−jk0 x 2
𝜀 e−jk0 R ′
(b) F(r) = 0 M s (r′ ) ds
4𝜋 ∬ R
aperture
In the far-zone
√
𝜀0 e−jk0 r W∕2 L∕2 ′ 2 ′ cos 𝜙+y′ sin 𝜙) sin 𝜃
F(r) ≃ (̂ax 2E0 )e−jk0 x 2 ejk0 (x dx′ dy′
4𝜋 r ∫−W∕2 ∫−L∕2
√
𝜀 E e−jk0 r W∕2 jk y′ sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 ′ L∕2 jk0 x′ (cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃− 2
= â x 0 0 e 0 dy e 2
)
dx′
2𝜋 r ∫−W∕2 ∫−L∕2
𝜀0 E0 LW e−jk0 r sin(A) sin(B)
F(r) = â x
( 2𝜋 r A
√ )
B
k0 L 2 k W
where: A = cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 − , B = 0 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃
2 2 2
{ }
𝜀0 E0 LW e−jk0 r sin(A) sin(B)
F𝜃 = â 𝜃 ⋅ F = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2𝜋 r A B
{ }
−𝜀0 E0 LW e−jk0 r sin(A) sin(B)
F𝜙 = â 𝜙 ⋅ F = sin 𝜙
2𝜋 r A B
{ }
LW e−jk0 r sin(A) sin(B)
E𝜃 ≃ −j𝜔𝜂0 F𝜙 = jE0 sin 𝜙
λ r A B
{ }
LW e−jk0 r sin(A) sin(B)
E𝜙 ≃ j𝜔𝜂0 F𝜃 = jE0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
λ r A B
(c) Radiation intensity is maximum when A = B = 0
B=0→𝜙=0
√
2 𝜋
A = 0 → sin 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = = 45◦
2 4
12.8. Ea = â z E0 , M s = −2̂n × Ea = −2̂ax × â z E0 = â y 2E0 . Thus
My = 2E0 , Mx = Mz = Jx = Jy = Jz = 0
N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
0 0
L𝜃 = > cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + My cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −

[
M > sin 𝜃]ejk(y′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃) dy′ dz′

M
∬ x z
Sa
a∕2 b∕2
′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ′ cos 𝜃
= 2E0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ejky dy′ ejkz dz′
∫−a∕2 ∫−b∕2
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 351
[ ]
sin Y sin Z ka kb
L𝜃 = 2E0 ab cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ,Y = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙, Z = cos 𝜃
Y Z 2 2
0
L𝜙 = > sin 𝜙 + My cos 𝜙]ejk(y′ sin 𝜃⋅sin 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃) dy′ dz′

[−
M
∬ x
Sa
[ ]
sin Y sin Z
= 2E0 ab cos 𝜙
Y Z
Using (12-10a)-(12-10f)
Er ≃ 0
ke−jkr 0 abkE0 e−jkr [ sin Y sin Z
]
E𝜃 ≃ −j [L𝜙 + 𝜂N 𝜃 ] = −j cos 𝜙
4𝜋r 2𝜋r Y Z
−jkr 0 abkE0 e−jkr [ ]
ke sin Y sin Z
E𝜙 ≃ j [L𝜃 − 𝜂N 𝜙 ] = −j − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 2𝜋r Y Z
E𝜙 E
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ − , H𝜙 ≃ + 𝜃
𝜂 𝜂
12.9. Ea = â x E0 , M s = −2̂n × Ea = −2̂ay × â x E0 = â z 2E0

Thus Mz = 2E0 , Mx = My = Jx = Jy = Jz = 0
N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
0 0
L𝜃 = > cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 +

[
M > cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − Mz sin 𝜃]ejk(x′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃) dx′ dz′

M
∬ x y
Sa
a∕2 b∕2
′ cos 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
= −2E0 sin 𝜃 ejkz dz′ ejkx dx′
∫−a∕2 ∫−b∕2
[ ]
sin x sin Z kb ka
L𝜃 = −2E0 ab sin 𝜃 , X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Z = cos 𝜃
x Z 2 2
0 0
L𝜙 = > sin 𝜙 +

[−
M > cos 𝜙]ejk(x′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃) dx′ dz′ = 0

M
∬ x y
Sa
Using (12-10a)-(12-10f)
jke−jkr 0 0
Er ≃ 0, E𝜃 ≃ − 𝜙 + 𝜂
[L N𝜃 ] = 0
4𝜋r
ke−jkr 0 abkE0 e−jkr [ sin X sin Z
]
E𝜙 ≃ j [L𝜃 − 𝜂
N 𝜙 ] = −j sin 𝜃
4𝜋r 2𝜋r X Z
E𝜙 E𝜃
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ − , H𝜙 ≃ =0
𝜂 𝜂
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
352 SOLUTION MANUAL
12.10. The only difference between this problem and Problem 12.8 is that for the y variations the
integral reduces to
( )
ka
a∕2 ( ) ′ ( ) cos sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
𝜋 ′ jky sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ′ 𝜋a 2
cos y e dy = −
∫−a∕2 a 2 ( ka )2 ( )2
𝜋
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −
2 2
Thus
Er ≃ 0
[ ]
ke−jkr abkE0 e−jkr cos Y sin Z ka
E𝜃 ≃ −j L𝜙 = j cos 𝜙 2 , Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 4r (Y) − (𝜋∕2)2 Z 2
[ ]
ke−jkr abkE0 e−jkr cos Y sin Z
E𝜙 ≃ j L𝜃 = +j − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 2
4𝜋r 4r (Y) − (𝜋∕2)2 Z
kb
Z= cos 𝜃
2
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
12.11. The only difference between this problem and Problem 12.9 is that for the z variations the
integral reduces to
( )
ka
a∕2 ( ) ′ ( ) cos cos 𝜃
𝜋 ′ jkz cos 𝜃 ′ 𝜋a 2
cos z e dz = −
∫−a∕2 a 2 ( ka )2 ( )2
𝜋
cos 𝜃 −
2 2
Thus
Er ≃ 0
E𝜃 ≃ 0
⎡ ⎤
ke−jkr abkE0 e−jkr ⎢ sin X cos Z ⎥
E𝜙 ≃ j L𝜃 = j ⎢sin 𝜃 X ( )2 ⎥
4𝜋r 4r ⎢ 𝜋 ⎥
⎣ (Z)2 −
2 ⎦
kb ka
X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Z = cos 𝜃
2 2
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂 = 0
12.12. (a) Ea = â z E0 , M s = −̂n × Ea = â y E0 ⇒ Mx = Mz = 0, My = E0

( )
E E E
H a = −̂ay 0 , J s = n̂ × H a = â x × −̂ay 0 = −̂az 0
𝜂 𝜂 𝜂
⇒ Jx = Jy = 0, Jz = −E0 ∕𝜂
From Prob. 12.8.

[ ]
sin Y sin Z ka kb
L𝜃 = E0 ab cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙, Z = cos 𝜃
Y Z 2 2
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 353
[ ]
sin Y sin Z
L𝜙 = E0 ab cos 𝜙
Y Z
0 0 ′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃)
[J
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + Jy cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − Jz sin 𝜃]ejk(y dy′ dz′
∬ x
N𝜃 =
Sa
E0 ab [ sin Y sin Z
]
=+ sin 𝜃
𝜂 Y Z
0 0 ′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃)
N𝜙 = [−J
x sin 𝜙 + Jy cos 𝜙]ejk(y dy′ dz′ = 0
∬
Sa
Er ≃ 0
ke−jkr kabE0 e−jkr [ sin Y sin Z
]
E𝜃 ≃ −j [L𝜙 + 𝜂N𝜃 ] = −j (cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃)
4𝜋r 4𝜋r Y Z
−jkr 0 kabE e−jkr [ ]
ke 0 sin Y sin Z
E𝜙 ≃ j [L𝜃 − 𝜂
N 𝜙 ] = −j − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 4𝜋r Y Z
Hr ≃ 0
H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂
(b) E = â x E0 ,M s = −̂n × Ea = â z E0 ⇒ Mx = My = 0, Mz = E0
a
( )
E0 E0 E E
H a = −̂az , J s = n̂ × H a = â y × −̂az = −̂ax 0 ⇒ Jy = Jz = 0, Jx = − 0
𝜂 𝜂 𝜂 𝜂
From Problem 12.9

[ ]
sin X sin Z
L𝜃 = −E0 ab sin 𝜃
X Z
L𝜙 = 0
kb ka
2 2
0 0 ′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃)
N𝜃 = [Jx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + Jy cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 − Jz sin 𝜃]ejk(x dx′ dz′
∬
Sa
E0 [ sin X sin Z
]
=− ab cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
𝜂 X Z
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃)
N𝜙 = [−Jx sin 𝜙 + Jy cos 𝜙]ejk(x dx′ dz′
∬
Sa
E0 [ sin X sin Z
]
= ab sin 𝜙
𝜂 X Z
Er ≃ 0
−jkr [ ]
ke−jkr 0 kabE0 e sin X sin Z
E𝜃 ≃ −j + 𝜂N𝜃 ] = j
[L cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4𝜋r 𝜙 4𝜋r X Z
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
354 SOLUTION MANUAL
ke−jkr kabE0 e−jkr [ sin X sin Z

]
E𝜙 ≃ j [L𝜃 − 𝜂N𝜙 ] = j −(sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜙)
4𝜋r 4𝜋r X Z
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
(c) Using a comparison between the fields of Problems 12.8 and 12.12(a). We can write by
referring to the fields of Problem 12.10 that
Er ≃ 0
[ ]
abkE0 e−jkr cos Y sin Z
E𝜃 ≃ j (cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃) 2
8r (Y) − (𝜋∕2)2 Z
[ ]
abkE0 e−jkr cos Y
E𝜙 ≃ j − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
8r (Y)2 − (𝜋∕2)2
ka kb
Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙, Z = cos 𝜃, Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
2 2
(d) Using a comparison between the fields of Problems 12.9 and 12.12(b) we can write by
referring to the fields of Problem 12.11 that
Er ≃ 0
[ ]
kabE0 e−jkr sin X cos Z
E𝜃 ≃ j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
8r X (Z)2 − (𝜋∕2)2
[ ]
kabE0 e−jkr sin X cos Z
E𝜙 ≃ j −(sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜙)
8r X (Z)2 − (𝜋∕2)2
ka ka
2 2
Hr ≃ 0,
)
( ( )
𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′
12.13. Ea = â y E0 cos x ⇒ M s = −̂n × Ea = â x E0 cos x
a( ) a
𝜋 ′
Thus Mx = E0 cos x , My = Mz = 0
a
b∕2 a∕2
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+y′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
L𝜃 = Mx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙ejk(x dx′ dy′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
a∕2 ( ) b∕2
𝜋 ′ jkx′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ′
ejky sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 dy′
′
= E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos x e dx
∫−a∕2 a ∫−b∕2
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 355
Since
a∕2 ( ) ( )
𝜋 ′ jkx′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ′ 𝜋a cos(X)
cos x e dx = −
∫−a∕2 a 2 (X)2 − (𝜋∕2)2
b∕2
′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 sin Y ka kb
ejky dy′ = b , X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Y = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
∫−b∕2 Y 2 2
then
[ ]
𝜋ab cos X sin Y
L𝜃 = − E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 2
2 (X) − (𝜋∕2)2 Y
Similarly
b∕2 a∕2
L𝜙 = −Mx sin 𝜙ejk(x dx′ dy′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
)
a∕2 ( b∕2
′
= −E0 sin 𝜙 x e cos dx
∫−a∕2 a ∫−b∕2
[ ]
𝜋ab cos X sin Y
L𝜙 = + E sin 𝜙 2
2 0 (X) − (𝜋∕2) Y 2
( ) ( )
E E E E 𝜋 ′
H a ≃ −̂ax a ⇒ J s = n̂ × H a = â z × −̂ax a = −̂ay a = −̂ay 0 cos x
𝜂 𝜂 𝜂 𝜂 a
( )
E0 𝜋 ′
Jx = Jz = 0, Jy = − cos x
𝜂 a
b∕2 a∕2
N𝜃 = Jy cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙ejk(x dx′ dy′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
a∕2 ( ) b∕2
E0 𝜋 ′ jkx′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ′
′
=− cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos x e dx
𝜂 ∫−a∕2 a ∫−b∕2
[ ]
𝜋abE0 cos X sin Y
=+ cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 2
2𝜂 (X) − (𝜋∕2)2 Y
b∕2 a∕2
′ cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃+y′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
N𝜙 = Jy cos 𝜙ejk(x dx′ dy′
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2
[ ]
𝜋abE0 cos X sin Y
=+ cos 𝜙 2
2𝜂 (X) − (𝜋∕2)2 Y
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
356 SOLUTION MANUAL
Using (12.10a)-(12.10f), we can write that
Er ≃ 0
[ ]
ke−jkr abkE0 e−jkr cos X sin Y
E𝜃 ≃ −j [L + 𝜂N𝜃 ] = −j sin 𝜙(1 + cos 𝜃) 2
4𝜋r 𝜙 8r (X) − (𝜋∕2)2 Y
[ ]
ke−jkr abkE0 e−jkr cos X sin Y
E𝜙 ≃ j [L − 𝜂N𝜙 ] = −j cos 𝜙(1 + cos 𝜃) 2
4𝜋r 𝜃 8r (X) − (𝜋∕2)2 Y
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 = −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 = E𝜃 ∕𝜂
12.14. a = 4λ, b = 3λ
(a) From Appendix I
[ ] [ ]
kb 2(7.7) 2(7.7)
sin 𝜃s ≃ 7.7 ⇒ 𝜃s = sin−1 = sin−1 = 54.785◦
2 kb 2𝜋(3)
Θs = 2𝜃s = 2(54.785) = 109.57◦
kb
(b) From Appendix I, at sin 𝜃s = 7.7 ⇒ E𝜃 = 0.12833 or E𝜃 = −17.83 dB
2
(c) ( )
= 16.98◦ ⎫ D ≃
0.443 41,253
Θh (E-plane) = 114.6 sin−1
3 ⎪ 0 16.98(12.72) = 191
( ) ⎬
0.443
Θh (H-plane) = 114.6 sin−1 = 12.72◦ ⎪ = 22.81 dB
( )4 ⎭
ab
From Table 12.1, D0 = 10.2 2 = 10.2(3)(4) = 122.4 = 20.88 dB
λ
12.15. a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm, b = 0.4′′ = 1.016 cm, f = 10 GHz
⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕10 × 109 = 3 cm
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(a) D0 = Aem = 2 [0.81(ab)] = [0.81(2.286)(1.016)] = 2.6268
λ2 λ (3)2
= 4.194 dB (Table 12.1)
1. From Table 12.1: D0 = 2.6268 = 4.194 dB

2. From Table 12.1:
50 50
E(HPBW) = = = 147.638◦
b∕λ 1.016∕3
68.8 68.8
H(HPBW) = = = 90.2887◦
a∕λ 2.286∕3
41,253
D0 (Kraus) = = 3.0947 = 4.9062 dB
(147.638)(90.2887)
(b) Aem = 0.81(ab) = 0.81(2.286)(1.016) = 1.881286 cm2

PL = Wi Aem = 10 × 10−3 (1.881286) = 18.81286 × 10−3 Watts
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 357
12.16. G0 = 11 dB, Ap = 2λ2 ⇒ G0 (dimensionless) = 101.1 = 12.5893

4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(a) G0 = ecd D0 = D0 = 2 Aem = 2 (𝜀ap AP ) = 2 (𝜀ap 2λ2 ) = 𝜀ap 8𝜋 = 12.5893
λ λ λ
12.5893
𝜀ap = = 0.5 = 50%
8𝜋
(b) PL = Aem Wi = 𝜀ap Ap Wi = 0.5(2λ2 )(10 × 10−3 ) = 10 × 10−3 λ2
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕10 × 109 = 3 cm

PL = 10 × 10−3 (3)2 = 90 × 10−3 = 90 m Watts
12.17. a = b = 3λ
4𝜋
Using (12-37), D0 = 2 ab = 4𝜋(3)2 = 113.1 = 20.53 dB
λ
Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.
D0 = 119.46 = 20.77 dB
12.18. a = b = 3λ
4𝜋
Using (12-37), D0 = 2 ab = 4𝜋(3)2 = 113.1 = 20.53 dB
λ
Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.
D0 = 119.38 = 20.77 dB
12.19. Using the computer program Aperture of Chapter 12.

(a) a = 3λ, b = 2λ; D0 = 62.437 = 17.95 dB
(b) a = b = 3λ; D0 = 93.174 = 19.69 dB
Using Table 12.1

(a) a = 3λ, b = 2λ; D0 = 0.81(4𝜋)(3)(2) = 61.07 = 17.85 dB
(b) a = b = 3λ; D0 = 0.81(4𝜋)(3)(3) = 91.61 = 19.62 dB
(a) a = 3λ, b = 2λ; D0 = 63.961 = 18.06 dB
(b) a = b = 3λ; D0 = 94.306 = 19.75 dB
12.21. a = 3λ, b = 2λ
(a) Θh (E-plane) = 50.6∕2 = 25.30◦
(b) Θh (H-plane) = 68.8∕3 = 22.93◦
(c) Θn (E-plane) = 114.6∕2 = 57.30◦
(d) Θn (H-plane) = 171.9∕3 = 57.30◦
(e) E𝜃 (E-plane) = −13.26 dB
(f) E𝜙 (H-plane) = −23 dB
Using the data from Figures 12.13 and 12.14

(a) Θh (E-plane) = 25.6◦
(b) Θh (H-plane) = 21◦
(c) Θn (E-plane) = 60◦
(d) Θn (H-plane) = 60◦
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
358 SOLUTION MANUAL
(e) E𝜃 (E-plane) = −13.26 dB

(f) E𝜙 (H-plane) = −26 dB
12.22. From Figure 12.15, for a 90% efficiency
ka kb
u= sin 𝜃1 ≃ 3.18 = sin 𝜃1
2 2
For 𝜃1 = 37∕2 = 18.5◦
2(3.18)
a=b= = 3.19λ
k sin(18.5◦ )
( ) ( )
12.23. 𝜋 ′ E0 𝜋 ′
Ea = â y E0 cos x , H a ≃ −̂ax
cos x
a 𝜂 a
|E |2 ( )
1 𝜋 ′
W ave = Re(E × H ∗ ) = â z 0 cos2 x
2 2𝜂 a
( )
⎡ 2𝜋 ′ ⎤
b∕2 |E |
a∕2
2 ( ) |E |2b a∕2 1 + cos
⎢ x ⎥ ′
1 0 𝜋 ′ a
cos2 x dx′ dy′ = 0
2𝜂 ∫−a∕2 ⎢⎢ ⎥ dx
Prad =
2 ∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2 𝜂 a 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
[
|E | b ′
2 ( )] ab|E0 |2
a 2𝜋 ′ a∕2
Prad = 0 x + sin x =
4𝜂 2𝜋 a −a∕2 4𝜂
From Table 12.1, at 𝜃 = 0◦
−jkr −jkr
2 abkE0 e 2 abkE0 e 2abe−jkr
E𝜃 |max = j sin 𝜙, E𝜙 |max = j cos 𝜙 = j cos 𝜙
𝜋 2𝜋r 𝜋 2𝜋r 𝜋λr
√ ( ) 2(ab)2 |E0 |2
4 ab 2 r2
|E|max = |E𝜃 |2max + |E𝜙 |2max = |E0 | 2 ⇒ Umax = |E|2max =
r 𝜋λ 2𝜂 (𝜋λ)2 𝜂
4𝜋Umax 4𝜋[2(ab)2 |E0 |2 ]∕[(𝜋λ)2 𝜂] [ ( )]
8 4𝜋
D0 = = = ab 2
Prad ab|E0 |2 ∕4𝜂 𝜋2 λ
λ2 8 8
Aem = D = (ab) = 2 Ap = 𝜀ap Ap
4𝜋 0 𝜋 2 𝜋
12.24. 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
D0 = Aem = 2 𝜀ap Ap = 𝜀ap 2 (ab)
λ2 λ λ
( 2)
4𝜋(ab) 4𝜋 λ 𝜋
D0 = 𝜀ap 2
= 𝜀ap 2 = 𝜀ap
λ λ 8 2
(a) Triangular: 𝜀ap = 75% = 3∕4
( )
3 𝜋
D0 = = 1.1781 = 0.7118 dB
4 2
D0 = 1.1781 = 0.7118 dB
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 359
(b) Cosine Square: 𝜀ap = 66.67% = 2∕3

( )
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋
D0 = 𝜀ap = = = 1.0472 = 0.2 dB
2 3 2 3
D0 = 1.0472 = 0.2 dB
12.25. D0 = 23 dB = 102.3 = 199.526

e0 = ecd er = 0.9(1) = 0.9
G0 = e0 D0 = 0.9(199.526) = 179.5736 = 22.54 dB
λ2 λ2
Aem = e0 D0 = G
4𝜋 4𝜋 0
λ2 32
Aem = (179.5736) = (179.5736) = 128.61 cm2
4𝜋 4𝜋
3 × 108
λ= = 0.03 m = 3 cm
10 × 109
A 128.61
𝜀ap = em = = 0.6431 = 64.31%
Ap 200
3 × 1010
12.26. (a) λ = = 3 cm
10 × 109
a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm = 0.762λ
b = 0.4′′ = 1.016 cm = 0.339λ
Prad =1W f =10 GHz

#1 #2 Load
10 km
Power density for isotropic source;
Prad 1 Watt
W0 = = = 7.96 × 10−10 W∕m2
4𝜋R2 4𝜋(10 × 103 )2
Directivity from Table 12.1, 12.2.

[ ]
8 4𝜋 32
D0 = ab = (0.762)(0.339) = 2.63
𝜋 λ
2 2 𝜋
Incident power density
Wi = W0 D0 = (7.96 × 10−10 W∕m2 )(2.63) ⇒ Wi = 2.09 × 10−9 W∕m2
(b) The maximum power that can be delivered to a matched load.
Aem = 𝜀ap Ap = 0.81ab = 1.88 × 10−4 m2
Pmax = Wi Aem = (2.09 × 10−9 W∕m2 )(1.88 × 10−4 m2 ) = 3.94 × 10−13 W

Pmax = 3.94 × 10−13 W
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
360 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) ( )
kb
sin cos 𝜃 ⎧ sin
kb
cos 𝜃 ⎫
𝜔𝜇bI0 e−jkr 2 𝜔𝜇I0 e−jkr ⎪ 2 ⎪
12.27. E = â 𝜃 j = −j ⎨−̂a𝜃 b ⎬
4𝜋r kb 4𝜋r ⎪ kb
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ⎪
2 ⎩ 2 ⎭
𝜔𝜇I0 e−jkr
(a) E = −j le (𝜃)
4𝜋r
( )
kb
sin cos 𝜃
le (𝜃) = −̂a𝜃 b 2
kb
cos 𝜃
2
x
b
a
z
y
( )
kb
sin cos 𝜃 |
2 |
(b) le (𝜃)|max = −̂a𝜃 b | = −̂a𝜃 b(1)
kb |
cos 𝜃 |max
2
kb
when cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 90◦
2
|l (𝜃) ⋅ Einc |2
(c) pe = e
|le (𝜃)|2 |Einc |2
kI le−jkr
Einc = â 𝜃 j𝜂 0 sin 𝜃
8𝜋r
| [ ] |2
| −jkr |
| kI le |
|le (𝜃) ⋅ Einc |2 = |(−̂a𝜃 b) ⋅ â 𝜃 j𝜂 0 sin 𝜃 𝜋 |
| 8𝜋r 𝜃 = ||
|
| 2|
| kI le−jkr ||
2
| bkI0 l |2
|
= |−j𝜂b 0 | = ||𝜂 |
|
| 8𝜋r || | 8𝜋r |
|
|le (𝜃)|2 = |b|2
|2
| kI le−jkr | | | kI0 l |2
| | |
| = ||𝜂 |
0
|Einc |2 = |j𝜂 sin 𝜃 | |
| 8𝜋r | 𝜋| | 8𝜋r |
| |𝜃 = |
2|
| kbI0 l |2
|𝜂 |
| 8𝜋r |
pe = | | = 1 = 0 dB
| kI0 l |2
|b|2 ||𝜂 |
|
| 8𝜋r |
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 361
12.28. [ ( )]
λ2 λ2 4𝜋
Aem = D0 = 0.81ab 2 = 0.81ab
4𝜋 4𝜋 λ
Aem = 0.81(0.02286)(0.0106) = 0.81(2.32257 × 10−4 ) = 1.88 × 10−4 m2
The maximum power that can be delivered to matched load is
Pmax = Wi Aem = (10−4 Watts∕m2 )(1.88 × 10−4 m2 )

= 1.88 × 10−8 Watts = 0.0188 𝜇Watts.
( )
⎧ 2 ′ a
â
⎪ y 0 a2E x + 1 , − ⩽ x′ ⩽ 0
12.29. (a) Ea = ⎨ ( ) 2
2 a
⎪ â y 2E0 − x′ + 1 , 0 ⩽ x′ ⩽
⎩ a 2
M s = −2̂n × Ea = −2̂az × â y Ey = â x 2Ey
My = Mz = Jx = Jy = Jz = 0
( )
⎧ 2 ′ a
2E
⎪ 0 a x + 1 , − ⩽ x′ ⩽ 0
Mx = ⎨ ( ) 2
2 a
⎪ 2E0 − x′ + 1 , 0 ⩽ x′ ⩽
⎩ a 2
Sa
b
x
a/2 a/2
Figure P12.29(a)
Using (12-12a)–(12-12d)
N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
0 0
L𝜃 = > cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −

[Mx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 +
M > sin 𝜃]ejkr

M
′ cos 𝜓
ds′
∬ y z
s
b{ 0 ( ) ′
2 ′
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 x + 1 ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 dx′
∫0 ∫−a∕2 a
}
a∕2 ( ) ′
2
− x′ + 1 ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 dx′
′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
+ ejky dy′
∫0 a
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
362 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
kb
sin sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
ejky sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
b ′
′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −j kb sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 2
ejky dy′ = =e 2 b
∫0 jk sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 kb
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
0 ( ) ′
2 ′
x + 1 ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 dx′
∫−a∕2 a
⎡( ) jkx′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 |0 ⎤
ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ′ ⎥
0 ′
⎢ 2 ′ e | 2
= x +1 | − dx
⎢ a jk sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ||−a∕2 a ∫−a∕2 jk sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2 ′ ′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
u= x +1 dv = ejkx dx′
a
ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
′
2 ′
du = dx v=
a jk sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
{ }
0 ( ) ′ −j sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ka
2 ′ 1 2 [1 − e 2 ]
x + 1 ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 dx′ = +
∫−a∕2 a jk sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 a (k sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)2
Similarly
{ }
a∕2 ( ) ′ j sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙ka
2 −1 2 [1 − e 2 ]
− x′ + 1 ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 dx′ = +
∫0 a jk sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 a (k sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙) 2
Combining terms, we can write

[ ( )]
ka
{ 2 1 − cos } sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
sin Y 2 2
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 b e−jY
Y a (k sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)2
( )
ka
( ) 2 sin2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
b sin Y 4
= 8E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙e−jY
a Y (k sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)2
( )
ka
sin2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
sin Y 4 kb
L𝜃 = abE0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙e−jY ( )2 , Y = 2 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
Y ka
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4
Similarly
0
L𝜙 = > cos 𝜙]ejkr′ cos 𝜓 ds′

[−Mx sin 𝜙 +
M
∬ y
Sa
( )
ka
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
sin2
sin Y 4
L𝜙 − abE0 sin 𝜙e−jY ( )2
Y ka
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4
The electric field components are obtained using (12-10a)–(12-10c).

P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 363
Thus Er = 0
) (
ka
e−jkr sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
sin2
ke−jkr 0 abE0 sin Y 4
E𝜃 = −j [L𝜙 + 𝜂
N 𝜃 ] = +j sin 𝜙e−jY ( )2
4𝜋r 2λr Y ka
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4
( )
2 ka
−jkr sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
ke−jkr 0 abE0 e sin Y 4
E𝜙 = j [L𝜃 − 𝜂
N𝜙 ] = j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙e−jY ( )2
4𝜋r 2λr Y ka
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4
According (12-13a)
( )
⎧ ⎡ 2 ka
𝜃 𝜙 ⎤⎫
|E0 |2 ( ab )2 ⎪ ⎢ sin Y sin
4
sin cos ⎥⎪
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = (sin 𝜙 + cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙) ⎢
2 2 2
2𝜂 2λ ⎨ ⎪ ⎢ Y (
ka
)2 ⎥⎬
⎥⎪
⎩ ⎣ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎦⎭
4
| |E |2 (ab)2
U(𝜃, 𝜙)| = Umax (𝜃 = 0) = 0 2
|max 8𝜂λ
Using (12-39a)
{ ( )2
|E |2 b 0
2 ′
Prad = W ave ⋅ ds = 0 x +1 dx′ dy′
∯ 2𝜂 ∫0 ∫−a∕2 a
s
}
b a∕2 ( )
2
+ − x′ + 1 dx′ dy′
∫0 ∫ 0 a
{ ( )2 }
|E |2 0
2 ′ |E0 |2 ab
Prad = 0 2b x +1 dx ′
=
2𝜂 ∫−a∕2 a 6𝜂
[ ]
|E0 |2 ( ab )2
4𝜋
4𝜋Umax 8𝜂 λ 3𝜋ab
D0 = = =
Prad |E0 |2 ab λ2
6𝜂
Using (12-40)
λ2
D0
Aem λ2 λ2 3𝜋ab 3
𝜀ap = = 4𝜋 = D0 = = = 0.75 = 75%
Ap ab 4𝜋ab 4𝜋ab λ2 4
as compared to 81% for the cosine distribution.

( )
(b) E = â y E0 cos2 𝜋 x′ = â y Ey
a a
( )
𝜋
Ey = E0 cos2 x′
a
M s = −2̂n × Ea = −2̂az × â y Ey = â x 2Ey
Jx = Jy = Jz = My = Mz = 0
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
364 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
𝜋 ′
Mx = 2Ey = 2E0 cos2 x
a
N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
′ cos 𝜓
L𝜃 = Mx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙ejkr ds′
∬
Sa
a∕2 ) ( b∕2
′
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos2
x e dx
∫−a∕2 a ∫−b∕2
( )
kb
b∕2 sin sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 sin Y kb
ejky sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 dy′ = b
′
=b , Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
∫−b∕2 kb Y 2
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
Sa
b
x
Figure P12.29(b)
Using the identity
2𝛽 2 e𝛼x
edx cos2 (𝛽x) dx =
∫ 𝛼[𝛼 2 + (2𝛽)2 ]
We can write that

( )
ka
a∕2 ( ) sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜋 ′ a 𝜋2 2
ejkx cos2 x dx′ = ( )2
∫−a∕2 a 2 ka ka
𝜋2 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2 2
a 𝜋 2 sin(X) ka
= , X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2 𝜋 − (X)
2 2 X 2
Thus
𝜋2 sin X sin Y ka kb
L𝜃 = abE0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 , X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Y = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
𝜋2 − (X)2 X Y 2 2
In a similar manner
′ cos 𝜓
L𝜙 = −Mx sin 𝜙ejkr ds′
∬
−sa
𝜋2 sin X sin Y
L𝜙 = −abE0 sin 𝜙
𝜋2 − (X)2 X Y
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 365
Thus
Er = 0
ke−jkr 0 abE0 e−jkr 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
E𝜃 = −j [L𝜙 + 𝜂
N𝜃 ] = j sin 𝜙 2
4𝜋r 2λr 𝜋 − (X) X
2 Y
ke−jkr 0 abE0 e−jkr 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
E𝜙 = j [L𝜙 − 𝜂
N𝜙 ] = j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 2
4𝜋r 2λr 𝜋 − (X) X
2 Y
(ab)2 |E0 |2 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = [sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙]
8𝜂λ2 𝜋2 2
− (X) X Y
ka kb
X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Y = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 2
(ab)2 |E0 |2
Umax (𝜃 = 0) =
8𝜂λ2
Using (12-39a)
|E0 |2 b∕2 a∕2 ( )

𝜋 ′
Prad = W ave ⋅ ds = cos4 x dx′ dy′
∯ 2𝜂 ∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2 a
s
b|E0 |2 a∕2 ( )
𝜋 ′
= cos4 x dx′
2𝜂 ∫−a∕2 a
a∕2 ( )
𝜋 ′ 3a
Since cos4 x dx′ =
∫−a∕2 a 8
3 ab|E0 |
2
Prad =
16 𝜂
[ ]
(ab)2 |E0 |2
4𝜋
4𝜋Umax 8𝜂λ2 8𝜋 ab
D0 = = =
3 ab|E0 |
Prad 2 3 λ2
16 𝜂
Thus
λ2
D0
𝜀ap = = 4𝜋 = D0 = = = 66.67%
Ap ab 4𝜋ab 4𝜋ab 3λ2 3
as compared to(81% )for the

( cosine ) distribution. ( ) ( )
(c) E = â y E0 cos 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′
a
′
x cos y = â y Ey , Ey = E0 cos
′
x cos y
a b a b
N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
a∕2 ( ′)
𝜋x
ejkx sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 dx′
′
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos
∫−a∕2 a
( ′)
b∕2
𝜋y
′
cos
∫−b∕2 b
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
366 SOLUTION MANUAL
[ ( ) ]
b∕2
𝜋y′ jky′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
L𝜙 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos e dy′
∫−b∕2 b
( )
⎡ ka ⎤
⎢ ( ) cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎥
𝜋a 2
× ⎢− ( ) ( ) ⎥
⎢ 2 ka
2 𝜋 ⎥2
⎣ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 −
2 2 ⎦
𝜋2
cos X cos Y
L𝜙 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙ab ( )2 ( )2 .
2
4 𝜋 2 𝜋
X − Y −
2 2
ka kb
X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Y = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 2
In similar procedure
𝜋2 cos X cos Y
L𝜙 = −2E0 sin 𝜙ab ( )2 ( )2
4 𝜋 𝜋
X2 − Y2 −
2 2
The fields are
( )
ke−jkr kabE0 cos X 𝜋2 cos Y
E𝜃 = −j L =j sin 𝜙 ( )2 ( )2
4𝜋r 𝜙 2𝜋r 𝜋 4 𝜋
X2 − Y2 −
2 2
( 2)
ke−jkr kabE 0 𝜋 cos X cos Y
E𝜙 = j L =j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ( )2 ( )2
4𝜋r 𝜃 2𝜋r 4 𝜋 𝜋
X2 − Y2 −
2 2
Umax occurs at 𝜃 = 0◦
( )( )2 ( )4 ( )4
21
|E|2 11 k2 a2 b2 2 𝜋2 2 2 |E |2 8
Umax = r = E = 0 2 4 a2 b2
2 𝜂 2𝜂 4𝜋 2 0 4 𝜋 𝜋 𝜂λ 𝜋
Using (12-39a)
|E0 |2 b∕2 a∕2 𝜋 𝜋 |E |2 b a

Prad = Wave ⋅ ds = cos2 x′ cos2 y′ dx′ dy′ = 0
∯ 2𝜂 ∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2 a b 2𝜂 2 2
|E0 |2 8 2 2
4𝜋 a b
|E0 |2 4𝜋Umax 𝜂λ2 𝜋 4 64 ab
Prad = ab. Thus D0 = = = 4𝜋
8𝜂 Prad |E0 |2 𝜋 4 λ2
ab
8𝜂
λ2
D0
Aem λ2 λ2 64 ab 64
𝜀ap = = 4𝜋 = D0 = 4𝜋 = 4
Ap ab 4𝜋ab 4𝜋ab 𝜋 4 X 2 𝜋
64
𝜀ap = = 0.657 = 65.7%
𝜋4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′
(d) Ea = â y E0 cos2 x cos2 y = â y Ey , Ey = E0 cos2 x cos2 y
a b a b
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 367
Using the same procedure as in Part(b), we have that, N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0.
a∕2 ( )
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos2 x e dx
∫−a∕2 a
b∕2 ( )
𝜋 ′ jky′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ′
cos2 y e dy
∫−b∕2 b
ab 𝜋2 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
L𝜃 = E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 2
2 𝜋 − (X)2 𝜋 2 − (Y)2 X Y
ab 𝜋2 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
L𝜙 = E0 sin 𝜙 2
2 𝜋 − (X) 𝜋 − (Y)2 X
2 2 Y
ka
2
kb
2
Thus
abE0 e−jkr 𝜋2 𝜋2 sin X sin Y

E𝜃 = j sin 𝜙 2
4λr 𝜋 − (X) 𝜋 − (Y)2 X
2 2 Y
abE0 e−jkr 𝜋2 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
E𝜙 = j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 2
4λr 𝜋 − (X)2 𝜋 2 − (Y)2 X Y
(ab)2 |E0 |2 𝜋2 𝜋2 sin X sin Y
U(𝜃, 𝜙) = [sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙]
32𝜂 λ2 𝜋 2 − (X)2 𝜋 2 − (Y)2 X Y
Umax occurs at 𝜃 = 0◦ ⇒ Umax (𝜃 = 0◦ ) = (ab)2 |E0 |2 ∕(32𝜂λ2 )
|E0 |2 a∕2 ( ) b∕2 ( )

𝜋 ′ 𝜋 ′
Prad = cos4 x dx′ cos4 y dy′
2𝜂 ∫−a∕2 a ∫−b∕2 b
( ) ( )
a∕2 ( ) b∕2 ( )
4 𝜋 ′ ′ 3a 4 𝜋 ′ ′ 3b
cos x dx = ; cos x dx =
∫−a∕2 a 8 ∫−b∕2 b 8
9 ab|E0 |
2
Prad =
128 𝜂
[ ]/[ 2]
4𝜋Umax (ab)2 |E0 |2 9 ab|E0 | 16𝜋ab
Thus D0 = = 4𝜋 =
Prad 32𝜂 λ2 128 𝜂 9λ2
λ2
D0
𝜀ap = = 4𝜋 = D0 = = = 44.44%
Ap ab 4𝜋ab 4𝜋ab 9λ2 9
12.30. a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm = 0.763λ

b = 0.4′′ = 1.02 cm = 0.340λ
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
368 SOLUTION MANUAL
(a) Using the computer program Aperture of Chapter 12.
D0 = 4.264 = 6.298 dB
(b) From Table 12.1
D0 = 0.81[4𝜋(0.763)(0.340)] = 2.64 = 4.217 dB
12.31. X-band rectangular waveguide (TE10 mode)

a = 2.286 cm, b = 1.016 cm, Pr (satellite) = 10 Watts, R = 100 kilometers, f = 10 GHz
λ = 30 × 109 ∕10 × 109 = 3 cm
Pr 10 10 10−9
W0 (isotropic) = 2
= 3 2
= 10
=
4𝜋R 4𝜋(100 × 10 ) 4𝜋(10 ) 4𝜋
W0 = 0.0796 × 10−9 = 79.6 × 10−12 W∕m2 = 79.6 × 10−12 (×10−4 ) W∕cm2
W0 = 79.6 × 10−12 W∕m2 = 79.6 × 10−16 W∕cm2
( ) [ ( )]
TE10 mode ab
D0 = 0.81 4𝜋 2 From Table 12.1
waveguide λ
[ ( )]
2.286 × 1.016
= 0.81 4𝜋 = 2.6268 = 4.1942 dB
(3)2
λ2
Aem = D (PLF)
4𝜋 0
(a) Linearly polarized:
λ2 λ2
Aem = D0 (1) = (2.6268) = 0.2090λ2
4𝜋 4𝜋
PL = Aem W0 = 0.2090 λ2 (79.6 × 10−16 W∕cm2 ) = 0.2090(3)2 (79.6 × 10−16 )
PL = 149.7276 × 10−16 Watts
(b) Circularly polarized:

