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PII: S0040-6031(18)30140-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2019.01.032
Reference: TCA 78216
Please cite this article as: Skotnicki M, Drogon´ A, Calvin JJ, Rosen PF, Woodfield
BF, Pyda M, Heat capacity and enthalpy of indapamide, Thermochimica Acta (2019),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2019.01.032
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Heat capacity and enthalpy of indapamide
Skotnicki M.1*, Drogoń A.2, Calvin J.J.3, Rosen P.F.3, Woodfield B.F.3, Pyda M.2*
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-780 Poznań,
Poland
2
Department of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
3
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
*
Corresponding authors:
Graphical abstract
600
Indapamide
500 h(liquid)
Enthalpy / J *g -1
hDSC (exp-aged)
300 Tm
1,2
hDSC (exp-cr)
J g - * K-1
c (exp)
Heat
p 0,10
PPMS
0,8
*J/Capacit
Hea Capacit / *
cp (fit)
0,08 100 h(crystal)
0,04
y
0,6 0,06
0
y
0,4
g -* K -
0,2
t
0 5 1015
1
0,00
20 Temperature / K
Temperature / K
0,0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature / K
1
Highlights
The heat capacities (cp’s) of indapamide (IND) are reported from 1.84 to 523.15 K
The cp’s of IND were fitted to Debye and Einstein functions (T>54.15 K)
Absolute cp and equilibrium enthalpy of solid and liquid IND phases are presented
Abstract
The heat capacities and total enthalpy of anhydrous indapamide (IND, CAS no.: 26807-65-8) are reported
from temperature 1.84 to 523.15 K measured byMANUSCRIPTaQuantumDesignPhysicalPropertyMeasurement
System® (PPMS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The low-temperature experimental heat
capacities of crystalline IND from 1.84 to 302.65 K were measured by PPMS and fit to a theoretical model in
the low temperature range (T < 7.68 K), orthogonal polynomials in the middle temperature range
(7.68 < T < 54.15 K), and a combination of Debye and Einstein functions in the high temperature range
(T > 54.15 K). The calculated heat capacities were extended to a higher temperature to be used as a reference
line of solid heat capacity, cp(solid). The experimental heat capacity of liquid, cp(liquid) for amorphous
indapamide above the glass transition (Tg(midpoint on cooling) = 369.7 ±0.6 K) was approximated by linear
regression and was expressed as cp(liquid) = (0.954 + 0.0023T) J·K–1·g–1. The solid and liquid heat capacities
of IND were applied as reference lines for advanced thermal analysis of the experimental, apparent heat
capacity data measured by DSC. The change in heat capacity (cp) of 0.45 J·K–1·g–1 at g for fully amorphous
IND and heat of fusion fush = 77.5 ±0.7 J·g–1 at melting temperature (Tm = 439.7 ±0.4 K) of 100% crystalline
anhydrous IND were determined. Knowing equilibrium parameters of phase transitions of
amorphous and crystalline forms of IND and heat capacities of solid and liquid IND, total enthalpies for
bothACCEPTEDphaseswerecalculated.ataforunagedand physically aged at 358.15 K for 32 hours amorphous IND
were presented in the context of absolute heat capacity and integral equilibrium enthalpy of solid and liquid
IND phases.
Keywords
indapamide, crystalline and amorphous state, low-temperature heat capacity, equilibrium parameters of
transition phases, thermodynamic function of enthalpy, calorimetry
2
Introduction
Indapamide (IND, Table 1) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used in the management of
hypertension or heart failure. It is marketed in its crystalline form as a hemihydrate.
APIs may exist in various solid forms and can be classified into two major categories: crystalline
or amorphous [1]. In the crystalline state, the three-dimensional long-range order of the molecular
network is present. Amorphous solids possess no long-range order, however, the short-range order might
exist [2]. The solid state of APIs may have a significant impact on the processability of the drug and the
pharmacological effect of the formulated drug [3-5]. For example, the dissolution rate is usually higher
for amorphous materials in comparison to their crystalline counterparts and is usually linked with
increased bioavailability of the drug [6-9].
