PTCL INTERNSHIP REPORT

Domains
Optical Domain (OFAN) (3 weeks)
Business Domain (3 weeks)
Submitted By
Abdur Rahman
Telecommunication Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
6 weeks Internship Program

Submitted To
Engr. Sarib Qureshi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I would like to thanks ALMIGHTY ALLAH by the grace & help of which I am
able to complete the Internship. Special Thanks to the wonderful people at PTCL who
provided support, warm encouragement, patience and guidance. I wish to express
deepest gratitude and sincere thanks to my supervisor Sir. Sarib Qureshi for his
encouragement, invaluable guidance, advice and indispensable help without which the
completion of this work would not be possible. Thanks to all the people who took the time
to voluntarily send encouragements & suggestions for this Internship Period. Your input
and help is very much appreciated. Truly thanks to our dear parents for genuine support
& encouragements. This task is dedicated to the covenant of God with man on earth.
 Sr TABLE OF CONTENTS: Page No.
No.
1 • OVERVIEW OF ORGANIZATION 3
2 • REASON OF USING CHINESE EQUIPMENTS 4
RATHER THAN GERMAN EQUIPMENT:

3 • MAIN PARTS OF PTCL 4

▪ TRANSMISSION 5
▪ Power 5
▪ Access 5
4 • OFAN (OPTICAL FIBRE ACCESS 6
NETWORK): 6
o Field 7
o MSAG 7
o MSAN 8
o NMS 9
o Functionality
5 • Next Generation Network (NGN) 18
o Service Management 20
o Network Control 20
o Core Switch 20
o EDGE access 20
7 • Soft Switch 21
8 • SWOT ANALYSIS 23
o Strength 23
o DSL market 23
o Area Access 24
o Latest Equipment 24

9 • CONLUSION OF THE INTERNSHIP 25

 OVERVIEW OF ORGANIZATION

PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED (PTCL)

Established on January 1, 1996

Head Office: - Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited G-
8/4, Islamabad

INTRODUCTION

PTCL is a leading telecommunication authority in Pakistan. The policy provides for the
Federation of telephonic services nationwide and is the country's backbone of
telecommunication infrastructure with the arrival of a dozen other telecommunication
corporations, with Telenor Corps and China Mobile Ltd. The Federation controls and
operates around 2000 telephone exchanges all over the country, providing the fixed line
network. Data and backbone services such as GSM, CDMA, broadband Internet, and IPTV,
wholesale is an increasing part of its business

TECHNICAL & OPERATIONAL NETWORK

Pakistan telecommunication Corporation under the Act 1996, Pakistan

Telecommunication Authority (PTA) issued a license for Pakistan
Telecommunication Company Limited for the provision of telecom services within
Pakistan to the private sector and the general public as the Federal Government may
determine and during the exclusivity period of the Pakistan Telecommunication
Company Limited (PTCL) specified in the above-mentioned Act. PTCL has 25 years
license to provide telecom services in Pakistan with Stake in the Company with about 62%
fairness. PTCL has the largest network and huge infrastructure for its more than
4,405,161users as in (Mar, 2008).

LEADING COMPANIES(TECHNOLOGY) USED BY PTCL:

There are different switching technologies and companies which work with PTCL. PTCL
uses and maintains the equipment and software of these companies. The three mainly
used companies by PTCL are:
 • HUAWEI
• ZTE
• ALCATEL
• ERICCSON
• SIEMENS

These venders have contracted with PTCL. They have their own equipment’s like MSAGs
and equipment used in transmission. With these different switching technologies
PTCL is running its huge network and providing different communication facilities
to its customers.
REASON OF USING CHINESE EQUIPMENTS RATHER THAN GERMAN
EQUIPMENT:

As we know that PTCL has been privatized since 2008. So due to its privatization, a huge
responsibility has been created for the business teams. The following are the arguments due
to which Chinese equipment is being preferred rather than German equipment.

CHINESE EQUIPMENT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

• The biggest advantage of Chinese equipment is that it is cheap.

• Besides being cheap, china offers a deal to buy their equipment, use it and after
getting a reasonable revenue one can pay for the equipment. This deal attracts
companies to buy their equipment.
• As Chinese equipment is not long lasting, but nowadays it is not a big issue as the
technology is being updated after days and months so this equipment is reliable for
the time span for which it is used.