( )
λ2 1
Aem = D0 = 0.1045 λ2
4𝜋 2
PL = Aem W0 = 149.7276∕2 × 10−16 = 74.864 × 10−16 Watts
PL = 74.864 × 10−16 Watts
Alternate Procedure
X-band rectangular waveguide (TE10 mode)
a = 2.286 cm, b = 1.016 cm, Pr (satellite) = 10 Watts, R = 100 kilometers
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕10 × 109 = 3 cm = 3 × 10−2 m
( ) [ ( )]
TE10 mode ab
D0 = 0.81 4𝜋 2 From Table 12.1
waveguide λ
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 369

[ ( )]
2.286 × 1.016
D0 = 0.81 4𝜋 = 2.6268 = 4.1942 dB
(3)2
( )
Pr λ 2
= er et Dt Dr |̂
𝜌t ⋅ 𝜌̂r |2 (2-118)
Pt 4𝜋R
Dt = 1, Dr = 2.6268
𝜌t ⋅ 𝜌̂r | = 1,
(a) Linearly polarized |̂
Pt = 10
( )2
3 × 10−2 9(2.6268) × 10−3
Pr = (1)(1) (1)(2.6268)(10) = = 0.1497 × 10−13
4𝜋 × 105 16𝜋 2 × 1010
Pr = 149.71 × 10−16 Watts
(b) Circularly polarized |̂

𝜌t ⋅ 𝜌̂r | = 1∕2
1
Pr = (149.71 × 10−16 ) = 74.854 × 10−16 Watts
2
12.32. a = 0.42′′ = 1.067 cm = 0.711λ

b = 0.17′′ = 0.432 cm = 0.288λ
(a) Using the computer program Aperture of Chapter 12.
D0 = 3.981 = 5.999 dB
(b) From Table 12.1
D0 = 0.81[4𝜋(0.711)(0.288)] = 2.084 = 3.189 dB
E0
12.33. E = â y E0 , H = −̂ax
𝜂
Js = 0
Ms
Js
Ms
Js = 0
Ms
(a) Outside the aperture

J s = n̂ × H = 0 because tangential H vanishes next to PMC.
M s is unknown.
On the aperture:
E0
J s = known = n̂ × H a = â z × (−̂ax Hx ) = −̂ay Hx = −̂ay
𝜂
M s = known = −̂n × Ea = −̂az × (̂ay E0 ) = +ax E0
Utilizing a PMC conductor shorts out M s both over and outside the aperture.
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
370 SOLUTION MANUAL
An electric current source over the aperture next to a PMC results, due to image, to a
2E0
J s = 2̂n × H a = −̂ay
𝜂
So the equivalent is:

2E0
J s = 2̂n × H a = −̂ay over the aperture
𝜂
Js = 0 elsewhere
M s = 0 everywhere
M s = 0 ⇒ L𝜃 = L𝜙 = 0
(b)
2E0 2E
J s = −̂ay ⇒ Jy = − 0 , Jx = Jz = 0
𝜂 𝜂
′ cos 𝜙 ′ cos 𝜙
N𝜃 = Jy cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙ejkr ds′ , N𝜙 = Jy cos 𝜙ejkr ds′
∬ ∬
2E0 [ sin X sin Y
]
N𝜃 = − ab cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
𝜂 X Y
2E [ ]
sin X sin Y
N𝜙 = − 0 ab cos 𝜙
𝜂 X Y
−jkr −jkr
( ) [ ]
jke jk𝜂e 2E0 sin X sin Y
E𝜃 =− 𝜂N𝜃 = − − ab cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r 4𝜋r 𝜂 X Y
abkE0 e−jkr [ sin X sin Y
]
=j cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2𝜋r X Y
−jkr [ ]
ke−jkr abkE0 e sin X sin Y
E𝜙 = +j (−𝜂N𝜙 ) = j cos 𝜙
4𝜋r 2𝜋r X Y
ka
X = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2
kb
Y = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
12.34. a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm = 0.7620λ
b = 0.4′′ = 1.016 cm = 0.3387λ
d = 0.85λ
R0 = −30 dB = 31.6228
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕(10 × 109 ) = 3 cm
Dt = De Da
[ ] (0.7620λ)(0.3387λ)
ab
De = 0.81 4𝜋 2 = 0.81(4𝜋) = 2.6270 = 4.1947 dB
λ λ2
2R0 2
Da =
λ
1 + (R0 2 − 1) f
L+d
{ √ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh[ (cosh R0 ) − 𝜋 ]
−1 2 2
R0
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 371
{ √ }2
2
f = 1 + 0.636 cosh[ (4.1468)2 − 𝜋 2 ] = 1.1440
31.6228
√
−1 −1
cosh R0 = cosh (31.6228) = ln[31.6228 ± (31.6228)2 − 1] = ln(63.2297) = 4.1468
L = 3(0.85λ) = 2.55λ
2(31.6228)2 2(1, 000)
Da = =
λ 1 + 336.1346
1 + [(31.6228)2 − 1](1.144)
(2.55 + 0.85)λ
Da = 5.9323 = 7.7322 dB
Dt = De Da = 2.6270(5.9323) = 15.5843 = 11.9269 dB
12.35. Dt = Dw [waveguide] Da [array]
From Table 12.1

[ ] [ ]
8 ab ab
Dw = 4𝜋 = 0.81 4𝜋
𝜋2 λ2 λ2
30 × 109 0.9 0.4

λ= 9
= 3 cm = 1.1811′′ ⇒ a = λ = 0.7620λ, b = λ = 0.3387λ
10 × 10 1.1811 1.1811
[ ]
0.7620λ(0.3387λ)
Dw = 0.81 4𝜋 = 0.81(3.2429) = 2.6268 = 4.1942 dB
λ2
Da = 𝜋 cos 𝜃0 Dx Dy |𝜃0 =00 = 𝜋Dx Dy [From (6-103)]
( ) ( )
d 0.85λ
Dx = Dy ≃ 2N = 2(8) = 13.6 (From Table 6-8)
λ λ
Da = 𝜋Dx Dy = 𝜋(13.6) = 581.069 = 581.07 = 27.642 dB
Dt ≃ Dw Da = 2.6268(581.069) = 1,526.35 = 31.84 dB
= 4.1942 (dB) + 27.642 (dB) = 31.836 dB
12.36. The results can be obtained by using a comparative analogy between the fields of a rectan-
gular aperture when not mounted and mounted on an infinite ground plane. These are listed
in Table 12.1.
Therefore we can write that the fields of the circular aperture of Section 12.6.1, when it
is not mounted on an infinite ground plane, are [by using (12-53a)–(12-53c)]
Er ≃ 0
{ }
ka2 E0 e−jkr J (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 ≃ j (1 + cos 𝜃) sin 𝜙 1
2r ka sin 𝜃
{ }
ka2 E0 e−jkr J (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜙 ≃ j (1 + cos 𝜃) cos 𝜙 1
2r ka sin 𝜃
Hr ≃ 0
H𝜃 = −E𝜙 ∕𝜂
H𝜙 = E𝜃 ∕𝜂
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
372 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
′ 𝜌
E0 ′
12.37. E𝜌 = ′ J1 𝜒11 sin 𝜙′
𝜌 a
( )
′ 𝜌
′
𝜕′
E𝜙 = E0 J1′ 𝜒11 cos 𝜙′ , J1′ = J
a 𝜕𝜌 1
Ez = 0
(a) Using (VII-7b)

( ) { ( ) }
′ 𝜌 ′ 𝜌
E ′ ′
1
Ex = E𝜌 cos 𝜙 − E𝜙 sin 𝜙 = 0
′
J 𝜒11
′
sin 2𝜙 − J1 𝜒11
′ ′
sin 2𝜙 ′
2 𝜌′ 1 a a
{ ( ) ( ) }
′ 𝜌 ′ 𝜌
′ ′
1
Ey = E𝜌 sin 𝜙′ + E𝜙 cos 𝜙′ = E0 J 𝜒 sin 𝜙
2 ′
+ J ′
𝜒 cos 𝜙
2 ′
𝜌′ 1 11 a 1 11 a
′ cos 𝜓 ′ cos 𝜓
Ly = My ejkr ds′ = My ejk𝜌 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′
∬ ∬
Sa Sa
′ cos 𝜓 ′ cos 𝜓
Lx = Mx ejkr ds′ = Mx ejk𝜌 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′
∬ ∬
Sa Sa
M = −2̂n × Ea = −2̂az × (̂ax Ex + â y Ey ) = −̂ay 2Ex + â x 2Ey

Mx = 2Ey , My = −2Ex
J = 0 ⇒ Jx = Jy = Jz = 0
Therefore
2𝜋 a{( ) ( ) }
′ 𝜌 ′ 𝜌
′ ′
1
ejk𝜌 cos 𝜓 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′
′
Ly = −E0 J 𝜒 sin 2𝜙 ′
− J ′
𝜒 sin 2𝜙 ′
∫0 ∫0 𝜌′ 1 11 a 1 11 a
a ( ) { 2𝜋 }
′ 𝜌
′
sin 2𝜙′ ejk𝜌 cos 𝜓 d𝜙′
′
= −E0 J1 𝜒11
∫0 a ∫0
a ( ) 2𝜋
′ 𝜌
′
sin 2𝜙′ ejk𝜌 cos 𝜓 𝜌′ d𝜙′ d𝜌′
′
+ E0 J1′ 𝜒11
∫0 a ∫0
However
2𝜋 { 2𝜋
′ cos 𝜓 1 ′ sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙′ −𝜙)+2𝜙′ )
I0 = sin 2𝜙ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ = ej(k𝜌 d𝜙′
∫0 2j ∫0
2𝜋 }
′ sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙′ −𝜙)−2𝜙′ )
− ej(k𝜌 d𝜙′
∫0
Letting 𝜙′ − 𝜙 = 𝛽 ⇒ d𝜙′ = d𝛽, we can write
{ 2𝜋−𝜙 2𝜋−𝜙 }
1 j2𝜙 j(k𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝛽+2𝛽) −j2𝜙 j(k𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝛽−2𝛽)
I0 = e e d𝛽 − e e d𝛽
2j ∫−𝜙 ∫−𝜙
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 373
with the aid of (V-35), it reduces to
1 { j2𝜙 }
I0 = −e 2𝜋J2 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) + e−j2𝜙 2𝜋J−2 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃)
2j
Using (V-10) we can write it as
2𝜋
′ cos 𝜓
I0 = sin 2𝜙ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ = −2𝜋 sin 2𝜙J2 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃). Thus
∫0
a ( [ ) ( )]
′ 𝜌 ′ 𝜌
′ ′
1
Ly = E0 (2𝜋) sin 2𝜙 𝜌 J2 (k𝜌 sin 𝜃) ′ J1 𝜒11
′ ′
− J1 𝜒11
′
d𝜌′
∫0 𝜌 a a
Using (V-19), it reduces to
′ sin 2𝜙 a ( )
′ 𝜌
2𝜋𝜒11 ′
Ly = E0 𝜌′ J2 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃)J2 𝜒11 d𝜌′
a ∫0 a
Since
𝛾xJp (𝛼x)Jp−1 (𝛾x) − 𝛼xJp−1 (𝛼x)Jp (𝛾x)

xJp (𝛼x)Jp (𝛾x)dx =
∫ 𝛼2 − 𝛾 2
then
{ }
′ ) sin 2𝜙
2𝜋(𝜒11 𝜒11
′ J (ka sin 𝜃)J (𝜒 ′ ) − ka sin 𝜃J (ka sin 𝜃)J (𝜒 ′ )
2 1 11 1 2 11
Ly = E0
a (k sin 𝜃)2 − (𝜒11
′ ∕a)2
1
Because J1′ (𝜒11
′ ) = −J (𝜒 ′ ) −
2 11 J (𝜒 ′ ) = 0 ⇒ J1 (𝜒11
′ 1 11
′
) = 𝜒11
′ ′
J2 (𝜒11 )
𝜒11
′ )
{ ′ )2 J (ka sin 𝜃) − ka sin 𝜃J (ka sin 𝜃)
}
J1 (𝜒11 (𝜒11 2 1
Ly = −2𝜋aE0 sin 2𝜙 ⋅
𝜒112
′
1 − (ka sin 𝜃∕𝜒11
′ )2
Using a similar procedure, it can be shown that
′ cos 𝜓
Lx = Mx ejk𝜌 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′
∬
Sa
2𝜋 ( a{ ) ( ) }
′ 𝜌 ′ 𝜌
′ ′
1
cos 𝜙 ejk𝜌 cos 𝜓 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′
′
= 2E0 J 𝜒11 sin 𝜙 + J1 𝜒11
2 ′ ′ 2 ′
∫0 ∫0 𝜌′ 1 a a
[ ′ )2
]
⎧ 2 (𝜒11 ⎫
( ′ ) ⎪sin 𝜙J1 (ka sin 𝜃) ka sin 𝜃 − − cos2 𝜙(𝜒11
′ )2 J ′ (ka sin 𝜃)
⎪
−4𝜋aJ1 𝜒11 E0 ⎪ ka sin 𝜃 1
⎪
Lx = ⎨ ⎬
′ )2
(𝜒11 ⎪ [1 − (ka sin 𝜃∕𝜒 ′ )2 ]
11 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ⎭
L𝜃 = Lx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + Ly cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙, L𝜙 = −Lx sin 𝜙 + Ly cos 𝜙
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
374 SOLUTION MANUAL
J1′ (ka sin 𝜃)

′
L𝜃 = 4𝜋aJ1 (𝜒11 )E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
[1 − (ka sin 𝜃∕𝜒11
′ )2 ]
J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
′
L𝜙 = −4𝜋aJ1 (𝜒11 )E0 sin 𝜙
ka sin 𝜃
Thus using (12-10a)–(12-10f)
Er ≃ 0 Hr ≃ 0
′ )e−jkr
kaE0 J1 (𝜒11 J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 ≃ j sin 𝜙 H𝜃 ≃ E𝜙 ∕𝜂
r ka sin 𝜃
′ )e−jkr
kaE0 J1 (𝜒11 J1′ (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜙 ≃ j cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
r [1 − (ka sin 𝜃∕𝜒11 ′ )2 ]
(b) The results can be obtained by using a comparative analogy between the fields radiated
by a rectangular aperture when not mounted and mounted on an infinite ground plane.
These are listed in Table 12.1. Also compare with Problem 12.36.
Therefore we can write that the fields of the circular aperture of Section 12.6.2, when
it is not mounted on an infinite ground plane, are (by using the results of part a)
Er ≃ 0 Hr ≃ 0
′ )e−jkr
kaE0 J1 (𝜒11 J1 (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 ≃ j (1 + cos 𝜃) sin 𝜙 H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂
2r ka sin 𝜃
′ )e−jkr
kaE0 J1 (𝜒11 J1′ (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜙 ≃ j (1 + cos 𝜃) cos 𝜙 H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
2r [1 − (ka sin 𝜃∕𝜒11 ′ )2 ]
C2 J (Z)
12.38. E𝜃 = sin 𝜙(1 + cos 𝜃) 1
2 Z
C J1′ (Z)
E𝜙 = 2 cos 𝜙(1 + cos 𝜃) ′ )2
2 1 − (Z∕𝜒11
Z = ka sin 𝜃, 𝜒11 ′
= 1.841, J1′ (Z) = J0 (Z) − J1 (Z)∕Z
[ ]
sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙
Et = â 𝜃 (1 + cos 𝜃) + â 𝜙 (1 + cos 𝜃)
2 2
1 + cos 𝜃
= [̂a𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 cos 𝜙]
2
Er = (̂a𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 cos 𝜙 sin 𝜙)
(̂a𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 cos 𝜙)
â t = √ = (̂a𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 cos 𝜙)
sin 𝜙 + cos 𝜙
2 2
â 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â 𝜙 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙

â r = √
sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙
| |2
| |
| sin 𝜙 + cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 |
| = (sin 𝜙 + cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙)
2 2 2 2 2
|
PLF = |̂at ⋅ â r | = | √
2
|
| | sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙
| sin2 𝜙 + cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜙 |
| |
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 375
12.39. (a) Using Table 12.1 and comparing the fields of a rectangular aperture mounted on a PEC
and not a ground plane, we can write the fields of a circular aperture not mounted
on a ground plane (based on the fields of the same aperture mounted on a PEC and
Table 12.2) as
Er ≃ Hr ≃ 0 H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂 ⎫
⎪
C J (Z) ⎪
E𝜃 ≃ 2 sin 𝜙(1 + cos 𝜃) 1 H𝜙 ≃ +E𝜃 ∕𝜂 ⎪ 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦
2 Z
⎬ ◦
J1′ (Z) 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 360◦
Z = ka sin 𝜃 ⎪
C2
E𝜙 ≃ cos 𝜙(1 + cos 𝜃) ′ )2 ⎪
2 1 − (Z∕𝜒11 ′ = 1.841 ⎪
𝜒11
⎭
(b) From Table 12.2
Aem = 0.836Ap = 0.836(𝜋a2 ), a = 1.125 cm, f = 10 GHz

30 × 109 1.125
λ= = 3 cm, a = λ = 0.375λ
10 × 109 3
Aem = 0.836[𝜋(0.375λ)2 ] = 0.369λ2 = 0.369(3)2 = 3.324 cm2
(PL )max = Aem Wi (1 − |Γ|2 ), Wi = 100 W∕m2
= 100(10−4 ) W∕cm2 = 10 × 10−3 W∕cm2
| Z − Zc |2
ZL = 350 + j400, Zc = 300 ⇒ |Γ|2 = || L |
|
| ZL + Zc |
| 350 + j400 − 300 |2 ( 403.1129 )2
= || | =
| = 0.27897
| 350 + j400 + 300 | 763.2169
PL = 3.324(10 × 10−3 )(1 − 0.27897) = 23.966 × 10−3 Watts
12.40. Circular Waveguide: a = 2 cm

Rectangular Waveguide: a = 2.286 cm, b = 1.016 cm
Frequency = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = c∕f = 30 × 109 ∕10 × 109 = 3 cm
(a) Transmitting Antenna: Rectangular waveguide
[ ] [ ]
ab 2.286(1.016)
Dt = 𝜀ap D0 = 𝜀ap 4𝜋 2 = 0.81 4𝜋 = 0.81(3.243)
λ (3)2
Dt = 2.627 = 4.194 dB
Pt 100 100
(b) W0 (isotropic source) = = =
4𝜋R2 4𝜋(100 × 103 × 100)2 4𝜋(107 )2
10−12
W0 (isotropic) = = 7.958 × 10−14 W∕cm2
4𝜋
W(waveguide)max = Dt W0 = 7.958(2.627) × 10−14 = 20.905 × 10−14
W(waveguide)max = 20.905 × 10−14 W∕cm2
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
376 SOLUTION MANUAL
(c) Receiving Antenna: Circular Waveguide
(Aem )r = 𝜀ap Ap = 0.836(𝜋a2 ) = 0.836[𝜋(2)2 ]

(Aem )r = 0.836[4𝜋] = 0.836(12.566) = 10.505
(Aem )r = 10.505 cm2
( )
(d) ∙ W
Pr = Wmax (Aem )r = 20.905 × 10 10.505(cm2 )
cm2
Pr = 2.196 × 10−12 Watts
1
∙ Pr = (PLF)Wmax (Aem )r = (20.905 × 10−14 )(26.465)
2
Pr = 1.098 × 10−12 Watts
12.41. G0 = 15 dB ⇒ G0 (dimensionless) = 101.5 = 31.623; Ap = 𝜋a2 = 25 cm2
f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 3 cm
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(a) G0 = ecd D0 = Aem = 2 𝜀ap Ap = 2 (𝜀ap )(25 cm2 ) = (𝜀ap )(25) = 31.623
λ2 λ λ (3)2
9(31.623)
𝜀ap = = 0.906 = 90.6%
4𝜋(25)
(b) PL = Wi Aem = Wi 𝜀ap Ap = 30 × 10−3 (0.906)(25) = 679.5 × 10−3 Watts
PL = 0.6795 Watts
12.42. G0 = 9 dB ⇒ G0 (dimensionless) = 100.9 = 7.94328
( )
4𝜋
(a) From Table 12.2 D0 = G0 = 0.836 2 Ap = 7.94328
λ
7.94328(λ2 )
⇒ Ap = 𝜋a2 = = 0.7561λ2
0.836(𝜋)(4)
(b) Aem = 𝜀ap Ap = 0.836(0.7561)λ2 = 0.6321λ2

(c) 𝜀ap = 0.836 = 83.6%
(d) The TE11 -mode is less efficient (83.6% vs. 100%) than the uniform distribution.
(a) a = 0.5λ ⇒ D0 = 11.24 = 10.51 dB
(b) a = 1.5λ ⇒ D0 = 92.704 = 19.67 dB
(c) a = 3.0λ ⇒ D0 = 357.278 = 25.53 dB
Using Table 12.2
(a) a = 0.5λ ⇒ D0 = (2𝜋a∕λ)2 = [2𝜋(0.5)]2 = 9.8696 = 9.943 dB
(b) a = 1.5λ ⇒ D0 = (2𝜋a∕λ)2 = [2𝜋(1.5)]2 = 88.826 = 19.485 dB
(c) a = 3.0λ ⇒ D0 = (2𝜋a∕λ)2 = [2𝜋(3)]2 = 355.306 = 25.506 dB
They compare quite well except for a = 0.5λ
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 377

(a) a = 0.5λ ⇒ D0 = 11.264 = 10.517 dB
(b) a = 1.5λ ⇒ D0 = 93.197 = 19.694 dB
(c) a = 3.0λ ⇒ D0 = 356.815 = 25.524 dB
12.45. With ground plane
Using the computer program Aperture of Chapter 12.
(a) a = 0.5λ ⇒ D0 = 9.922 = 9.966 dB
(b) a = 1.5λ ⇒ D0 = 75.161 = 18.759 dB
(c) a = 3.0λ ⇒ D0 = 295.096 = 24.699 dB
Using Table 12.2
(a) a = 0.5λ ⇒ D0 = 0.836(2𝜋a∕λ) = 0.836(9.8696) = 8.251 = 9.165 dB
(b) a = 1.5λ ⇒ D0 = 0.836(2𝜋a∕λ) = 0.836(88.826) = 74.259 = 18.707 dB
(c) a = 3.0λ ⇒ D0 = 0.836(2𝜋a∕λ) = 0.836(355.306) = 297.036 = 24.728 dB
Without ground plane
Using the computer program Aperture of Chapter 12.
(a) a = 0.5λ ⇒ D0 = 8.8244 = 9.457 dB
(b) a = 1.5λ ⇒ D0 = 75.9458 = 18.805 dB
(c) a = 3.0λ ⇒ D0 = 296.959 = 24.727 dB
12.46. From Table 12.2 From Figs. 12.19 & 12.20
(a) HPBW (E-plane) = 29.2∕1.5 = 19.47◦ HPBW ≃ 20◦
(b) HPBW (H-plane) = 37.0∕1.5 = 24.67◦ HPBW ≃ 23.8◦
(c) FNBW (E-plane) = 69.9∕1.5 = 46.6◦ FNBW ≃ 49◦
(d) FNBW (H-plane) = 98.0∕1.5 = 65.33◦ FNBW ≃ 68◦
(e) FSLMM (E-plane) = −17.6 dB FSLMM ≃ −17 dB
(f) FSLMM (H-plane) = −26.2 dB FSLMM ≃ −28.5 dB
12.47. From Table 12.2
(a) Aperture with infinite PEC ground plane
J1 (Z)
E𝜃 = jC1 sin 𝜙 Z = ka sin 𝜃
Z
J (Z)
E𝜙 = jC1 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 1 C1 = Constant
Z
H𝜃 = −E𝜙 ∕𝜂
H𝜙 = E𝜃 ∕𝜂
Aperture without PEC ground plane
( )
1 + cos 𝜃 J (Z)
E𝜃 = C1 sin 𝜙 1
2 Z
( )
1 + cos 𝜃 J (Z)
E𝜙 = C1 cos 𝜙 1
2 Z
29.2 29.2
(b) ∙ HPBW(E-plane) = = = 9.7333◦
a∕λ 3
29.2 29.2
∙ HPBW(H-plane) = = = 9.733◦
a∕λ 3
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
378 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )2 [ ]2
2𝜋a 2𝜋(3)λ
(Table 12.2): D0 = = = (6𝜋)2 = (18.8496)2 = 355.306 = 25.52 dB
λ λ
41,253 41,253
(Kraus): D0 = = = 435.44 = 26.39 dB
ΘE ΘH (9.7333)2
72,815 72,815 72,815
(T&P): D0 = 2 2
= 2
= = 384.30 = 25.85 dB
ΘE + ΘH 2(Θ) 2(9.733)
T&P is more accurate because HPBW is less than 39.77◦ .

12.48. (a) Ea = â y E0 [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ] ⇒ M s = −2̂n × Ea = â x 2E0 [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ]
( 0 0 )
L𝜃 = > cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 −

Mx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 +
M > sin 𝜃 ejkr′ cos 𝜓 ds′

M
∬ y z
s
a 2𝜋
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′
= 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜌′ [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ] ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ d𝜌′
∫0 ∫0
Using (V-35) it reduces, after separating into two integrals, to

[ a a ]
1
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜌′ J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′ − 𝜌′ 3J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′
∫0 a2 ∫0
Making a change of variable of the form
x = k𝜌′ sin 𝜃 ⇒ dx = k sin 𝜃 d𝜌′
we can write it as
[ ]
a ka sin 𝜃
1 1
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜌 J0 (k𝜌 sin 𝜃) d𝜌 − 2
′ ′ ′ 3
x J0 (x) dx
∫0 a (k sin 𝜃)4 ∫0
Using (V-22) and (V-24) it reduces to

[ ]
J (ka sin 𝜃)
L𝜃 = 8𝜋a E0 2
cos 𝜙 cos 𝜃 2
(ka sin 𝜃)2
In a similar manner, it can be shown that

[ ]
′ cos 𝜓 J (ka sin 𝜃)
L𝜙 = [−Mx sin 𝜙 + My cos 𝜙]ejkr ds′ = −8𝜋a2 E0 sin 𝜙 2
∬ (ka sin 𝜃)2
s
Since N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0, we can write the radiated fields, using (12-10a)–(12-10f), as
Er ≃ 0
[ ]
e−jkr J (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 ≃ j2ka2 E0 sin 𝜙 2
r (ka sin 𝜃)2
[ ]
e−jkr J2 (ka sin 𝜃)
2
E𝜙 ≃ j2ka E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
r (ka sin 𝜃)2
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 379
Hr ≃ 0
(b) Following a similar procedure, it can be shown that when
Ea = â y E0 [1 − (𝜌′ ∕a)2 ]2
the radiated field are given by
Er ≃ 0
[ ]
e−jkr J3 (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 ≃ j16 ka E0 2
sin 𝜙
r (ka sin 𝜃)3
[ ]
e−jkr J (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜙 ≃ j16 ka2 E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 3
r (ka sin 𝜃)3
Hr ≃ 0, H𝜃 ≃ −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 ≃ E𝜃 ∕𝜂
12.49. Ea = â y E0 (1 − 𝜌′ ∕a) ⇒ M s = â x 2E0 (1 − 𝜌′ ∕a), J = 0 ⇒ N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
a
′ cos 𝜓
L𝜃 = Mx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙ejkr ds′ = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜌′ (1 − 𝜌′ ∕a)
∬ ∫0
s
2𝜋
′ sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙′ )
× ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ d𝜌′
∫0
2𝜋
Using (12-48) ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ = 2𝜋J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃)
∫0
[ a a ]
1
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜌 J0 (k𝜌 sin 𝜃) d𝜌 −
′ ′
𝜌 J0 (k𝜌 sin 𝜃) d𝜌
′2 ′′ ′
∫0 a ∫0
[ ]
𝜌′ |a 1 a ′2
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ′ |
J (k𝜌 sin 𝜃)| − 𝜌 J0 (k𝜌 sin 𝜃) d𝜌
′ ′
k sin 𝜃 1 |0 a ∫0
x 1
let x = k𝜌′ sin 𝜃 ⇒ 𝜌′ = ⇒ d𝜌′ = dx
k sin 𝜃 k sin 𝜃
{ }
ka sin 𝜃
a 1
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 J (ka sin 𝜃) − 2
x J0 (x) dx
k sin 𝜃 1 ak3 sin3 𝜃 ∫0
Using V-30, V-27

{
a J1 (x) ||ka sin 𝜃
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 J1 (ka sin 𝜃) − x2 |
k sin 𝜃 ak3 sin3 𝜃 |0
}
ka sin 𝜃
1
+ xJ1 (x) dx
ak3 sin3 𝜃 ∫0
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
380 SOLUTION MANUAL
{
a a
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 J1 (ka sin 𝜃) − J (ka sin 𝜃)
k sin 𝜃 k sin 𝜃 1
[ { }]}
|ka sin 𝜃 ka sin 𝜃
1 |
+ −xJ0 (x) | + J0 (x) dx
k3 a sin3 𝜃 | ∫0
|0
{ }
ka sin 𝜃
1
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 ⋅ cos 𝜙 J0 (ka sin 𝜃) + J0 (x) dx
k2 sin2 𝜃 ∫0
ka sin 𝜃
J0 (x) dx cannot be evaluated in closed form.
∫0
L𝜙 also has same except for front term.
{ }
ka sin 𝜃
1
L𝜙 = −4𝜋E0 sin 𝜙 J0 (ka sin 𝜃) + J0 (x) dx
k2 sin2 𝜃 ∫0
12.50. V 1 1 V
Ea = −̂a𝜌 = −̂a𝜌 C ′ , where C =
𝜀 ln(b∕a) 𝜌 ′ 𝜌 𝜀 ln(b∕a)
( )
C C 2C
M s = −2̂n × Ea = −2̂az × −̂a𝜌 ′ = â 𝜙 (2) ′ ⇒ M𝜙 = ′
𝜌 𝜌 𝜌
Thus using (12-42c)
0 0
L𝜃 = > cos 𝜃 cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ ) + M𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ ) −

[
M > sin 𝜃]ejkr′ cos 𝜓 ds′

M
∬ 𝜌 z
Sa
b[ 2𝜋 ]
= 2C cos 𝜃 sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ d𝜌′
∫a ∫0
Because of azimuthal symmetry, the field is not a function of 𝜙. Choosing 𝜙 = 0:
b[ 2𝜋 ] b
′ jk𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′
L𝜃 = 2C cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜙 e d𝜙 d𝜌′ = 2C cos 𝜃
′
[0]d𝜌′ = 0
∫a ∫0 ∫a
0
L𝜙 = > sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ ) + M𝜙 cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )]ejkr′ cos 𝜓 ds′

[−
M
∬ 𝜌
s
b[ 2𝜋 ]
′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′
= 2C cos 𝜙′ ejk𝜌 d𝜙′ d𝜌′
∫a ∫0
b[ 𝜋 2𝜋 ]
′ jk𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′ ′ jk𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′
L𝜙 = 2C cos 𝜙 e d𝜙 + ′
cos 𝜙 e d𝜙 d𝜌′
′
∫a ∫0 ∫𝜋
Let 𝜃 ′′ = 𝜙′ − 𝜋 ⇒ d𝜙′′ = d𝜙′
b[ 𝜋 𝜋 ]
′ jk𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′ ′′ jk𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙′′
L𝜙 = 2C cos 𝜙 e ′
d𝜙 − cos 𝜙 e d𝜙 d𝜌′
′′
∫a ∫0 ∫0
b b
= 2C [J1 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) − J1 (−k𝜌′ sin 𝜃)]d𝜌′ = 4C J1 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′
∫a ∫a
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 381
by using (V-36) and (V-10). With the aid of (V-23)

[ ]
1
L𝜙 = −4C (J (kb sin 𝜃) − J0 (ka sin 𝜃))
k sin 𝜃 0
If however the slot is very thin, L𝜙 can be approximated by
b b
L𝜙 = 4C J1 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′ = 4C J1 (ka′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′ = 4C(b − a)J1 (ka′ sin 𝜃)
∫a ∫a
( )
a+b
where a′ =
2
Using (12-10a)–(12-10f), we can write the radiated fields as
Er = 0
[ ]
ke−jkr 0 Ce−jkr J0 (kb sin 𝜃) − J0 (ka sin 𝜃)
E𝜃 = −j [L + 𝜂
N 𝜃 ] = +j
4𝜋r 𝜙 𝜋r sin 𝜃
(a − b)Cke−jkr
≃ +j J1 (ka′ sin 𝜃)
𝜋r
ke−jkr
E𝜙 = +j [L − 𝜂N𝜙 ] = 0
4𝜋r 𝜃
Hr = 0, H𝜃 = −E𝜙 ∕𝜂, H𝜙 = E𝜃 ∕𝜂
12.51. Using Figure 12.21
2𝜋 3.3λ
u = ka sin 𝜃1 = a sin 𝜃1 = 3.3 ⇒ a = = 1.05λ
λ 2𝜋 sin(30◦ )
2𝜋
12.52. u = ka sin 𝜃1 = (2λ) sin(20◦ ) = 4.298 ≃ 4.3
λ
Using Figure 12.21 ⇒ Beam efficiency ≃ 97 ∼ 98%
12.53. (a) For a square aperture 𝜃ce = 𝜃ch . Therefore the optimum dimension
λ λ 2 λ
a=b= = √ = √ = 0.577λ
2 sin(60◦ ) 2 3 3
(b) The maximum directivity, according to (12-59), is
𝜋 𝜋 4
D0 = = = 𝜋 = 4.189 = 6.221 dB
sin 𝜃c
2 2 ◦
sin (60 ) 3
(c) The directivity at 𝜃 = 60◦ is −3.922 dB from the maximum at 𝜃 = 0◦ .