The amorphous (glassy) state is a high-energy state, hence amorphous APIs are usually less physically
stable than their crystalline counterparts due to the tendency to reorganize into more ordered form, by process
of devitrification [10]. Therefore, the stability of disordered, metastable state is a major issue hindering its
applicability as pharmaceutical products. For instance, the blockbuster, lipid-regulating drug, atorvastatin, was
initially formulated as an amorphous salt, however, it was observed during the phase
III clinical trials that drug had crystallized and as a result, physicochemical properties had changed
causing the delay in launching drug onto the market [11]. Also, it is known that amorphous materials can
exhibit different physicochemical properties depending on previous thermal history and storage time
(physical ageing, i.e., structural relaxation towards thermodynamic equilibrium) [2, 12-14] which is
indeed an important issue from a pharmaceutical industry point of view [15, 16].
The bioavailability and stability of API can also be a concern in relations to the crystalline solids.
Crystal polymorphism, defined as the ability of a substance to exist as two or more crystalline phases that have
different arrangements and/or conformations of the molecule in the crystal lattice [17], can affect the
bioavailability and stability of the final dosage form [3-5]. For example, Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2010–11
recalled over 60 million tablets of Avalide®, containing two hypotensive APIs (irbesartan and
hydrochlorothiazide) due to the appearance of a less-soluble irbesartan polymorph [5]. Crystalline solid may
incorporate solvent into the crystal lattice of the parent substance (termed: solvates or pseudopolymorphs). If
the solvate is water, what is usually the case for pharmaceuticals, the material is termed a hydrate. The
physicochemical properties of solvates may vary significantly from anhydrous material [1], hence it is essential
to detect and characterize these systems. Thermodynamic factors such as configurational entropy, enthalpy and
Gibbs free energy play an important role in the stability of the amorphous, polymorphic and
pseudopolymorphic systems [18]. The fundamental thermodynamic parameters are a key to understand the
stability and the storage conditions of the solid material. Thus, it is of paramount importance to know basic
thermodynamic functions for API in order to predict its stability in a particular storage condition. Knowing the
heat capacity (Cp) in the wide range of temperature, it is possible to calculate thermodynamic functions such as
enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and Gibbs free energy (G) [19-27]. This method has been used by us and others for
thermodynamic function determination of pharmaceuticals [19-24]. Furthermore, knowing the reference states
Cp(liquid) and Cp(solid), it is possible to apply
3
quantitative advanced thermal analysis to characterize the systems. The reference states Cp’s at the solid
state and liquid state may be applied as the reference lines for the advanced thermal analysis of the
experimental, apparent heat capacity data. The solid Cp at reference states can be estimated based on the
calorimetric measurements of the low-temperature Cp using a Quantum Design Physical Property
Measurement System® (PPMS) and Advanced Thermal Analysis System (ATHAS) [25-27]. These
experimental low-temperature Cp’s at the solid state can be linked to the vibrational molecular motion. At
higher temperatures, above Tg, the liquid Cp can be derived from the molecular large-amplitude motions
(anharmonic and conformational motions) [26-28]. Another option to estimate the reference states Cp at
1.1. Material
Indapamide (IND; M = 365.835 g·mol−1; CAS no.: 26807-65-8; Table 1) was obtained from Polpharma,
Starogard Gdanski, Poland. It was supplied in the form of hemihydrate as a white crystalline powder of
pharmaceutical grade (purity ≥99%). Degradation of investigated material starts around 533 K as measured by
TGA (Figure S1, Supplementary Material). The unhydrated crystalline sample was obtained immediately prior
to experimental measurements in DSC pan in the instrument by heating sample to 424.15 K holding for 3 min,
followed by cooling to the room temperature with rate of 10 K·min−1 In the sample used for PPMS
measurements the water was removed by putting the sample to the oven and holding for 15 min at 424.15 K.
The amorphous form of IND was prepared immediately prior to experimental
4
measurements in DSC pan in the instrument, by heating sample to 463.15 K, holding for 3 min, then
cooled at 10 K·min–1 rate to the room temperature.
Table 1. Specification of chemical sample used.
