INDEX

* Certificate
* Acknowledgement
* Aim of project
* Introduction
* principles and construction
* Theory
* Working
* Limitations
* Uses
* Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
A cyclotron is a type of particle
accelerator invented by Ernest O.
Lawrence in 1934 in which charged
particles accelerate out outwards from
the centre along a spiral path. The
particles are held to a spiral trajectory by
a static magnetic field and accelerated by
a rapidly varying electric field.
AIM OF PROJECT
To give a brief description about
CYCLOTRON
 PRINCIPLES AND
CONSTRUCTIONS
Principle:
Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged
particle moving normal to a magnetic field
experiences magnetic
Lorentz force due which a particle moves in a circular
Path.

Construction:
As shown in fig, a cyclotron consists of the following
main parts:
1. It consists of two small, hollow, metallic half
cylinders D1 and D2, called Dees as they are in
shape of D.
2. They are mounted inside a vacuum chamber
between the poles of a powerful electromagnet.
3. The Dees are connected to the source of high
frequency alternating voltage of few hundred
kilovolts.
4. The beam of charged particles to be accelerated is
injected into the Dees near their centre, in a plane
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
5. The charged particles are pulled out of the Dees
by a deflecting plate (which is negatively charged)
throw a window W.
6. The whole device is in high vacuum (pressure
~10-6 mm of Hg) so that the air molecules does not
collide with the charged particle.
 Theory
The positive ion p to be accelerated is placed in
between the two dees. If at any instant, d1 is at
negative potential and d2 is at positive potential,
then the ion gets accelerated towards d1
But since its perpendicular to B, it describes a
circular path of radius r and Lorentz force
provides the centripetal force.

Now, Bqv=mv2/r
r=mv/qb
Time taken to describe a semicircle is
𝜋𝑚 𝜋
t=𝜋r/v= = 𝑞 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑏𝑞 𝑏( )
𝑚
if this time is equal to the time during which the
D1 and D2 change their polarity, the ions gets
accelerated when it arrives in between the gaps.
The electric field accelerates the ion further. Once
th ions is inside the dee D2, it now describes
greater semicircle due to the magnetic field. This
pro cess describes a circular path of greater radius
an`d finally acquires a high energy. the ion is
 further removed from the window w. the
maximum energy acquired by the ion source is

mvo2/ro =Bqvo

vo=Bqro/m

K.Emax=1/2mvo2=1/2m(Bqro/m)2

K.Emax=B2q2ro2/2m

The frequency of cyclotrone is given by

Fc=Qb/2𝜋m
 WORKING
When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted
from the source, it is accelerated towards the Dee
having a negative potential at that instant of time.
Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences
magnetic Lorentz force and moves in a circular path
by time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees,
the polarity of the Dees get reversed. Hence the
particle one again accelerated and moves into the
other Dee with a greater velocity along a circle of
greater radius thus the particle moves in a spiral path
of increasing radius and when it comes near the edge,
it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate the
particle with high energy is now allowed to hit target .
LIMITATION
1. Cyclotron cannot accelerate uncharged particle like
neutrons.
2. cyclotron cannot accelerate electrons because of its
small mass.
3. it cannot accelerate positively charged particles
with large mass due to relativistic effect.
4. only when the speed of circulating ion is less then
“c” the speed of light, we find the frequency of
revolution to be independ of its speed.
5. at higher speeds,the mass of ion will increase and
this changes the time period of the ion revolution.
This results in the ion lagging behind the electric
field and it eventually loses by collisions against the
wall of Dees.
6. the cyclotron is suiotable for accelarating heavy
charged particles.
7.it is not suitable for very high kinetic energy.
 Uses
The high energy particles produced in a cyclotron are
used to bombard nuclei and study the resulting
nuclear reactions and hence investigate nuclear
structure.
The high energy particles are used to produce other
high energy particles, such as neutrons are used in
atomic reactions.
It is implant ions into solid and modify their
properties or even synthesis new materials