λ λ
12.54. (a) a = = = 0.338λ
3.413 sin 𝜃c 3.413 sin(60◦ )
1.086𝜋 1.086𝜋
(b) D0 = = = 4.55 = 6.58 dB
sin 𝜃c
2
sin2 (60◦ )
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
382 SOLUTION MANUAL
(c) P(𝜃 = 0)|max = (2𝜋a)2

{ } { }
2
2J1 (ka sin 𝜃) 2 ◦ 2
2J1 (1.8392) 2
P(𝜃)|𝜃=60◦ = (2𝜋a) , P(𝜃 = 60 ) = (2𝜋a)
ka sin 𝜃 1.8392
{ }2
2(0.5819)
P(𝜃 = 60◦ ) = (2𝜋a)2 = (2𝜋a)2 (0.4004)
1.8392
P(𝜃 = 𝜃c ) ||
= 0.4004 = −3.975 dB
P(𝜃 = 0) ||𝜃c =60◦
λ | λ
12.55. (a) a = | = = 0.42268λ
|
2.7318 sin(𝜃c ) |𝜃c =60◦ 2.3658
1.263𝜋 1.263𝜋
(b) D0 = 2
= = 5.2904 = 7.235 dB
sin (𝜃c ) 0.75
{ }
2
8J2 (ka sin 𝜃) 2
(c) P(𝜃) = 0.75(2𝜋a)
[ka sin 𝜃]2
P(𝜃 = 0) = 0.75(2𝜋a) {8J2 (x)∕x2 }2 |x=0 = 0.75(2𝜋a)2 (1)
2
because
8J2 (x) ||
=1
x ||x=0
( ) 2
⎧ 8J 2𝜋 (0.42268λ) sin 60◦ ⎫
⎪ 2 ⎪
P(𝜃 = 60◦ ) = 0.75(2𝜋a)2 ⎨ [ λ ]2 ⎬
⎪ 2𝜋 (0.42268λ) sin 60◦ ⎪
⎩ λ ⎭
{ }2
= 0.75(2𝜋a)2 8J2 (2.3)∕(2.3)2 = 0.75(2𝜋a)2 (0.39182)
P(𝜃 = 60◦ ) ||
= 0.39182 = −4.069134 dB
P(𝜃 = 0◦ ) ||𝜃c =60◦
λ λ
12.56. (a) a = = = 0.37696λ
3.06317 sin 𝜃c 3.06317(0.8660)
(b) To find the maximum directivity, we need to drive the far-field for a circular aperture
with a parabolic taper on 10 dB pedestal.
[ ( )2 ]
𝜌′ { }
E0 = â y 1 − ⇒ M s = −2̂n × Ea = â x 2E0 1 − [𝜌′ ∕(1.2097a)]2
1.2097a
[ ( )2 ]
2𝜋 a
𝜌′
L𝜃 = 2E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 1− 𝜌′ d𝜌 d𝜃
∫0 ∫0 1.2097a
[ a
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝜌′ J0 (k𝜌′ sin 𝜃) d𝜌′
∫0
a ]
1
− 𝜌 J0 (k𝜌 sin 𝜃) d𝜌
′3 ′ ′
(1.2097a)2 ∫0
Making a change of variable of the form ⇒ X = k𝜌′ sin 𝜃 ⇒ dX = k sin 𝜃 d𝜌′ , we can
write it as
{
ka sin 𝜃
1
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 X J0 (X) dx
(k sin 𝜃)2 ∫0
[ ]}
ka sin 𝜃
1 1 3
− X J0 (X) dx
(1.2097a)2 (k sin 𝜃)4 ∫0
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 383
[ ]
a2 J(X) a2 J(X) 2a2 J2 (X)
L𝜃 = 4𝜋E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − 2
+
X (1.2097) X (1.2097)2 X 2
( )
3 3 2
XJ0 (X) dX = X J1 (X) + C, X J0 (X) dX = X J1 (X) − 2X J2 (X) + C
∫ ∫
X = ka sin 𝜃
Using a similar procedure:

[( ) ]
J1 (X)
1 2 J2 (X)
L𝜙 = 4𝜋E0 sin 𝜙a 2
1− +
(1.2097)2
X (1.2097)2 X 2
[ ]
ke−jkr kE0 a2 e−jkr J1 (X) J2 (X)
∴ E𝜃 = −j L =j sin 𝜙 0.316647 + 1.3667 2
4𝜋r 𝜙 r X X
2 −jkr [ ]
kE a e J (X) J (X)
E𝜙 = j 0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 0.316647 1 + 1.3667 2 2
r X X
X = ka sin 𝜃
Radiated power reduces to

[ ( )2 ]2
|E0 |2 2𝜋 a 𝜌′
Prad = W av ⋅ ds = 1− 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙
∯ 2𝜂 ∫0 ∫0 1.2097a
s
[ 2 ]
|E0 |2 a 1 a2 1 a2 |E0 |2
= 2𝜋 − + = (2𝜋)0.23615(a2 )
2𝜂 2 2 (1.2097)2 6 (1.2097)4 2𝜂
|E |2 ( )2 [ J (X)
]
J (X) 2 ||
2𝜋
Umax = 0 (a4 ) 0.316647 1 + 1.3667 2 2 |
2𝜂 λ X X |
|X=0
⎛ ← J1 (X) ||
( )2 = 0.5
|E |2
= 0 (a4 )
2𝜋
(0.32916)2
⎜ X ||X=0
⎜ J (X) | 1
2𝜂 λ ⎜ ← 2 || =
⎝ X 2 |X=0 8
|E0 |2 ( 2𝜋 )2
4𝜋 (0.1083469)a4
4𝜋Umax 2𝜂 λ
D0 = =
Prad |E0 |2
2𝜋 (0.23615)a2
2𝜂
4𝜋
D0 = 2(a2 ) (𝜋)(0.458805)
λ2
4𝜋
D0 = 0.91761 2 (𝜋a2 )
λ
For a circular aperture with parabolic taper with −10 dB pedestral, the normalized power
pattern multiplied by the maximum directivity can be written as
{ [ ]2 }
J (X) J (X)
P(𝜃) = 0.91761(2𝜋a) 2
(3.038026) 2
0.316647 1 + 1.3667 2 2
X X
X = ka sin 𝜃
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
384 SOLUTION MANUAL
For any other angle 𝜃 = 𝜃c , the maximum of the pattern occurs when
[ ]
J (X)
ka sin 𝜃c = 2.0512 ⇒ 0.316647 J1 (X) + 1.3667 2 has maximum
X
λ λ
∴ Optimum Radius: a = =
2𝜋 3.06317 sin 𝜃c
sin 𝜃c
2.0512
Directivity is
( )
4𝜋 λ 1.228247𝜋
D0 = 0.91761 2 (𝜋) =
λ 3.06317 sin 𝜃c (sin 𝜃c )2
( )
λ
The maximum directivity with aperture radius a a = is
3.06317 sin 60◦
1.228247𝜋
D0 = = 5.144869 = 7.1137 dB.
(sin 60◦ )2
(c) The value of the directivity at the edge of the desired coverage (𝜃 = 𝜃c = 60◦ ), relative
to its maximum value 𝜃 = 0, is
P(𝜃 = 𝜃c )
P(𝜃 = 0)
P(𝜃 = 0) = 0.91761(2𝜋a)2
( )
2𝜋 λ
ka sin 𝜃c |𝜃c =60◦ = sin 𝜃c = 2.0512
λ 3.06317 sin 𝜃c
P(𝜃c = 60◦ )
{ [ ]2}
J1 (2.0512) J 2 (2.0512)
= 0.91761(2𝜋a2 ) (3.038026)2 0.316647 + 1.3667
(2.0512) (2.0512)2
{ }
= 0.91761(2𝜋a2 ) (3.038026)2 [0.316647(0.27930) + 1.3667(0.086548)]2
= 0.91761(2𝜋a2 )[(3.038026)(0.20672522)]2
P(𝜃c = 60◦ ) = 0.91761(2𝜋a2 )[0.39443]
P(𝜃 = 𝜃c )
= 0.39443 = −4.0402979 dB
P(𝜃 = 0)
12.57. For circular aperture with parabolic-taper illumination, the power pattern (relative power
pattern times the antenna directivity), is given by
{ }2
2 8J2 (ka sin 𝜃)
P(𝜃) = 0.75(𝜋2a)
[ka sin 𝜃]2
where a is the radius of the aperture in wavelengths, and J2 is the second-order Bessel
function.
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 385
The maximum value of P(𝜃), for a given 𝜃, occurs when the function [J2 (X)∕X] is a
maximum; i.e.,
ka sin 𝜃c = 2.3
2𝜋 λ λ
(a) sin 𝜃c = 2.3 ⇒ a = =
λ 2𝜋 2.7318 sin 𝜃c
sin 𝜃c
2.3
( )
4𝜋
D0 = 0.75 2 (𝜋a2 )
λ
( 2)[ ]2
4𝜋 λ (4𝜋) 𝜋
D0 = 0.75 = 0.75
λ2 2.7318 sin(𝜃c ) (2.7318)2 [sin(𝜃c )]2
𝜋
D0 = 0.75(1.68388)
[sin(𝜃c )]2
D0 = 1.2629𝜋∕ sin2 𝜃c
E.O.C. (Relative power at 𝜃c to maximum power), using P(𝜃 = 0) from Problem 12.55(c):
[ ]
J2 (2.3) 2
0.75[𝜋(2)a]2
8
P(𝜃 = 𝜃c ) (2.3)2
=
P(𝜃 = 0) 0.75[𝜋(2)a]2
[ ]
8J2 (2.3) 2
= = [8(0.078244)]2
(2.3)
= (0.625952)2 = 0.3918159
P(𝜃 = 𝜃c )
= −4.069 dB
P(𝜃 = 0)
12.58. (a) b = λ∕2 sin 𝜃ce = λ∕2 sin(30◦ ) = λ

λ
a = λ∕2 sin 𝜃ch = λ∕2 sin 45◦ = = 0.707λ
2(0.707)
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(b) D0 = 2 Aem = 2 Ap = 2 (a)(b) = 2 (λ)(0.707λ) = 8.886
λ λ λ λ
D0 = 8.886 = 9.487 dB @ 𝜃 = 0◦
( ) 2
⎡ kLx ⎤
⎢ sin 2 sin 𝜃 ⎥
(c) De = D0 ⎢ ⎥ .
⎢ kLx ⎥
⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ 𝜃=𝜃ce
Lx =b
| ( )
kLx kb 2𝜋 λ 𝜋
sin 𝜃 || = sin 𝜃ce = = = 90◦
2 | L =b
𝜃=𝜃ce 2 2λ 2 2
x
[ ] ( )2 ( )
sin(𝜋∕2) 2 2 4
De = D0 = D0 = D0 = 0.4052(8.886)
𝜋∕2 𝜋 𝜋2
De = 3.6 = 5.564 dB
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
386 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) 2
⎡ kLy ⎤
⎢ sin 2 sin 𝜃 ⎥
(d) Dh = D0 ⎢ ⎥ .
⎢ kLy ⎥
⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦ 𝜃=𝜃ch
Lx =a
kLy | 𝜋
| ka 2𝜋
sin 𝜃 | = sin 𝜃ch = (0.707λ)(0.707) = = 90◦
2 | 𝜃=𝜃ch 2 2λ 2
| L =a
x
[ ] ( )2 ( )
sin(𝜋∕2) 2 2 4
Dh = D0 = D0 = D0 = 0.4052(8.886)
𝜋∕2 𝜋 𝜋2
Dh = 3.6 = 5.564 dB
12.59. Circular aperture; uniform distribution;
D0 (𝜃 = 35◦ ) maximized with respect to 𝜃 = 0◦ .
λ | λ
(a) a = | = = 0.511λ
3.413 sin 𝜃c ||𝜃c =35◦ 3.413(0.57358)
a = 0.511λ
1.086𝜋 || 1.086(𝜋)
(b) D0 = | = = 10.37 = 10.158 dB
|
sin 𝜃c |𝜃 =35◦ (0.57358)2
2
c
(c) The directivity @ 𝜃 = 35◦ is −3.985 dB from the maximum @ 𝜃 = 0◦ .
Therefore
D0 (𝜃c = 35◦ ) = D0 (𝜃 = 0◦ ) − 3.985 = 10.158 − 3.985 = 6.173 dB

D0 (𝜃c = 35◦ ) = 6.173 dB
12.60. (a) One method that can be used combines the results of a vertical dipole in the presence of
a thin, plane, infinite, perfectly conducting electric screen with a horizontal opening and
those of a vertical dipole in the presence of a flat, thin, perfectly conducting electrical
vertical strip as shown in part b of the figure. The strip has been rotated to represent the
magnetic equivalent of the screen’s opening.
(b) Another method combines the results of a vertical dipole in the presence of an electric
conducting screen with a horizontal dipole in the presence of a horizontal electric con-
ducting strip, as shown in part c of the figure. The dipole has been rotated to interchange
the E and H-fields and obtain the magnetic equivalent of the actual source.
( ) ( )
−b∕2 < y < b∕2 a = 0.1λ
12.61. E = −E0 â x
−a∕2 < x < a∕2 b = 0.5λ
E = −̂ax E0
M = −̂n × 2E = −̂n × (−2̂ax E0 ) = â y 2E0
sin X sin Y ka
E𝜃 = −C cos 𝜙 , X= sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
X Y 2
sin X sin Y kb
E𝜙 = C cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 , Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
X Y 2
abkE0 e−jkr
C=j
2𝜋r
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 387
Vertical Electric Dipole
ε0 μ0 P
(a) E0, H0
Vertical Vertical Electric Conductor

Electric Dipole ε0 μ0 Electric
’ Dipole ε0 μ0
Sa ’
P P
+ Sa
Electric E1’ H1 E2, H2
Conductor
(b) E0 = E1 + E2’ H0 = H1 + H2
(c) E0 = E3 + E4, H0 = H3 + H4
ε0 μ0
Vertical Horizontal Electric Conductor
Electric Electric
Dipole Dipole ε 0’ μ 0
Sa P Sa P
+
E3, H3 E4, H4
Electric
Conductor
Vertical electric dipole in an unbounded free-space
and Babinet’s principle equivalents.
Figure P12.60
| sin X |
∝ || |≈1
(x−z plane)
(a) |E𝜃 (𝜃)|at 𝜃=0◦ |
| X |
sin(0.1𝜋 sin 𝜃)
X = 0.1(𝜋) sin 𝜃 cos 0◦ = 0.1(𝜋) sin 𝜃 ⇒ ≈1
(0.1𝜋 sin 𝜃)
sin Y
Y=0 ⇒ =1
Y
(b) At 𝜙 = 90◦ (y-z plane)

|E𝜃 (𝜃)|at 𝜙=90◦ = 0
X = 0 ⇒ sin X∕X = 1
𝜋
Y = sin 𝜃 ⇒ sin Y∕Y
2
–a/2
–b/2 b/2 y
a/2
x
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
388 SOLUTION MANUAL
z z
│Eθ (θ )│ϕ = 0° = 1 │Eθ (θ )│ϕ = 90° 0
0
y
x 0
│Eθ (ϕ )│
│Eϕ (θ )│≈ 0 z
θ = 90° ϕ = 0°
0
y x
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
z
│Eϕ (θ )│ϕ = 90°
θ = 90°
│Eϕ (ϕ )│≈ 0
0
y y
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.2
Figure P12.61
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
SOLUTION MANUAL 389
(c) At 𝜃 = 90◦ (x-y plane)

| sin X sin ||
|E𝜃 (𝜙)|at 𝜃=90◦ ∝ ||cos 𝜙
| X Y ||
X = 0.1(𝜋) cos 𝜙
𝜋
Y = sin 𝜙
2
(d) At 𝜙 = 0◦ (x-y plane)
|E𝜙 (𝜃)|at 𝜙=0◦ ∝ |0| → zero
(e) At 𝜙 = 90◦ (y-z plane)
| sin Y ||
|E𝜙 (𝜃)|at 𝜙=90◦ ∝ ||cos 𝜃
| Y ||
𝜋
Y= sin 𝜃
2
(f) At 𝜃 = 90◦ (x-z plane)
|E𝜙 (𝜙)|at 𝜃=90◦ ∝ |0| → zero
12.62. Referring to Fig. 5-15

Zloop = 100 − j100
According to Babinet’s Principle

𝜂02
Zc Zs = Zslot Zloop =
4
( )
𝜂02 1 (377) 2
1 (377)2 1
Zslot = = =
4 Zloop 4 100 − j100 4 141.42∠ − 45◦
= 251.27∠45◦
Zslot = 177.65 + j177.65
()
𝜋
12.63. Ea = â y E0 cos x
a
From (12-113a) and (12-113b)
fx = 0
b∕2 a∕2 ( )
𝜋 ′ jk(x′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙+y′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) ′ ′
fy = E0 cos x e dx dy
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2 a
b∕2 a∕2 ( )
′ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 𝜋 ′ jk(x′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙) ′ ′
= E0 ejky cos x e dx dy
∫−b∕2 ∫−a∕2 a
( )
Bx eBx (B cos Ax + A sin Ax)
cos Axe dx =
∫ A2 + B2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ a∕2
𝜋 ′ jkx′ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ′ 𝜋 cos X ka sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ⎟
⎜∴ ∫ cos x e
a
dx = − a
2 2 ( 𝜋 )2
, X=
2 ⎟
⎜ −a∕2
X − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
P1: PAE/SPH P2: PAE
390 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) ka sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 kb sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙

𝜋 cos X sin Y
fy = E0 − ab ( )2 Y , X = , Y=
2 𝜋 2 2
X2 −
2
The â 𝜃 and â 𝜃 component of E-field can be written
𝜋
(ab)E0
cos X sin Y
E𝜃 = −j 2 ke−jkr sin 𝜙 ( )2 Y
2𝜋r 𝜋
X2 −
2
abE0 −jkr cos X sin Y
= −j ke sin 𝜙 ( )2 Y
4r 𝜋
X2 −
2
𝜋
abE0
cos X sin Y
E𝜙 = −j 2 ke−jkr cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ( )2 Y
2𝜋r 𝜋
X2 −
2
a ⋅ bE0 −jkr cos X sin Y
= −j ke cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ( )2 Y
4r 𝜋
X2 −
2
12.64. b = λ∕20 < λ∕10, W = 10 cm; f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 109 ∕3 × 109 = 3 cm

[ ( )]
[ ] ⎡ 2𝜋 λ 2 ⎤
W𝜋 (kb) 2
10𝜋 ⎢ ⎥
(a) Ga = 1− = ⎢ 1 − λ 20 ⎥
𝜂λ 24 120𝜋(3) ⎢ 24 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
[ 2 ]
1 (𝜋∕10) 1
= 1− = [1 − 0.00411]
36 24 36
Ga = 27.892 × 10−3
W𝜋 10(𝜋) [ (
2𝜋λ
)]
(b) Ba = [1 − 0.636 ln(kb)] = 1 − 0.636 ln
𝜂λ[ ( )] 120𝜋(3) 20λ
1 𝜋
= 1 − 0.636 ln
36 10
1 1
Ba = [1 − 0.636(−1.15786)] = [1 + 0.7364] = 48.233 × 10−3
36 36
Ya = Ga + jBa = (27.892 + j48.233) × 10−3
(c) When both slots are identical and λg ∕2 apart, their admittances add in parallel. That
is, when the admittance of the second slot is transferred a distance of λg ∕2 to the input
(where the other admittance is), they are identical; inspedances/admittnaces inside trans-
mission lines repeat every λg ∕2.
Yin = 2Ya = 2(Ga + jBa ) = 2(27.892 + j48.233) × 10−3

= (55.784 + j96.466) × 10−3
1 1
Zin = = = 4.492 − j7.7685
Yin (55.784 + j96.466) × 10−3
Zin = 4.492 − j7.7685
P1: A3508
CHAPTER 13
Solution Manual
13.1. To find the fields within the horn, we will use the cylindrical coordinate system of 𝜌, 𝜓, x
of Fig. 13.2(a). Since the region within the horn is source-free, Maxwell’s equations
∇ × E = −j𝜔𝜇H (1)
∇ × H = j𝜔𝜀E (2)
must be satisfied. In terms of the cylindrical coordinates 𝜌, 𝜓, x, equations 1 and 2 reduces to
1 𝜕Hx 𝜕H𝜓
j𝜔𝜀E𝜌 = − (3)
𝜌 𝜕𝜓 𝜕x
𝜕H𝜌 𝜕Hx
j𝜔𝜀E𝜓 = − (4)
𝜕x 𝜕𝜌
1 𝜕 1 𝜕H𝜌
j𝜔𝜀Ex = (𝜌H𝜓 ) − (5)
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜓
1 𝜕Ex 𝜕Ex
−j𝜔𝜇H𝜌 = − (6)
𝜌 𝜕𝜓 𝜕x
𝜕E𝜌 𝜕Ex
−j𝜔𝜇H𝜓 = − (7)
𝜕x 𝜕𝜌
1 𝜕 1 𝜕E𝜌
−j𝜔𝜇Hx = (𝜌E𝜓 ) − (8)
If we assume that the waveguide feeding the horn only supports the dominant TE10 -mode,
the lowest order mode within the sectoral guide (horn) is that which is analogous to the
TE10 -mode of the rectangular guide, with all the other modes attenuated in the transition
region (throat) between the waveguide and the horn. Thus the dominant mode within the
horn is one whose only non vanishing components are E𝜓 , H𝜌 , Hx .
That is
E𝜌 = Ex = H𝜓 = 0 (9)

391
P1: A3508
392 SOLUTION MANUAL
In addition
𝜕
=0 (10)
𝜕𝜓
Using (9) and (10), we can write (6) and (8) as
𝜕E𝜓
j𝜔𝜇H𝜌 = (11)
𝜕x
1 𝜕
−j𝜔𝜇Hx = (𝜌E𝜓 ) (12)
𝜌 𝜕𝜌
Substituting (11) and (12) into (4) we can write

[ ]
𝜕 2 E𝜓 𝜕 1 𝜕
−𝜔2 𝜇𝜀E𝜓 = + (𝜌E𝜓 ) (13)
𝜕x2 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜌
which when expanded can be written as

( )
𝜕 2 E𝜓 1 𝜕E𝜓 𝜕 E𝜓
2
2 1
+ + + k − 2 E𝜓 = 0 (14)
𝜕𝜌2 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕x2 𝜌
where k2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀 (14a)
To solve (14), we make use of the method of separation of variables. We assume that
E𝜓 (𝜌, X) = R(𝜌)X(x) (15)
Substituting (15) into (14) leads to

( )
𝜕2 R 1 𝜕R 𝜕2X 2 1
X 2 +X + R 2 + k − 2 RX = 0 (16)
𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕x 𝜌
Dividing by RX and changing the partials to total derivation (16) reduces to
1 d2 X
= −kx2 , kx2 = constant (17)
X dx2
[ ]
1 d2 R 1 1 𝜕R ( 2 2
) 1
+ + k − kx − 2 = 0 (18)
R d𝜌2 R 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌
Multiplying (18) by 𝜌2 R reduces to
d2 R dR
𝜌2 +𝜌 + [(k𝜌 𝜌)2 − 1]R = 0 (19)
d𝜌2 d𝜌
where k𝜌2 = k2 − kx2 (19a)
Equation (19) is recognized as a special form (n = 1) of Bessel’s differential equation [equa-

tion V-1 of Appendix V] with a solution of
R(𝜌) = AH1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) + B1 H11 (k𝜌 𝜌) (20)

P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 393
where A and B are constants. The Hankel functions of the first and second kind of order one
(n = 1) were chosen as solutions because they represent traveling waves in the inward and
outward, respectively, radial directions. The solution of (17) is of the form
X(x) = C cos(kx x) + D sin(kx x) (21)
where C and D are constants. Using (20) and (21) we can write (15) as
[ ]
E𝜓 (𝜌, x) = AH1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) + B1 H1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) [C cos(kx x) + D sin(kx x)] (22)
Applying the boundary conditions
E𝜓 (𝜌, x = a∕2) = E𝜓 (𝜌, x = −a∕2) = 0 (23)
leads to
( ) ( )
kx a kx a
C cos + D sin =0 ⎫ ( ) (24)
2 ⎪ 2 𝜋
D = 0, kx = m
( ) ( ) ⎬ ⇒ a
kx a kx a ⎪ m = 1, 2, 3, …
C cos − D sin =0 ⎭ (25)
2 2
Equation (22) can be rewritten as

[ ]
E𝜓 (𝜌, X) = Am cos(kx x) H1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) + 𝛼m H1(1) (k𝜌 𝜌) (26)
where Am and 𝛼m are constants for the modes m = 1, 3, 5, …

The nonvanishing magnetic field components can be obtained from (11) and (12). That is
1 𝜕E𝜓 k [ ]
H𝜌 (𝜌, X) = = j x Am sin(kx x) H1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) + 𝛼m H1(1) (k𝜌 𝜌) (27)
j𝜔𝜇 𝜕X 𝜔𝜇
1 1 𝜕 k𝜌 [ ]
Hx (𝜌, X) = − (𝜌E𝜓 ) = j Am cos(kx x) H0(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) + 𝛼m H0(1) (k𝜌 𝜌) (28)
j𝜔𝜇 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜔𝜇
by using (V-18).
If we consider only the lowest order mode (m = 1, kx = 𝜋∕a) and no reflected component
[𝛼m H1(1) (k𝜌 𝜌) = 𝛼m H0(1) (k𝜌 𝜌) = 0], the fields within the horn can be written as
E𝜌 = EX = H𝜓 = 0 (29a)
( )
𝜋
E𝜓 (𝜌, X) = A1 cos x H1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) (29b)
a
( )
𝜋 𝜋
H𝜌 (𝜌, X) = j A1 sin x H1(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) (29c)
𝜔𝜇a a
k𝜌 ( )
𝜋
Hx (𝜌, X) = j A1 cos x H0(2) (k𝜌 𝜌) (29d)
𝜔𝜇 a
[ ( )2 ]1∕2
2 2 1∕2 𝜋 f ≫f0
k𝜌 = [K − (𝜋∕2) ] = k 1 − = k[1 − (fc ∕f )2 ]1∕2 ≃ k (29e)
ka
𝜔𝜇∕k𝜌2 = 𝜔𝜇∕k = 𝜂 (29f)

P1: A3508
394 SOLUTION MANUAL
The cylindrical components E𝜓 (𝜌, X) and H𝜌 (𝜌, X) can be resolved to any point within the
horn to their rectangular counter parts using (VII-7a) or (VII-7b). Thus
Ez = −E𝜓 sin 𝜓, Hz = H𝜌 cos 𝜓 (30)

Ey = E𝜓 cos 𝜓, Hy = H𝜌 sin 𝜓 (31)
which for horns with small flares (𝜓 small) reduce to
Ez = Hy = 0 (32)
Ey ≃ E𝜓 , Hz ≃ H𝜌 (33)
If the length of the horn is large, the Hankel functions can be approximated by their asymp-
totic expansions of (V-17), or
√ √
(2) 2 −j(k𝜌−𝜋∕4) (2) 2 −j(k𝜌−𝜋∕4)
H1 (k𝜌) ≃ j e , H0 (k𝜌) ≃ e (34)
𝜋k𝜌 𝜋k𝜌
where 𝜌 = (y2 + z2 )1∕2 (34a)
Choosing a new coordinate system (x′ , y′ , z′ ), as shown in Fig. 13.2(b) such that
x′ = x, y′ = y, z′ = z − 𝜌1 , 𝜌1 = 𝜌 cos 𝜓e (35)
we can write 𝜌 of (34a) as
z′ =0 [ ]1∕2
𝜌 = (z2 + 𝜌2 )1∕2 = [(z′ + 𝜌1 )2 + y′2 ]1∕2 = 𝜌21 + y′2
[ ( )2 ( )4 ]
1 y′ 1 y′
𝜌 = 𝜌1 1 + − +⋯ (36)
2 𝜌1 8 𝜌1
For narrow horns (y′ ≪ 𝜌1 )

[ ( )2 ]
⎧ 1 y′
⎪𝜌 1 + for phase terms
𝜌≃⎨ 1 2 𝜌1 (37)
⎪𝜌
⎩ 1 for amplitude terms
Using (30)-(37), we can write (29a)-(29b) as
Ez′ = Ex′ = Hy′ = 0

√
2 −jk𝜌1
E1 = jA1 e ,
𝜋k𝜌1
( ′ )2
( )
𝜋 ′ −j 2k 𝜌y1
Ey′ (x′ , y′ ) ≃ E1 cos x e
a
( ′ )2
( 𝜂) ( )
𝜋 𝜋 ′ −j 2k 𝜌y1
Hz′ (x′ , y′ ) ≃ jE1 sin x e
ka a
( ′ )2
( )
E 𝜋 ′ −j 2k 𝜌y1
Hx′ (x′ , y′ ) ≃ + 1 cos x e
𝜂 a
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 395
13.2. Using the geometry of Figure 13.2(b)

2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
(a) 𝜙max = = k𝛿max = (𝜌 − 𝜌1 ) = (𝜌 − 𝜌e cos 𝜓e ) = 𝜌 (1 − cos 𝜓e )
3 λ e λ e λ e
[ ( 𝜓 )]
2𝜋 2𝜋 e
= (10λ)(1 − cos 𝜓e ) = 2𝜋(10λ)(1 − cos 𝜓e ) = 2𝜋(10) 2 sin2
3 λ ( ) 2
𝜓 1 1 𝜓 1
sin2 e = = ⇒ e = sin−1 √ = 7.418◦
2 3(20) 60 2 20
𝜓e = 2(7.418◦ ) = 14.836◦ , 2𝜓e = 29.672◦
b1
(b) = 𝜌e sin 𝜓e = 10λ sin(14.836◦ ) = 2.56λ ⇒ b1 = 5.12λ
2
(c) 𝜌1 = 𝜌e cos 𝜓e = 10λ cos(14.836◦ ) = 9.667λ
[ ( ) ( )]
64a𝜌1 2 b1 2 b1
DE = C √ +S √
𝜋λb1 2λ𝜌 2λ𝜌
1 1
b1 5.12λ
√ = = 1.1644
2λ𝜌1 2λ(9.667λ)
( )
b1
C2 √ = [C(1.1644)]2 = (0.738)2 = 0.5446
2λ𝜌1
( )
2 b1
S √ = [S(1.1644)]2 = (0.591)2 = 0.3493
2λ𝜌1
64(0.5λ)(9.667λ)
DE = (0.5446 + 0.3493) = 17.192 = 12.35 dB
𝜋(5.12)λ2
(d) GE = 𝜀t DE = 𝜀r 𝜀cd DE = 𝜀r (1)DE = (1 − |Γ|2 )DE

= [1 − (0.2)2 ](17.192) = 0.96(17.192) = 16.50 = 12.18 dB
[ ]1∕2
13.3. 𝜌1 = 6λ, b1 = 3.47λ, a = 0.5λ ⇒ 𝜌e = 𝜌21 + (b1 ∕2)2 = 6.2458λ
b21 (3.47λ)2
(a) s = = = 0.25
8λ𝜌1 8λ(6λ)
b1
𝜃 = 0◦ : sin 𝜃 = 0
λ
For s = 1∕4 at 𝜃 = 0◦ .
[ ]
1 + cos(0◦ )
E = 0 + 20 log10 = 0 + 0 = 0 dB
2
b
𝜃 = 10◦ : 1 sin 𝜃 = 3.47 sin(10◦ ) = 0.6. Thus at 𝜃 = 10◦
λ [ ]
1 + cos(10◦ )
E = −3.5 + 20 log10 = −3.5 − 0.066 = −3.566 dB
2
b
𝜃 = 20◦ : 1 sin 𝜃 = 3.47 sin(20◦ ) = 1.187
λ [ ]
1 + cos(20◦ )
E = −9.25 + 20 log10 = −9.25 − 0.266 = −9.516 dB
2
P1: A3508
396 SOLUTION MANUAL
[ ( ) ( )]
64𝜌1 a b1 b1
(b) DE = C2 √ + S2 √ (13-19)
𝜋b1 λ 2λ𝜌 2λ𝜌
1 1
b1 3.47λ
√ = √ = 1.00
2λ𝜌1 2λ ⋅ 6λ
C2 (1.00) = (0.77989)2 = 0.6082
S2 (1.00) = (0.43826)2 = 0.1921
64(6λ)(0.5λ)
DE = [0.6082 + 0.1921] = 14.095 = 11.49 dB
𝜋(3.47λ)(λ)
√ √
b1 50 50
B= = 3.47 = 9.8179
λ 𝜌e ∕λ 6.2458
From Fig. 13.8 ⇒ GE = 81.32

Using (13.19c)
a GE 81.32
DE = √ = 0.5 √ = 14.37 = 11.57 dB
λ 50 50
𝜌e ∕λ 6.2458
13.4. 𝜌1 = 6λ, b1 = 6λ, a = 0.5λ ⇒ 𝜌e = [𝜌21 + (b1 ∕2)2 ]1∕2 = (62 + 32 )1∕2 λ
𝜌e = 6.708λ
2 2
(a) s = b1 ∕8λ𝜌1 = 6 ∕8(6) = 3∕4
( )
b 1 + cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 0◦ : 1 sin 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ E = −3.3 + 20 log10
λ 2 𝜃=0◦
= −3.3 + 0 = −3.3 dB
| ( )
b 1 + cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 10◦ : 1
sin 𝜃 || = 1.042 ⇒ E = −0.25 + 20 log10
λ |𝜃=10◦ 2 𝜃=10◦
= −0.25 − 0.066 = −0.316 dB
( )
b 1 + cos 𝜃
𝜃 = 20◦ : 1
sin(20◦ ) = 2.052 ⇒ E = −3.25 + 20 log10
λ 2 𝜃=20◦
= −3.25 − 0.266 = −3.516 dB
b1 6
(b) √ = √ = 1.732
2λ𝜌1 12
Using Appendix IV ⇒ C2 (1.732) = (0.327)2 = 0.10693

S2 (1.732) = (0.51776)2 = 0.2681
[ ( ) ( )]
64a𝜌1 b1 b1
Using (13-18) ⇒ DE = C 2
√ +S 2
√
1 1
64(0.5)6
DE = [0.10693 + 0.2681] = 3.8197 = 5.82 dB
𝜋(6)
√ √
b1 50 50
B= √ =6 = 16.38
λ 𝜌 e ∕λ 6.708
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 397
From Fig. 13.8 ⇒ GE = 30.316

a GE 0.5(30.316)
Using (13.19c) ⇒ DE = √ =√ = 5.552 = 7.444 dB
λ 50 50∕6.708
𝜌e ∕λ
√
13.5. b1 = 2𝜋𝜌1
Using (13-18a) Using Figure 13.7
𝜌1 = 6λ ⇒ b1 = 3.46λ b1 ≃ 3.5λ
𝜌1 = 10λ ⇒ b1 = 4.47λ b1 ≃ 4.5λ
𝜌1 = 15λ ⇒ b1 = 5.48λ b1 ≃ 5.5λ
𝜌1 = 20λ ⇒ b1 = 6.32λ b1 ≃ 6.5λ
𝜌1 = 30λ ⇒ b1 = 7.75λ b1 ≃ 8.0λ
𝜌1 = 50λ ⇒ b1 = 10.0λ b1 ≃ 10.3λ
𝜌1 = 75λ ⇒ b1 = 12.25λ b1 ≃ 12.5λ
𝜌1 = 100λ ⇒ b1 = 14.14λ b1 ≃ 14.5λ
13.6. 𝜌1 = 20λ, a = 0.5λ
(a) From Figure 13.7 ⇒ b1 = 6.5λ
b ∕2 6.5λ∕2 6.5 ( )
6.5
(b) tan 𝜓e = 1 = = ⇒ 𝜓e = tan−1 = tan−1 (0.1625) = 9.23◦
𝜌1 20λ 40 40
2𝜓e = 2(9.23◦ ) = 18.46◦
[ ( ) ( )]
64𝜌1 a 2 b1 2 b1
(c) DE = C √ +S √ (13-18)
1 1
b1 6.5λ
√ =√ = 1.028
2λ𝜌1 2λ(20λ)
Using the table in Appendix IV
C2 (1.028) = (0.77)2 = 0.5929

S2 (1.028) = (0.44)2 = 0.1936
64(20)(0.5)
DE = (0.5929 + 0.1936) = 24.65 = 13.92 dB
𝜋(6.5)
which compares very well with the value from Fig. 13.7.
(d) From Figure 13.6 ⇒ HPBW = 10◦
[ ]1∕2
(e) 𝜌e = 𝜌21 + (b1 ∕2)2 = [(20)2 + (6.5∕2)2 ]1∕2 λ = 20.26λ
√ √
b 50 50
B= 1 = 6.5 = 10.21 ⇒ GE = 81.6 (from Figure 13.9)
λ 𝜌e ∕λ 20.26
a G 0.5(81.6)
Using (13-20c) ⇒ DE = √ E = √ = 25.97 = 14.14 dB
λ 50 50∕20.26
𝜌e ∕λ
2.286
13.7. a = 0.9 in = 2.286 cm ⇒ a = λ = 0.8382λ
2.7273
1.016
b = 0.4 in = 1.016 cm ⇒ b = λ = 0.3725λ
2.7273
P1: A3508
398 SOLUTION MANUAL
30 × 109
λ= = 2.7273 cm
11 × 109
D λ 30λ
DE = 30 = 14.77 dB ⇒ E = = 35.79 ≃ 36
a 0.8382λ
λDE
Using Figure 13.7 ⇒ 𝜌1 = 10λ, b1 ≃ 4.5λ, for ≃ 36
a
( )
b1 ∕2
𝜓e = tan −1
= tan−1 (0.225) = 12.68◦
𝜌1
2𝜓e = 25.36◦
√ √ √
13.8. (a) b1 ≃ 2λ𝜌1 = 2λ(10λ) = 20λ2 = 4.4721λ
√ √
𝜌e = 𝜌21 + (b1 ∕2)2 = (10)2 + (4.4721∕2)2 λ = 10.2470λ
( ) ( )
b1 ∕2 2.2361λ
𝜓e = tan−1 = tan−1 = 12.6044◦ = 0.2200 (rads)
𝜌1 10λ
√ √
b 50 50 √
(b) B = 1 = 4.4721 = 4.4721 4.8795 = 4.4721(2.2090)
λ 𝜌e ∕λ 10.2470
B = 9.8787 ⇒ From Figure 13.8 ⇒ GE ≃ 81.5
a GE 81.5 81.5
DE = √ = 0.7620 √ = 0.7620 = 28.114 = 14.49 dB
λ 50 50 2.2090
𝜌e ∕λ 10.2470
c 30 × 109
λ= = = 3 cm = 1.1811 in
f 10 × 109
0.9 0.4
a= λ = 0.7620λ, b = λ = 0.3387λ
1.1811 1.1811
Aem 2.237λ2
(c) 𝜀ap = = = 0.6565 = 65.65%
Ap 0.7620λ(4.4721λ)
λ2 λ2 λ2
Aem = G0 = D0 = (28.114) = 2.2372λ2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
2𝜋
(d) Δ𝜙max = k(𝜌e − 𝜌1 ) = (10.2470 − 10)λ = 1.5519 rads = 88.93◦
λ
13.9. To find the fields within an H-plane sectoral horn we can use a procedure similar to that of
an E-plane sectoral horn of Problem 13.1.
For the H-plane horn, Maxwell’s equations reduce to
1 𝜕Hy 𝜕H𝜓
j𝜔𝜀Ep = − (1)
𝜌 𝜕𝜓 𝜕y
𝜕H𝜌 𝜕Hy
j𝜔𝜀E𝜓 = − (2)
𝜕y 𝜕𝜌
1 𝜕 1 𝜕H𝜌
j𝜔𝜀Ey = (𝜌H𝜓 ) − (3)
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 399
1 𝜕Ey 𝜕E𝜓
−j𝜔𝜇H𝜌 = − (4)
𝜌 𝜕𝜓 𝜕y
𝜕E𝜌 𝜕Ey
−j𝜔𝜇H𝜓 = − (5)
𝜕y 𝜕𝜌
1 𝜕 1 𝜕E𝜌
−j𝜔𝜇Hy = (𝜌E𝜓 ) − (6)
Using the geometry of Figure 13.9, the nonvanishing components which best match the
TE10 -mode of the waveguide are Ey , H𝜌 , H𝜓 , or
𝜕
E𝜌 = E𝜓 = Hy = 0 and =0 (7)
𝜕y
Using (7) reduces (3) and (4) to
1 𝜕Ey
−j𝜔𝜇H𝜌 = (8)
𝜌 𝜕𝜓
𝜕Ey
j𝜔𝜇H𝜓 = (9)
𝜕𝜌
Substituting (8) and (9) into (3) leads to

( )
1 𝜕 𝜕Ey 1 𝜕 Ey
2
−𝜔2 𝜇𝜀Ey = 𝜌 + or (10)
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌2 𝜕𝜓 2
𝜕 2 Ey 𝜕Ey 𝜕 2 Ey
𝜌2 +𝜌 + + (𝜌k)2 Ey = 0 (11)
𝜕𝜌2 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜓 2
where k2 = 𝜔2 𝜇𝜀
Assuming (11) is separable, we can write
Ey (𝜌, 𝜓) = R(𝜌)𝜓(𝜓) (12)
and reduce (11) to
d2 R dR
𝜌2 +𝜌 + [(k𝜌)2 − p2 ]R = 0 (13)
d𝜌2 d𝜌
𝜕2𝜓
+ p2 𝜓 = 0 (14)
𝜕2 𝜓 2
where p2 is a positive constant.

For the horn, the desired solution of (13) and (14) are of the form [Equation (13) is Bessel’s
equation, see (V-1)]
R(𝜌) = AHp2 (k𝜌) + BHp(1) (k𝜌) (15)

𝜓(𝜓) = C cos(p𝜓) + D sin(p𝜓) (15a)
P1: A3508
400 SOLUTION MANUAL
where A,B,C,D are constants. Thus (12) can be written as

[ ]
Ey (𝜌, 𝜓) = AHp(2) (k𝜌) + BHp(1) (k𝜌) [C cos(p𝜓) + D sin(p𝜓)] (16)
Referring to Figure (13.10(b)) and applying the boundary conditions of
Ey (𝜌, 𝜓 = 𝜓h ) = Ey (𝜌, 𝜓 = −𝜓h ) = 0 (17)
we find that
( )
𝜋
D = 0; p = m , m = 1, 3, 5, … (18)
2𝜓h
and write (16) as

[ ]
Ey (𝜌, 𝜓) = Bm cos(p𝜓) Hp(2) (k𝜌) + 𝛽m Hp(1) (k𝜌) (19)
where Bm and 𝛽m are constants for the modes m = 1, 3, 5 ⋯.