4-chloro-N-(2-methyl- Polpharma,
2,3-dihydro-1H-indol- Starogard None, used
≥99%
1-yl)-3- Gdanski, as received
sulfamoylbenzamide Poland
1.2. The low-temperature heat capacity measurementsMANUSCRIPTbyPhysicalPropertyMeasurementSystem ® The
low-temperature heat capacity measurements were carried out using a relaxation method of Quantum
Design PPMS in zero magnetic field at constant pressure (p = 1.2 mPa) over the temperature range (1.84 to
302.65) K. Data points were acquired with logarithmic spacing below T = 100 K, and with around 10 K
temperature intervals from T = (100 to 302.65) K. Three data points were taken at each temperature and
averaged to give more accurate results. The sample was dispersed in a copper cup with a small coil of copper
foil to increase thermal conductivity. The pellet was loaded onto the sample platform with a small amount of
Apiezon N grease to provide thermal contact, and the heat capacity was measured. The contribution to the heat
capacity from the copper was subtracted from the total measured heat capacity to yield the heat capacity of the
compound. The estimated standard uncertainties in the temperature T and pressure p are u(T) = 0.004 K and
u(p) = 0.10 mPa. The expanded uncertainties at approximately 95 percent
(exp)PPMS are U( (exp)PPMS) = 0.02∙C(exp)PPMS(T/K < 10) andU( C
DSC curves were obtained using a heat-flux DSC, Discovery Q2500 (TA Instruments – Waters LLC; New
Castle, USA) under a dry nitrogen gas flow of 50 mL·min–1. Sample powders (3–10 mg) were crimped in a
Tzero hermetic aluminium pan with a hole. The crystalline samples were first preheated at 10 K·min–1 rate
from room temperature to 424.15 K and held for 3 minutes to remove water followed by cooling to the room
temperature with the same rate. Then, the pan was weighted again to determine the mass of unhydrated IND.
Next, the sample was heated from 233 to 523.15 K at 10 K·min–1 rate. The amorphous samples were heated
from 233 to 463.15. K and cooled at 10 K·min–1 rate to room temperature. This heating-cooling cycle was
repeated. The amorphous samples for isothermal physical aging experiments were heated first above Tg and Tm
to 463.15 K and held for 3 minutes to eliminate the effect of prior thermal history and then cooled at 10
K·min–1 to the aging temperature (358.15 K) The samples were maintained at the aging temperature for 32
hours, and after aging, samples were cooled at 10 K min–1 to the room
5
temperature and subsequently heated at 10 K·min–1 to 463.15. The equipment was calibrated with indium (m.
p. = 429.80 K, hfus = 28.45 J·g–1), and at least two tests were run on each sample. Two decimals in temperature
values result from the change of °C into K. In order to obtain accurate results of heat capacity, data were
calibrated using the heat capacity of sapphire. Additionally, the DSC experimental data for the crystalline
sample were also calibrated to the Debye-Einstein fit (solid reference line). The phase transitions parameters of
crystal and amorphous IND were evaluated from raw data of heat-flow rates. Melting and enthalpy recovery
events are quoted as an onset temperature. The heat of fusion for crystalline IND was integrated with
sigmoidal baseline type. Glass transition temperatures are quoted as midpoints, i.e. the
Figure 1 shows the standard DSC traces of indapamide with a 10 K·min–1 heating and cooling rate. The 1st
heating curve (A) of, as-received hemihydrate crystalline material heated from 250 to 424.15 K, shows one
endothermic event. The small broad peak with an onset at 320.85 ±2.3 K ( h = 43.2 ±1.2 J·g–1) is related to
fus
the loss of water. Next, the material was cooled down to 233.15 K, and Figure 1 shows a result of the second
heating as curve (B) of the dehydrated material. The DSC curve (B) shows one sharp endothermic
peak. This event is related to melting (Tmonset = 439.7 ±0.4 K and h = 77.5 ±0.7 J·g–1) and confirms that
fus
form-I reported by Ghugare et al. [30] with the melting 459.99 K and a heat of fusion 156.3 J·g –1. Next,
during the cooling run (curve C, Figure 1) to 233.15 K from the molten state, one event is observed, a glass
transition with Tg at 369.7 ±0.6 K. In this run the physical ageing is not present. One event is also observed on
the third heating run (curve D, Figure 1), a glass transition at 375.4 ±0.4 K (determined by midpoint)
overlapped with some enthalpy recovery. A similar value of Tg was obtained from broadband dielectric
spectroscopy (BDS) and DSC by Wojnarowska et al. [29] (TgBDS = 374 K and TgDSC = 377 K), Edueng et al.
(TgDSC = 375.15 K) [32] and slightly higher than that, reported by Serajuddin et al. [31] (TgDSC = 371 K) with
a change of heat capacity as determined from the DSC heat-flow data (Δcp) of 0.48 ±0.01 J·K–1 g–1 indicating
amorphisation of crystalline indapamide after melting and cooling the sample. Our result of the
cp at g for fully amorphous sample determined from the reference states cp’s at the solid state and liquid state
was calculated to be 0.45 J·K–1 g–1. The cp value is in good agreement with that reported by Knapik et al.