The nonvanishing magnetic field components H𝜌 and H𝜓 of (8) and (9) reduce to
1 1 𝜕Ey p 1 [ ]
H𝜌 (𝜌, 𝜓) = − = −jBm sin(p𝜓) Hp(2) (k𝜌) + 𝛽m Hp(1) (k𝜌) (20)
j𝜔𝜇 𝜌 𝜕𝜓 𝜔𝜇 𝜌
1 𝜕Ey k [ ′ ′ ] 𝜕
H𝜓 (𝜌, 𝜓) = = −jBm cos(p𝜓) Hp(2) (k𝜌) + 𝛽m Hp(1) (k𝜌) , = (21)
j𝜔𝜇 𝜕𝜌 𝜔𝜇 𝜕(k𝜌)
The cylindrical components H𝜌 and H𝜓 can be resolved to their rectangular counter parts
using (VII-7a) or (VII-7b). Thus
Hz = H𝜌 cos 𝜓 − H𝜓 sin 𝜓 (22a)

Hx = H𝜌 sin 𝜓 + H𝜓 cos 𝜓 (22b)
which for small flare horns (𝜓 small) reduce to
Hz (𝜌, 𝜓) ≃ H𝜌 (𝜌, 𝜓), Hx (𝜌, 𝜓) ≃ H𝜓 (𝜌, 𝜓) (23)
Assuming the lowest order mode (m = 1) and only radially outward traveling waves, the
fields within the horn can be written as
E𝜌 = E𝜓 = Hy = 0 (24)
Ey (𝜌, 𝜓) = B1 cos(p𝜓)Hp(2) (k𝜌) (25)

′
Hx (𝜌, 𝜓) = −jB1 𝜂 cos(p𝜓)Hp(2) (k𝜌) (26)
p 1
Hz (𝜌, 𝜓) = −jB1 sin(p𝜓)Hp(2) (k𝜌) (27)
𝜔𝜇 𝜌
Using the asymptotic form of the Hankel function as given by (V-17), we can write (25) as
√
2
Ey (𝜌, 𝜓) ≃ j B1
p
cos(p𝜓)e−jk𝜌 (28)
𝜋k𝜌
where 𝜌 = (z2 + x2 )1∕2 (28a)
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 401
using a new coordinate system (x′ , y′ , z′ ), as shown in Figure 13.10(a) such that
x′ = −x, y′ = −y, z′ = z − 𝜌2 , 𝜌2 = 𝜌h cos 𝜓h (29)
We can write (28a) as
𝜌 = [z2 + x2 ]1∕2 = [(z′ + 𝜌2 )2 + x′2 ]1∕2 (29a)
Equation (29a) can be written, using the binomial expansion, at the aperture of the horn
(z′ = 0) as
[ ( )2 ]1∕2 [ ( )2 ( )4 ]
x′ 1 x′ 1 x′
𝜌 = [𝜌2 + x ]
2 ′2 1∕2
= 𝜌2 1 + = 𝜌2 1+ − +⋯ (30)
𝜌2 2 𝜌2 8 𝜌2
For a small flare angle horns (x′ ≪ 𝜌2 ), (30) can be approximated by

[ ( )2 ]
⎧ 1 x′
⎪𝜌 1 + for phase terms
𝜌≃⎨ 2 2 𝜌2 (31)
⎪𝜌
⎩ 2 for amplitude terms
Using (31) we can write (28) as

( )
( ) x′2
𝜋 −j 2k 𝜌2
Ey′ (x′ , 𝜓) ≃ E2 cos e (32)
2𝜓h
where
√
p 2 −jk𝜌2
E2 = j B1 e (33)
𝜋k𝜌2
The fields at the aperture of horn can be approximated by
( ) k ( x′2 )
𝜋 ′ −j 2 𝜌2
Ey′ (x′ ) = E2 cos x e (34)
a1
( ) k ( x′2 )
E 𝜋 ′ −j 2 𝜌2
Hx′ (x′ ) = − 2 cos x e (35)
𝜂 a1
√ √
13.10. 𝜌2 = 6λ, a1 = 6λ, b = 0.25λ ⇒ 𝜌h = 𝜌1 2 + (a1 ∕2)2 = 36 + 9λ = 6.7082λ
4𝜋b𝜌2
(a) DH = {[C(u) − C(v)]2 + [S(u) − S(v)]2 } (13-39)
a1 λ
(√ ) (√ )
1 λ𝜌2 a1 1 6 6
u= √ +√ =√ +√ = 2.02
2 a1 λ𝜌2 2 6 6
(√ ) (√ )
1 λ𝜌2 a1 1 6 6
v= √ −√ =√ −√ = −1.44
2 a λ𝜌 2 6 6
2
P1: A3508
402 SOLUTION MANUAL
Using Appendix IV
C(u) = C(2.02) = 0.5069, S(u) = S(2.02) = 0.3496

C(v) = C(−1.44) = −C(1.44) = −0.50396
S(v) = S(−1.44) = −S(1.44) = −0.70712
4𝜋(0.5)6
DH = {(0.5069 + 0.50396)2 + (0.3496 + 0.70712)2 } = 6.718 = 8.27 dB
6
√ √
a1 50 50
A= =6 = 6(2.7301) = 16.38 ⇒ GH = 84.13 (from Fig. 13.15)
λ 𝜌h ∕λ 6.7082
( )
b G 84.13
Using (13-40c) ⇒ DH = √ H = 0.25 √ = 7.704 = 8.867 dB
λ 50 50∕6.7082
𝜌h ∕λ
a21 62 6
(b) Using ⇒ t = = = = 3∕4
8λ𝜌2 8(6) 8
a1
𝜃 = 30◦ : sin 𝜃1 = 6 sin(30◦ ) = 3
λ
( )
1 + cos 30◦
Using Figure 13.14 ⇒ E = −14.25 + 20 log10
2
= −14.25 − 0.6022 = −14.8522
( )
a1 1 + cos 45◦
𝜃 = 45◦ : sin 𝜃1 = 6 sin(45◦ ) = 4.24 ⇒ E = −24 + 20 log10
λ 2
= −25.3754
( )
a 1 + cos 90◦
𝜃 = 90◦ : 1 sin 𝜃1 = 6 sin(90◦ ) = 6 ⇒ E = −33.5 + 20 log10
λ 2
= −39.52
√
13.11. a1 = 3λ𝜌2
Using (13-41c) Using Figure 13.16
𝜌2 = 6λ ⇒ a1 = 4.2426λ a1 ≃ 4.25λ
𝜌2 = 8λ ⇒ a1 = 4.899λ a1 ≃ 5.0λ
𝜌2 = 10λ ⇒ a1 = 5.477λ a1 ≃ 5.5λ
𝜌2 = 15λ ⇒ a1 = 6.71λ a1 ≃ 6.9λ
𝜌2 = 20λ ⇒ a1 = 7.746λ a1 ≃ 7.75λ
𝜌2 = 30λ ⇒ a1 = 9.487λ a1 ≃ 9.5λ
𝜌2 = 50λ ⇒ a1 = 12.247λ a1 ≃ 12.4λ
𝜌2 = 75λ ⇒ a1 = 15.00λ a1 ≃ 15.25λ
𝜌2 = 100λ ⇒ a1 = 17.32λ a1 ≃ 17.6λ
13.12. H-plane Horn; f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 3 cm; D0 = 13.25 dB = 101.325 = 21.1349
a = 2.286 cm = 2.286∕3λ = 0.762λ; b = 1.016 cm = 1.016∕3λ = 0.33867λ

√
For maximum directivity ⇒ a1 = 3λ𝜌2 (13-41c)
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 403

(√ ) (√ √ ) ( )
1 λ𝜌2 a 1 λ𝜌2 3λ𝜌2 1 1 √
u= √ +√1 =√ √ + √ =√ √ + 3 = 1.633
2 a1 λ𝜌2 2 3λ𝜌2 λ𝜌2 2 3
(13-41a)
(√ ) (√ √ ) ( )
1 λ𝜌2 a 1 λ𝜌2 3λ𝜌2 1 1 √
v= √ √ −√1 =√ √ − √ =√ √ − 3 = −0.816
2 a1 λ𝜌2 2 3λ𝜌2 λ𝜌2 2 3
(13-41b)
C(u) = C(1.633) = 0.35172, S(u) = S(1.633) = 0.60929

C(v) = C(−0.816) = −C(0.816) = −0.72956
S(v) = S(−0.816) = −S(0.816) = −0.26381
Using (13-39)
4𝜋b𝜌2
DH = [(0.35172 + 0.72956)2 + (0.60929 + 0.26381)2 ]
a1 λ
4𝜋b𝜌2
= (1.16916 + 0.76230)
a1 λ
4𝜋(1.016)𝜌2 𝜌 3(21.1349)
21.1349 = (1.93147) ⇒ 2 = (1.93147) = 2.5712
3a1 a1 4(1.016)𝜋
√
⇒ 𝜌2 = 2.5712a1 = 2.5712 3λ𝜌2
𝜌22 = (2.5712)2 (3λ𝜌2 ) ⇒ 𝜌2 = (2.5712)2 (3)λ = (2.5712)2 (9) = 59.5 cm
√ √
(a) a1 = 3λ𝜌2 = 3(3)(59.5) = 23.14 cm
(b) 𝜌2 = 59.5 cm
( ) ( )
a1 ∕2 11.57
(c) 𝜓h = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1 (0.1945) = 11◦
𝜌2 59.5
⇒ 2𝜓h = 22◦ .
13.13. a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm, b = 0.4 in = 1.016 cm
30 × 109
f = 11 GHz ⇒ λ = = 2.7273 cm
11 × 109
a 2.286 b 1.016
= = 0.8382, = = 0.37253
λ 2.7273 λ 2.7273
D λ 16.3λ
DH = 16.3 = 12.12 dB ⇒ H = = 43.755
b 0.37235λ
Using Figure 13.14 ⇒ 𝜌2 = 10λ, a1 = 5.5λ

√ √ √
13.14. (a) a1 ≃ 3λ𝜌2 = 3λ(10λ) = 30λ2 = 5.4772λ
√ √
𝜌h = 𝜌2 2 + (a1 ∕2)2 = (10)2 + (5.4772∕2)2 λ = 10.3682λ
( ) ( )
a1 ∕2 2.7386
𝜓h = tan−1 = tan−1 = 15.3156◦ = 0.2739 (rads)
𝜌2 10
P1: A3508
404 SOLUTION MANUAL
√ √
a 50 50
(b) A= 1 = 5.4772 = 5.4772(2.1960) = 12.0280
λ 𝜌h ∕λ 10.3682
A = 12.0280 ⇒ From Figure 13.15 ⇒ GH ≃ 98.8
b GH 98.8 (98.8)
DH = √ = 0.3387 √ = 0.3387 = 15.2384 = 11.8294 dB
λ 50 50 2.1960
𝜌h ∕λ 10.3682
Aem 1.2126λ2
(c) 𝜀ap = = = 0.6537 = 65.37%
Ap 0.3387λ(5.4772λ)
λ2 λ2 λ2
Aem = G0 ≃ D0 = (15.2384) = 1.2126λ2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
2𝜋
(d) Δ𝜙max = k(𝜌h − 𝜌2 ) = (10.3682 − 10)λ = 2𝜋(0.3682)
λ
= 2.3135 rads = 132.56◦
13.15. Referring to Figure 13.16
( )2 ( )2 [ ( )2 ]1∕2
b1 b1 b1
𝜌e = 𝜌1 +
2 2
⇒ 𝜌 1 = 𝜌e −
2 2
⇒ 𝜌1 = 𝜌e − 2
2 2 2
[( )2 ]1∕2
𝜌e 1
= b1 −
b1 4
Also
( ) ( )
b b 𝜌1 b b
𝜌1 = pe + cot(𝜓e ) = pe + = pe + 𝜌 1 ⇒ pe = 𝜌1 1 −
2 2 (b1 ∕2) b1 b1
Thus
( ) [( ) ]1∕2 ( )
b 𝜌e 2 ( 1 ) b
pe = 𝜌1 1 − = b1 − 1−
b1 b1 4 b1
√
( )2
𝜌e 1
= (b1 − b) −
b1 4
In a similar manner, we can show that

√
( )2
𝜌h 1
ph = (a1 − a) −
a1 4
13.16. 𝜌1 = 13.5′′ = 34.49 cm ⎫

𝜌2 = 14.2′′ = 36.07 cm ⎪ 𝜌e = [𝜌1 2 + (b1 ∕2)2 ]1∕2 = 13.7924′′ = 35.0327 cm
⎬ ⇒
a1 = 7.65′′ = 19.43 cm 𝜌h = [𝜌1 2 + (a1 ∕2)2 ]1∕2 = 14.7061′′ = 37.3536 cm
⎪
b1 = 5.65′′ = 14.35 cm ⎭
a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm
b = 0.4′′ = 1.016 cm
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 405

√ √
( )2 ( )2
𝜌e 1 13.7924 1
(a) pe = (b1 − b) − = (5.65 − 0.4) −
b1 4 5.65 4
= 12.544′′ = 31.862 cm
√ √
( )2 ( )
𝜌h 1 14.7061 2 1
ph = (a1 − a) − = (7.65 − 0.9) −
a1 4 7.65 4
= 12.529′′ = 31.8246 cm
Therefore pe ≃ ph , and the pyramidal horn is physically realizable.

30 × 109
(b) f = 8.2 GHz ⇒ λ = = 3.658537 cm = 1.44′′
8.2 × 109
13.5 7.65 0.9
𝜌1 = λ = 9.375λ, a1 = λ = 5.3125λ, a = λ = 0.625λ
1.44 1.44 1.44
13.7925
𝜌e = λ = 9.578′′
1.44
14.2 5.65 0.4
𝜌2 = λ = 9.861λ, b1 = λ = 3.9236λ, b = λ = 0.278λ
1.44 1.44 1.44
14.7061
𝜌h = λ = 10.213λ
1.44
(√ ) (√ )
1 λ𝜌2 a1 1 9.861 5.3125
u= √ +√ = √ +√ = 1.6142
2 a1 λ𝜌2 2 5.3125 9.861
(√ ) (√ )
1 λ𝜌2 a1 1 9.861 5.3125
u= √ −√ = √ −√ = −0.7783
2 a1 λ𝜌 2 5.3125 9.861
2
b1 3.9236
√ = √ = 0.8835
2λ𝜌2 2 ⋅ (9.861)
C(u) = C(1.6142) = 0.3595 ⎫
S(u) = S(1.6142) = 0.6262 ⎪
C(v) = C(−0.7783) = −C(0.7783) = −0.7091 ⎬
From Appendix IV
⎪
S(v) = S(−0.7783) = −S(0.7783) = −0.2326 ⎭
( )
b1 ⎫
C √ = C(0.8835) = 0.7579 ⎪
2λ𝜌2 ⎪
( ) ⎬ From Appendix IV
b1 ⎪
S √ = S(0.8835) = 0.3249 ⎪
2λ𝜌2 ⎭
Using (13-50) or (13-50a)

{ ( ) ( )}
8𝜋𝜌1 𝜌2 b1 b1
Dp = {[C(u) − C(v)]2 + [S(u) − S(v)]2 } C2 √ + S2 √
a1 b1 2λ𝜌1 2λ𝜌1
8𝜋(13.5)(14.2)
= [(0.3595 + 0.7091)2 + (0.6262 + 0.2326)2 ]
7.65(5.65)
× [(0.7579)2 + (0.3249)2 ]
Dp = 142.456 = 21.54 dB
P1: A3508
406 SOLUTION MANUAL
[ ( )]
a1 b1
Using (13-51) ⇒ Dp = 10 1.008 + log10 − (Le + Lh )
λ2
b21 ⎫
(3.9236)2
s= = = 0.205 ⎪
8λ𝜌1 8(9.375) ⎪ Le = 0.5 dB
⎬ Using Figure 13.21 ⇒
a21 Lh = 0.8 dB
(5.3125) 2
⎪
t= = = 0.358 ⎪
8λ𝜌2 8(9.861) ⎭
Thus Dp = 10{1.008 + log10 [5.3125(3.9236)] − (0.5 + 0.8) = 23.2698 − 1.3

= 21.96 dB
√ √
a 50 50
A= 1 = 5.3125 = 11.7546 ⇒ GH = 98.254 from Figure 13.15
λ 𝜌h ∕λ 10.213
√ √
b1 50 50
B= = 3.9236 = 8.965 ⇒ GE = 85.325 from Figure 13.8
λ 𝜌e ∕λ 9.578
GE GH (85.325)(98.254)
Using (13-52e) Dp = √ √ =
50 50 (10.1859)(2.285)(2.2126)
10.1859
𝜌e ∕λ 𝜌h ∕λ
Dp = 162.794 = 22.14 dB
30 × 109
f = 10.3 GHz: ⇒ λ = = 2.9126 cm = 1.1467′′
10.3 × 109
Using the same procedure as for f = 8.2 GHz, we have that
𝜌1 = 11.773λ, 𝜌2 = 12.383λ, 𝜌e = 12.0279λ, 𝜌h = 12.8247λ

a1 = 6.671λ, b1 = 4.927λ, a = 0.7849λ, b = 0.3488λ
b1
u = 1.7135, v = −0.9675, √ = w = 1.015
2λ𝜌1
C(u) = 0.32515, C(v) = −0.7750, C(w) = 0.780
S(u) = 0.5359, S(v) = −0.4063, S(w) = 0.440
8𝜋(13.5)14.2
Using (13-50) ⇒ Dp = {(0.32515 + 0.7750)2 + (0.5359 + 0.4063)2 }
(7.65)(5.65)
× {(0.78)2 + (0.44)2 } = 187.56 = 22.73 dB
b21 a21
s= = 0.2577 ⇒ Le = 0.9 : t = = 0.4492 ⇒ Lh = 1.5
8λ𝜌1 8λ𝜌2
Using (13-51) ⇒ Dp = 10{1.008 + log10 [6.671(4.927)]} − (0.9 + 1.5) = 22.847 dB
A = 6.671(1.97452) = 13.172 ⇒ GH = 98.673

B = 4.927(2.03887) = 10.0455 ⇒ GE = 81.550
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 407
98.673(81.550)
Using (13-52e) ⇒ Dp = = 196.2329 = 22.93 dB
10.1859(1.97452) 2.03887
30 × 109
f = 12.4 GHz ⇒ λ = = 2.41935 cm = 0.9525′′
12.4 × 109
𝜌1 = 14.173λ, 𝜌2 = 14.908λ, 𝜌e = 14.48λ, 𝜌h = 15.4395λ

a1 = 8.0315λ, b1 = 5.9318λ, a = 0.9449λ, b = 0.4199λ
b
u = 1.811, v = −1.131, w = √ 1 = 1.114
2λ𝜌1
C(u) = 0.340, C(v) = −0.745, C(w) = 0.760
S(u) = 0.443, S(v) = −0.560, S(w) = 0.545
8𝜋(13.5)(14.2)
Using (13-50) ⇒ Dp = {(0.340 + 0.745)2 + (0.443 + 0.560)2 }
7.65(5.65)
× [(0.76)2 + (0.545)2 ] = 212.84 = 23.28 dB
b21 a21
s= = 0.31 ⇒ Le = 1.4; t = = 0.541 ⇒ Lh = 2.1
8λ𝜌1 8λ𝜌2
Using (13-51) ⇒ Dp = 10{1.008 + log10 [8.0315(5.9318)]} − (1.4 + 2.1) = 23.36 dB
A = 8.0318(1.79956) = 14.453 ⇒ GH = 95.1

B = 5.9318(1.858) = 11.0227 ⇒ GE = 80.6
95.1(80.6)
Using (13-52e) ⇒ Dp = = 225.063 = 23.52 dB
(10.1859)(1.79956)(1.858)
In summary, all three equations yield nearly identical results. The computed directivities
agree closely with those of a commercial unit.
Using the computer program Horn Analysis, the following directivities are obtained:
At 8.2 GHz → Dp = 21.7017 dB

10.3 GHz → Dp = 22.7914 dB
12.4 GHz → Dp = 23.3311 dB
13.17. 𝜌1 = 5.3′′ = 13.46 cm ⎫⎪

𝜌2 = 6.2′′ = 15.748 cm ⎪
a1 = 3.09′′ = 7.85 cm ⎪ 𝜌e = [𝜌1 2 + (b1 ∕2)2 ]1∕2 = 5.428′′ = 13.786 cm
b1 = 2.34′′ = 5.944 cm ⎬ 𝜌h = [𝜌1 2 + (a1 ∕2)2 ]1∕2 = 6.3896′′ = 16.2296 cm
⎪
a = 0.9′′ = 2.286 cm ⎪
b = 0.4′′ = 1.016 cm ⎪
⎭
√ √
( )2 ( )
𝜌e 1 5.428 2 1
(a) pe = (b1 − b) − = (2.34 − 0.4) − = 4.394′′ = 11.16 cm
b1 4 2.34 4
P1: A3508
408 SOLUTION MANUAL
√ √
( )2 ( )
𝜌h 1 6.3896 2 1
ph = (a1 − a) − = (3.09 − 0.9) − = 4.394′′ = 11.16 cm
b1 4 3.09 4
Therefore pe = ph , and the pyramidal horn is physically realizable.

9
(b) f = 8.2 GHz ⇒ λ = 30 × 10 = 3.658537 cm = 1.44′′
8.2 × 109
5.3 3.09 0.9
𝜌1 = λ = 3.68λ, a1 = λ = 2.1458λ, a = λ = 0.625λ,
1.44 1.44 1.44
5.428
𝜌e = λ = 3.764λ
1.44
6.2 2.34 0.4
𝜌2 = λ = 4.305λ, b1 = λ = 1.625λ, b = λ = 0.278λ,
1.44 1.44 1.44
6.3896
𝜌h = = 4.437λ
1.44
(√ ) (√ )
1 λ𝜌2 a1 1 4.305 2.1458
u= √ +√ =√ +√ = 1.415
2 a1 λ𝜌2 2 2.1458 4.305
(√ ) (√ )
1 λ𝜌2 a1 1 4.305 2.1458
v= √ −√ =√ −√ = −0.0476
2 a1 λ𝜌 2 2.1458 4.305
2
b1 1.625
√ =√ = 0.5989
2λ𝜌2 2(3.68)
C(u) = C(1.415) = 0.5284 ⎫

S(u) = S(1.415) = 0.711 ⎪
C(v) = C(−0.0476) = −C(0.0476) = −0.0476 ⎬
From Appendix IV
⎪
S(v) = S(−0.0476) = −S(0.0476) = −0.00025 ⎭
C(0.5989) = 0.5801, S(0.5989) = 0.11004

Using (11-50) or (13-50a)
{ ( ) ( )}
8𝜋𝜌1 𝜌2 b1 b1
Dp = {[C(u) − C(v)]2 + [S(u) − S(v)]2 } C 2
√ +S 2
√
a1 b1 2λ𝜌1 2λ𝜌1
8𝜋(5.3)(6.2)
= [(0.5284 + 0.0476)2 + (0.7111 + 0.00025)2 ][(0.5801)2 + (0.11004)2 ]
(3.09)(2.34)
Dp = 33.36 = 15.23 dB
[ ( )]
a1 b1
Using (13-51) ⇒ Dp = 10 1.008 + log10 − (Le + Lh )
λ2
b1 2 (1.624)2
s= = = 0.0896 ⎫⎪
8λ𝜌1 8(3.679) ⇒ Le = 0.1 dB
a1 (2.1457)2 ⎬ Using Figure 13.21 ⇒ L = 0.2 dB
t= = = 0.1337 ⎪ h
8λ𝜌2 8(4.304) ⎭
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 409
Thus Dp = 10{1.008 + log10 [2.1458(1.6825)]} − (0.1 + 0.2) = 15.5 − 0.3 = 15.2 dB

√ √
a 50 50
A= 1 = 2.1458 = 7.2037 ⇒ GH = 71.29 from Figure 13.15
λ 𝜌h ∕h 4.437
√ √
b1 50 50
B= = 1.625 = 5.9158 ⇒ GE = 58.66 from Figure 13.8
λ 𝜌e ∕h 3.769
Using (13-52e) (Computer Result ⇒ 15.2507 dB)
GE GH 58.66(71.29)
Dp = √ √ = = 33.57 = 15.26 dB
50 50 10.1859(3.64275)(3.3573)
10.1859
𝜌e ∕λ 𝜌h ∕λ
30 × 109
f = 10.3 GHz: λ = = 2.9126 cm = 1.1467′′
10.3 × 109
𝜌1 = 4.622λ, 𝜌2 = 5.4068λ, 𝜌e = 4.7336λ, 𝜌h = 5.5722λ

a1 = 2.695λ, b1 = 2.041λ, a = 0.7849λ, b = 0.3488λ
b1
u = 1.4296, v = −0.2095, w = √ = 0.6713
2λ𝜌1
C(u) = 0.510, C(v) = −0.209, C(w) = 0.6371
S(u) = 0.709, S(v) = −0.005, S(w) = 0.1545
8𝜋(5.3)6.2
Using (13-50) ⇒ Dp = {(0.510 + 0.209)2 + (0.709 + 0.005)2 }
3.09(2.34)
× {(0.6371)2 + (0.1545)2 } = 50.4 = 17.02 dB
Dp = 17.02 dB
b1 2 a 2
s= = 0.1126 ⇒ Le = 0.2 : t = 1 = 0.1679 ⇒ Lh = 0.25
8λ𝜌1 8λ𝜌2
Using (13-51) ⇒ Dp = 10{1.008 + log10 [2.695(2.041)]} − (0.2 + 0.25) = 17.034 dB

( )
A = 2.695(2.9955) = 8.0729 ⇒ GH = 78.6 Computer Program Horn Analysis
B = 2.041(3.25) = 6.633 ⇒ GE = 66.1 17.0838 dB
66.1(78.6)
Using (13-52e) ⇒ Dp = = 52.39 = 17.19 dB
10.1859(2.9955)3.25
30 × 109
f = 12.4 GHz ⇒ λ = = 2.41935 cm = 0.9525′′
12.4 × 109
𝜌1 = 5.5643λ, 𝜌2 = 6.5092λ, 𝜌e = 5.6987λ, 𝜌h = 6.7082λ

a1 = 3.2441λ, b1 = 2.4567λ, a = 0.9449λ, b = 0.4199λ
P1: A3508
410 SOLUTION MANUAL
b
u = 1.455, v = −0.343, w = √ 1 = 0.7364
2λ𝜌1
C(u) = 0.490, C(v) = −0.339, C(w) = 0.685
S(u) = 0.705, S(v) = −0.0225, S(w) = 0.200
8𝜋(5.3)6.2
Using (13-50) ⇒ Dp = {(0.99 + 0.339)2 + (0.705 + 0.0225)2 }
3.09(2.34)
× [(0.685)2 + (0.2)2 ]
Dp = 70.75 = 18.497 dB [Using computer program Horn Analysis = 18.5150 dB]
b1 2 a1 2
s= = 0.136 ⇒ Le = 0.25; t= = 0.202 ⇒ Lh = 0.3
8λ𝜌1 8λ𝜌2
Using (13-51) ⇒ Dp = 10{1.008 + log10 [3.2441(2.4567)]} − (0.25 + 0.3)

= 18.544 dB
A = 3.2441(2.7301) = 8.8568 ⇒ GH = 84.55

B = 2.4567(2.9621) = 7.2769 ⇒ GE = 69.65
69.65(84.55)
Using (13-52e) ⇒ Dp = = 71.492 = 18.54 dB
10.1859(2.7301)(2.9621)
In summary, all three equations [i.e. (13-50), (13-51), and (13-52e)] yield nearly iden-
tical results. The computed directivities agree closely with those measured of the com-
mercially available unit of Figs. 13.22 and 13.23.
13.18. (a) 𝜀ap ≃ 50%
(b) a1 = 4λ0 , b1 = 2.5λ0
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
D0 = 2
Aem = 2 (𝜀ap Ap ) = 2 (0.5)(4λ0 )(2.5λ0 ) = 20𝜋 = 62.83185 = 17.982 dB
λ0 λ0 λ0
(c) Aem = 𝜀ap Ap = 0.5(4λ0 )(2.5λ0 ) = 5λ2

0
( )
10 × 10−3 1
PL = W i Aem (PLF) = (5λ20 ) 2
= 25 × 10−3 = 25 mWatts
λ20
13.19. G0 = 17.05 dB = 10 log10 G0 (dimensionless) ⇒ G0 (dim) = 101.705 = 50.7
30 × 109
f = 11 GHz. ⇒ λ = = 2.7273 cm
11 × 109
2.286λ 1.016
a= = 0.8382λ, b = λ = 0.3725λ
2.7273 2.7273
The initial value of 𝜒, is taken, using (13-55), as
50.7
𝜒1 = √ = 3.219127
2𝜋 2𝜋
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 411
which does not satisfy (13-54). After few iteration, it is found that 𝜒1 = 2.96795 is a more
accurate value. Thus
𝜌e = 𝜒1 λ = 2.96795(2.7273) = 8.0945 cm = 3.1868′′ = 2.96795λ

( )
G 2 1 (50.7)2 ( 1 )
𝜌h = 0 3 λ= λ = 3.49156λ = 9.5225 cm = 3.749′′
8𝜋 𝜒1 8𝜋 3 2.96795
√ √
G 3 50.7 3
a1 = 0 λ= λ = 3.23646λ = 8.8268 cm = 3.475′′
2𝜋 2𝜋𝜒1 2𝜋 2𝜋(2.96795)
√ √
b1 = 2𝜒1 λ = 2(2.96795)λ = 2.43637λ = 6.6447 cm = 2.616′′
[( ) ]1∕2
𝜌e 2 1
pe = (b1 − b) − = 6.25263 cm = 2.46167′′ ⎫
b1 4 ⎪
⎪
[( ) ]1∕2 ⎬ ⇒ 𝜌e ≃ 𝜌h ≃ 6.2526 cm
𝜌h 2 1 ⎪ ≃ 2.4617′′
ph = (a1 − a) − = 6.25269 cm = 2.46169′′ ⎪
a1 4 ⎭
√
a 50
Using (13-52a) ⇒ A = 1 = 12.247 ⇒ GH = 98.921 from Figure 13.15
λ 𝜌h ∕λ
√
b 50
Using (13-52b) ⇒ B = 1 = 9.9999 ⇒ GE = 81.518 from Figure 13.8
λ 𝜌e ∕λ
Using (13-52e)
GE GH 81.518(98.921)
Dp = √ √ = √ √ = 50.9695 = 17.07 dB
50 50 50 50
10.1859 10.1859
𝜌e ∕λ 𝜌h ∕λ 2.96795 3.49156
13.20. 𝜌1 = 𝜌2 =√
9λ, a = 0.5λ,
√ b = 0.22λ√
(a) a1 = 3λ𝜌2 = 3λ(9λ) = 3 3λ = 5.1962λ
√ √ √
b1 = 2λ𝜌1 = 2λ(9λ) = 3 2λ = 4.2426λ
√
√ ( √ )2
√ √ √
√ 3 2
(b) 𝜌e = 2 √
𝜌1 + (b1 ∕2) = (9λ) +
2 2 λ = (81 + 4.5)λ2 = 9.2466λ
2
√ √
b 50 4.2426λ 50
B= 1 = = 4.2426(2.3254) = 9.8749
λ 𝜌e ∕λ λ 9.2466
B = 9.8749 ⇒ GE ≃ 80 (from Fig. 13.8)
a GE 0.5(80) 40
DE = √ =√ = = 17.2 = 12.356 dB
λ 50 50 2.32538
𝜌e ∕λ 9.2466
√
√ ( √ )2 √
√ √ ( )
√ 3 3 27 2
𝜌h = 𝜌22 + (a1 ∕2)2 = √(9λ)2 + λ = 81 + λ = 9.3675λ
2 4
P1: A3508
412 SOLUTION MANUAL
√ √
a 50 5.1962λ 50
A= 1 = = 5.1962(2.3103) = 12
λ 𝜌h ∕λ λ 9.3675
A = 12 ⇒ GH ≃ 95 (from Fig. 13.15)

b GH 0.22(95) 20.9
DH = √ = √ = = 9.0463 = 9.5647 dB
λ 50 50 2.3103
𝜌h ∕λ 9.3675
𝜋λ2 𝜋λ2
Dp = DE DH = (17.2)(9.0463) = 138.8815 = 21.4264 dB
32ab 32(0.5)(0.22λ)
Dp = 138.8815 = 21.4264 dB
Alternate Method:
t = a21 ∕8λ𝜌2 = 27λ2 ∕8λ(9λ) = 0.375 ⇒ LH = 1.15 (from Fig. 13.21)

s = b21 ∕8λ𝜌1 = 18λ2 ∕8λ(9λ) = 0.25 ⇒ LE = 0.8 (from Fig. 13.21)
[ ( )]
a1 b1
Dp (dB) = 10 1.008 + log10 − (LE + LH ) = 10[1.008 + 1.343] − (1.15 + 0.8)
λ2
Dp (dB) = 21.56 dB
30 × 109
13.21. λ = = 3 cm
10 × 109 √
√ √
(a) a1 ≃ 3λ𝜌 = 3λ(10λ) = 30λ2 = 5.477λ = 16.43 cm
√ √
b1 ≃ 2λ𝜌 = 20λ2 = 4.472λ = 13.416 cm
4𝜋 4𝜋
(b) G0 = 12 2 (a1 b1 ) = 12 2 (5.477λ)(4.472λ) = 153.89 = 21.87 dB
λ λ
1 1
(c) er ecd 𝜀ap = 1(1)𝜀ap = , 𝜀ap = = 50%
2 2
λ2 32
(d) Aem = G = (153.89) = 110.2156 cm2 = 110.2156 × 10−4 m2
4𝜋 0 4𝜋
Prec = W i Aem = 10 × 10−6 × 110.2156 × 10−4 = 1,102.156 × 10−10
= 11.02156 × 10−8
Prec = 11.02156 × 10−8 = 0.1102156 𝜇Watts
13.22. The problem was solved using computer program.
𝜒 = 6.047
𝜌e = 37.0 cm
𝜌h = 40.8 cm
a1 = 27.4 cm
b1 = 21.3 cm
𝜌e = 𝜌h = 31.7 cm
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 413
13.23. a = 0.5λ, b = 0.25λ, 2𝜓e = 43◦ , 2𝜓h = 50◦

ρe
√ b1/2
(a) b1 ≃ 2λ𝜌1
( ) ψe
E-plane
−1 b1 ∕2 b ∕2 ρ1
𝜓e = tan ⇒ 𝜌1 = 1
𝜌1 tan 𝜓e
b1 ∕2 b1 ∕2
𝜌1 = = = 2.53665(b1 ∕2)
tan(21.5◦ ) 0.39391
𝜌1 = 1.26932b1 ρh
a1/2
b21 = 2λ𝜌1 = 2λ(1.26932b1 ) = 2.53865b1 λ ψh
H-plane
ρ2
b1 = 2.53865λ
√
a1 ≃ 3λ𝜌2
( )
−1 a1 ∕2 a ∕2
𝜓h = tan ⇒ 𝜌2 = 1
𝜌 2 tan 𝜓h
a1 ∕2 a1 ∕2
𝜌2 = = = 2.14451(a1 ∕2)
tan(25◦ ) 0.46631
= 1.07225a1
a21 = 3λ𝜌2 = 3λ(1.07225a1 ) = 3.21676λa1
a1 = 3.21676λ
(b) 𝜌1 = 1.26932b1 = 1.26932(2.53865λ) = 3.22236λ

𝜌1 = 3.22236λ
𝜌2 = 1.07225a1 = 1.07225(3.21676λ) = 3.44917λ
𝜌2 = 3.44917λ
√ √
𝜌e = 𝜌21 + (b1 ∕2)2 = λ (3.22236)2 + (1.26932)2 = 3.46335λ
√ √
𝜌h = 𝜌22 + (a1 ∕2)2 = λ (3.44917)2 + (1.60838)2 = 3.80574λ
[( )2 ]1∕2 [( ]1∕2
𝜌e )2
(c) 𝜌e = (b1 − b) 1 3.46335 1
− = (2.53865 − 0.25)λ −
b1 4 2.53865 4
= 2.28865λ(1.26932)
𝜌e = 2.90503λ
[( )2 ]1∕2 [( ]
𝜌h )2
1 3.80574 1
𝜌h = (a1 − a) − = (3.21676 − 0.5)λ −
a1 4 3.21676 4
= 2.71676λ(1.07225)
𝜌h = 2.91304λ
P1: A3508
414 SOLUTION MANUAL
√ √
13.24. dm = 3lλ ⇒ l = L2 + (dm ∕2)2
√
From Figure 13.26 Using dm = 3lλ
L = 75λ ⇒ dm = 14.5λ ⇒ l = 73.35λ dm = 15.03λ
L = 50λ ⇒ dm = 12λ ⇒ l = 50.36λ dm = 12.29λ
L = 30λ ⇒ dm = 9.4λ ⇒ l = 30.37λ dm = 9.54λ
L = 20λ ⇒ dm = 7.6λ ⇒ l = 20.36λ dm = 7.81λ
L = 15λ ⇒ dm = 6.7λ ⇒ l = 15.37λ dm = 6.79λ
L = 10λ ⇒ dm = 5.6λ ⇒ l = 10.38λ dm = 5.58λ
L = 8λ ⇒ dm = 5λ ⇒ l = 8.38λ dm = 5.01λ
L = 6λ ⇒ dm = 4.2λ ⇒ l = 6.36λ dm = 4.37λ
L = 4λ ⇒ dm = 3.5λ ⇒ l = 4.37λ dm = 3.62λ
L = 2λ ⇒ dm = 2.5λ ⇒ l = 2.36λ dm = 2.66λ
L = λ ⇒ dm = 1.9λ ⇒ l = 1.38λ dm = 2.03λ
L = 0.5λ ⇒ dm = 1.5λ ⇒ l = 0.9λ dm = 1.64λ
13.25. L = 19.5′′ , dm = 15′′ , d = 2.875′′
√
(a) From Figure 13.24 l = L2 + (dm ∕2)2 = 20.89′′
The optimum gain will occur when, according to (13-59)
√
dm = 3lλ ⇒ dm
2
= 3lλ ⇒ λ = dm
2
∕3l = (15)2 ∕[3(20.89)] = 3.5898′′ = 9.118 cm
c 3 × 1010
f = = = 3.29 × 109 Hz = 3.29 GHz
λ 9.118
19.5′′ 15′′
L= λ = 5.432λ, dm = λ = 4.1785λ
3.5898′′ 3.5898′′
For these two L and dm , from (Fig. 13-26) ⇒ Dc ≃ 19.5 dB

d2 3
According to (13-58d) and (13-58c), s = m =
8λl 8
L(s) ≅ (0.7853 − 0.3976s + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 ) = 2.6858 dB
Using these, we can compute the directivity from (13-58).
( )2
𝜋dm
Thus Dc = 10 log10 − 2.9 = 10 log10 [𝜋(4.1785)]2 − 2.53
λ
= 22.363 − 2.6858 = 20.68 dB
which agrees closely with the value obtained from Fig. 13.26
c 30 × 109
f = 2.5 GHz → λ = = = 12 cm = 4.7244′′
f 2.5 × 109
From Fig. 13-26

From Fig. 13-26
19.5 15 ↓
L= λ = 4.1275λ, dm = λ = 3.175λ, Dc ≅18.5 dB
4.7244 4.7244
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 415
Using equations
2
dm (15)2
(13-58d) ⇒ s = = = 0.284975
8λl 8(4.7244)(20.89)
(13-58c) ⇒ L(s) = [0.7853 − 0.3976(s) + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 ] = 1.8271
(13-58) ⇒ Dc = 10 log10 [𝜋(3.175)]2 − 1.8271 = 19.978 − 1.8271
Dc = 18.15 dB
30 × 109
f = 5 GHz ⇒ λ = = 6 cm = 2.3622′′
5 × 109
Using Fig. 13.26
19.5 15
L= λ = 8.255λ, dm = λ = 6.35λ, Dc ≃ 20 dB (From Fig 13-26)
2.3622 2.3622
Using equations
2
dm (15)2
(13-58d) ⇒ s = = = 0.56995
8λl 8(2.3622)(20.89)
(13-58c) ⇒ L(s) = [0.7853 − 0.3976s + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 ] = 5.5403
(13-58) ⇒ Dc = 10 log10 [𝜋(6.35)]2 − 5.5403 = 25.998 − 5.5403 = 20.46 dB
(b) The cut off frequency of the dominant TE11 -mode of a circular waveguide is given by
𝜒11
′
(fc )11 = √ where 𝜒11′ is the first zero of the derivative of the Bessel function
2𝜋a 𝜇𝜀 of the first kind of order one [i.e. J1′ (𝜒11′ ) = 0], and it is equal
to 𝜒11 = 1.841
′
Thus
1.841 1.841 1.841c

(fc )11 = √ = √ =
2𝜋(d∕2) 𝜇𝜀 𝜋d 𝜇𝜀 𝜋d
For d = 2.875′′ = 7.3025 cm
1.841(30 × 109 )
(fc )11 = = 2.4074 × 109 = 2.4074 GHz
𝜋(7.3025)
13.26. Conical horn; l =√

10λ √
(a) dm = 2am ≃ 3λl = 3λ(10λ) = 5.477λ ⇒ dm = 5.477λ, am = 2.7385λ
𝜓c = sin−1 (am ∕l) = sin−1 (2.7385∕10) = sin−1 (0.27385) = 15.8935◦
𝜓c = 15.8935◦ ⇒ 2𝜓c = 31.787◦
2
dm (5.477λ)2 29.997529
(b) s= = = = 0.375
8lλ 8λ(10λ) 80
L(s) = −10 log10 (𝜀ap ) ≃ (0.7853 − 0.3976s + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 )
P1: A3508
416 SOLUTION MANUAL
L(s) = −10 log10 (𝜀ap ) = 2.6858 ⇒ 𝜀ap = 10−2.6858∕10 = 0.5388

𝜀ap = 0.5388 = 53.88%
( )2
C
(c) Dc (dB) = 10 log10 − L(s)
λ
( ) ( )
2𝜋a 2 𝜋dm 2
= 10 log10 − L(s) = 10 log10 − L(s)
λ λ
( )
5.477λ𝜋 2
= 10 log10 − (2.6858)
λ
= 10 log10 (17.2065)2 − 2.6858 = 10(2.47139) − 2.6858
= 24.7139 − 2.6858
Dc (dB) = 22.06 dB ⇒ Dc = 102.206 = 160.69
Dc = 160.89 = 22.06 dB
√ 2
dm 3
13.27. dm = 3lλ ⇒ s = = . [From (13-58c) ⇒ L(s = 3∕8) ≃ 2.6858 dB]
8λl 8
( )2 ( )2
C C
From (13-58) ⇒ Dc = 22.6 = 10 log10 − 2.6858 ⇒ 10 log10 = 25.286
λ λ
( )2 ( )2
C C
log10 = 2.5286 ⇒ = 102.5286 = 337.754
λ λ
C 𝜋dm √ 18.378λ
= = 377.754 = 18.378 ⇒ dm =
λ λ 𝜋
18.378λ
dm = = 5.85λ
𝜋
30 × 109
λ= = 2.7273 cm
11 × 109
dm = 5.85λ = 5.85(2.7273) = 15.9545 cm = 6.281 in.
Since
√ d2 (15.9545)2
dm = 3lλ ⇒ l = m = = 31.111 cm = 12.248 in.
3λ 3(2.7273)
√ √
L = l2 − (dm ∕2)2 = (31.111)2 − (15.9545∕2)2 = 30.071 cm = 11.839 in.
( ) ( )
−1 dm ∕2 15.9545
𝜓c = tan = tan −1
= 14.857◦ ⇒ 2𝜓c = 29.71◦
L 2(30.071)
13.28. (a) Using Fig. 13.26, for a Dc = 20 dB
dm ≃ 4.4λ
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 417
(b) Using (13-59)

√ d2 (4.4λ)2
dm = 3lλ ⇒ l = m = = 6.45λ
3λ 3λ
l ≃ 6.45λ
√ √
(c) L = (l)2 − (dm ∕2)2 = (6.45λ)2 − (4.4∕2λ)2 = 6.06λ
L = 6.06λ From Fig. 13.26 ⇒ L ≃ 6λ

( ) ( )
dm ∕2 4.4∕2
(d) Total Flare angle = 2𝜓c = 2 tan−1 = 2 tan−1
L 6.06
2𝜓c = 2 tan−1 (0.363) = 2(19.95) = 39.90◦

2𝜓c = 39.90◦
2
dm (4.4λ)2
(e) s = = = 0.375 (13-58d)
8λl 8λ(6.45λ)
L(s) = (0.753 − 0.3976s + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 )|s=0.375 = 2.6858 (13-58c)
2.6858 = −10 log10 (𝜀ap )
log10 𝜀ap = −0.26858
𝜀ap = 10−0.26858 = 0.5380 = 53.88%
𝜀ap = 53.88%
The expected value for 𝜀ap for an optimum gain horn is about 50%.
[ ] ( )
4𝜋 C
13.29. Dc (dB) = 10 log10 𝜀ap 2 (𝜋a2 ) = 10 log10 − L(s)
λ λ
d2 30 × 109
s= m, λ= = 3 cm
8λl 10 × 109 √ 3lλ 3
For optimum directivity, dm ≃ 3lλ. Thus s = =
8lλ 8
3
For s = :
8
[ ( ) ( )2 ( )2 ]
3 3 3
L(s) ≃ 0.7853 − 0.3976 + 13.112 + 3.901
8 8 8
L(s) ≃ 2.6858 dB
ψc
dm
P1: A3508
418 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )2
C
Dc (dB) = 20 = 10 log10 − 2.6858
λ
( )2 ( )2
2𝜋a dm 𝜋
22.6858 = 10 log10 (C∕λ)2 , (C∕λ)2 = 102.6858 = 185.6 = =
λ λ
√
185.6
dm = λ = 4.3365λ = 4.3365(3) = 13 cm
𝜋
dm = 13 cm = 5.122 inches
√
dm = 3lλ ⇒ dm 2
= 3lλ ⇒ l = dm 2
∕3λ = (13)2 ∕3(3) = 18.78 cm
( )
6.5
𝜓c = sin−1 = sin−1 (0.346) = 20.25◦
18.78
13.30. 𝜓c = 25◦
d ∕2
(a) sin 𝜓c = m
l
For optimum directivity
√
dm = 3lλ
√ √ √
3lλ∕2 3lλ 1 3λ
sin 𝜓c = = =
l 2l 2 l
1 3λ 3λ 3λ 3λ
sin2 𝜓c = ⇒l= = ◦
=
4 l 4 sin 𝜓c
2 4(sin 25 ) 2 4(0.42262)2
√ √ √
l = 4.199λ ⇒ dm = 3lλ = 3(4.199)λ2 = 12.597λ
dm = 3.5493λ
2
(b) s = dm ∕8λl = (3.5493λ)2 ∕8λ(4.199λ) = 0.375
L(s) ≃ 0.7853 − 0.3976s + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 = 2.6858
L(s) = 2.6858 = −10 log10 (𝜀ap )
𝜀ap = 10−0.26858 = 0.51145 = 53.88%
𝜀ap ≃ 53.88%
(c) The expected 𝜀ap for maximum horn directivity is ≃ 50%. So this design closely
matches the expected value.
( )2 ( )
C 𝜋dm 2
(d) Dc (dB) = 10 log10 − L(s) = 10 log10 − 2.6858
λ λ
= 10 log10 [𝜋(3.5493)]2 − 2.6858 = 10 log10 (11.15045)2 − 2.6858
Dc = 20.946 − 2.6858 = 18.26 dB = 101.826 = 66.99
Dc = 66.99 = 18.26 dB
P1: A3508
SOLUTION MANUAL 419
13.31. A = 20𝜋λ2
Using (13-53)
( )
1 4𝜋 1 4𝜋
G0 = 2
(a1 b1 ) = (Area)
2 λ 2 λ2
⏟⏟⏟ ⏟⏟⏟
𝜀ap 𝜀ap
1 4𝜋
(a) G0 = (20𝜋λ2 ) = 394.784 = 25.964 dB
2 λ2
1 4𝜋 1
(b) G0 ≃ (20𝜋λ2 ) = (80𝜋 2 ) = 40𝜋 2 = 394.784
2 λ2 2
G0 = 394.784 = 25.964 dB
Alternate:
√ d2 3lλ
dm = 3lλ, s = m = = 3∕8
8λl 8λl
s = 3∕8, L(s)|s=3∕8 = (0.753 − 0.3976s + 13.112s2 + 3.901s3 )|s=3∕8 = 2.6858
L(s) = −10 log10 (𝜀ap ) = 2.6858 ⇒ 𝜀ap = 10−0.26858 = 0.5388

( )
4𝜋
G0 = 0.5388 2 (20𝜋λ2 ) = 0.5388(80𝜋 2 ) = 425.42
λ
G0 = 425.42 = 26.29 dB
λ2 (0.03)2
13.32. (a) Aem = (1 − |Γ|2 ) D0 = 0.99 75 = 5.317764 × 10−3 m2
4𝜋 4𝜋
(f = 10 GHz → λ = 0.03 m) Aem = 0.005317764 m2
(b) Pmax = Aem Wi = (1 × 10−6 Watts/m2 )(0.005317764) = 5.317 × 10−9 Watts

Pmax = 5.317764 × 10−9 Watts
13.33. f = 10.3 GHz ⇒ λ0 = 30 × 109 ∕(10.3 × 109 ) = 2.9126 cm
2.9126 2.9126
(a) λ0 ∕4 < d < λ0 ∕2 ⇒ λ0 < d < λ0 ⇒ 0.72185 cm < d < 1.4563 cm
4 2
(b) W < λ0 ∕10 = 0.29126 cm
(c) t ≤ W∕10 = 0.29126∕10 = 0.029126 cm
13.34. (a) Using the Fig. P13.34(a) [see next page]
E-plane: 4.54λ, H-plane: 5.2λ
(b) Using the Fig. P13.24(b) [see next page]
E-plane: 5.06λ, H-plane: 4.5λ
P1: A3508
420 SOLUTION MANUAL
Phase center d (wavelengths)

5
4
ψe
3 a
d
b ρe = 5λ , a = 0.7λ
2 E-plane
ρe H-plane
1
0 5 10 15 20
Flare angle ψe (degrees)
(a) E-plane sectoral horn
6
Phase center d (wavelengths)
3 a ψh
d ρh = 5λ , a = 0.7λ
b
2 H-plane
ρh E-plane
1
0 5 10 15 20
Figure P13.34 Phase center location, as a function of flare angle, for E- and H-plane sectoral horns. (Source:
Y. Y. Hu, “A Method of Determining Phase Centers and its Applications to Electromagnetic Horns,” Journal of
Franklin Institute, vol. 271, pp. 31–39, January 1961)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 14
Solution Manual
14.1. By using (14-1), the effective dielectric constant is equal to
[ ( )]−1∕2
10 + 1 10 − 1 1
𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = 6.8568
2 2 1.2
W
Using (14-19), = 1.2
h
120𝜋
Zc = √
𝜀reff [1.2 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln(1.2 + 1.444)]
120 ⋅ 𝜋
= = 44.415 ohms
2.6185(3.24152)
[ ( )]−1∕2
6.8 + 1 6.8 − 1 1
14.2. 𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = 4.8667
2 2 1.5
At low frequencies, the characteristic impedance can be found by using (14-19), if
W
> 1.
h
120𝜋
Zc (f = 0) = √
4.8667[1.5 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln(1.5 + 1.444)]
= 170.889∕(3.6132) = 47.296 ohms
14.3. W = 0.4λ0 , h = 0.05λ0 , f = 10 GHz, 𝜀r = 2.25 ⇒ W∕h = 0.4∕0.05 = 8 > 1
𝜀r + 1 𝜀 r − 1 [ h
]
2.25 + 1 2.25 − 1
[ ( )]
0.05 −1∕2
𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = + 1 + 12
2 2 W 2 2 0.4
𝜀reff = 1.625 + 0.625(2.5)−1∕2 = 1.625 + 0.625(0.63246) = 2.02
𝜀reff = 2.02

421
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
422 SOLUTION MANUAL
120𝜋
Zc =
√ [ ( )]
W W
𝜀reff + 1.393 + 0.667 ln + 1.444
h h
120𝜋
= √ [ ( )]
0.4 0.4
2.02 0.05 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln 0.05 + 1.444
120𝜋 1 1
Zc = √ = 24.3557 ⇒ Yc = = = 0.04106
2.02(10.89067) Zc 24.3557
[ ( )2 ]
[ ] 0.4λ
W 1 0 1 2𝜋
(a) G1 = 1 − (k0 h) = 1− 0.5λ0
120λ0 24 120λ0 24 λ0
[ ]
0.4 1 0.4
= 1 − (0.1𝜋)2 = [1 − 0.00411] = 3.32 × 10−3
120 24 120
[ ( )]
W 0.4λ0 2𝜋
B1 = [1 − 0.636 ln(k0 h)] = 1 − 0.636 ln + 0.05λ0
120λ0 120λ0 λ0
0.4
= [1 − 0.636 ln(0.1𝜋)]
120
0.4 0.4
= [1 − 0.636(−1.15786)] = [1 + 0.7364] = 5.79 × 10−3
120 120
Y1 = G1 + jB1 = (3.32 + j5.79) × 10−3
Yin = Y1 + Yc = (3.32 + j5.79) × 10−3 + 41.06 × 10−3 = (44.38 + j5.79) × 10−3
Yin = (44.38 + j5.79) × 10−3 : Capacitive
(b) Place an inductor in parallel.
1 1 1 1
BL = = = 5.79 × 10−3 ⇒ L = =
𝜔L 2𝜋fL 2𝜋fBL 2𝜋(10 × 109 )(5.79 × 10−3 )
L = 2.75 × 10−9 Henries
1 1
′
(c) Yin = Gin = 44.38 × 10−3 ⇒ Zin
′
= ′
= = 22.533
Yin 44.38 × 10−3
′ = 22.533
Zin
30 × 109
14.4. fr = 2 GHz, 𝜀r = 10.2, h = 0.05 inches = 0.127 cm ⇒ λ0 = = 15 cm
√ √ 2 × 109
𝜈0 2 30 × 109 2
(a) W = = = 7.5(0.422577) = 3.169 cm
2fr 𝜀r + 1 2(2 × 109 ) 10.2 + 1
𝜀 + 1 𝜀r − 1 [ ]
h −1∕2 10.2 + 1 10.2 − 1
[ ]
0.127 −1∕2
𝜀reff = r + 1 + 12 = + 1 + 12
2 2 w 2 2 3.169
= 5.6 + 4.6[1 + 12(0.04)]−1∕2
𝜀reff = 5.6 + 4.6(0.82174) = 5.6 + 3.78 = 9.38
[ ] [ ]
(𝜀reff + 0.3) Wh + 0.264 3.169
(9.38 + 0.3) 0.127 + 0.264
ΔL
= 0.412 [ ] = 0.412 [ ]
h (𝜀reff − 0.258) Wh + 0.8 9.38 − 0.258 3.169 + 0.8
0.127
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 423
ΔL (9.68)(25.21676)
= 0.412 = 0.4281 ⇒ ΔL = 0.4281(0.127) = 0.05437 cm
h (9.122)(25.75276)
λ 30 × 109 7.5
L= − 2ΔL = √ − 2(0.05437) = √ − 0.10874
2 9
2(2 × 10 ) 9.38 9.38
L = 2.448837 − 0.10874 = 2.34 cm
L = 2.34 cm, W = 3.169 cm
(b) 0.48λ < L < 0.49λ ⇒ 2.35 cm < L < 2.40 cm

λ 30 × 109 30 × 109
λ= √ 0 = √ = = 4.89767 cm
𝜀reff 9
2 × 109 9.38 2 × 10 (3.06268)
[ ] [ ( )2 ]
W 1 3.169 1 2𝜋
(c) G1 = 1 − (k0 h)2 = 1− 0.127
120λ0 24 120(15) 24 7.5
3.169
= [1 − 0.0017597]
120(15)
G1 = 1.7597 × 10−3
1 1
Rin = = = 284.139
2G1 2(1.7597 × 10−3 )
( ) √
𝜋 L 150 2.34
(d) 150 = 284.139 cos 2
y ⇒ y0 = cos −1
= cos−1 (0.72657)
L 0 𝜋 284.139 𝜋
2.34
y0 = (0.75748) = 0.5642 cm
𝜋
y0 = 0.5642 cm
14.5. fr = 9 GHz ⇒ λ0 = 30 × 109 ∕9 × 109 = 3.333 cm, 𝜀r = 2.56

√ √
(a) W = 0
𝜈 2 30 × 109 2 30 √
= = = 0.56179
2fr 𝜀r + 1 2(9 × 109 ) 2.56 + 1 18
1.2492
W = 1.2492 cm = λ = 0.37476λ0
3.333 0
( ) 2
⎡ k0 W ⎤
( )2 𝜋⎢ sin cos 𝜃 ⎥
2𝜋W 1 2
D0 = , I1 = ⎢ ⎥ sin3 𝜃 d𝜃
λ0 I1 ∫0 ⎢ cos 𝜃 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
[ ]
sin(X)
= −2 + cos(x) + XSi (X) +
X
2𝜋
X = k0 W = (0.37476λ0 ) = 2.35471 rads
λ0
sin(X) sin(2.35471)
cos(2.35471) = 0.706056, Si (2.35471) ≃ 1.725, = = 0.30082
X 2.35471
I1 = [−2 − 0.706056 + 2.35471(1.725) + 0.30082] = 1.656637
[ ]
2𝜋 1
D0 = (0.37476λ0 ) = 3.34687 = 5.24639 dB
λ0 1.656637
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
424 SOLUTION MANUAL
2 g12 ≪1
(b) D2 = ≃ 2D0 = 2(3.34687) = 6.6937 = 8.25669 dB
1 + g12 D0
30 × 109
14.6. f = 10 GHz, 𝜀r = 4, h = 0.25 cm ⇒ λ0 = = 3 cm
√ 10 × 109√
√
𝜈 2 30 × 109 2 3 2
(a) W = 0 = = = 0.9487 cm
2fr 𝜀r + 1 2(10 × 109 ) 4 + 1 2 5
𝜀 + 1 𝜀r − 1 [ h
]
4+1 4−1
[ ]
0.25 −1∕2
(b) 𝜀reff = r + 1 + 12 = + 1 + 12
2 2 W 2 2 0.9487
𝜀reff = 2.5 + 1.5(0.4902) = 2.5 + 0.7352 = 3.2352
1 30 × 109 3
(c) Leff = √ √ = √ = = 0.8339
2fr 𝜀reff 𝜇0 𝜀0 9
2(10 × 10 ) 3.2352 2(1.7987)
[ ] ( )
W
(𝜀reff + 0.3) + 0.264 (3.2352 + 0.3) 0.9487 + 0.264
ΔL h 0.25
(d) = 0.412 [ ] = 0.412 ( )
h W
(𝜀reff − 0.258) + 0.8 (3.2352 − 0.258) 0.9487
0.25
+ 0.8
h
ΔL (3.5352)(4.0588)
= 0.412 = 0.4321
h (2.9772)(4.5948)
ΔL = 0.4321(0.25) = 0.1080
L = Leff − 2ΔL = 0.8339 − 2(0.1080) = 0.6178
14.7. W = 1.6046 cm, fr = 4.6 × 109 Hz, h = 0.45 cm, 𝜀r = 6.8

v0 30 × 109
(a) L = √ = √ = 1.2505 cm
2fr 𝜀r 2(4.6 × 109 ) 6.8
𝜀r + 1 𝜀 r − 1 ( )
h −1∕2 6.8 + 1 6.8 − 1
( )
0.45 −1∕2
(b) 𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = + 1 + 12
2 2 W 2 2 1.6046
𝜀reff = 3.9 + 2.9(0.4786) = 5.288
( ) ( )
W 1.6046
(𝜀reff + 0.3) + 0.264 + 0.264
ΔL h (5.288 + 0.3) 0.45
= 0.412 ( ) = 0.412 ( )
h W (5.288 − 0.268) 1.6046 + 0.8
(𝜀reff − 0.268) + 0.8 0.45
h
ΔL
= 0.4015
h
ΔL = 0.4015 h = 0.4015(0.45) = 0.1807 cm
Le = L + 2ΔL = 1.2505 + 2(0.1807) = 1.6119 cm
𝜈0 30 × 109
fr′ = √ = √ = 4.046 × 109 , because of fringing
2Le 𝜀reff 2(1.6119) 5.288
14.8. (a) Using (14-6), the width of the patch is

√
30 2
W= = 3.962 cm
2(1.6) 10.2 + 1
[ ( )]
10.2 + 1 10.2 − 1 0.127 −1∕2
𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = 9.51
2 2 3.962
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 425
( )
3.962
+ 0.264
(9.51 + 0.3) 0.127
ΔL = (0.127)(0.412) ( ) = 0.05455 cm
(9.51 − 0.3) 3.962
+ 0.8
0.127
λ 30
L = − 2ΔL = √ − 2(0.05455) = 2.931 cm
2 2(1.6) 9.51
(b) Using (14-12) and (14-12a)
I1 sin(X)
G1 = , I1 = −2 + cos(X) + XSi (X) + , X = k0 W
120𝜋 2 X
2𝜋 2𝜋
X= W= (3.962) = (0.4226)𝜋 = 1.3277
λ0 18.75
sin(1.3277)
I1 = −2 + cos(1.3277) + (1.3277)(1.204348) + = 0.57075
1.3277
G1 = 0.57075∕(120𝜋 2 ) = 4.81916 × 10−4 Siemens
Resonant input impedance,

1
Rin = Zin = 2G1
= 1.0375 × 103 = 1037.5 ohms
Direct numerical calculation from (14-12) results into
1
G1 = 4.819021 × 10−4 , Rin = = 1037.56 ohms
2G1
(c) Numerical calculation from (14-18a)
G12 = 3.92904 × 10−4
1 1
(d) Rin = = = 571.56 ohms
2(G1 + G2 ) 2(4.819 + 3.929) × 10−4
( )
𝜋
(e) Rin (y = y0 ) = Rin (y = 0) cos2 y0
L
( )
2 𝜋
75 = 571.56 cos y0
2.931
y0 = 1.1197 cm (0.4408 inch)
√
30 2
14.9. (a) W = = 7.412 cm
2(1.6) 2.2 + 1.
[ ( )]
2.2 + 1 2.2 − 1 0.1575 −1∕2
𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = 2.1356
2 2 7.412
7.412
2.1356 + 0.3 0.1575
+ 0.264
ΔL = (0.1575)(0.412) ⋅ 7.412
= 0.0832 cm
2.1356 − 0.258 + 0.8
0.1575
λ 30
L= − 2ΔL = √ − 2(0.0832) = 6.2487 cm
2 2(1.6) 2.1356
∴ The patch is a realistic dimension for the roof of a personal car.

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
426 SOLUTION MANUAL
(b) From (14-12), with numerical calculation
1
G1 = 1.57259 × 10−3 , Rin = = 317.95 ohms
2G1
(c) Using (14-18a), G12 = 4.58053 × 10−4

1 1
(d) Rin = = = 246.23 ohms
2(G1 + G12 ) 2(1.57259 × 10−3 + 4.58053 × 10−4 )
( )
(e) Rin (y = y0 ) = Rin (y = 0) cos2 𝜋 y0
L
( )
𝜋
75 = 246.23 cos2 y0
6.2487
y0 = 1.9615 cm (0.7722 inch)
14.10. f0 = 10 GHz, 𝜀r = 10.2, h = 0.05 in = 0.127 cm

√
30 2
W= = 0.634 cm
2(10) 10.2 + 1
10.2 + 1 10.2 − 1 W 0.634
𝜀reff = + [1 + 12(4.992)−1 ]−1∕2 , = = 4.992
2 2 h 0.127
(8.093 + 0.3) (4.992 + 0.264)
= 8.093ΔL = (0.127)(0.412) = 0.0509 cm
(8.093 − 0.258) (4.992 + 0.8)
30 1 W = 0.634 cm = 0.2496 in
L= √ − 2(0.0509) = 0.4255 cm,
L = 0.4255 cm = 0.1675 in
2(10) 8.093
Y1 Yc’ β Y1
Yin ~ I
Y2
14.11. Y1 = G1 + jB1
̃ 2 + jB̃ 2
Ỹ 2 = G
Resonance, Im (Yin ) = 0 ⇒ Yin = Gin
Y1 + jYc tan 𝛽l
Yin = Y1 + Ỹ 2 , where Ỹ 2 = Yc
Yc + jY1 tan 𝛽l
G1 + j(B1 + Yc tan 𝛽l)
Ỹ 2 = Yc (1)
(Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) + jG1 tan 𝛽l
G1 + j(B1 + Yc tan 𝛽l)
Gin = Y1 + Yc (2)
(Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) + jG1 tan 𝛽l
Gin [(Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) + jG1 tan 𝛽l] = (G1 + jB1 )[(Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) + jG tan 𝛽l]
+ Yc [G1 + j(B1 + Yc tan 𝛽l)] (3)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 427
Separating into real and imaginary parts.
Gin (Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) = G1 (Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) − B1 G tan 𝛽l + Yc G1 (4)

jGin G1 tan 𝛽l = j[B1 (Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) + G21 tan 𝛽l + Yc (B1 + Yc tan 𝛽l)] (5)
Rearranging (4)
Gin (Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) = 2G1 (Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) ⇒ Gin = 2G1 (6)
Substituting this result into (5)
2G21 tan 𝛽l = B1 (Yc − B1 tan 𝛽l) + G21 tan 𝛽l + Yc (B1 + Yc tan 𝛽l)
[ ] 2Yc B1
(tan 𝛽l) G21 + B21 − Yc2 = 2Yc B1 , tan 𝛽l = (7)
B21 + G21 − Yc2
From Yin = Y1 + Ỹ 2 , and Gin = 2G1 , we can see G

̃ z = G1 , since Re (Y1 ) = G1
Also, since imaginary part of Yin = 0 at resonance
Yin = Gin + jBin , Im (Yin ) = 0, Bin = 0

Bin = B1 + B̃ 2 = 0, B̃ 2 = −B1
∴ Ỹ 2 = G1 − jB1
Total input admittance is, Yin = Y1 + Ỹ 2 = 2G1

14.12. 2Ym 2Ym
X
Y1 – Ym Yin Y1 – Ym
l1 l2
This circuit has been “derived” by considering the equivalent circuit admittance for a sym-
metric 2-port junction.
Y11 Y12 V1 I1
= Y12
Y21 Y22 V2 I2
Y11 – Y12 Y11 – Y12
For a symmetric voltage, Node X of the Fig. P14-12 sees an open circuit. Hence, the new
circuit becomes
Y1 – Ym Yin Y1 – Ym
l1 l2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
428 SOLUTION MANUAL
For an antisymmetric voltage, node X sees a zero voltage, a grounded circuit. Thus, the
new circuit becomes
Y1 – Ym
2Ym Y1 – Ym 2Ym Y1 + Ym Yin Y1 + Ym
Yin
l1 l2
l1 l2
If we assume Bm to be neglible, since its effect should be to change the resonant frequency
slightly, then
( )
𝜋
cos2 y
L 0
Rin |Y=Y0 ≃
2(G ± Gm )
where + = odd mode
− = even mode
14.13.
Y1 Yc’ β Yin Yc’ β Y1
l1 l2
~ ~
Y 1 Y2
We wish to find the impedance at resonance
l = l 1 + l2 ,
For transmission line theory Yin = Ỹ 1 + Ỹ 2 , where
G cos 𝛽l1 + j(B cos 𝛽l1 + Yc sin 𝛽l1 )

Ỹ 1 = Yc (l1 = y0 )
(Yc cos 𝛽l − B sin 𝛽l1 ) + jG sin 𝛽l1
G cos 𝛽l2 + j(B cos 𝛽l2 + Yc sin 𝛽l2 )

Ỹ 2 = Yc (l2 = l − y0 )
(Yc cos 𝛽l2 − B sin 𝛽l2 ) + jG sin 𝛽l2
At resonance, the input impedance at an arbitray feed point is real. By transforming the slot
admittances G1 + jB1 to the common point and adding them together, the input impedance
at resonance is found as
[ ]
( ) G2 + B2 ( ) B ( )
1 2 𝜋 1 1 2 𝜋 1 2𝜋
Rin (y = y0 ) = cos y + sin y − sin y
2(G1 ± G12 ) L 0 Yc2 L 0 Yc L 0
From Example 14.2. W = 1.186 cm, h = 0.1588 cm, ⇒ Zc = 26.0146 ohms, λ = 3 cm.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 429
Using (14-12) and (14-12a) G1 = 0.00157 Siemens. Using (14-8b), B1 = 5.6 × 10−3 .
( )
∴ G21 + B21 ∕Yc2 = [(1.57 × 10−3 )2 + (5.6 × 10−3 )2 ]∕[1.47 × 10−3 ] = 0.02289 ≪ 1
∴ B1 ∕Yc = 5.6 × 10−3 ∕(0.03844) = 0.14568 < 1
( )
1 𝜋
Rin (y = y0 ) = cos2 y0
2(G1 ± G12 ) L
14.14. W = 0.634 cm, L = 0.4255 cm, h = 0.127 cm, f = 10 GHz

1
(a) Using (14-8a) ⇒ G1 = 0.00175592, Rin = = 284.751
2G1
( )
𝜋
(b) 50 = 284.751 cos2 y
L 0
( ) √
𝜋 50
cos y0 = = 0.4190
L 1037.30084
𝜋
y = cos−1 (0.4190) = 1.13845. ∴ y0 = 0.15419 cm
L 0
14.15. 𝜀r = 2.2, W0 = 0.2984 cm, h = 0.1575 cm, L = 0.9068 cm
W0 0.2984 h
= = 1.8946 = 0.5278
h 0.1575 W0
2.2 + 1 2.2 − 1
𝜀reff = + [1 + 12(0.5278)]−1∕2 = 1.6 + 0.6[0.3693]
2 2
𝜀reff = 1.8216
√
120𝜋∕ 𝜀reff
Zc = [ ]
W0 W0
+ 1.393 + 0.667 ln + 1.444
h h
√
120𝜋∕ 1.8216
=
1.8946 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln[3.3386]
120𝜋∕(1.3497)
Zc = = 68.264
4.0917
( )
𝜋
68.264 = 152.44 cos2 y0
L
( )
𝜋 68.264
cos2 y = = 0.4478
L 0 152.44
L √ 0.9068
y0 = cos−1 ( 0.4478) = (0.8377) = 0.2418 cm (0.0952 in)
𝜋 𝜋
14.16. Zc = 50 ohms
𝜀r = 2.2,
[ ]−1∕2
2.2 + 1 2.2 − 1 h
𝜀reff = + 1 + 12
2 2 W0
|
120 ⋅ 𝜋 |
|
50 = √ [ ( )] |
W W |
𝜀reff h0 + 1.393 + 0.667 ln h0 + 1.444 |
|h=0.1588 cm
∴ W0 = 0.4933 cm
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
430 SOLUTION MANUAL
228.3508 ohms
50 ohms
εr = 2.2
W = 1.186 cm
W0 = 0.4933 cm
y0 = 0.3126 cm
L = 0.906 cm
14.17. (a) 75 ohms

( )
𝜋
75 = 228.3508 cos2 y
0.906 0
( ) √
𝜋 75
cos y0 =
0.906 228.3508
𝜋
y = cos−1 (0.57309) = 0.9605, y0 = 0.277 cm
0.906 0
Using (14-19), we can find the width of microstrip feed line by iterative method.
120𝜋
75 =
√ [ ( )]
W W
𝜀reff + 1.393 + 0.667 ln + 1.444
0.1588 0.1588
∴ Dimension of line: Width = 0.2546 cm

(b) 100 ohms
( ) ( ) √
2 𝜋 𝜋 100
100 = 228.3508 cos y , cos y =
0.906 0 0.906 0 228.3508
0.906 0.906
y0 = cos−1 (0.661757) = (0.847636) = 0.2444 cm
𝜋 𝜋
We can find the dimension of width W of microstrip feed line by iterative procedure as
Part (a) in this problem.
120𝜋 W
100 = [ ( )] , if >1
√ W W h
𝜀reff + 1.393 + 0.667 ln + 1.444
0.1588 0.1588
or
[ ]
⎛100 = √60 ln 8h + W , if W ≤ 1
⎜ 𝜀reff W 4h h
⎜ ∴ Dimension of
⎜ {[ ] [ ] } W = 0.14285 cm
𝜀 + 1 𝜀r − 1 h −1∕2 W 2
⎜𝜀reff = r + 1 + 12 + 0.04 1 − ,
⎝ 2 2 W h
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 431
14.18. Using (14-31), 𝜀r = 2.2, L = 0.906 cm, W = 1.186 cm
m=0 n p : fr
0 0 1 8.52698 GHz → ①st
0 0 2 17.0540 GHz → ④th
0 0 3 25.5809 GHz
⋮
0 1 0 11.1622 GHz → ②nd
0 1 1 14.0465 GHz → ③nd
0 1 2 20.3822 GHz → ⑤th
⋮
0 2 0 22.3245 GHz
( )
TM001 , TM010 , TM011 , TM002 , …
⋮
8.5269 GHz, 11.16 GHz, 14.047 GHz, 17.0540 GHz
14.19. (a) TMz

1 𝜕 Az 1 𝜕Az
2
Z
Ex = −j , Hx =
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕x𝜕z 𝜇 𝜕y
1 𝜕 Az 1 𝜕Az
2
Ey = −j , Hy = − h
Y
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕y𝜕z 𝜇 𝜕x
( 2 ) L
1 𝜕 εr
Ez = −j + 𝛽 Az ,
2
Hz = 0 W
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕z2 X
Az = [C1 cos(𝛽x x) + D1 sin(𝛽x x)] ⋅ [C2 cos(𝛽y y) + D2 sin(𝛽y y)]x

× [C3 cos(𝛽z z) + D3 sin(𝛽z z)]
Boundary Conditions:
}
At x = 0 and x = L, Hy = 0
PMC walls
At y = 0 and y = W, Hx = 0
}
At z = 0 and z = h, Ex = Ey = 0 PEC walls
Applying the boundary conditions to the walls leads to
Az = Amnp cos(𝛽x x) cos(𝛽y y) cos(𝛽z z)

(
m𝜋 n𝜋 p𝜋 m, n, p = 0, 1, 2, …
and 𝛽x = , 𝛽y = , 𝛽z = ,
L W h m=n=p≠0
Thus
( ) ( p𝜋 ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 m𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Ex = −j sin x cos y sin z
𝜔𝜇𝜀 L h L W h
( ) ( p𝜋 ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 n𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Ey = −j cos x sin y sin z
𝜔𝜇𝜀 W h L W h
[ ( ) ] ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 p𝜋 2 m𝜋 n𝜋
Ez = −j − + 𝛽 cos
2
x cos y cos z
𝜔𝜇𝜀 h L W h
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
432 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 n𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Hx = − cos x sin y cos z
𝜇 W L W h
( ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 m𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Hy = sin x cos y cos z
𝜇 L L W h
Hz = 0
√
( )2 ( )2 ( p𝜋 )2
1 m𝜋 n𝜋
(b) ( fr )TM
mnp = √ + +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 L W h
1
(c) if L > W > h, lowest mode will be TMz100 and ( fr )TM
100 = √
2L 𝜇𝜀
1
(d) ( fr )TM
100 = √
2L 𝜇𝜀
14.20. W = 2 cm, L = 5 cm, h = 0.1568 cm, 𝜀r = 2.2
(a) Second-order
Dominant mode for L = 5 cm > L∕2 > W = 2 cm is TMx020 ; m = 0, n = 2, p = 0
[See Fig. 14.16(c), (14-35)]
( )
1 2𝜋 1 𝜈
(b) ( fr )mnp = ( fr )020 = √ =√ =√ 0
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀reff Le 𝜇𝜀reff Le 𝜀reff Leff
𝜀 + 1 𝜀r − 1 [ ] [ ]
h −1∕2
2.2 + 1 2.2 − 1 0.1568 −1∕2
𝜀reff = r + 1 + 12 = + 1 + (12)
2 2 W 2 2 2
3.2 1.2
𝜀reff = + (1 + 0.9408)−1∕2 = 1.6 + 0.6(0.71781) = 2.03
2 2
( )
2
(2.03 + 0.3) + 0.264
ΔL 0.1568 (2.33)(13.0191)
= 0.412 ( ) = 0.412 = 0.412(1.2629)
h 2 1.772(13.5551)
(2.03 − 0.258) + 0.8
0.1568
ΔL
= 0.5203 ⇒ ΔL = 0.5203 h = 0.5203(0.1568) = 0.08159 cm
h
Le = L + 2ΔL = 5 + 2(0.08159) = 5.163 cm
30 × 109 30 × 109
( fr )020 = √ = 4.07822 GHz , λ0 = = 7.356 cm
2.03(5.163) 4.07822 × 109
[ ] [ ( )2 ]
W 1 2 2 1 2𝜋
(c) G1 = 1 − (k0 h) = 1− 0.1568
120λ0 24 120(7.356) 24 7.356
= 2.2657(0.99925)
G1 = 2.264 × 10−3 , G12 = 0.24921 × 10−3
1 1
Rin = = = 220.85
2G1 2(2.264 × 10−3 )
1 1
(d) Rin = = = 248.16
2(G1 − G12 ) 2(2.264 − 0.24921) × 10−3
The minus (−) sign is used because for the TM020 mode the voltage (field) distribution
is even (symmetric). See Figure 14.16(c).
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 433
14.21. (a) TMy
1 𝜕 Ay 1 𝜕Ay
2
Ex = −j Hx = − y
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕x𝜕y 𝜇 𝜕z
( 2 )
1 𝜕
Ey = −j + 𝛽 2
Ay Hy = 0 h
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕y2 x
1 𝜕 Ay 1 𝜕Ay
2 L
εr
Ez = −j Hz =
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕y𝜕z 𝜇 𝜕x z W
Ay = [C1 cos(𝛽x x) + D1 sin(𝛽x x)][C2 cos(𝛽y y) + D2 sin(𝛽y y)][C3 cos(𝛽z z) + D3 sin(𝛽z z)]
Boundary Condition
At x = 0 and x = W, Hz = 0 → PMC walls

At y = 0 and y = h, Ex = Ez = 0 → PEC walls
At z = 0 and z = L, Hx = 0 → PMC walls
Applying the boundary conditions to the walls leads to
Ay = Amnp cos(𝛽x x) cos(𝛽y y) cos(𝛽z z)
and
( )
m𝜋 n𝜋 p𝜋 m, n, p = 0, 1, 2, …
𝛽x = , 𝛽y = , 𝛽z =
W h L m=n=p≠0
Thus
( ) ( p𝜋 ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 m𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Ex = −j sin x sin y cos z
𝜔𝜇𝜀 W L W h L
[ ( ) ] ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 n𝜋 2 m𝜋 n𝜋
Ey = −j − + 𝛽 2 cos x cos y cos z
𝜔𝜇𝜀 h W h L
( ) ( p𝜋 ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 n𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Ez = −j cos x sin y sin z
𝜔𝜇𝜀 h L W h L
( ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 p𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Hx = − cos x cos y sin z
𝜇 L W h L
Hy = 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( p𝜋 )
1 m𝜋 m𝜋 n𝜋
Hz = − sin x cos y cos z
𝜇 W W h L
√
( )2 ( )2 ( p𝜋 )2
1 m𝜋 n𝜋
(b) ( fr )TM
mnp = √ + +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 W h L
y
(c) if L > W > h, lowest mode will be TM001
y 1
(d) ( fr )TM
001 = √
2L 𝜇𝜀
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
434 SOLUTION MANUAL
14.22. The array factor of 2 elements of zero phase difference, placed along the y-direction and
separated by Le , is
k0 Le k0 Le
cos 𝛾 cos 𝛾
(AF)2 = ej 2 + e−j 2
k0 Le k0 Le
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
= ej 2 + e−j 2
( )
k0 Le
(AF)2 = 2 cos sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
14.23. At the two radiating edges (x = 0 and x = L)
Ez (x = L) = E0 , Hy (x = L) = 0
Ez (x = 0) = −E0 , Hy (x = 0) = 0
We have constant distribution of Ez and zero distribution of Hy .
n^ 2
Slot 2
W L
Slot 1
x n^ 1
Thus, on slot 1 (x = L)
M 1 = −̂n1 × [Ez (x = L)̂az ] = −̂ax × E0 â z = E0 â y , M 1 = E0 â y