(0.49 J·K–1 g–1) [33]. The glass transition is a kinetic transition and depends on cooling rate. Tg is accurately
measured on cooling from the equilibrium state, leading to the mentioned Tg determined by midpoint at 369.7
K, which is correct in this case due to the absence of enthalpy relaxation during cooling. However, in the case
of subsequent isothermal storage below Tg (at 358.15 K) physical aging occurs
6
showing as enthalpy relaxation on the DSC curve as presented later on. On heating of such an aged
amorphous sample, considerable enthalpy recovery takes place, giving arise to a quite strong recovery
peak during heating. In such case the determination of Tg by midpoint, leading to approximately 377 K,
should be rejected and instead the fictive temperature (Tf) or Tg-recovery has to be calculated. The fictive
temperature defines the structure of glass and is measured on heating for the aged amorphous sample. The
fictive temperature is the temperature at which the property of interest, e.g., specific volume or enthalpy,
when extrapolated along the glass line intersects the equilibrium liquid line [28, 39, 40]. Thus, there are
differences between the glass transition recovery temperatures (fictive temperature) for aged (non- and
iso-thermally) and the glass transition of unaged (from cooling) samples. In the present case, fictive
temperature for sample aged at 358.15 K for 32 hour is 358.7 K.
exo up
A
-0.5 water evaporation
-1.0
B melting
/W g-1
-1.5
flo
-2.0
w Heat
-3.0
D glass transition on heating
-3.5
ACCEPTED250300 350 400 450 500
Temperature / K
st
Figure 1. The experimental, raw DSC data of the heat-flow rate versus temperature for indapamide. A – 1 heating run to 424.15
K for hemihydrate crystalline material (carried out in order to evaporate water), B – a heating run for the anhydrous
crystalline material, – a cooling run from the melt, D – a heating run of amorphous material.
Figure 2 presents dependence of the experimental, low-temperature heat capacity on temperature using the
relaxation method of Physical Property Measurements System® and their fit to the equations (1), (2) and
(3) (solid lines). The Debye-Einstein fit was used to describe heat capacities in the range between 54.15
and 302.64 K as recommended by the authors in Ref. [41]. The measurements were performed in the
temperature range from 1.84 to 302.65 K. Additionally, magnified data are presented from T = (1.84 to
20) K in the insert of Figure 2. Also, the results of the experimental low-temperature heat capacity from
PPMS measurements are listed in Table 2. No phase transition in the temperature range from 1.84 to
302.65 K was observed, and the heat capacity was continually increasing (Figure 2).
7
1,2
Indapamide
1,0
PMMS
c (exp)
p
-* 1K* -1
cp PMMS (fit)
g
0,8 0,10
/J
0,08
Capa
/CapacityH
city
0,6
eat
0,06
Hea
0,4
*J
t
0,04
g-
1
K
-*
1
MANUSCRIPT
0,02
0,2
0,00
0 5 10 15 20
Temperature / K
0,0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature / K
Figure 2. The experimental, low-temperature heat capacity of indapamide (dots) versus temperature measured with a Quantum
Design Physical Property Measurements System from 1.84 to 302.65 K. The insert shows data from T = 1.84 to 20 K.
Solid lines represent results from fittings to the equations (1), (2) and (3).
PPMS
Table 2. The experimental heat capacities cp (exp) for indapamide measured by PPMS from = (1.84 to 302.65) K at constant
pressure (p = 1.2 mPa).
where all terms represent lattice contributions to heat capacity. There is no linear term in the fit, which is
unsurprising because indapamide is not be expected to have electronic or magnetic properties.
MANUSCRIPT
The second temperature region was fit using an orthogonal polynomial:
= ∑
(2)
=0,1,2…7
This fit has no physical significance. It is simply used to bridge the gap between the low and high
temperature regions.
The third temperature region was fit with the function:
Θ Θ
ℎ ℎ = · ( )+ · ( )+ · 2
(3)
where (Θ / ) and (Θ / ) are Debye and Einstein functions, respectively, and m, n, Θ , and Θ are adjustable parameters. Because these
functions give constant volume heat capacity, the square term is added to convert to constant pressure heat capacity. The parameters to
these fits are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Parameters for low temperatures T (< 7.68 K), mid (7.68 K < < 54.15 K), and high T (T > 54.15 K) fits of heat
–1 –1 PP S
capacity data (in J∙K ∙mol ) for indapamide, Cp (fit). Coefficients are obtained from a fit of the experimental heat
capacity with equation (1): B3, B5, B7, B9, (2):A 0, A 1, A2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and (3) ΘD, ΘE, A.