J 1 = n̂ 1 × [Hy (x = L)̂ay ] = 0, J1 = 0
similarly, on slot 2, we have
M 2 = −̂n2 × [−E0 â z ] = E0 â y
J2 = 0
Since M 1 and M 2 are parallel to the PEC ground plane, their images below the plane are
identical to those above the plane. In addition, M 1 and M 2 are constant over the apertures.
Thus, removing the ground plane is equal to doubling the height of the slots.
To find the radiated field by the two slots, first integrate over slot 1, and then use array
factor to combine the contribution from both slots.
(a) On slot 1, keeping in mind that the height is doubled
M 1 = E0 â y , J 1 = 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 435
M2
y
M2
M1
M1
x
then
′ cos 𝜓
L𝜃 = My cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙e+jk0 r ds′
∫∫
W
2
h
′ sin 𝜃⋅sin 𝜙+z′ cos 𝜃)
= E0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ejk0 (y dz′ dy′
∫− W ∫−h
2
[ ]
sin Y sin Z
L𝜃 = hWE0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
Y Z
k0 W
Y= sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙, Z = k0 h cos 𝜃
2
′ cos 𝜓
L𝜙 = My cos 𝜙ejk0 r ds′
∫∫
W
2
h
= E0 cos 𝜙 ejk0 (y dz′ dy′
∫− W ∫−h
2
[ ]
sin Y sin Z
L𝜙 = hWE0 cos 𝜙
Y Z
thus
k0 e−jk0 r ( )
E𝜃 ≈ −j L𝜙 + 𝜂0 N𝜃 0
4𝜋r
hWE [ ]
0 k0 −jk0 r sin Y sin Z
E𝜃′ ≈ −j e cos 𝜙
4𝜋r Y Z
k0 e−jk0 r
E𝜙 ≈ +j (L𝜃 − 𝜂0 N𝜙 )
4𝜋r
hWE0 k0 −jk r [ sin Y sin Z
]
E𝜙′ ≈ +j e 0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r Y Z
(b) The array factor of 2 elements of zero phase difference, placed along the x-direction and
separated by Le , is
k0 Le k0 Le
cos 𝛾 cos 𝛾
(AF)2 = ej 2 + e−j 2
k0 Le k0 Le
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
= ej 2 + e−j 2
( )
k0 Le
(c) (AF)2 = 2 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
436 SOLUTION MANUAL
Finally, the field radiated by both slots is Et = E′ (AF)2 that is
k0 W(E0 h) −jk r [ sin Y sin Z

]
E𝜃 = −j e 0 cos 𝜙 cos X
2𝜋r Y Z
k0 W(E0 h) −jk r [ sin Y sin Z
]
E𝜙 =j e 0 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙 cos X
2𝜋r Y Z
k0 Le
X = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2
k W
Y = 0 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2
Z = k0 h cos 𝜃
14.24. At the two radiating edges (z = 0 & z = L)
Ey (z = L) = E0 , Hx (z = L) = 0
Ey (z = 0) = −E0 , Hx (z = 0) = 0
n^ 2
Slot 2
W
z Slot 1
n^ 1
(a) Thus, on slot 1 (z = L)
M 1 = −̂n1 × [Ey (z = L)̂ay ] = −̂az × E0 â y = E0 â x

J1 = 0
Similarly, on slot 2, we have
M 2 = E0 â x
J2 = 0
W
2
h
′ cos 𝜓 ′ cos 𝜓)
L𝜃 = Mx cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙ejk0 r ds′ = E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ejk0 (r dy dz
∫∫ ∫− W ∫−h
2
W
2
h
= E0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 ejk0 (x dy dx
∫− W ∫−h
2
[ ] k W
sin X sin Y
L𝜃 = hWE0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 , X = 0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙, Y = k0 h sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
X Y 2
[ ]
sin X sin Y
−Mx sin 𝜙ejk0 r cos 𝜓 ds′ = hWE0 sin 𝜙
′
L𝜙 =
∫∫ X Y
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 437
Thus
hWE0 k0 −jk r [ sin X sin Y
]
E𝜃′ ≈ +j e 0 sin 𝜙
4𝜋r X Y
hWE0 k0 −jk r [ ]
sin X sin Y
E𝜙′ ≈ +j e 0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙
4𝜋r X Y
k0 Le k0 Le
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
(b) (AF)2 = ej 2 + e−j 2
( )
k0 Le
= 2 cos cos 𝜃
2
(c) Finally, the field radiated by both slots is Et = E′ (AF)2

( )
k0 hWE0 −jk r [ sin X sin Y
] k0 Le
E𝜃 = j e 0 sin 𝜙 cos ⋅ cos 𝜃
2𝜋r X Y 2
( )
k0 hWE0 −jk r [ sin X sin Y
] k0 Le
E𝜙 = j e 0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos ⋅ cos 𝜃
2𝜋r X Y 2
k W
X = 0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
2
Y = k0 h sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
14.25. W = 1.186 cm, L = 0.906 cm, h = 0.1588 cm
𝜀r = 2.2, f = 10 GHz.
( )
2.2 + 1 2.2 − 1 0.1588 −1∕2
𝜀reff = + 1 + 12 = 1.972
2 2 1.186
λ 30
Effective length: Le = L + 2ΔL = = √ = 1.068 cm
2 2(10) 1.972
c 30
λ0 = = = 3 cm
f0 10
√
7.03λ0 2
ΘE ≃ 2 sin−1 ≃ 2 sin−1 (0.4649) = 2(0.4835) = 0.9670 rads = 55.41◦
4(3Le2 + h2 )𝜋 2
√ √
−1 1 1
ΘH ≃ 2 sin ≃ 2 sin−1 2𝜋
= 2 sin−1 (0.472247)
2 + k0 W 2+ (1.186)
3
ΘH = 2(0.4918) = 0.9837 rads = 56.36◦
4𝜋 4𝜋
(a) D0 = = = 13.21 = 11.21 dB
ΘE ΘH (0.9670)(0.9837)
22.181 22.181
(b) D0 = 2 = = 11.66 = 10.67 dB
ΘE + Θ2H (0.9670)2 + (0.9837)2
The D0 s obtained are high because the beamwidth obtained using (14-58) and (14-59) are
smaller than those obtained using the Matlab program Microstrip which are ΘE = 88◦
and ΘH = 76◦ . Using these values for the two beamwidths, the respective directivities are
D0 (Kraus) = 6.1682 = 7.9 dB and D0 (T − P) = 5.38 = 7.3 dB, which are more representa-
tive for a microstrip antenna.
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
438 SOLUTION MANUAL
G12 3.92904 × 10−4 2 2

14.26. g12 = = −4
= 0.8153, DAF = = 1.101746
G1 4.819021 × 10 1 + g12 1 + 0.8153
Using (14-53) and (14-53a)
I1 = 0.57074
( ) ( )
2𝜋 ⋅ 3.962 2 1
D0 = = (1.32768)2 (1.752) = 3.0885 = 4.897 dB
18.75 0.57074
∴ D2 = D0 DAF = (3.0885)(1.101746) = 3.4027 = 5.32 dB
Using (14-55a), I2 = 1.62558

Finally using (14-55)
( )2
2𝜋W 𝜋
D2 = = (1.32768)2 (𝜋∕1.62558) = 3.4066 = 5.32 dB
λ0 I2
G12 4.58053 × 10−4 2

14.27. g12 = = = 0.2912878, DAF = = 1.5488486
G1 1.57259 × 10−3 1 + g12
Using (14-53) and (14-53a), I1 = 1.8625,
( )2
2𝜋 ⋅ 7.412 1
D0 = = 3.3123 = 5.20 dB
18.75 1.8625
∴ D2 = D0 DAF = (3.3123)(1.5488486) = 5.130 = 7.1 dB
Using (14-55a), I2 = 6.4152. Finally using (14-55)
( )2 ( )2
2𝜋W 𝜋 2𝜋(7.412) 𝜋
D2 = = = 3.0211 = 4.8016 dB
λ0 I2 18.75 6.4152
14.28. Using the equivalence principle the cavity can be modeled as a circular loop antenna of
radius ae with a magnetic current of
Im = â 𝜙 2V0 cos 𝜙′
r
θ
a^r
R
θ' = π ψ
2
y
ϕ'
dl' = aedϕ'
x
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 439
where at 𝜙′ = 0, V0 = hE0 J1 (kae )

ke−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ −j (L + 𝜂N𝜃 )
4𝜋r 𝜙
ke−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ +j (L − 𝜂N𝜙 ) but N𝜃 = N𝜙 = 0
4𝜋r 𝜃
∴ Our task then is to find L𝜙 and L𝜃

′ cos 𝜓
L𝜃 = M𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejkr ds′
∫ ∫S
where r′ cos 𝜓 = 𝜌′ sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ ) = ae sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )

𝜌′ = ae because the current source exist only at 𝜌′ = ae
and ds′ = 𝜌′ d𝜌′ d𝜙′ = ae d𝜙′
2𝜋
M𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejkae sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) ae d𝜙′
′
L𝜃 =
∫0
2𝜋
′
= 2V0 a cos 𝜙′ cos 𝜃 sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0
2𝜋
′
= 2V0 (a) cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙′ sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0
′ ′ ′ ′
ej𝜙 + e−j𝜙 ej(𝜙−𝜙 ) − e−j(𝜙−𝜙 )
where X = kae sin 𝜃, use cos 𝜙′ = , sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ ) =
2 2j
Substituting
2𝜋
1 j𝜙′ ′ ′ ′ ′
L𝜃 = 2V0 ae cos 𝜃 (e + e−j𝜙 )(ej(𝜙−𝜙 ) − e−j(𝜙−𝜙 ) )ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 4j
V0 ae cos 𝜃 2𝜋 j𝜙′ j(𝜙−𝜙′ ) ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
= [e e − ej𝜙 e−j(𝜙−𝜙 ) + e−j𝜙 ej(𝜙−𝜙 ) − e−j𝜙 −j(𝜙−𝜙 ) ]
2j ∫0
′
. e+jX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
V0 ae cos 𝜃 2𝜋 j𝜙 ′ ′ ′
= [e − ej(2𝜙 −𝜙) + e−j(2𝜙 −𝜙) − e−j𝜙 ]ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
2j ∫0
[ 2𝜋
V0 ae cos 𝜃 2𝜋
′
L𝜃 = ej𝜙 ① ′ d𝜙′ − ②′ ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
2j ∫0 e jX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) ∫ 0 ej2𝜙 −j𝜙
2𝜋 2𝜋 ]
−j2𝜙′ j𝜙
+ e e ③ ′
d𝜙 − e −j𝜙
④ d𝜙′
∫0 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ ) ∫0 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ )
2𝜋
′
① ej𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = ej𝜙 2𝜋 ⋅ J0 (X)
∫0
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
② e−j𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) ej2𝜙 d𝜙′ = ej𝜙 ej2(𝜙 −𝜙) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
𝜙−2𝜋
= −ej𝜙 ej(−2)u ejX cos u du, ⟨u = 𝜙 − 𝜙′ , du = −d𝜙′ ⟩
∫𝜙
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
440 SOLUTION MANUAL
2𝜋 [ ]
2𝜋
= ej𝜙 ej(−2)u ejX cos u du = ej𝜙 J (X) = −2𝜋ej𝜙 J−2 (X)
∫0 j−n n n=−2
j𝜙 2 j𝜙
= −2𝜋e (−1) J2 (X) = −2𝜋e J2 (X)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
③ e−j2𝜙 ej𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e−j𝜙 ej2(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
𝜙−2𝜋 2𝜋
= −e−j𝜙 ej2u ⋅ ejX cos u du = e−j𝜙 ej2u ejX cos u du
∫𝜙−0 ∫0
[ ]
2𝜋
= e−j𝜙 J (X) = −e−j𝜙 (2𝜋)J2 (X)
j−n n n=2
2𝜋
′
④ e−j𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e−j𝜙 2𝜋J0 (X)
∫0
V0 ae cos 𝜃 j𝜙
∴ L𝜃 = [e 2𝜋J0 (X) + 2𝜋ej𝜙 J2 (X) − 2𝜋e−j𝜙 J2 (X) − 2𝜋e−j𝜙 J0 (X)]
2j
2𝜋V0 ae cos 𝜃 ′
= [J0 (X)(ej𝜙 − e−j𝜙 ) + J2 (X)(ej𝜙 − e−j𝜙 )]
2j
2𝜋V0 ae cos 𝜃
L𝜃 = 2j sin 𝜙[J0 (X) + J2 (X)] = 2𝜋V0 ae cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙[J0 (X) + J2 (X)]
2j
e−jkr
∴ E𝜙 ≃ jk V a cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙[J0 (kae sin 𝜃) + J2 (kae sin 𝜃)]
2r 0 e
2𝜋
2V0 ae cos 𝜙′ cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejkae sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
′
L𝜙 =
∫0
2𝜋
′
= 2V0 ae cos 𝜙′ cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0
2𝜋 ′ ′ ′ ′
ej𝜙 + e−j𝜙 ej(𝜙−𝜙 ) + e−j(𝜙−𝜙 ) jX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ ) ′
= 2V0 ae e d𝜙
∫0 2 2
[2𝜋 2𝜋
V0 ae ′
L𝜙 = ej𝜙 ① ′ d𝜙′ + ej2𝜙 −j𝜙 ② d𝜙′
2 ∫0 e jX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) ∫0 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ )
2𝜋 2𝜋 ]
−j2𝜙′ j𝜙
+ e e ③ ′
d𝜙 + e −j𝜙
④ d𝜙 ′
∫0 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ ) ∫0 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ )
2𝜋
′
① ej𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = 2𝜋ej𝜙 J0 (X)
∫0
2𝜋
′
④ e−j𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = 2𝜋e−j𝜙 J0 (X)
∫0
2𝜋
′ ′
② e−j𝜙 ej2𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = −2𝜋ej𝜙 J2 (X)
∫0
2𝜋
′ ′
③ ej𝜙 e−j2𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = −2𝜋e−j𝜙 J2 (X)
∫0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 441
V0 ae
L𝜙 = [2𝜋J0 (X)ej𝜙 + 2𝜋J0 (X)e−j𝜙 − 2𝜋J2 (X)ej𝜙 − 2𝜋J2 (X)e−j𝜙 ]
2
L𝜙 = 2𝜋V0 ae cos 𝜙[J0 (X) − J2 (X)]
−jke−jkr
∴ E𝜃 ≃ 2𝜋V0 ae cos 𝜙[J0 (X) − J2 (X)]
4𝜋r
e−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ −jk V a cos 𝜙[J0 (ka sin 𝜃) − J2 (ka sin 𝜃)]
2r 0 e
The E𝜃 and E𝜙 components of the far-field are given as
kae V0 e−jkr
E𝜃 ≃ −j {cos 𝜙J02
′
}
2r
ae V0 e−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ jk {cos 𝜃 sin 𝜙J02 }
2r
′
J02 = J0 (kae sin 𝜃) − J2 (kae sin 𝜃)
J02 = J0 (kae sin 𝜃) + J2 (kae sin 𝜃)
14.29. Az = Bmnp Jm (k𝜌 𝜌)[A2 cos(m𝜙) + B2 sin(m𝜙)] cos(kz z)

Boundary Conditions:
H𝜙 (𝜌 = a, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋, 0 ≤ z ≤ h) = 0
H𝜌 (0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ a, 𝜙 = 0, or 𝜙 = 𝜋, 0 ≤ z ≤ h) = 0
1 1 𝜕Az 11
H𝜌 (𝜙 = 0) = = B J (k 𝜌)[−A2 sin(m𝜙) m + mB2 ⋅ cos(m𝜙)] cos kz z
𝜇 𝜌 𝜕𝜙 𝜇 𝜌 mnp m 𝜌
∴ B2 = 0,
11
H𝜌 (𝜙 = 𝜋) = B J (k 𝜌)[−A2 sin(m𝜙) m] cos kz z = 0 ⇒ m𝜋 = sin−1 (0) = q𝜋
𝜇 𝜌 mnp m 𝜌
m = q = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
1 𝜕Az 1
H𝜙 (𝜌 = a) = − = − Bmnp Jm′ (k𝜌 a)[A2 cos(m𝜙)] cos(hz z) = 0.
𝜇 𝜕𝜌 𝜇
Jm′ (k𝜌 a) = 0, k𝜌 = 𝜒mn
′
∕a
From the Boundary conditions
E𝜌 (0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ a, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋, z = 0) = E𝜌 (0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ a, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋, z = h) = 0
E𝜙 (0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ a, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋, z = 0) = E𝜙 (0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ a, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 𝜋, z = h) = 0
p𝜋
kz = . ∴ m = 1, 2, 3, 4, … , n = 1, 2, 3, 4, … , p = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …
h
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
442 SOLUTION MANUAL
Therefore the resonant frequencies for the TMzmnp modes can be written
√ √ √
2𝜋fr 𝜇𝜀 = 𝜔r 𝜇𝜀 = 𝛽r = 𝛽𝜌2 + 𝛽z2 (k𝜌 = 𝛽r , kz = 𝛽z )
√
( ′ )2 ( )
1 𝜒mn p𝜋 2
fr = √ + , m = 1, 2, 3, …
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a n
n = 1, 2, 3, …
p = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
14.30. The solution to this problem is identical to that of Problem 14-27 with exceptions of m.
m𝜋
TMz : = sin−1 (0) = q𝜋, q = 1, 2, 3, 4, … , m = 2, 4, 6, …
2 √
( ′ )2 ( )
1 𝜒mn p𝜋 2
fr = √ +
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a n
m = 2, 4, 6, 8, …
n = 1, 2, 3, …
p = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
14.31. Without considering the feed point, we can use cavity model. The solution to this problem
is identical to that of Problem 14-29, with exceptions of m, TMzmnp .
11
H𝜌 (𝜙 = 𝜙0 ) = B J (k 𝜌)[−A2 m sin(m𝜙0 )] cos kz z = 0,
𝜇 𝜌 mnp m 𝜌
∴ m𝜙0 = sin−1 (0) = q𝜋
q𝜋
∴ m= , q = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
√ 𝜙0
( ′ )2 ( )
1 𝜒mn p𝜋 2 q𝜋
fr = √ + , m= , q = 1, 2, 3, …
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a n 𝜙0
n = 1, 2, 3, …
p = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
14.32. If we use the cavity model, Az can be written as
Az (𝜌, 𝜙, z) = [A1 Jm (k𝜌 𝜌) + B1 Ym (k𝜌 𝜌)][C2 cos m𝜙 + D2 sin m𝜙][C3 cos kz z]
Applying the boundary condition leads to
1 𝜕Az
H𝜙 (𝜌 = a, 0 ≤ 𝜙 < 2𝜋, 0 ≤ z ≤ h) = −
𝜇 𝜕𝜌
1
= − [A1 Jm′ (k𝜌 a) + B1 Ym′ (k𝜌 a][C2 cos m𝜙 + D2 sin m𝜙][c3 cos kz z] = 0
𝜇
H𝜙 (𝜌 = b, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋, 0 ≤ z ≤ h)
1
= − [A1 Jm′ (k𝜌 b) + B1 Ym′ (k𝜌 b)][C2 cos m𝜙 + D2 sin m𝜙][c3 cos kz z] = 0.
𝜇
E𝜙 (a ≤ 𝜌 ≤ b, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋, z = 0, z = h) = 0
1 1 𝜕 Az
2
p𝜋
E𝜙 = −j ⇒ kz = , p = 0, 1, 2, …
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜌 𝜕𝜙𝜕z h
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 443

[ ][ ] [ ]
Jm′ (k𝜌 a) Ym′ (k𝜌 a) A1 0
= ∴ Jm′ (k𝜌 a)Ym′ (k𝜌 b) − Jm′ (k𝜌 b)Ym′ (k𝜌 a) = 0
Jm′ (k𝜌 b) Ym′ (k𝜌 b) B1 0
To find the resonant frequency for TMzmnp mode, we must solve the following equation.
Jm′ (k𝜌 a)Ym′ (k𝜌 b) − Jm′ (k𝜌 b)Ym′ (k𝜌 a) = 0
kmn must satisfy the characteristic equation.

14.33. The solution to this problem is identical to that of Problem 14-32 with following exceptions:
( ) k𝜌2
1 𝜕2
Ez = −j + k2 Az = −j [A1 Jm (k𝜌 𝜌) + B1 Ym (k𝜌 𝜌)]
𝜔𝜇𝜀 𝜕Z 2 𝜔𝜇𝜀
× [C2 cos(m𝜙) + D2 sin m𝜙][C3 cos kz z].
k𝜌2
Ez (𝜙 = 0) = −j [A1 Jm (k𝜌 𝜌) + B1 Ym (k𝜌 𝜌)][C2 (1) + D2 (0)]C3 cos kz z = 0.
𝜔𝜇𝜀
⇒ C2 = 0
k𝜌2
Ez (𝜙 = 𝜙0 ) = −j [A1 Jm (k𝜌 𝜌) + B1 Ym (k𝜌 𝜌)][D2 sin(m𝜙0 )]C3 cos kz z = 0
𝜔𝜇𝜀
⇒ sin(m𝜙0 ) = 0
q𝜋
m𝜙0 = sin−1 (0) = q𝜋 ⇒ m = , q = 1, 2, 3, 4, …
𝜙0
Jm′ (k𝜌 a)Ym′ (k𝜌 b) − Jm′ (k𝜌 b)Ym′ (k𝜌 a) = 0
14.34. The designed center frequency = 1.6 GHz.

The dielectric constant of the substrate = 10.2 (i.e., RT∕duroid) h = 0.127 cm.
Using (14-69a)
8.791
F= √ = 1.7203555
1.6 10.2
Therefore using (14-69)
F 1.7203555
a= { = = 1.701525 cm
[ ( ) ]}1∕2 {1 + 0.0222555}1∕2
2h 𝜋F
1+ ln + 1.7726
𝜋𝜀r F 2h
Grad = 8.084 × 10−4

Gc = 7.326 × 10−4
Gd = 4 × 10−4
Gt = Grad + Gc + Gd = 19.409 × 10−4
Rin (𝜌′ = ae ) = 515.221 ohms
𝜌0 ≃ 0.42 cm
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
444 SOLUTION MANUAL
14.35. fr = 1.6 GHz, 𝜀r = 2.2, h = 0.1575 cm

Using (14-69a)
8.791
F= √ = 3.704
1.6 2.2
Therefore using (14-69)
3.704
a= = 3.587 cm
{1 + (0.0123)[ln(36.944) + 1.7726]}1∕2
( )
1 𝜒mn
′
14.36. ( fr )mno = √ , 𝜀r = 10.2, h = 0.127 cm
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a
( )
𝜒21
′ ) (
1 3.0542 1
(a) ( fr )210 = √ = √, 𝜒21
′
= 3.0542
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a 2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a
( ) ( )
1 3.0542 30 × 109 3.0542
(b) ( fr )210 = √ = √
2𝜋 𝜇0 𝜀0 𝜀r a 2𝜋 10.2 a
( )
30 × 109 3.0542
a= √ = 5.0734 cm
2𝜋 10.2 9 × 108
a = 5.0734 cm
14.37. (a) For a circular microstrip operating in the TMzmn0 mode, the resonant frequency for the
mn mode is given by, negelecting fringing
( ′ )
1 𝜒mn
( fr )mn0 = √ (14-65)
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a
For 𝜀 = 𝜀r 𝜀0 and mn = 21 ⇒ 𝜒21

′
= 3.0542 (14-64)
Thus
( ) ( )
z 1 3.0542 1 3.0542
( fr )TM 9
210 = 1.9 × 10 = √ = √ √
2𝜋 𝜀r 𝜀0 𝜇0 a 2𝜋 𝜀r 𝜀0 𝜇0 a
( )
30 × 109 3.0542
1.9 × 109 = √
2𝜋 10.2 a
30(3.0542)
a= √ = 2.40317 cm
(1.9)2𝜋 10.2
{ [ ( ) ]}1∕2
2h 𝜋a
(b) ae = a 1 + ln + 1.7726 (14-67)
𝜋a𝜀r 2h
{ [ ( ) ]}1∕2
2(0.127) 3.0542𝜋
= 2.40317 1 + ln + 1.7726
𝜋(2.40317)10.2 2(0.127)
= 2.40317{1 + 0.003364[ln(37.7758) + 1.7726]}1∕2
ae = 2.40317{1 + 0.003364[3.63167 + 1.7726]}1∕2 = 2.40317{1 + 0.01818}1∕2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 445
ae = 2.40317(1.00905) = 2.42492
ae = 2.42492 cm
( )
𝜒21
′ ( )
1 30 × 109 3.0542
(c) ( fr )TM
210 (with fringing) = √ √ = √
2𝜋 𝜀r 𝜇0 𝜀0 ae 2𝜋 10.2 2.42492
( fr )TM
210 (with fringing) = 1.88296 GHz
1
14.38. Desired frequency: f = 900 MHz ⇒ λ = m = 0.333 m
3
𝜀r = 10.2, h = 0.127 cm: TMz210
(a) Resonant frequency; ( p𝜋 )

From equation (14-63a), (k𝜌 )2 + (kz )2 = 𝜔2r 𝜇𝜀 k𝜌 = 𝜒mn
′
∕a, kz =
n
∴ TMz210 → (m = 2, n = 1, p = 0).
(𝜒mn ∕a)2 = 𝜔2r 𝜇𝜀 = (2𝜋frmno )2 𝜇𝜀

( ′ ) ( )
1 𝜒mn 1 3.0542
(fr )mn0 = √ , ( fr )210 = √ √
2𝜋 𝜇𝜀 a 2𝜋 𝜇0 𝜀0 𝜀r a
3.0542
(fr )210 = √ c (c = 3 × 108 m∕s)
2𝜋a 𝜀r
(b) Neglect fringing.
3.0542c 3.0542
a= √ = √ = 0.057 m
2𝜋( fr ) 𝜀r
210
2𝜋(3) 10.2
a = 5.7 cm
ke−jkr
(c) E𝜃 ≃ −j (L + 𝜂N𝜃 )
4𝜋r 𝜙
ke−jkr
E𝜙 ≃ +j (L − 𝜂N𝜃 )
4𝜋r 𝜃
Using the equivalent principle the cavity can be modeled as a circular loop antenna
of radius a with magnetic current for general mode.
Im = 2V0 cos(m𝜙′ )
′ cos 𝜓
Similar procedure like Problem 14-23, L = I m e+jkr ds′
∬s
′ cos 𝜓
L𝜃 = M𝜙 cos 𝜃 sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejkr ds′ X = ka sin 𝜃
∬s
2𝜋
′
= 2V0 a cos 𝜃 cos n𝜙′ sin(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )e+jX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
446 SOLUTION MANUAL
2𝜋
1 jm𝜙′ ′ ′ ′ ′
L𝜃 = 2V0 cos 𝜃 (e + e−jm𝜙 )(ej(𝜙−𝜙 ) − e−j(𝜙−𝜙 ) )ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 4j
V0 cos 𝜃 2𝜋 j(m𝜙′ +𝜙−𝜙′ ′ ′ ′ ′
=a [e ) − ejm𝜙 −j(𝜙−𝜙 ) + e−jm𝜙 +j(𝜙−𝜙 )
2j ∫0
jX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ )
−e−j(m𝜙 +𝜙−𝜙 )]e
′ ′
d𝜙′
{ 2𝜋 [ j(m−1)𝜙′ j𝜙
V0 cos 𝜃 e e
′ ′
ej(m+1)𝜙 e−j𝜙 e−j(m+1)𝜙 +j𝜙
=a − +
2j ∫0 ① ② ③
′ ]
e−j(m−1)𝜙 e−j𝜙 jX cos(𝜙−𝜙′ ) ′
− e d𝜙
④
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
①ej𝜙 ej(m−1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = ejm𝜙 ej(m−1)(𝜙 −𝜙) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
′ ′ 2𝜋
= ejm𝜙 ej(1−m)(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = ejm𝜙 J(1−m) (X)
∫0 j−(1−m)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
②e−j𝜙 ej(m+1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e+jm𝜙 ej(m+1)(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙 −𝜙) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
= ejm𝜙 Jm+1 (X)
j−(m+1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
③ej𝜙 e−j(m+1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e−jm𝜙 ej(m+1)(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
= e−jm𝜙 Jm+1 (X)
j−(m+1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
④e−j𝜙 e−j(m−1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e−jm𝜙 e+j(m−1)(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋 j−n 2𝜋 jnu jX cos u

= e−jm𝜙 J (X), used Jm (X) = e e du
j −(m−1) m−1 2𝜋 ∫0
V0 cos 𝜃 jm𝜙 m−1

∴ L𝜃 = a𝜋 [e (j) Jm−1 (X) − ejm𝜙 (j)m+1 Jm+1 (X)
j
+ e−jm𝜙 (j)m+1 Jm+1 (X) − e−jm𝜙 (j)m−1 Jm−1 (X)]
= −j2𝜋aV0 cos 𝜃[sin m𝜙(j)m Jm−1 (X) + sin m𝜙(j)m Jm+1 (X)]
ke−jkr
∴ E𝜙 = +j [−j2𝜋V0 cos 𝜃 sin m𝜙(Jm−1 (X) + Jm+1 (X))](j)m
4𝜋r
ke−jkr
= (j)m [V0 a cos 𝜃 sin m𝜙(Jm−1 (X) + Jm+1 (X))]
2r
2𝜋
cos m𝜙′ cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejka sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
′
L𝜙 = 2V0 a
∫0
2𝜋
cos m𝜙′ cos(𝜙 − 𝜙′ )ejka sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
′
L𝜙 = 2V0 a
∫0
X = ka sin 𝜃
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 447
2𝜋
1 jm𝜙′ ′ ′ ′ ′
L𝜙 = 2V0 a [e + e−jm𝜙 ][ej(𝜙−𝜙 ) + e−j(𝜙−𝜙 ) ]ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
4 ∫0
[ ]
V a 2𝜋 ej(m−1)𝜙′ ej𝜙 e−j(m+1)𝜙′ ej𝜙 ej(m+1)𝜙′ e−j𝜙 e−j(m−1)𝜙′ e−j𝜙
= 0 + + +
2 ∫0 ① ② ③ ④
′
⋅ ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
①: ej𝜙 ej(m−1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = ejm𝜙 ej(m−1)(𝜙 −𝜙) ejX cos(𝜙 −𝜙) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
= ejm𝜙 Jm−1 (X)
j−(m−1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
② ej𝜙 e−j(m+1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e−jm𝜙 ej(m+1)(𝜙 −𝜙) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
= e−jm𝜙 Jm+1 (X)
j−(m+1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
③ e−j𝜙 ej(m+1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = ejm𝜙 ej(m+1)(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
= ejm𝜙 Jm+1 (X)
j−(m+1)
2𝜋 2𝜋
′ ′ ′ ′
④ e−j𝜙 e−j(m−1)𝜙 ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′ = e−jm𝜙 ej(m−1)(𝜙−𝜙 ) ejX cos(𝜙−𝜙 ) d𝜙′
∫0 ∫0
2𝜋
= e−jm𝜙 Jm−1 (X).
j−(m−1)
V0 a
∴ L𝜙 = [2𝜋{(ejm𝜙 + e−jm𝜙 )(j)m−1 jm−1 (X) + ejm𝜙 + e−jm𝜙 )(j)m+1 jm+1 (X)}]
2
= V0 a𝜋[2 cos m𝜙(j)m (−j)Jm−1 (X) + 2 cos m𝜙(j)m (j)Jm+1 (X)]
∴ L𝜙 = 2𝜋V0 a cos m𝜙[(−j)(j)m ][Jm−1 (X) − Jm+1 (X)]
As similar procedure like L𝜃 .
L𝜙 = 2𝜋V0 a(−j)(j)m cos m𝜙[Jm−1 (X) − Jm+1 (X)]

e−jkr
∴ E𝜃 = −jk (2𝜋V0 a(−j)(j)m cos m𝜙[Jm−1 (X) − Jm+1 (X)]
4𝜋r
ke−jkr
= −(j)m [V0 a cos m𝜙(Jm−1 (X) − Jm+1 (X))]
2r
(X = ka sin 𝜃)
For m = 2, the far field is
ke−jkr
E𝜃 = [V0 a cos 2𝜙(J1 (X) − J3 (X))]
2r
ke−jkr
E𝜙 = − [V0 a cos 𝜃 sin 2𝜙(J1 (X) + J3 (X))]
2r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
448 SOLUTION MANUAL
(d) E- and H-Plane Field Pattern of Circular Patch (TMz210 mode) normalized azimuthal
(x − y plane) amplitude pattern (dB)
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
E-Plane
H-Plane
(e) U = |E𝜙 |2 + |E𝜃 |2 at 𝜃 = 90◦ .
U ∝ (cos 2𝜙)2 at 𝜃 = 90◦
90
y
120 0 dB 60
–20 dB 30
150
180 0
x
210 330
240 300
270
Fig. P14.38
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 449
(f) Directivity TMz210 mode
D0 = D𝜃 + D𝜙
4𝜋U𝜃 max
D𝜃 = = 4.3739
(Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙
4𝜋U𝜙 max
D𝜙 = = 1.4866
(Prad )𝜃 + (Prad )𝜙
∴ D0 = D𝜃 + D𝜙 = 4.3739 + 1.4866 = 5.8605
D0 = 7.6 dB
4.2012 8
14.39. (a) ( fr )310 = √ c (c = 3 × 10 m∕s)
2𝜋a 𝜀r
4.2012c 4.2012 1
(b) a = √ = √ = 0.0698 m = 6.98 cm
2𝜋( fr )310 𝜀r 2𝜋(3) 10.2
(c) Far-zone field. From Part (c) in Problem 14-38
ke−jkr
E𝜃 = (−j)3 {V0 a cos 3𝜙[J2 (X) − J4 (X)]}, X = ka sin 𝜃
2r
ke−jkr
=j {V0 a cos 3𝜙[J2 (ka sin 𝜃) − J4 (ka sin 𝜃)]}
2r
ke−jkr
E𝜙 = −j {V0 a sin 3𝜙 cos 𝜃[J2 (ka sin 𝜃) + J4 (ka sin 𝜃)]}
2r
(d) See the Fig. P14-39.

E- and H-Plane Field Pattern of Circular Patch (TMz310 mode)
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
–20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
E-Plane
H-Plane
Fig. P14.39(d)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
450 SOLUTION MANUAL
(e) See Fig. P14.39(e)
90
y
120 0 dB 60
150 –20 dB 30
180 0
x
210 330
240 300
270
Fig. P14.39(e)
(f) D0 = D𝜃 + D𝜙
D𝜃 = 5.98148
D𝜙 = 1.111
D0 = 7.092 = 8.5 dB
14.40. (a) TMz410
5.3175
( fr )410 = √ c (c = 3 × 108 m∕s)
2𝜋a 𝜀r
5.3175
(b) a = √ = 0.0883 m, a = 8.83 cm
2𝜋(3) 10.2
ke−jkr
(c) E𝜃 = −(j)4 [V0 a cos 4𝜙(J3 (ka sin 𝜃) − J5 (ka sin 𝜃))]
2r
(j)4 = 1
ke−jkr
E𝜙 = (j)4 {V0 a cos 𝜃 sin 4𝜙[J3 (ka sin 𝜃) + J5 (ka sin 𝜃)]}
2r
(j)4 = 1
(d) E- and H-Plane Field Pattern of Circular Patch (TMz410 mode) [see Fig. P14.40(d)]
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 451
0
30 30
60 60
90 90
–30 dB
E-Plane
H-Plane –20 dB
120 120
–10 dB
150 0 dB 150
180
Fig. P14.40(d)
(e) see Fig. P14.40e.
90
y
120 60
0 dB
150 –20 dB 30
180 0
x
210 330
240 300
270
Fig. P14.40(e)
(f) D0 = D𝜃 + D𝜙 = 7.0929 + 0.853 = 7.945 = 9 dB

14.41. f = 10 GHz, ⇒ λ = 3 cm, d = 0.1 cm
𝜀r = 2.2, h = 0.1575 cm
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
452 SOLUTION MANUAL
Z √
jXp = j √0 tan( 𝜀r k0 h)
𝜀r
(√ )
120𝜋 2𝜋
= j√ tan 2.2 0.1575
2.2 3
jXp = j254.167(0.53245) = j135.33
Form K. R. Carver & J. W. Mink,

“Microstrip Antenna Technology” IEEE Trans. AP, Vol 29, pp. 2–24, 1981.
λ
14.42. impedance transformer, Z0 = 50 ohms, 𝜀r = 2.2
4
RL = 100 ohms,
W0 W1
Z0
Z1
Z0 = 50 Z1 = 70.7
RL = 100 Ω
√ √
Z1 = Z0 RL ∴ Z1 = 50(100) = 70.7106
W0 = 0.4891 cm
W1 = 0.28 cm
14.43. Two section binomial transformer.

Using(9-37)
RL − Z0 N!
𝜌n = 2−N
RL + Z0 (N − n)!n!
RL − Z0 100 − 50 1
for N = 2, RL = 100, Z0 = 50, = =
RL + Z0 100 + 50 3
1 2! 1
n = 0; 𝜌0 = 2−2 = .
3 2! ⋅ 0! 12
1 2! 1
n = 1; 𝜌1 = 2−2 =
3 (1!)(1!) 6
1 Z − Z0
n = 0 → 𝜌0 = = 1 ⇒, Z1 = 1.182 Z0 = 59.09
12 Z1 + Z0
1 Z2 − Z1
n = 1 → 𝜌1 = = ⇒, Z2 = 1.399 Z1 = 82.73
6 Z2 + Z1
W0 = 0.4891 cm
W2 = 0.2091 cm
W1 = 0.3790 cm
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 453
14.44. Using (9-42) and (9-49), we obtain
ZL − Z0 TN (sec 𝜃m cos 𝜃)
Γ = e−jN𝜃
ZL + Z0 TN (sec 𝜃m )
100 Ω
W0 W1 W2
Z0 = 50 Ω Z1 = 59.09
Z2 = 82.73
W0 = 0.4891 cm
W2 = 0.2091 cm
T2 (sec 𝜃m cos 𝜃) = 2(sec 𝜃m cos 𝜃)2 − 1 = 2 sec2 𝜃m (1 + cos 2𝜃) − 1
Let the maximum tolerable value of 𝜌 be 𝜌m = 0.05.
ZL − Z0 | 1 1
𝜌m = | = 0.05, ∴ TN (sec 𝜃m )|N=2 = = 6.67
|
(ZL + Z0 )TN (sec 𝜃m ) |N=2 3 0.05
T2 (sec 𝜃m ) = 2 sec2 𝜃m − 1 = 6.67
and hence sec 𝜃m = 1.96 and 𝜃m = 1.04 rad.
2𝜌0 cos 2𝜃 + 𝜌1 = 𝜌m T2 (sec 𝜃m cos 𝜃) = 𝜌m sec2 𝜃m cos 2𝜃 + 𝜌m (sec2 𝜃m − 1)
∴ 𝜌0 = 12 𝜌m sec2 𝜃m = 0.096
𝜌1 = 𝜌m (sec2 𝜃m − 1) = 0.142
Thus, the impedances Z1 and Z2 are given by
1 + 𝜌0 1 + 0.096
Z1 = ⋅ Z0 = Z = 1.21Z0 = 60.5
1 − 𝜌0 1 − 0.096 0
1 + 𝜌1 1 + 0.142
Z2 = ⋅Z = Z = 1.62Z0 = 81
1 − 𝜌1 0 1 − 0.142 0
By applying the iterative procedure in (14-19b), we can find the appropriate value of width.
Z1 = 60.5 ⇒ W1 = 0.3691 cm
Z2 = 81.0 ⇒ W2 = 0.2181 cm
14.45. The input impedance of a λ∕2 dipole is
Zd = 73 + j42.5
A folded dipole is a step-up impedance transformer whose input impedance is given by

(9-26) which, for a λ∕2 length, reduces to (9-27), which gives two equal parallel paths of
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
454 SOLUTION MANUAL
currents. The technique can be extended to N parallel paths/currents leading to an input

impedance of Zin = N 2 Zd .
In contrast to the folded dipole with N parallel current paths, the folded slot consists
of N parallel slots, and the folded slot is a step-down impedance transformer where the
impedance is equal to
1
Zin (slot) = 2 Zs (slot)
N
𝜂2
where Zs = according to Babinet’s Principle. From Example 12.6,
4Zd
Zs = 362.95 − j211.31
Therefore the input impedance of the folded slot is equal to
1 1
Zin (slot) = 2
Zs = (362.95 − j211.31) = 90.738 − j52.828
(2) 4
Zin (slot) = 90.738 − j52.828
14.46. For a cubic resonator of Figure 14.57, using the Matlab computer program DRA Analysis
Design, we get the following:
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(a) 𝜀r = 8.9 Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Select the desired geometry:
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 1
Enter the length a (in cm): 1
Enter the width b (in cm): 1
Enter the height c (in cm): 0.3
Enter the relative permittivity, er: 89
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
The first five modes for a cubic resonator are:
fTE(1,1,0) = 3.48 GHz fTM(1,0,1) = 3.09 GHz fTM(1,0,1) = 3.09 GHz
fTE(2,1,0) = 4.43 GHz fTM(1,1,1) = 3.48 GHz fTE(1,1,0) = 3.48 GHz
»
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(b) 𝜀r = 89 Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 1
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 455
Enter the length a (in cm): 1

Enter the width b (in cm): 1
Enter the height c (in cm): 0.3
Enter the relative permittivity, er: 8.9
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
The first five modes for a cubic resonator are:
»
14.47. For a hemicylindrical resonator of Figure 14.59, using the Matlab computer program DRA
Analysis Design, we get the following:
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(a) 𝜀r = 8.9 Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 3
Enter the radius a (in cm): 0.3
Enter the length h (in cm): 1
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
The first five modes for a Hemicylindrical resonator are:
»
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(b) 𝜀r = 89 Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 3
Enter the length h (in cm): 1
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
456 SOLUTION MANUAL
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
The first five modes for a Hemicylindrical resonator are:
»
14.48. For a hemispherical resonator of Figure 14.60, using the Matlab computer program DRA
Analysis Design, we get the following
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(a) 𝜀r = 8.9: Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 4
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
The dominant mode for a hemicylindrical resonator is:
fTE(1,1,1) = 14.6389 GHz (degenerate; even, odd)
»
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(b) 𝜀r = 89: Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 4
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
The dominant mode for a hemicylindrical resonator is:
fTE(1,1,1) = 4.6292 GHz (degenerate; even, odd)
»
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
14-49 Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 457
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 2
Select one of the following:
1. Analysis
2. Design
Selected one: 2
Select one of the following modes:
1. Transverse Electric (TE 01d)
2. Transverse Magnetic (TM 01d)
3. Hybrid (HE 11d)
Selected mode: 2
Enter the fractional bandwidth (in percent):2.887
Enter VSWR:3
Enter the resonant frequency (in GHz):10
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(a)Q(specified)= 39.9966
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(b)Your dielectric constant should be greater than 27.9000
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(c)Enter your dielectric constant:38
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(d) a(cm)= 0.4158 h(cm) = 0.1650
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
»
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
14-50 Input
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
1. Cubic resonator
2. Cylindrical
3. Hemicylindrical
4. Hemispherical
Selected DRA: 2
Selected one of the following:
1. Analysis
2. Design
Selected one:2
Selected one of the following modes:
1. Transverse Electric (TE 01d)
2. Transverse Magnetic (TM 01d)
3. Hybrid (HE 11d)
Selected mode:3
Enter the fractional bandwidth (in percent):2.887
Enter VSWR:3
Enter the resonant frequency (in GHz):10
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
458 SOLUTION MANUAL
(a)Q(specified)= 39.9966
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(b)The dielectric constant should be within the range of: 35.8423 <
er < 95.1567
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(c)Enter your dielectric constant:38
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Output
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
(d) a(cm)= 0.2688 h(cm) = 0.1723
———————————————————————————————————————————————————————–
»
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 15
Solution Manual
15.1. Array Factor:

AF = C[ejks cos 𝜓1 − e−jks cos 𝜓2 ]
(For far-zone: 𝜓1 = 𝜓2 = 𝜓)
AF = 2j sin(ks cos 𝜓)
cos 𝜓 = â x ⋅ â r
âx
s ψ
15.2. (a) For all three corner reflectors (𝛼 = 60◦ , 45◦ , 30◦ ), the geometrical coordinate system
shown in the adjacent figure is used. The sources will be numbered so that the feed will
be #1. The images are designated as #2, #3, … (in a counter clock wise rotation), as
shown in Figure 15.4(b) for the 90◦ corner reflector.
y
ϕ
s
x
z
Source

459
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
460 SOLUTION MANUAL
𝜶 = 60◦
Using the source arrangement of Figure 15.3(b)
( )
e−jkr1 e−jkr2 e−jkr3 e−jkr4 e−jkr5 e−jkr6
E(r, 𝜃, 𝜙) = + + + + + f (𝜃, 𝜙)
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6
for the main source (#1) and the five images. For far-field observations:
For phase terms
r1 ≃ r − s cos 𝜓1 = r − s(̂ax ⋅ â r ) = r − s sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
r2 ≃ r − s cos 𝜓2 = r − s[(0.5̂ax + 0.866̂ay ) ⋅ â r ]
= r − s(0.5 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 0.866 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
r3 ≃ r − s cos 𝜓3 = r − s[(−0.5̂ax + 0.866̂ay ) ⋅ â r ]
= r − s(−0.5 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 0.866 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
r4 ≃ r − s cos 𝜓4 = r − s(−̂ax ⋅ â r ) = r + s sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
r5 ≃ r − s cos 𝜓5 = r − s[(−0.5̂ax − 0.866̂ay ) ⋅ â r ]
= r + s(0.5 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 0.866 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
r6 ≃ r − s cos 𝜓6 = r − s[(0.5̂ax − 0.866̂ay ) ⋅ â r ]
= r + s(−0.5 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 0.866 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
where â r = â x sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + â y sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 + â z cos 𝜃
For amplitude terms
r1 ≃ r 2 ≃ r 3 ≃ r 4 ≃ r 5 ≃ r 6 ≃ r
Making these substitutions and combining terms (first with fourth, second with fifth,
and third with sixth), we can write that
e−jkr
E = f (𝜃, 𝜙) 2{sin(ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙)
r
− sin[ks(0.5 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 0.866 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)]}
Using the identities of sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y reduces the field to
{ (√ )}
( ) 3
E ks
=2 sin(ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙) − 2 sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
E0 2 2
e−jkr
where E0 = f (𝜃, 𝜙)
r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 461
Utilizing the identity of sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x we can write in the final form that
[ (√ )]
( ) ( ) 3
E ks ks
= 4 sin sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − cos ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
E0 2 2 2
𝜶 = 45◦
Using the source arrangement of Figure 15.3(c)
( )
e−jkr1 e−jkr2 e−jkr3 e−jkr4 e−jkr5 e−jkr6 e−jkr7 e−jkr8
E= + + + + + + + f (𝜃, 𝜙)
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8
For far-field observations:
For phase terms
r1 = r − s cos 𝜓1 = r − s(̂ax ⋅ â r ) = r − s sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙

[ ]
1 s
r2 = r − s cos 𝜓2 = r − s √ (̂ax + â y ) ⋅ â r = r − √ (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
r3 = r − s cos 𝜓3 = r − s(̂ay ⋅ â r ) = r − s sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
[ ]
1 s
r4 = r − s cos 𝜓4 = r − s √ (−̂ax + â y ) ⋅ â r = r + √ (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
r5 = r − s cos 𝜓5 = r − s(−̂ax ⋅ â r ) = r + s sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
[ ]
1 s
r6 = r − s cos 𝜓6 = r − s √ (−̂ax − â y ) ⋅ â r = r + √ (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
r7 = r − s cos 𝜓7 = r − s(−̂ay ⋅ â r ) = r + s sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
[ ]
1 s
r8 = r − s cos 𝜓8 = r − s √ (̂ax − â y ) ⋅ â r = r − √ (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
For amplitude terms
r 1 ≃ r2 ≃ r3 ≃ r4 ≃ r5 ≃ r6 ≃ r7 ≃ r8 ≃ r
Making these substitutions and combining terms (first with fifth, second with sixth, third
with seventh, fourth with eighth), we can write
{
E
=2 cos(ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙) + cos(ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
E0
( ) }
( )
ks ks
− 2 cos √ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 2
e−jkr
r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
462 SOLUTION MANUAL
𝜶 = 30◦
The procedure for this reflector follows those of the others. Using the geometry of
Figure 15.3(d)
( −jkr
e 1 e−jkr2 e−jkr3 e−jkr4 e−jkr5 e−jkr6 e−jkr7 e−jkr8
E= + + + + + + +
r1 r2 r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8
−jkr −jkr −jkr −jkr
)
e 9 e 10 e 11 e 12
+ + + + f (𝜃, 𝜙)
r9 r10 r11 r12
For far field observations:
For phase terms

r1 = r − s cos 𝜓1 = r − s(̂ax ⋅ â r ) = r − s sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
[ √ ]
1 s √
r2 = r − s cos 𝜓2 = r − s ( 3̂ax + â y ) ⋅ â r = r − ( 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
[ √ ] √
1 s
r3 = r − s cos 𝜓3 = r − s (̂ax + 3̂ay ) ⋅ â r = r − (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 3 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
r4 = r − s cos 𝜓4 = r − s(̂ay ⋅ â r ) = r − s sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
[ √ ] √
1 s
r5 = r − s cos 𝜓5 = r − s (−̂ax + 3̂ay ) ⋅ â r = r − (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 3 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
[ ]
1 √ s √
r6 = r − s cos 𝜓6 = r − s (− 3̂ax + â y ) ⋅ â r = r − (− 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
r7 = r − s cos 𝜓7 = r − s(−̂ax ⋅ â r ) = r + s sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
[ ]
1 √ s √
r8 = r − s cos 𝜓8 = r − s (− 3̂ax − â y ) ⋅ â r = r + ( 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
[ √ ] √
1 s
r9 = r − s cos 𝜓9 = r − s (−̂ax − 3̂ay ) ⋅ â r = r + (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 3 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
r10 = r − s cos 𝜓10 = r − s(−̂ay ⋅ â r ) = r + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
[ √ ] √
1 s
r11 = r − s cos 𝜓11 = r − s (̂ax − 3̂ay ) ⋅ â r = r + (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + 3 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
[ √ ]
1 s √
r12 = r − s cos 𝜓12 = r − s ( 3̂ax − â y ) ⋅ â r = r + (− 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙)
2 2
For amplitude terms

r1 ≃ r2 ≃ r3 ≃ r4 ≃ r5 ≃ r6 ≃ r7 ≃ r8 ≃ r9 ≃ r10 ≃ r11 ≃ r12 ≃ r
Making these substitutions and combining terms (first with seventh, second with eighth,
third with ninth, fourth with tenth, fifth with eleventh, sixth with twelfth), we can write
{ (√ )
3 ( )
E 1
= 2 cos(ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙) − 2 cos ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
E0 2 2
(√ )}
( ) 3
1
− cos(ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙) + 2 cos ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos ⋅ ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
2 2
e−jkr
r
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 463
5.0
Relative Field Strength (│E/E0│)

4.0
3.0
α = 60°
2.0
1.0
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 10.0
Feed-to-Vertex Spacing (s/λ)
8.0
6.0
4.0
α = 45°
2.0
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 10.0
Feed-to-Vertex Spacing (s/λ)
8.0
6.0
α = 30°
4.0
2.0
0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
Feed-to-Vertex Spacing (s/λ )
Figure P15.2 Relative field strengths along the axis (𝜃 = 90◦ , 𝜙 = 0◦ ) for 𝛼 = 60◦ , 45◦ , 30◦ corner reflectors
as a function of feed-to-vertex spacing
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
464 SOLUTION MANUAL
15.3. (a) For a corner reflector with an included angle 𝛼 = 36 degrees, it is possible to replace the
antenna with a system of images. The system of images comprises ten sources spaced
equally about a circle of radius s, with alternating polarities. The field determined from
this system of images is valid for −18◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 18◦ .
#4
#3
#5 #2
#6 36° #1
x
#7 #10
#8 #9
(x1 , y1 ) = (s, 0)
(x2 , y2 ) = (s cos 36◦ , s sin 36◦ )
(x3 , y3 ) = (s cos 72◦ , s sin 72◦ )
(x4 , y4 ) = (s cos 108◦ , s sin 108◦ ) = (−s cos 72◦ , s sin 72◦ )
(x5 , y5 ) = (s cos 144◦ , s sin 144◦ ) = (−s cos 36◦ , s sin 36◦ )
(x6 , y6 ) = (s cos 180◦ , s sin 180◦ ) = (−s, 0)
(x7 , y7 ) = (s cos 216◦ , s sin 216◦ ) = (−s cos 36◦ , −s sin 36◦ )
(x8 , y8 ) = (s cos 252◦ , s sin 252◦ ) = (−s cos 72◦ , −s sin 72◦ )
(x9 , y9 ) = (s cos 288◦ , s sin 288◦ ) = (s cos 72◦ , −s sin 72◦ )
(x10 , y10 ) = (s cos 324◦ , s sin 324◦ ) = (s cos 36◦ , −s sin 36◦ )
E1 = E0 ejksu
◦ ◦
E2 = −E0 ejksu cos 36 ejksv sin 36
◦ ◦
E3 = E0 ejksu cos 72 ejksv sin 72
◦ ◦
E4 = −E0 e−jksu cos 72 ejksv sin 72
◦ ◦
E5 = E0 e−jksu cos 36 ejksv sin 36
E6 = −E0 e−jksu
◦ ◦
E7 = E0 e−jksu cos 36 e−jksv sin 36
◦ ◦
E8 = −E0 e−jksu cos 72 e−jksv sin 72
◦ ◦
E9 = E0 ejksu cos 72 e−jksv sin 72
◦ ◦
E10 = −E0 ejksu cos 36 e−jksv sin 36
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 465
∑
10
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
E= En = E0 [ejksu − ejksu cos 36 ejksv sin 36 + ejksu cos 72 ejksv sin 72
n=1
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
− e−jksu cos 72 ejksv sin 72 + e−jksu cos 36 ejksv sin 36 − e−jksu + e−jksu cos 36 e−jksv sin 36
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
− e−jksu cos 72 e−jksv sin 72 + ejksu cos 72 e−jksv sin 72 − ejksu cos 36 e−jksv sin 36 ]
◦ ◦
= E0 [j2 sin(X) − j2 sin(X cos 36◦ )ejY sin 36 + j2 sin(X cos 72◦ )ejY sin 72
◦ ◦
− j2 sin(X cos 36◦ )e−jY sin 36 + j2 sin(X cos 72◦ )e−jY sin 72 ]
= E0 [j2 sin(X) − j4 sin(X cos 36◦ ) cos(Y sin 36◦ ) + j4 sin(X cos 72◦ ) cos(Y sin 72◦ )]
= jE0 ⋅ 2[sin(X) − 2 sin(X cos 36◦ ) cos(Y sin 36◦ ) + 2 sin(X cos 72◦ ) cos(Y sin 72◦ )]
where; X = ksu = ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙
Y = ksv = ks sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙
neglecting the “j”, we can write the array factor as
AF(𝜃, 𝜙) = 2[sin(X) − 2 sin(X cos 36◦ ) cos(Y sin 36◦ )
+ 2 sin(X cos 72◦ ) cos(Y sin 72◦ )]
(b) See the plot below for computation of the relative field strength.
10
9
8
Relative Field Strength
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Feed-to-Vertex Spacing (wavelengths)
(c) AF(𝜃 = 90◦ , 𝜙 = 0◦ ) = 2[sin(ks) − 2 sin(ks cos 36◦ ) + 2 sin(ks cos 72◦ )]
dAF
= 2[cos(ks) − 2 cos 36◦ cos(ks cos 36◦ ) + 2 cos 72◦ cos(ks cos 72◦ )]
d(ks)
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
466 SOLUTION MANUAL
d(AF)
The first zero of corresponding to a maximum in the relative field strength
d(ks)
occurs for
ks = 6.415 or s = 1.021λ
The relative field strength is given by
| ( )|
|AF 𝜃 = 𝜋 , 𝜙 = 0 | = 7.482
| |
| 2 |
5
4
3
2
1
DAF/d(ks)
0
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Feed-to-vertex spacing (wavelengths)
(d) 90 1
120 60
0.8
0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
210 330
Normalized power pattern
240 300
270
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 467
( )[ ( ) (√ )] |
15.4. AF = 4 sin ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 cos ks sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 − cos 3⋅
ks
⋅ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜙 || 𝜃= 𝜋2
2 2 2 | ◦ 𝜙=0
( )[ ( ) (√ )] ( )[ ( ) ]
ks ks ks ks ks
AF = 4 sin cos − cos 3 ⋅ 0 = 4 sin cos −1
2 2 2 2 2
( )[ ( ) ]
ks ks
AF = 4 sin cos −1
2 2
( )[ ( ) ]
ks ks
AF = 4 sin cos −1 =0
2 2
( )
ks ks
sin =0⇒
= sin−1 (0) = m𝜋, m = 0, 1, 2, … .
2 2
2m𝜋 2m𝜋
s= = = mλ, m = 0, 1, 2, …
k 2𝜋∕λ
( ) ( )
ks ks ks
cos − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos =1⇒ = cos−1 (1) = 2m𝜋, m = 0, 1, …
2 2 2
4m𝜋 4m𝜋
s= = = 2mλ, m = 1, 2, …
k 2𝜋∕λ
∴ s = mλ, m = 1, 2, …
15.5. From (15-14) we can write for r′ = r0 , 𝜃 = 𝜃0
2f = r0 (1 + cos 𝜃0 )
Using Figure 15.10 and the definition of the sine function

d∕2 d∕2 d
sin 𝜃0 = ⇒ r0 = =
r0 sin 𝜃0 2 sin 𝜃0
When substituting it above, we can write
d d 1 + cos 𝜃0
2f = r0 (1 + cos 𝜃0 ) = (1 + cos 𝜃0 ) ⇒ f =
2 sin 𝜃0 4 sin 𝜃0
Using the trigonometric identity (See Appendix VI-1)
( )
𝛼 1 + cos 𝛼
cot =
2 sin 𝛼
reduces the above equation to
( ) ( )
d 𝜃0 f 1 𝜃0
f = cot ⇒ = cot
4 2 d 4 2
( )
f 1 𝜃0
15.6. From (15-25) ⇒ = cot
d 4 2
f ( ◦ )
1 90 1 1
(a) 𝜃0 = 90◦ : = cot = cot(45◦ ) = = 0.25
d 4 2 4 4
( )
f 1 180◦ 1
𝜃0 = 180◦ : = cot = cot(90◦ ) = 0
d 4 2 4
◦ ◦
90 < 𝜃0 < 180 : 0.25 > f ∕d > 0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
468 SOLUTION MANUAL
f 1
(b) 𝜃0 = 0◦ : = cot(0) = ∞
d 4
f ( ◦)
1 90 1
𝜃0 = 90◦ : = cot = cot(45◦ ) = 0.25
d 4 2 4
0◦ < 𝜃0 < 90◦ : ∞ > f ∕d > 0.25
15.7. The far-field region is commonly taken to exist at distances greater than 2D2 ∕λ from the
antenna, λ being the wavelength, D: dimension of diameter.
R ≥ 2D2 ∕λ, D = 10 meters, f = 2 GHz → λ = 0.15 meters

At 2 GHz ⇒ R ≥ 2(100)∕(0.15) = 1333.3 meters
f = 4 GHz → λ = 0.075 meters.
At 4 GHz ⇒ R ≥ 2(100)∕(0.075) = 2666.66 meters.
15.8. From (2-110)
λ2 4𝜋
Aem = D ⇒ D = 2 Aem
4𝜋 λ
Using (12-40)
( )2 ( )2
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 2 d 𝜋d
D= 2
Aem = 2 𝜀ap Ap = 2 (1)(𝜋a2 ) = 2 =
λ λ λ λ 2 λ
15.9. On the surface of the reflector, the current density is given by (15-29), which can be written
using (15-32) and (15-32a), as
√ √ √ ′
𝜀 𝜀 e−jkr
Js = 2 [̂n × (Ŝ i × Ei )] = 2 C Gf (𝜃 ′ , 𝜙′ ) ′ [̂n × (̂a′r × ê i )]
𝜇 𝜇 1 r
The polarization of the source can be written as
â y = â ′r sin 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜙′ + â 𝜃 ′ cos 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜙′ + â ′𝜙 cos 𝜙′
Referring to Figure 15.13, the unit vector ê i can be written as
â ′r × (̂ay × â ′r )
ê i =
|̂a′r × (̂ay × â ′r )|
which by using the vector identity
A × (B × C) = (A ⋅ C)B − (A ⋅ B)C
can be expressed as
(̂a′r ⋅ â ′r )̂ay − (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r â y − (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r

ê i = =
|(̂a′r ⋅ â ′r )̂ay − (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r | |̂ay − (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r |
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 469
Using the transformation of (VII-12) or (VII-12a), we can write the numerator as
â y − (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r = â ′𝜃 cos 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜙′ + â ′𝜙 cos 𝜙′
and the denominator as

√
|̂ay − (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r | = 1 − sin2 𝜃 ′ sin2 𝜙′
Thus
â y ⋅ (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r â ′𝜃 cos 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜙′ + â ′𝜙 cos 𝜙′

ê i = = √
|̂ay ⋅ (̂a′r ⋅ â y )̂a′r |
1 − sin2 𝜃 ′ ⋅ sin2 𝜙′
and
√ √ ′ √ √ ′
𝜀 e−jkr 𝜀 e−jkr
Js = 2 C Gf (𝜃 ′ , 𝜙′ ) ′ [̂n × (̂ar × ê i )] = 2 ⋅ C1 ⋅ Gf (𝜃 ′ , 𝜙′ ) ′ u
𝜇 1 r 𝜇 r
where u = n̂ × (̂a′r × ê i ) = (̂n × ê i )̂a′r − (̂n × â ′r )̂ei .

Eventually u reduces to (15-34) by using (15-18) and (VII-12) and (VII-12a).
15.10. E = (̂ax + â y sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙)f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙)
(a) Cross Pol = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙
Maximum: 𝜙 = 0 ⇒ zero
𝜙 = 90◦ ⇒ zero
𝜙 = 180◦ ⇒ zero
1
(b) Cross Pol = sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 = sin(2𝜙)
2
Maximum: 𝜙 = 45◦ ⇒ 0.5
𝜙 = 135◦ ⇒ 0.5
(̂ax + â y sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙)

(c) E = (̂ax + â y sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙)f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙) = √ f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙)
1 + sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙
2 2
â x + â y sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙
E = â w f (r, 𝜃, 𝜙), â w = √
1 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜙
1 | 1
PLF = |̂ax ⋅ â w |2 = | = = −3 dB
|
1 + sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 |𝜙=45
2 2 ◦ 2
sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜙 || 0.25

(d) PLF = |̂ay ⋅ â w |2 = | = = 0.2 = −7 dB
1 + sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙
2 2 |𝜙=45 ◦ 1.25
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
470 SOLUTION MANUAL
(̂ax + â y sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙)

(e) â a = √
1 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜙
|⎛ |2
| â + â sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 ⎞ ⎛ â + â sin 𝜙 cos 𝜙 ⎞|
|⎜ x ⎟ ⎜ x ⎟||
PLF = ||⎜ √
y y
⎟ ⋅ ⎜√ ⎟|
|⎜ |
|⎝ 1 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜙 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 + sin2 𝜙 cos2 𝜙 ⎟⎠|
| |
| 1 + sin2 𝜙 ⋅ cos2 𝜙 |2
| |
=| | = 1 = 0 dB
| 1 + sin2 𝜙 ⋅ cos2 𝜙 |
| |
2𝜋 𝜃0 √
𝜀
J s ejkr ⋅̂ar ds′ = 2
′
15.11. C I
∫0 ∫0 𝜇 1
where
√
2𝜋 𝜃0 Gf (𝜃 ′ , 𝜙′ )
× e−jkr [1−sin 𝜃
′ ′ sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙′ −𝜙)−cos 𝜃 ′ ⋅cos 𝜃]
I=
∫0 ∫0 r′
( )
𝜃′
× [̂n × (−̂az × ê r )](r′ )2 sin 𝜃 ′ sec d𝜃 ′ d𝜙′
2
By using (15-37a)
[ ( ′ )] ( ′)
𝜃 𝜃
â 𝜃 ⋅ u = â 𝜃 ⋅ −̂az (̂n ⋅ ê r ) − ê r cos = (̂n ⋅ ê r ) sin 𝜃 − â 𝜃 ⋅ ê r cos
2 2
[ ( ′ )] ( ′)
𝜃 𝜃
â 𝜙 ⋅ u = â 𝜙 ⋅ −̂az (̂n ⋅ ê r ) − ê r cos = −̂a𝜙 ⋅ ê r cos
2 2
Toward 𝜃 = 𝜋 equation (15-49) reduces to (15-51). This is accomplished by making the

following substitutions. The exponential of (15-49b) can be written as
r′ [1 − sin 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜃 cos(𝜙′ − 𝜙) − cos 𝜃 ′ cos 𝜃]𝜃=𝜋 = r′ [1 + cos 𝜃 ′ ] = 2f
by using (15-14). Also

[ ( )] ( )
𝜃′ 𝜃′ |
â 𝜃 ⋅ u|𝜃=𝜋 = (̂n ⋅ ê r ) sin 𝜃 − â 𝜃 ⋅ ê r cos = −̂a𝜃 ⋅ ê r cos |
|
2 𝜃=𝜋 2 |𝜃=𝜋
( )
𝜃′ |
â 𝜙 ⋅ u|𝜃=𝜋 = −̂a𝜙 ⋅ ê r cos |
|
2 |𝜃=𝜋
Assuming azimuthal symmetry, we can write I as
√𝜃0 ( ′) ( ′)
𝜃 𝜃
I|𝜃=𝜋 = −2𝜋 Gf (𝜃 )e′ −jk(2f )
(̂a𝜃 ⋅ ê r + â 𝜙 ⋅ ê r )|𝜃=𝜋 r sec
′
cos sin(𝜃 ′ )d𝜃 ′
∫0 2 2
𝜃0 √
= −2𝜋 (̂a𝜃 ⋅ ê r + â 𝜙 ⋅ ê r )|𝜃=𝜋 Gf (𝜃 ′ )e−j2kf r′ sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 471

( )
𝜃′
Since r′ =f sec2 , as given by (15-14a), we can write I as
2
𝜃0 √
sin 𝜃 ′
I|𝜃=𝜋 = −2𝜋fe−j2kf [(̂a𝜃 ⋅ ê r + â 𝜙 ⋅ ê r )]𝜃=𝜋 Gf (𝜃 ′ ) d𝜃
∫0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2)
( ) ( ) ( )
𝜃′ 𝜃′ 𝜃′ 𝜃′
Since sin 𝜃 ′ = sin + = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
𝜃0 √ ( ′)
𝜃
I|𝜃=𝜋 = −4𝜋fe −j2kf
[(̂a𝜃 ⋅ ê r + â 𝜙 ⋅ ê r )]𝜃=𝜋 Gf (𝜃 ) tan
′ d𝜃 ′
∫0 2
Assuming the cross polarized field is small
(̂a𝜃 ⋅ ê r + â 𝜙 ⋅ ê r )𝜃=𝜋 ≃ −1
Thus
𝜃0 √ ( ′)
𝜃
I|𝜃=𝜋 = −4𝜋fe−j2kf Gf (𝜃 ′ ) tan d𝜃 ′
∫0 2
and
[√ ]1∕2 𝜃0 √ ( ′)
𝜔𝜇e−jkr 𝜀 Pt 𝜃
E(r, 𝜃 = 𝜋) = −j (4𝜋fe−j2kf ) Gf (𝜃 ′ ) tan d𝜃 ′
2𝜋r 𝜇 2𝜋 ∫0 2
[√ ]1∕2 𝜃0 √ ( ′)
2𝜔𝜇f 𝜀 Pt 𝜃
E(r, 𝜃 = 𝜋) = −j e −jk(r+2f ) ′
Gf (𝜃 ) tan d𝜃 ′
r 𝜇 2𝜋 ∫0 2
which is used to form (15-52a), (15-53), and (15-54).

15.12. f = 3 GHz, λ = 0.1 m, d = 1 meter.
( )2
𝜋d
D0 = 𝜀ap , where 𝜀ap = aperture efficiency
λ
(a) uniform illumination, 𝜀ap = 1
( )2
𝜋⋅1
D0 = = 986.96 = 29.94 dB
0.1
(b) 𝜀ap = 𝜀t 𝜀s = (0.8)(0.85) = 0.68
) (
𝜋⋅1 2
D0 = (0.68) = 671.13
0.1
D0 = 671.13 = 28.27 dB
total aperature efficiency: 𝜀ap = 0.68 = −1.6749 dB

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
472 SOLUTION MANUAL
15.13. f ∕d = 0.4284
(a) Using (15-24)
( )
⎡ 1 f ⎤
⎢ 2 d ⎥ [ ]
−1 ⎢ ⎥ 0.5(0.4284)
𝜃0 = tan = tan −1
= tan−1 (1.7698) = 60.53◦
⎢ ( f )2 ⎥
1 ⎥ (0.4284) 2 − 1∕16
⎢ −
⎣ d 16 ⎦
Θ0 = 2𝜃0 = 121.06◦
(b) Using (15-55)

( ) ( ′)
| 𝜃0 √
𝜃0 𝜃 |2
𝜀ap = cot 2 | G (𝜃 ′ ) ⋅ tan d𝜃 ′|
|∫ f |
| 02 2 |
( ) ( ) ( )
𝜃0 || 𝜃0 √ 𝜃′ 𝜃′ |2
′|
= cot 2 2 cos tan d𝜃
2 || ∫0 2 2 |
|
( ) ( ′) ( ) |[ ( ′ )]𝜃0 |2
𝜃0 || 𝜃0 𝜃 |2
′| 2 𝜃0 | 𝜃 |
= 2 cot 2 sin d𝜃 = 2 cot | −2 cos |
2 || ∫0 2 |
| 2 || 2 0 |
|
( )[ ( )]2 ( )[ ( )]2
𝜃0 𝜃0 𝜃0 𝜃0
𝜀ap = 2 cot 2 2 − 2 cos = 8 cot 2 1 − cos
2 2 2 2
( ) [ ( )]
60.53◦ 60.53◦ 2
𝜀ap (𝜃0 = 60.53◦ ) = 8 cot 2 1 − cos = 8⋅(2.937)(0.018576)
2 2
𝜀ap (𝜃0 = 60.53◦ ) = 0.43644 ⇒ 𝜀ap = 43.644%
( )2
𝜋d 3 × 108
(c) D0 = 𝜀ap , f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = = 3 × 10−2 = 0.03 meters
λ 10 × 109
( )2
𝜋(42.672)
d = 42.672 meters, D0 = 0.43644 = 8.715 × 106 = 69.4 dB
0.03
(d) Using (15-65)

( )2 [ ( ) ]2
D m2 1 𝜋 2
≥ 1− = 1− = 0.9618 ⇒ D ≥ 0.9618D0
D0 2 2 16
D ≥ 0.9618(8.715 × 106 ) = 8.3822 × 106 = 69.234 dB
15.14. f ∕d = 0.38
[ ]
0.5(0.38)
(a) Using (15-24) ⇒ 𝜃0 = tan−1 = 66.68◦
(0.38)2 − 1∕16
From Figure 15.20 ⇒ Gf = cosn 𝜃 ′ = cos2 𝜃 ′
(b) For Gf = cos2 𝜃 ′ ⇒ 𝜀ap (𝜃0 = 66.68◦ ) ≃ 0.83
f ∕d = 0.38 = 10λ∕d ⇒ d = 10λ∕(0.38) = 26.3158λ

( )2 [ ]2
𝜋d 𝜋(26.3158)λ
D= 𝜀ap = 0.83 = 5672.98 = 37.538 dB
λ λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 473
(c) From Figure 15.23, the field strength of the cos2 (𝜃 ′ ) pattern along 𝜃 ′ = 𝜃0 = 66.68◦ is
8 dB down from the maximum.
{
3.428 cos4 (𝜃 ′ ∕2), 0 ≤ 𝜃 ′ ≤ 𝜋∕2 3 × 108
15.15. Gf = f = 1 GHz ⇒ λ = = 0.3 m
0 Elsewhere 109
( )
⎡ 1 f ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 d ⎥ ⎢ (0.5) ⎥
(a) 𝜃0 tan−1 ⎢ ( )2 ⎥ = tan−1 ⎢ 2
2 − 1∕16 ⎥
= tan−1 (1.3333) = 53.13◦
⎢ f 1 ⎥ ⎢ (0.5) ⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ d 16 ⎦
2𝜃0 = 2(53.13◦ ) = 106.26◦
( ) | 𝜃0 √ ( ′ )|2
𝜃0 | 𝜃 |
(b) 𝜀ap = cot 2 | Gf (𝜃 ′ ) tan |
2 |∫0 2 ||
|
( ′)
| √ 𝜃 |2
|
( ) | 𝜃0 ( ′ ) sin |
|
2 𝜃0 | 𝜃 2 |
= cot | G0 cos4 ( ′ ) d𝜃 |′
2 ||∫0 2 𝜃 |
|
| cos |
| 2 |
( ) | 𝜃0 ( ′) ( ′) |2
𝜃0 | 𝜃 𝜃 |
= cot 2 G0 | cos sin d𝜃 ′ |
2 |∫0 2 2 |
| |
( ) | 𝜃0 | 2 ( )
2 𝜃0 | 1 ′ ′| G0 2 𝜃0 𝜃
= G0 cot | sin 𝜃 d𝜃 | = cot |[− cos 𝜃 ′ ]00 |2
|
2 | 0 2∫ | 4 2
|
( ◦ )
3.428 53.13 3.428 2
𝜀ap = cot 2 | − cos(53.13◦ ) + 1|2 = (2) | − 0.6 + 1|2
4 2 4
𝜀ap = 0.5486 = 54.86%
( )2 [ ]2
𝜋d 10𝜋
(c) D0 = 𝜀ap = 0.5486 = 0.5486(104.71976)2 = 6,016.07 = 37.79 dB
λ 0.3
15.16. f ∕d = 0.433, d = 10 m, f = 10 GHz, Gf (𝜃 ′ ) = 2.667 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2)
| 1 (f ) |
| | | 1 |
| | | (0.433) |
| 2 d | | |
−1 | | −1 | 2 |
(a) 2𝜃0 = 2 tan | ( )2 | = 2 tan | (0.433)2 − 1∕16 |
| f 1 | | |
| − | | |
| d | | |
| 16 |
= 2 tan−1 |1.73215| = 2(60◦ ) = 120◦
2𝜃0 = 120◦
) | 𝜃0 √
( ( ′) |2
| 𝜃0 𝜃 |
(b) 𝜀ap = cot 2 | Gf (𝜃 ′ ) tan d𝜃 ′ |
|∫0
2 2 |
| |
( ) | 𝜃0 √ ( ) ( ′) |2
2 𝜃0
| 𝜃′ 𝜃 |
= cot |
2.667 | cos 2 tan ′|
d𝜃 |
2 ∫
| 0 2 2 |
| |
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
474 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ′)
| 𝜃 |2
|
( ) | 𝜃0 ( ′ ) sin |
|
2 𝜃0 | 𝜃 2 ′|
𝜀ap = 2.667 cot | cos ( ′ ) d𝜃 |
2 ||∫0 2 𝜃 |
|
| cos |
| 2 |
( )| ( ) ( )
𝜃 ′ ||
𝜃0 2
𝜃0 | 𝜃′
= 2.667 cot 2 |2 sin d |
2 || ∫0 2 2 ||
( )| ( ′ )|𝜃0 2 ( )| ( )|2
2 𝜃0 | 𝜃 | || 2 𝜃0 | 𝜃0 |
𝜀ap = 2.667(4) cot |− cos | | = 2.667(4) cot |1 − cos |
2 | | |
2 |0 | 2 || 2 ||
𝜀ap (𝜃0 = 60◦ ) = 2.667(4) cot 2 (30◦ ) |1 − cos(30◦ )|2 = 2.667(4)(1.73205)2 [1 − (0.866)]2
= 2.667(4)(3)(0.13397)2 = 0.57445
𝜀ap (𝜃0 = 60◦ ) = 0.57455 = 57.455%
(c) PL = Aem W i
λ2 (λ)2 [ 𝜋d ]2 ( )
λ2 10𝜋 2 (10𝜋)2 100𝜋 2
Aem = D0 = 𝜀ap = 𝜀ap = 𝜀ap = 𝜀ap
4𝜋 4𝜋 λ 4𝜋 λ 4𝜋 4𝜋
Aem = 25𝜋𝜀ap = 78.53982(0.57455) = 45.12505 m2
( )
100 2
Aem = 45.12505 m2 = 45.125 = 451, 250.5148 cm2
1
PL = 451, 250.5148(10−6 ) = 0.45125 Watts
PL = 0.45125 Watts
{
G0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2), 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ′ ≤ 90◦
15.17. f ∕d = 0.433, d = 10 m, Gf =
0, Elsewhere
⎡ 1
(0.433) ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥ ◦ ◦
(a) 𝜃0 = tan ⎢
−1
2 ⎥ = 60 ⇒ 2𝜃0 = 120
⎢ (0.433) − 1∕16 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
(b) Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ d𝜙′ = 2𝜋 Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = 4𝜋
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋∕2
⇒ Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = 2
∫0
𝜋∕2 G0 𝜋∕2
G0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = (1 + cos 𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0 2 ∫0
[ ]𝜋∕2
G cos2 𝜃 ′ G [ 1
]
= 0 − cos 𝜃 ′ − = 0 1+
2 2 0 2 2
𝜋∕2 3G0
G0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = =4
∫0 2
8
G0 = = 2.667◦
3
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 475
) | 𝜃0 √
( ( ′) |2
| 𝜃0 𝜃 ′|
(c) 𝜀ap = cot 2 | ′
Gf (𝜃 ) tan d𝜃 |
|∫02 2 |
| |
( ) | 𝜃0 √ ( ′) |2
2 𝜃0 |
| 𝜃 sin(𝜃 ′ ∕2) |
= cot | G0 cos2 d𝜃 ||
′
2 |∫0 2 cos(𝜃 ∕2) ′
|
| |
( ) | 𝜋∕2 |2
𝜃0 | |
= G0 cot 2 | sin(𝜃 ′ ∕2) d𝜃 ′ |
2 ||∫0 |
|
( ) | 𝜋∕2 ( ′ ) ( ′ )|2
𝜃0 | 𝜃 𝜃 |
= G0 cot 2 | 2 sin d |
2 | 0| ∫ 2 2 ||
( )
2 𝜃0 | 𝜃 |2
= G0 cot |[−2 cos(𝜃 ′ ∕2)]00 |
2 | |
= G0 cot 2 (30◦ )|(−2 cos(30◦ ) + 2)|2 = G0 (1.732)2 | − 2(0.866) + 2|2