M
D
w
C
C
A
E
P
L
T
T
F
d
o
s
s
i
i
t
i
t
Parameter Value
–4 –1 –3
B3 / J∙K ·mol 8.662∙10
–6 –1 –4
B5 / J∙K · mol 1.711∙10
–8 –1
B7 / J∙K · mol –3.909∙10–6
–10 –1 –8
B9 / J∙K · mol 2.201∙10
%RMS 1.81
Range / K 1.84-7.68
–1 –1
A0 / J∙K · mol 1.731
–2 –1
A1 / J∙K · mol –1.173
–3 –1
A2 / J∙K · mol 0.2664
–4 –1
A3 / J∙K · mol –1.044∙10–2
–5 –1 –4
A4 / J∙K · mol 2.076∙10
–6 –1
A5 / J∙K · mol –1.858∙10–6
–7 –1 –9
A6 / J∙K · mol 1.169∙10
–8 –1 –11
A7 / J∙K · mol 5.899∙10
%RMS 0.200
Range / K 7.68-54.15
m / mol
ΘD / K
High T Fits
n / mol 5.927
ΘE / K 187.639
–3 –
A/ J∙K · mol 5.467
574.641
1
%RMS –
1.704∙10 3
0.517
9
Range / K 54.15-302.64
The calculated heat capacity of indapamide in the solid state from 1.84 to 302.65 K expressed by equations
(1), (2) and (3) is next called the solid heat capacity, cp(solid) ≡ cpPPMS(fit). The calculated heat capacity,
cp(solid), was extended to a high temperature up to 500 K using equations (1) and (2) for the range of
temperatures from 0 to 50 K and using Debye and Einstein functions (3) for higher temperature and was
applied as a reference line of solid heat capacity for thermal analysis of experimental crystalline and
amorphous indapamide (in Figure 3 this is described as cp(solid)). The recommended reference lines data
for heat capacities are presented in the Table 4.
with a standard deviation of ±0.5%. The equationMANUSCRIPT(4)wasusedforfurtherthermalanalysis.InFigure3a and b the calculated heat capacities of liquid, cp(liquid) and solid cp(solid) of indapamide are used as a
Figure 3a and b show sets of heat capacities of crystalline, cpDSC(exp-cr) and amorphous, cpDSC(exp-am
on heating) indapamide obtained for data on 2nd (curve B) and 3rd (curve D) heating runs as presented in
Figure 1 together with the low-temperature cpPPMS(exp) for crystalline IND. Also, Figure 3a and b
display the comparison of the experimental data in the solid state below glass transition temperature, Tg
=375.4 K of cpDSC(exp-am on heating) and below the melting transition temperature, Tm = 439.7 K of
cpDSC(exp-cr) with calculated cp(solid).
The measured heat capacities for the liquid state above g for cpDSC(exp-am on heating) of amorphous
sample were fit to a linear function, Eq. (4):
reference lines between 0 and 500 K for thermal analysis of experimental data of cpDSC(exp-am on
heating) and cpDSC(exp-cr). It needs to be noted that unaged amorphous sample (exp-am on heating)
(Figure 3b, green line) presents a small enthalpy recovery peak. This indicates that the material had
undergone some physical ageing process during cooling and heating of the sample [39]. The physical
ageing is not present at all during the cooling run of a liquid sample from the melt (Figure 4, green line).
g 1 K-1
*
4
-
*
a 4
Indapamide b Indapamide
J
/
H
C
e
a
a
p
a
c
y
t
t
i
DSC
cp (exp-cr)
/ J g-1 K-1
3
3
DSC
**
cp (exp-am on heating)
2 2
cp(liquid) cp(liquid)
1 1
cp(solid) cp(solid)
PPM S
c (exp) PPM S
p
cp (exp)
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature / K Temperature / K
10
cp(solid) and liquid, cp(liquid) states. The melting endotherm has been truncated to amplify the appearance of the
other curves.
Figure 4 shows a comparison of experimental, apparent heat capacity of amorphous indapamide as measured
by DSC of the unaged sample on cooling, cpDSC(exp-am on cooling) and aged sample on heating, cpDSC(exp-
aged). The amorphous indapamide was aged at 358.15 K for 32 hours at 0% RH. The apparent heat capacity of
this aged amorphous indapamide displays the overlapping of enthalpy recovery peak with a change of heat
capacity at Tg. The heat capacities in Figure 4 were also presented in the frame of reference states of cp(solid)
and cp(liquid). Below and above Tg, the heat capacities of both cpDSC(exp-am on cooling) and cpDSC(exp-aged)
agree with references lines of cp(solid) and cp(liquid). Also, Figure 4 presents the heat capacity of 100%
crystalline IND, cpDSC(exp-cr) which was already shown in Figure 3a and b.