( )
8
𝜀ap = (1.732)2 [0.26795]2 = 0.57434 = 57.434%
3
𝜀ap (𝜃0 = 60◦ ) = 0.57434 = 57.434%
15.18. d = 10 m, 2𝜃0 = 120◦

{
′
G0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2), 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ′ ≤ 90◦
Gf (𝜃 ) =
0, Elsewhere
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
(a) Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ d𝜙′ = 2𝜋 Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝜋∕2 𝜋∕2
= 2𝜋G0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin(𝜃 ′ )d𝜃 ′ = G0 𝜋 [1 + cos 𝜃 ′ ] sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = 4𝜋
∫0 ∫0
[ ]𝜋∕2 [ ]
cos2 𝜃 ′ 1 3𝜋
𝜋G0 − cos 𝜃 − ′
= 𝜋G0 1 + = G = 4𝜋 ⇒ G0 = 8∕3
2 0 2 2 0
( ) | 𝜃0 √ |2
𝜃0| ′|
(b) 𝜀ap = cot 2 | Gf (𝜃) tan(𝜃 ∕2) d𝜃 |
′
2 |∫0 |
| |
( ) | 𝜃0
sin(𝜃 ′ ∕2) ′ ||
2
𝜃0 |
= G0 cot 2 | cos(𝜃 ′ ∕2) d𝜃 |
2 ||∫0 cos(𝜃 ′ ∕2) |
|
( ) | 𝜃0 ( ′) |2
𝜃0 | 𝜃 |
= G0 cot 2 | sin d𝜃 ′ |
2 ||∫0 2 |
|
( )| ( )| ( )
|𝜃0 || |2
2
2 𝜃0 | | 2 𝜃0 | 𝜃0 |
= G0 cot |2(− cos(𝜃 ∕2)| | = 4G0 cot
′
|− cos + 1|
2 || |0 | | |
2 | 2 |
|
𝜀ap = 4G0 cot 2 (30◦ )[1 − cos(30◦ )]2
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
476 SOLUTION MANUAL
( )
8
𝜀ap = 4 (1.732)2 (1 − 0.866) = 0.57434 = 57.434%
3
{
G0 cos2 (𝜃 ′ ), 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ′ ≤ 90◦
′
Gf (𝜃 ) =
0, Elsewhere
(c) Using (15-59a), 𝜃0 = 60◦ , n = 2
{ ( ) [ ( )]}2 ( )
𝜃0 𝜃0 𝜃0
𝜀ap (n = 2) = 24 sin 2
+ ln cos cot 2
2 2 2
= 24{sin2 (30◦ ) + ln[cos(30◦ )}2 cot 2 (30◦ )
= 24{(0.5)2 + ln(0.866)}2 (1.7321)2 = 24[0.25 − 0.1438]2 (3)
= 25(0.1062)2 (3)
𝜀ap (n = 2) = 0.8114 = 81.14%
1. The cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) has lower overall 𝜀ap ; 57.434% vs. 81.14% for cos2 (𝜃 ′ ).
r cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) has higher taper efficiency (𝜀 ) because its pattern is more uniform across
t
the reflector.
r cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) has lower spillover efficiency (𝜀 ) because its pattern is much more intense
s
than that of cos2 (𝜃 ′ ) outside the bounds of the reflector.
However the product of the two efficiencies (𝜀t and 𝜀s ) is lower for the cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) than
that for the cos2 (𝜃 ′ )[𝜀ap = 𝜀t 𝜀s ].
2𝜋 𝜋∕2 ( ′)
4 𝜃
15.19. (a) ′
G (𝜃 )dΩ = G0 cos sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ d𝜙′
∫ ∫Ω f ∫0 ∫0 2
𝜋∕2 ( ′)
4 𝜃
= 2𝜋G0 cos sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = 4𝜋
∫0 2
Thus
𝜋∕2 ( ) 𝜋∕2 ( ) ( ) ( )
𝜃′ 𝜃′ 𝜃′ 𝜃′
G0 cos 4
sin 𝜃 d𝜃 = G0
′ ′
2 ⋅ cos 4
sin cos d𝜃 ′ = 2
∫0 2 ∫0 2 2 2
or
( ) ( ( ′ ))
𝜃′ 𝜃
𝜋∕2 ( ) ( ) 𝜋∕2 cos5 d cos
𝜃′ 𝜃′ 2 2
G0 cos5 sin d𝜃 ′ = G0 =1
∫0 2 2 ∫0 −1∕2
𝜋∕2 [ )]5 [ (( ′ )] [ 6 ′ ]𝜋∕2
𝜃 𝜃′ cos (𝜃 ∕2) 1
G0 cos d cos = G0 =−
∫0 2 2 6 0 2
[ ( ) ]
𝜋 3 3
G0 cos6 − cos(0) = −3 ⇒ G0 = = = 3.4286
4 1 − cos6 (𝜋∕4) 1 − 0.125
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 477
) | 𝜃0 √
( ( ′) |2
| 𝜃0 𝜃 ′|
(b) 𝜀ap = cot 2 | ′
Gf (𝜃 ) tan d𝜃 |
|∫0 2 2 |
| |
( ) | 𝜃0 ( ′) ( ′) |2
𝜃0 | √ 𝜃 𝜃 |
= cot 2 | G0 cos2 tan d𝜃 ′ |
2 ||∫0 2 2 |
|
( ) | 𝜃0 ( ′) ( ′) |2
𝜃0 | 𝜃 𝜃 |
= G0 cot 2 | cos sin d𝜃 ′ |
2 |∫0 2 2 |
| |
)| ( 𝜃0 |2
|1 𝜃0 |
= G0 cot 2 | sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ |
| 2 ∫0 2 |
| |
( )( )[ ]2 ( )[ ]
𝜃0 1 |𝜃0 𝜃0 1 − cos 𝜃0 2
= G0 cot 2 − cos 𝜃 ′ | = G0 cot 2
2 4 |0 2 2
( ) ( )
2 𝜃0 4 𝜃0
= G0 cot sin
2 2
) (
𝜃0
cos2 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 𝜃0 2 𝜃0 2 𝜃0
𝜀ap = G0 ( ) sin = G0 cos sin
𝜃0 2 2 2
sin2
2
[ ( ) ( )]2
𝜃0 𝜃0
= G0 cos sin
2 2
[ ]2 G0
1 3.4286 2
𝜀ap = G0 sin(𝜃0 ) = sin2 (𝜃0 ) = sin 𝜃0 = 0.85715 sin2 𝜃0
2 4 4
𝜀ap = 0.85715 sin2 𝜃0
(c) 𝜃0 = 90◦ for maximum aperture efficiency. The total subtended angle is equal to
Θ0 = 2𝜃0 = 180◦ . The maximum aperture efficiency is equal to 𝜀ap |max = 85.715%
[ ]
0.5(0.25)
15.20. (a) 𝜃0 = tan−1 = 90◦
(0.25)2 − 1∕16
From (15-59b) ⇒ 𝜀ap = 40{sin4 (45◦ ) + ln(cos(45◦ ))}2 cot(45◦ ) = 0.3730
[ ]2
8𝜋
(b) D = 0.373 = 65446.4434
3 × 108 ∕(5 × 109 )
90◦
Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0
(c) 𝜀s = = 1.
90◦
Gf (𝜃 ) sin 𝜃 d𝜃
′ ′ ′
∫0
Because the dish has such a large included angle, surrounds the feed pattern completely.
𝜀ap 0.373
(d) 𝜀s 𝜀t = 𝜀ap ⇒ 𝜀t = = = 0.373
𝜀s 1
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
478 SOLUTION MANUAL
15.21. d = 10 meters, 2𝜃0 = 80◦ , Gf = G0 cos8 (𝜃 ′ ), 0◦ ≤ 𝜃 ′ ≤ 90◦

{ [ ( )]
1 − cos4 (𝜃0 )
◦ 𝜃0 (1 − cos 𝜃0 )3
(a) 𝜀ap (n = 8, 𝜃0 = 40 ) = 18 − 2 ln cos −
4 2 3
}2 ( )
1 𝜃0
− sin2 𝜃0 cot 2
2 2
{ [ ( ◦ )] (1 − cos 40◦ )3
1 − cos4 (40◦ ) 40
= 18 − 2 ln cos −
4 2 3
}2 ( ◦)
1 40
− sin2 (40◦ ) cot 2
2 2
{ }2
1 − 0.34436
= 18 − 2(−0.0622) − 0.00427 − 0.20659 7.54863
4
𝜀ap (n = 8) = 18(0.07743)2 (7.54863) = 0.81465 = 81.465%
𝜀ap = 0.81465 = 81.465%
(b) 1. G(n) | = 2(n + 1)||n=8 = 2(8 + 1) = 18

0 |n=8
2. 𝜀t [Fig. 15.20(b)] ≃ 0.90 = 90%
3. 𝜀s [Fig. 15.20(b)] ≃ 0.91 = 91%

(c) f = 10 GHz ⇒ λ = 3 cm = 0.03 m
( )2 ( )2
𝜋d 10𝜋
D0 = 𝜀ap = (0.81465) = 1,096,622.71(0.81465)
λ 0.03
D0 = 893,363.69 = 59.51 dB
15.22. The integral to find 𝜀ap or 𝜀t directly is difficult. Best way is to find 𝜀ap from directivity and
then divide by 𝜀spillover .
( )2 [ ]2
𝜋d 𝜋(10)
D0 = 𝜀ap = 5.42 × 106 𝜀ap = 5.42 × 106 ⇒ 𝜀ap = 0.7909
λ (3 × 108 ∕25 × 109 )
30◦
G0 ∫0 cos10 (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ − cosm+1 𝜃 ′
𝜀s = ⇒ cos10 𝜃 ′ sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ =
G0 ∫0
90◦
cos10 (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ ∫ m+1
◦
− cos11 (𝜃 ′ )|30
0 0.2055 − 1
𝜀s = ◦ = = 0.7945
− cos11 (𝜃 ′ )|90
0
−1
𝜀ap
𝜀t = since all other efficiencies are 100%.
𝜀s
0.7909
𝜀t = = 0.9954
0.7945
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 479
3 × 108 1 1
15.23. f = 9 GHz ⇒ λ = 9
= × 10−1 = 0.0333 = meter
9 × 10 3 30
( )
⎡ 1 f ⎤ ⎡ 1 (0.536) ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 2 d ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0.268
(a) 𝜃0 = tan−1 ⎢ ( )2 ⎥ = tan−1 ⎢ 2 −1
⎥ = tan ⎢ ⎥
⎢ f 1 ⎥⎥ ⎢ (0.536)2 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ (0.536)2 − 1 ⎥
⎢ − ⎣ 16 ⎦ ⎣ 16 ⎦
⎣ d 16 ⎦
𝜃0 = tan−1 (1.1922) = 50◦
{ ( ) [ ( )]}2 ( )
𝜃0 𝜃0 𝜃0
𝜀ap (n = 2) = 24 sin2 + ln cos cot 2
2 2 2
= 24{sin2 (25) + ln[cos(25◦ )]}2 cot 2 (25)
𝜀ap (n = 2) = 24{(0.4226)2 + ln[0.9063]}2 (2.1445) = 0.7099
𝜀ap = 0.71
( )2 ( )2
𝜋d 𝜋(10)
D0 = 𝜀ap = (0.71) = [300𝜋]2 (0.71) = (942.478)2 0.71
λ 1∕30
D0 = 8.882644 × 105 (0.71) = 6.306677 × 105 = 57.998 ≃ 58 dB
( )2
λ2 1 1
(b) Aem = D = (6.306677 × 105 ) = 55.763 m2
4𝜋 0 4𝜋 30
( 2) ( )
𝜋d 𝜋 ⋅ 100
= 𝜀ap Aphysical = 0.71 = 0.71 = 55.763 m2
4 4
PT
Aem = ⇒ PT = Aem Wi = 55.763(10 × 10−6 )
Wi
PT = 557.633 × 10−6 = 0.557633 × 10−3 Watts
PT = 557.633 𝜇 Watts = 0.557633 m Watts
( )2 𝜋(10)2
d 𝜋d2
Aphysical = 𝜋r2 = 𝜋 = = = 78.5398 m2
2 4 4
( )2
𝜋d 3 × 108
15.24. (a) D ≃ 𝜀ap , λ= = 0.06 m
λ 5 × 109
( )
d
C = 2𝜋a = 2𝜋 = 𝜋d = 3𝜋 meters
2
( )2 ( )2 ( ) ( )2
𝜋d C 3𝜋 2 3𝜋
D ≃ 𝜀ap = 𝜀ap = 0.75 = 0.75 = 0.75(50𝜋)2
λ λ 0.06 3∕50
D ≃ 0.75(2500𝜋 2 ) ≃ 18,505.51 ≃ 42.673 dB
λ2 (0.06)2
(b) Aem = D0 = (18,505.51) = 5.3 m2
4𝜋 4𝜋
PT = Aem Wi = 5.3(10 × 10−6 ) = 53 × 10−6 Watts
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
480 SOLUTION MANUAL
(c) PT = 53 × 10−6 (1 − |Γ|2 ) = 53 × 10−6 (1 − |0.2|2 ) = 50.88 × 10−6 Watts

PT = 50.88 × 10−6 Watts
30 × 109
15.25. 𝜃0 = 60◦ , λ = 9
= 3 cm = 0.03 m
( 10)× 10 ( ◦)
f 1 𝜃0 1 60 1 1
= cot = cot = cot(30◦ ) = (1.732) = 0.433
d 4 2 4 2 4 4
d = f ∕0.433 = 5∕0.433 = 11.547 meters
d = 11.547∕0.03 = 384.9λ ⇒ a = 192.45λ
29.2 29.2
(a) HPBW ≃ = = 0.15◦
a∕λ 192.45
(b) Sidelobe Level = −17.6 dB
( )2
𝜋d
(c) Directivity = = [𝜋(384.9)]2 = (1,209.199)2 = 1,462,162.253
λ
D0 = 1,462,162.253 = 61.65 dB
41.253
(d) D0 (Kraus) = = 1,833,466.67 = 62.63 dB
0.15(0.15)
72,815 72,815 72,815
D0 (Tai & Pereira) = 2 2
= 2
= = 1,618,111.11
Θ1d + Θ2d 2(𝜃d ) 2(0.15)2
= 62.09 dB
2
(e) e−(4𝜋𝜎∕λ) = Loss Factor (LF)
𝜎 = 0.64 × 10−3 m∕0.03 m = 21.33 × 10−3 λ

−3 )2 2
LF = e−(4𝜋(21.33)×10 = e−(0.268) = e−0.07187
LF(dB) = 20 log10 e−0.07187 = 20(−0.07187) log10 e
= 20(−0.07187)(0.43429) = (−0.07187)(8.686)
LF(dB) = 0.624 dB
15.26. f ∕d = 0.357, d = 10 meters, Gf (𝜃 ′ ) = cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2)
𝜃0 70◦
Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0 ∫0
(a) 𝜀s = 𝜋 = 𝜋
Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0 ∫0
⎡ 1
(f ∕d) ⎤ ⎡ 1
(0.357) ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
𝜃0 = tan−1 ⎢ ( ) ⎥ = tan ⎢
−1
2 − 1∕16 ⎥
= tan−1 [2.7483] = 70◦
⎢ (f ∕d)2 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ (0.357) ⎥
⎣ 16 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
𝜃0 𝜃0 ( )
1 + cos 𝜃 ′
N= cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0 ∫0 2
{ 𝜃0 }
1
= (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 )d𝜃
′ ′ ′ ′
2 ∫0
{[ ]𝜃 } [ ]
1 cos2 𝜃 ′ 0 1 1 1
N= − cos 𝜃 − ′
= − cos 𝜃0 + cos2 𝜃0 − 1 −
2 2 0 2 2 2 𝜃0 =70◦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 481
[ ]
1 1 1
N=− 0.3420 + (0.1170) − 1.5 = − (−1.0995) = 0.5498
2 2 2
𝜋∕2 [ ]
1 1 1.5
D= cos2 (𝜃 ′ ∕2) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = − cos 𝜃0 + cos2 𝜃0 − 1.5 = = 0.75
∫0 2 2 𝜃0 =90◦ 2
N 0.5498
𝜀s = = = 0.7330 = 73.30%
D 0.75
| 𝜃0 √ ( ′) |2
|
| ′ ) tan 𝜃 ′|
|
( ) |∫ G f (𝜃 d𝜃
| ( )
𝜃0 | 0 2 | = 2 cot 2 𝜃0 N
(b) 𝜀t = 2 cot 2
𝜃0
2 2 D
Gf (𝜃 ′ ) sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′
∫0
( ′) √ ( ′) ( ′)
| 𝜃0 √ 𝜃 |2 || 70◦ 𝜃 𝜃
|2
|
| |
N=| Gf (𝜃 ′ ) tan d𝜃 ′ | = || cos2 tan d𝜃 ′ ||
|∫0 2 | ∫
| 0 2 2 |
| | | |
( ′) 2
| 𝜃 |
( ′) ( ′) | ( ′ ) sin |
| 70◦ 𝜃 𝜃 | 2 | 70◦
𝜃 |
| ′| | 2 ′|
=| cos tan d𝜃 | = | cos ( ′ ) d𝜃 |
|∫0 2 2 | |∫0 2 𝜃 |
| | | |
| cos |
| 2 |
| 70◦ ( ′) |2 | 70◦ ( ′ ) ( ′ )|2 | [ ( ′ )]70◦ |2
| 𝜃 | | 𝜃 𝜃 | | 𝜃 |
N=| sin d𝜃 ′ | = |2 sin d | = | 2 − cos |
|∫0 2 | | ∫0 2 2 | | 2 |
| | | | | 0 |
N = |2[− cos(35◦ ) + 1]|2 = (0.3617)2 = 0.1308

𝜃0 70◦ ( ′)
2 𝜃
D= ′ ′ ′
Gf (𝜃 ) sin(𝜃 ) d𝜃 = cos sin 𝜃 ′ d𝜃 ′ = 0.5498
∫0 ∫0 2
( ) ( )
𝜃0 N 0.1308 0.1308
𝜀t = 2 cot 2 = 2 cot 2 (35◦ ) = 4.0792
2 D 0.5498 0.5498
𝜀t = 0.9706 = 97.06%
(c) 𝜀ap = 𝜀s 𝜀t = 0.7330(0.9706) = 0.7115 = 71.15%

( )2 ( )2
𝜋d 3 × 108 𝜋(10)
(d) D0 = 𝜀ap , λ = = 0.03 m, D0 = (0.7115) = 780.23 × 103
λ 10 × 109 0.03
D0 = 780.23 × 103 = 58.92 dB
2 2 2
(e) D = D0 e−(4𝜋𝜎∕λ) = 780.23 × 103 e−(4𝜋∕100) = 780.23 × 103 e−(0.1257)
= 780.23 × 103 (0.9843) = 767.98 × 103 = 58.85 dB
[ ( )2 ]
𝜌′
15.27. A(𝜌′ ) = A0 1 − , a = 50λ
a
(a) According to Table 7.2
𝜀ap = 0.75 = 75%

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
482 SOLUTION MANUAL
( ) ( )2
2𝜋a 2 2𝜋(50λ)
(b) D0 = 0.75 = 0.75 = 0.75(100𝜋)2
λ λ
D0 = 0.75(98,696.044) = 74,022.033 = 10 log10 (74,022.033)
D0 = 74,022.033 = 48.694 dB
36.4 36.4
(c) HPBW ≃ = = 0.728 degrees
a∕λ 50
HPBW = 0.728 degrees
41,283 41,283
(d) D0 (Kraus) = = = 1.8868494(41,283) (2-27)
(Θ1d ) 2 (0.728)2
D0 (Kraus) = 77,894.8 = 48.915 dB
72,815 72,815 72,815
D0 (T&P) = = ( 2 )= (2-30b)
Θ21d 2
+ Θ2d 2 Θ1d 2(0.728)2
D0 (T&P) = 68,695.47 = 48.369 dB
ΔD = |D0 (Kraus) − D0 | = |48.915 − 48.694| = 0.221 dB

ΔD = |D0 (T&P) − D0 | = |48.369 − 48.694| = 0.325 dB
Because the aperture has only one main lobe with very small HPBW, then either Kraus’
or T&P’ formulas are applicable.
( )
⎡ 1 f ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 d ⎥ ⎢ (0.43) ⎥
15.28. (a) f ∕d = 0.43 ⇒ 𝜃0 = tan−1 ⎢ ( )2 ⎥ = tan−1 ⎢ 2
2 − 1∕16 ⎥
⎢ f ⎥
1 ⎥ ⎢ (0.43) ⎥
⎢ − ⎣ ⎦
⎣ d 16 ⎦
𝜃0 = tan−1 (1.757) = 60.347◦
(b) 𝜀s = 100% because the entire power radiated by the feed, using the specified feed
pattern, is captured by the reflector (is within the subtotal angle of the
reflector)
(c) 𝜀t = 100% because the entire surface(of the
) paraboloidal reflector is illuminated
4 𝜃′
uniformly using the sec feed pattern.
2
(d) 𝜀ap = 𝜀s 𝜀t = 100% since both(𝜀s & ) 𝜀t are( 100%
) for a feed with a pattern of
2
𝜃0 4 𝜃′
Gf = cot sec
2 2
( )2
𝜋d
(e) D0 = 𝜀ap (15-54)
λ
3 × 108
λ= = 0.3 × 10−1 = 0.03 meters = 3 cm
10 × 109
[ ]2 ( )
𝜋(10) 10𝜋 2
D0 = (1) = = 1,096,622.71 = 60.4 dB
0.03 0.03
D0 = 1,096,622.71 = 60.4 dB
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 483
( ) [ 2 ]
λ2 (3)
(f) PL = Aem Wi = i
D W = (1,096,622.71) 10 × 10−6
4𝜋 0 4𝜋
PL = 7.854 Watts
15.29. From Figure 15.28.

(a) f ∕d = 0.50 ⇒ a1 = 1.34λ, b1 = 0.94λ with 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 of any value.
(b) f ∕d = 0.75 ⇒ a1 = 1.77λ(𝜌2 = 2λ), 1.83λ(𝜌2 = 3λ, 4λ, ∞)

⇒ b1 = 1.22λ(𝜌1 = 2λ), 1.26λ(𝜌1 = 3λ, 4λ, ∞)
(c) f ∕d = 1.0 ⇒ a1 = 2.14λ(𝜌2 = 2λ), 2.27(𝜌2 = 3λ), 2.37λ(𝜌2 = 4λ), 2.4λ(𝜌2 = ∞)
⇒ b1 = 1.49λ(𝜌1 = 2λ), 1.57λ(𝜌1 = 3λ), 1.64λ(𝜌2 = 4λ, ∞)
[ ( ′ )2 ]
𝜌
15.30. Aperture electric field distribution = 1 −
a
(a) According to Table 7.2
𝜀ap = 75% = 0.75
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
(b) D0 = 2
Aem = 2 [𝜀ap Aphysical ] = 2 [0.75(𝜋(20λ)2 )]
λ ( ) λ λ
3
= 4𝜋 𝜋(400) = 1,200 𝜋 = 11,843.525
2
4
D0 = 11,843.525 = 40.735 dB
4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 2 a2
D0 = 𝜀 ap Aphysical = 𝜀 ap (𝜋a2
) = 𝜀ap
λ2 λ2 λ2
( 2 2) ( ) ( )2
4𝜋 a 2𝜋a 2 C
= 𝜀ap = 𝜀 ap = 𝜀 ap
λ2 λ λ
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
484
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
CHAPTER 16
Solution Manual
16.1. There is AWGN noise in the system.

=== Noise Information ===
Mean: 0.000000, Variance: 0.100000
=== DOA Estimations ===
Theta(degrees)
SOI −0.046
Mean: 0.000000, Variance: 0.100000
Theta(degrees)
SOI −0.071
SNOI1 60.034
Mean: 0.000000, Variance: 0.100000
Theta(degrees) Phi(degrees)
SOI 19.956 90.021
Mean: 0.000000, Variance: 0.100000

485
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
486 SOLUTION MANUAL

Theta(degrees) Phi(degrees)
SOI 19.987 90.053
SNOI1 59.940 180.026
SNOI2 45.006 269.988
16.5. The output y(t) due to the desired signal SOI p(t) is
y(t) = Pej𝜔0 t (ẇ 1 + ẇ 2 ) (1)
In order to get the desire signal in the output, we get
(ẇ 1 + ẇ 2 ) = 1 (2)
√
Since the phase shift of the interfering signal is k(λ∕4) sin(45◦ ) = 2𝜋∕4, the output y(t)
due to the interfering signal SNOI n(t) is
√ √ √ √
y(t) = Nej(𝜔0 t− 2𝜋∕4)
ẇ 1 + Nej(𝜔0 t+ 2𝜋∕4)
ẇ 2 = Nej𝜔0 t [e−j 2𝜋∕4
ẇ 1 + ej 2𝜋∕4
ẇ 2 ] (3)
In order to get rid of the interfering signal, we get

√ √
e−j 2𝜋∕4
ẇ 1 + ej 2𝜋∕4
ẇ 2 = 0 (4)
Solving (2) and (4) leads to
ẇ 1 = 0.5 − j0.2478
ẇ 2 = 0.5 + j0.2478 (5)
The amplitude pattern of the two-element linear array without mutual coupling is shown in
Fig. P16.5.
100
10−1
Without coupling
With coupling
Amplitude
With coupling (Normalized)

10−2
10−3
10−4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Observation angle (degrees)
Figure P16.5 Amplitude pattern of SOI at 𝜃0 = 0◦ , and SNOI at 𝜃0 = 45◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 487
16.6. The output y(t) due to the desired signal SOI p(t) is
y(t) = Pej𝜔0 t (ẇ 1 + ẇ 2 ) (1)
In order to get the desire signal in the output, we get
(ẇ 1 + ẇ 2 ) = 1 (2)
√
Since the phase shift of the interfering signal is k(λ∕4) sin(60◦ ) = 3𝜋∕4, the output y(t)
due to the interfering signal SNOI n(t) is
√ √ √ √
y(t) = Nej(𝜔0 t− 3𝜋∕4)
ẇ 1 + Nej(𝜔0 t+ 3𝜋∕4)
ẇ 2 = Nej𝜔0 t [e−j 3𝜋∕4
ẇ 1 + ej 3𝜋∕4
ẇ 2 ] (3)
In order to reject the interfering signal, we get

√ √
e−j 3𝜋∕4
ẇ 1 + ej 3𝜋∕4
ẇ 2 = 0 (4)
Solving (2) and (4) leads to
ẇ 1 = 0.5 − j0.1068
ẇ 2 = 0.5 + j0.1068 (5)
The amplitude pattern of the two-element linear array without mutual coupling is shown in
Fig. P16.6.
100
10−1
Amplitude
Without coupling
With coupling
10−2 With coupling (Normalized)
10−3
10−4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Observation angle (degrees)
Figure P16.6 Amplitude pattern of SOI at 𝜃0 = 0◦ , and SNOI at 𝜃0 = 60◦
16.7. Using
( )
c22 c21
w̃̇ 1 = ẇ 1 −j
c22 c11 − c12 c21 c22 c11 − c12 c21
( )
c11 c12
w̃̇ 2 = ẇ 2 +j (1)
c22 c11 − c12 c21 c22 c11 − c12 c21
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
488 SOLUTION MANUAL
and the coupling coefficients
c11 = c22 = 2.37 + j0.340

c12 = c21 = −0.130 − j0.0517 (2)
by using ẇ 1 and ẇ 2 from Problem 16.5, we have
w̃̇ 1 = 0.1977 − j0.1194

w̃̇ 2 = 0.2292 + j0.0618 (3)
The amplitude pattern of the two-element linear array with mutual coupling is shown in
Fig. P16.5.
16.8. Using
( )
c22 c21
w̃̇ 1 = ẇ 1 −j
c22 c11 − c12 c21 c22 c11 − c12 c21
( )
c11 c12
w̃̇ 2 = ẇ 2 +j (1)
c22 c11 − c12 c21 c22 c11 − c12 c21
and the coupling coefficients
c11 = c22 = 2.37 + j0.340

c12 = c21 = −0.130 − j0.0517 (2)
by using ẇ 1 and ẇ 2 from Problem 16.6, we have
w̃̇ 1 = 0.2025 − j0.0613

w̃̇ 2 = 0.2174 + j0.0029 (3)
The amplitude pattern of the two-element linear array with mutual coupling is shown in
Fig. P16.6.
16.9. There is no noise in the system.
Linear Array Beamforming Pattern (N = 10, d = 0.5λ, SOI θ = 0°)

0
30 30
60 60
90 90
0 –10 –20 –30 dB –30 –20 –10 0
Figure P16.9 Beamformed pattern with SOI at 𝜃0 = 0◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 489
=== Weights (Amplitude) of Each Element ===
# Exaxt Value Normalized

1 0.099996 1.000000
2 0.099996 1.000000
3 0.099996 1.000000
4 0.099996 1.000000
5 0.099996 1.000000
6 0.099996 1.000000
7 0.099996 1.000000
8 0.099996 1.000000
9 0.099996 1.000000
10 0.099996 1.000000
=== Beta (Phase in degrees) of Each Element ===

1 0.000000 0.000000
2 0.000000 0.000000
3 0.000000 0.000000
4 0.000000 0.000000
5 0.000000 0.000000
6 0.000000 0.000000
7 0.000000 0.000000
8 0.000000 0.000000
9 0.000000 0.000000
10 0.000000 0.000000

0
30 30
60 60
90 90
0 –10 –20 –30 dB –30 –20 –10 0

1 0.099996 1.000000
2 0.099996 1.000000
3 0.099996 1.000000
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
490 SOLUTION MANUAL
4 0.099996 1.000000
5 0.099996 1.000000
6 0.099996 1.000000
7 0.099996 1.000000
8 0.099996 1.000000
9 0.099996 1.000000
10 0.099996 1.000000
Exaxt Value Normalized
1 0.000000 0.000000
2 −90.000000 270.000000
3 −180.000000 180.000000
4 −270.000000 90.000000
5 −360.000000 0.000000
6 −450.000000 270.000000
7 −540.000000 180.000000
8 −630.000000 90.000000
9 −720.000000 0.000000
10 −810.000000 270.000000

0
30 30
60 60
90 90
0 –10 –20 –30 dB –30 –20 –10 0
Figure P16.11 Beamformed pattern with SOI at 𝜃0 = 0◦ and SNOI at 𝜃1 = 30◦

1 0.092007 1.000000
2 0.091550 0.995028
3 0.110347 1.199337
4 0.110727 1.203465
5 0.092007 1.000000
6 0.091550 0.995028
7 0.110347 1.199337
8 0.110727 1.203465
9 0.092007 1.000000
10 0.091550 0.955028
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 491

1 −5.950321 0.000000
2 5.832412 11.782733
3 5.063294 11.013615
4 −4.715329 1.234992
5 −5.950321 360.000000
6 5.832412 11.782733
7 5.063294 11.013615
8 −4.715329 1.234992
9 −5.950321 360.000000
10 5.832412 11.782733

0
30 30
60 60
90 90
0 –10 –20 –30 dB –30 –20 –10 0
Figure P16.12 Beamformed pattern with SOI at 𝜃0 = 30◦ and SNOI at 𝜃1 = 60◦

1 0.101620 1.000000
2 0.092685 0.912075
3 0.089463 0.880365
4 0.096229 0.946950
5 0.104277 1.026147
6 0.104575 1.029076
7 0.096814 0.952708
8 0.089631 0.882021
9 0.092208 0.907374
10 0.101116 0.995033

1 −4.093956 0.000000
2 −94.060928 270.033028
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
492 SOLUTION MANUAL
3 −178.815401 185.278555
4 −265.211353 98.882603
5 −357.431501 6.662455
6 −452.332727 271.761229
7 −544.854537 179.239419
8 −631.585717 92.508239
9 −716.191601 7.902355
10 −805.778643 278.315313
ϕ = 270°
ϕ = 180°
ϕ = 0°
ϕ = 90°
ϕ = 180°
ϕ = 270°
ϕ = 90°
ϕ = 0°
Figure P16.14 Beamformed pattern with SOI at 𝜃0 = 30◦ , 𝜙0 = 45◦
P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
SOLUTION MANUAL 493
ϕ = 180°
ϕ = 270°
ϕ = 90°
ϕ = 0°
Figure P16.15 Beamformed pattern with SOI at 𝜃0 = 0◦ , and SNOI at 𝜃1 = 30◦ , 𝜙1 = 45◦
ϕ = 270° ϕ = 180°
ϕ = 0° ϕ = 90°
Figure P16.16.1 Beamformed pattern with SOI at 𝜃0 = 30 , 𝜙0 = 45◦ , and SNOI at 𝜃1 = 60◦ , 𝜙1 = 45◦
◦
Beamforming pattern vs θ at ϕ = 45°

0
−50
Beamforming pattern (dB)
−100
−150
−200
−250
−300
−350
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Elevation (degrees)
Figure P16.16.2 Beamforming pattern at elevation plane of 𝜙 = 45◦

P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE
Alternate solution to 5.25 is on Next Page
494
Alternate Solution�
(a) Loop placed along the xz plane:

z z
A small electric loop is equivalent to an infinitesimal magnetic dipole placed

normal to the surface of the loop. The fields of a magnetic dipole can be obtained
by using duality, from those of an electric dipole.
When an electric infinitesimal dipole is placed parallel to the y axis, the fields in the
far-zone region are given by (from Example 4.5 pg. 199),
-jwµlole-jkr
Eo � cos()sin¢
41rr
-jwµlole-jkr
E<I> � cos¢
47fT
jwµlole-jkr
Ho::::::: cos¢
47rrJT
jwµI0 ze-jkr
H<I> � cos()sin¢
47rrJT
Er '.::: 0, Hr '.::: 0
When a magnetic dipole is placed above a PEC ground plane, the image is in the
same direction as that of the source. Hence, the array factor is 2cos(kh cose).
Using duality and incorporating the array factor, the far-zone radiated fields of the
magnetic dipole are given by,
·
-jw1d ze-Jkr
Eo ::::::: m cos¢ [2cos(kh cos())]
47rrJT
-jwµI ze-jkr
E<t> � m cosesin¢ [2cos(khcose)J
41rw
jwµI ze-1kr
Ho ::::::: m cos()sin¢ [2cos(kh cos())]
41rrJ2 r

Antenna Theory Balanis Sol

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Antenna Theory Balanis Sol

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P1: OTE/SPH P2: OTE

SOLUTIONS MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.

Printed in the United States of America

|𝜋∕3 |𝜋∕3 ΩA ≃ 0.13708 sterads

Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Fourth Edition. Constantine A. Balanis.

2.4. (a) U(𝜃) = cos 𝜃

(b) U(𝜃) = cos2 𝜃

(c) U(𝜃) = cos(2𝜃)

(d) U(𝜃) = cos2 (2𝜃)

(e) U(𝜃) = cos(3𝜃)

(f) U(𝜃) = cos2 (3𝜃)

4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(200 × 10−3 )

4𝜋Umax 4𝜋(200 × 10−3 )

(d) G0 Assuming lossless antenna (Pin = Prad )

(b) ΩA (exact) = (𝜋∕2) = 1.5708 sterads

(c) D0 (exact) = 4𝜋∕(𝜋∕2) = 8 = 9.031 dB

(b) Un = sin3 𝜃, Unmax = 1, 𝜃max = 90◦

(c) Because pattern is omnidirectional:

(d) Because pattern is omnidirectional:

(e) Computer Program Directivity: D0 = 1.693 = 2.2864 dB

2.9. U(𝜃, 𝜙) = cosn (𝜃) 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋∕2, 0 ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 2𝜋

(b) U(𝜃, 𝜙) = cos181.34 (𝜃); Umax = 1, 𝜃 = 0◦

(c) Kraus’ Approximation (2.27):

41, 253 41, 253

(d) Tai & Pereira (2.30b):

72,815 72,815 72,815

HPBW (az.) = 2[90◦ − sin−1 (1∕2)] = 2(90◦ − 30◦ ) = 120◦

In a similar manner, it can be shown that for the following:

HPBW (el.) = 120◦ , HPBW (az.) = 90◦

(c) U = sin 𝜃 sin3 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 6 = 7.78 dB

HPBW (el.) = 120◦ , HPBW (az.) = 74.93◦

(d) U = sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 12𝜋∕8 = 4.71 = 6.73 dB

HPBW (el.) = 90◦ , HPBW (az.) = 120◦

(e) U = sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 6 = 7.78 dB

HPBW (az.) = HPBW (el.) = 90◦

(f) U = sin2 𝜃 sin3 𝜙 ⇒ D0 = 9𝜋∕4 = 7.07 = 8.49 dB

HPBW (el.) = 90◦ , HPBW (az.) = 74.93◦

2.13. U = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙, 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180◦ , 90◦ ≤ 𝜙 ≤ 270◦

D0 (exact) = 5.09296(dim) = 7.0697 dB

(b) Azimuth (Horizontal) Principal Plane (𝜃 = 90◦ ):

U(𝜃 = 90◦ ) = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙|𝜃=90◦ = cos2 𝜙

(c) Elevation (vertical) Principal plane (𝜙 = 180◦ ):

U(𝜙 = 180◦ ) = sin 𝜃 cos2 𝜙|𝜙=180◦ = sin 𝜃

Uh = sin 𝜃|𝜃=𝜃h = 0.5 ⇒ 𝜃h = sin−1 (0.5) = 30◦

D0 (Kraus) = 3.8197 dim = 5.82 dB

72,815 72,815 72,815

D0 (T&P) = 3.236 dim = 5.1 dB

(b) D0 (dipole) = 1.5 = 1.761 dB

(b) Elevation Plane: 𝜃 varies, 𝜙 fixed

(b) HPBW = 120◦ , 2𝜋∕3

while that based on (2-33b) is equal to,

(c) Computer Program: D0 = 1.2732

(b) HPBW = 74.93◦

From (2-33a), D0 = 1.47033; From (2-33b), D0 = 1.502

(b) Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2

(b) Computer Program Directivity:

(b) Computer program Directivity:

(b) Un = C0 sin3 𝜃, Un ||max = C2 at 𝜃 = 90◦ , Un || = 0.5C02 = sin3 𝜃h C02

2.29. (a) Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.

D0 = 14.0707 dimensionless = 11.48 dB

Iteratively we obtain 𝜃1 = 26.3◦ . Therefore

Therefore Θ1d = 2(90 − 30) = 120◦

(d) Using the computer program Directivity of Chapter 2.