4
Indapamide
cpDSC(exp-cr)
3
/ J g-1 K-1
cpDSC(exp-aged)
**
cpDSC(exp-am on cooling)
2
cp(liquid)
1
cp(solid)
cpPPM S(exp)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature / K
DSC DSC
Figure 4. Experimental, apparent heat capacity of crystalline, cp (exp-cr) and amorphous, cp (exp-am on cooling)
PPMS
indapamide obtained by DSC and PPMS, cp (exp), respectively, in the frame of calculated heat capacity in the
solid, cp(solid) and liquid, cp(liquid) states. Also, the heat capacity of aged amorphous indapamide is presented (Ta =
DSC
358.15 K for 32 hours, 0% RH; cp (exp-aged)). The melting endotherm has been truncated to amplify the
appearance of the other curves.
Knowing the heat capacities of solid and liquid as well as the transition parameters, the thermodynamic
function enthalpy, h, can be calculated as a function of temperature, Eq.(5):
ℎ = ℎ0 + ∫ p d (5)
11
5 as h(crystal), and its calculation was done by the integration of cp(solid) as a function of temperature based
on Debye-Einstein equation (3). The recommended reference lines data for enthalpy from Figure 5 are
presented in the Table 4. At the equilibrium melting temperature, Tm = 439.7 K, enthalpy, h(crystal) is
increased by the heat of fusion 77.5 J·g–1 to reach the equilibrium enthalpy of liquid (melt), h(liquid). The
enthalpy, h(liquid) is the result of the integration of equation (4) and is a quadratic function of temperature.
The enthalpy of fully crystalline IND, hDSC(exp-cr) is a good match with the enthalpy of h(crystal). Also,
Figure 5 presents the enthalpy of unaged amorphous IND with changing of slope in Tg (on cooling) of 369.7 K.
The enthalpy of aged amorphous IND appears below the line of unaged enthalpy. The difference between
unaged and aged enthalpy value at ageing temperature, Ta = 358.15 K, gives the value of enthalpy recovery
and in this case is around 6 J·g–1 and Tf = 358.7 K. Knowing the enthalpies as a function of temperature, as
presented in Figure 5, quantitative thermal analysis of the chosen material can be performed, and it this case, it
will be used for comperhensive physical ageing studies of amorphous indapamide.
600
Indapamide h (liquid)
500
h
f us
400 hD SC(exp-am on cooling)
* -1
g
/J
300 hD SC (exp-aged)
m = 439.7K
Enthalp
MANUSCRIPT
h (amorphous)
hD SC (exp-cr)
y
200
Tf = 358.7 K
100
h (crystal)
T (on cooling) = 369.7 K
g
0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Temperature / K
12
DSC
h(liquid) states. Also, the enthalpy of aged amorphous indapamide, h (exp-aged), is presented (Ta = 358.15 K for 32
hours at 0% RH).
Table 4. The recommended reference heat capacity (cp), enthalpy (h) and parameters of transition of crystalline (solid)
and amorphous (liquid) indapamide from temperature, T = (0 to 500) K.
The heat capacity of anhydrous indapamide form was measured using the PPMS and DSC from = 1.84 to
523.15 K. The enthalpies for liquid and solid states were calculated based on the experimental heat
capacity values.
DSC in conjunction with PPMS enables to obtain complete thermal characteristic of
pharmaceuticals. The knowledge of detailed thermodynamic parameters of anhydrous IND allows
understanding and predicting their macroscopic physicochemical properties such as stability, physical
ageing behaviour or solubility, facilitating the choice of either amorphous or crystalline API. Furthermore,
data published in this study allows performing advanced thermal analysis using the ATHAS scheme.
Acknowledgements
MS gratefully acknowledge Ms Maria Jacewicz from TA Instruments Waters Sp. z o. o. (Warsaw, Poland)
for the provision of Discovery DSC 2500 instrument used in this study. The low-temperature heat capacity
work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, under
grant number DE-SC0016446.
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H. Levine, Editor. 2002, The Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge. p. 11-30.
14
3. Brittain, H.G., Polymorphism in pharmaceutical solids. 2009, New York: Informa Healthcare.
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