GERMAN EQUIPMENT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

• The biggest advantage of German equipment is that it is reliable and long lasting.
• Besides being long lasting, Germany also offers up to date equipment.
• But the biggest disadvantage of German equipment being faced nowadays by
companies is that it is profit less. It is much more expensive and the
 revenue if less so that is the major reason that why the German equipment is being
avoided nowadays.

MAIN PARTS OF PTCL

TRANSMISSION PART:
Transmission is the first and the basic part in PTCL. We know that
there is an exchange which is the main internet exchange through which internet is
supplied to the country called the PAKISTAN INTERNET EXCHANGE (PIE). Each and
every exchange here in Pakistan contains PCMs (PULSE CODE MODULATION
SYSTEMS). These systems and deployed by vendors and the whole transmission process
takes place in them.

POWER PART:
Power part is the most important and essential part in PTCL. If there will be
no power, then the system and everything installed would be of no use. There are three
parts in which power is distributed:

• AC MAIN SUPPLY:

This is the supply which is coming from WAPDA. This supply is mainly of
220 volts. This is first step downed and then rectified to the required amount
of voltage on which the system runs (mainly on 48V).

• DC SUPPLY:

DC supply is mainly provided through batteries. Normally in the case of

PTCL, dry batteries are used. This is because dry batteries normally last
 for 5 to 6 years which is perfect. They do not require any type of regular
treatment. Once they are deployed, they start working till their time period
(lifetime) after which they are replaced. These DC batteries are normally
connected with each other in combinations. There are banks in which they are
deployed. Each bank has approx. 24 batteries and each battery provides 2V,
so at the end 48V is achieved by these batteries to run the system.

• MOBILE GENERATOR:

Mobile generator is also being used as a backup. As we know that the DC

batteries can only support the system for 2 to 3 hours. In Pakistan, we know that
there is a lot of crisis regarding electricity. This mobile generator is available in
every exchange. If somewhere, the batteries are not that much supportive or
the amount of time of AC supply shortage has increased, then this generator
is deployed there. This generator normally provides 220 V AC and works on 50
to 60 Hz of frequency.

OFAN (OPTICAL
FIBRE ACCESS NETWORK)

NMS PART:

NMS stands for network monitoring system. This part of the access deals
with the REGIONAL OPERATION CENTRE (ROC). Basically, this part deals with the
monitoring done on software’s of different companies.

FIELD PART:
 Field part is normally the part of access which deals with outdoor
MSAGs. It will be discussed in detail further.

BASICS OF OFAN

Before discussing in detail the monitoring systems and field equipment, we should
know first the basics of OFAN.

The basic terminologies used in OFAN are as follows:

MSAG (Multiple Services Access Gateway):

MSAG is also known as MSAN (Multi-Service Access Node) in ZTE. It is the latest
technology used nowadays. It is much more intelligent and easy to handle than the previous
technology. It is a device typically installed in a telephone exchange or distribution
cabinet, which connects customer telephone lines to the core network. Typically,
MSAG consists of batteries with rectifiers, optical transmission and copper
distribution frame.
Difference between MSAG and MSAN:
• MSAG is normally located at the roadside while MSAN is located in plazas and
buildings.
• The number of subscribers in MSAN are from about 3000 to 5000 while the number
of subscribers used and entertained by an MSAG are normally up to 1000.

NMS (NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)

The integrated network management system provides centralized, unified network

management for all ZTE, Huawei and Alcatel includes MSAG and ONUs, where we
monitoring the network systems of these PTCL vendors.

Functionality:
• Topology and view management
• Fault management
• Problem management
• Configuration Management
• Report management
• Software Version management
• Ring management
• Phone management
• Optical fiber advantages

Topology and view management

The first and foremost thing that we come across after
viewing the NMS system is the topology and view management. This is basically the
view, the topology map which is there to understand that which MSAG is connected in
which ring.

1. ZTE Topology View:

2. ZTE View Management:
The view management in ZTE is a sort of search bar in which we can view
any sort of MSAG.

3. HUAWEI VIEW MANAGEMENT:

 • FAULT MANAGEMENT

Mainly, fault management consists of alarms by which fault can be tested and trouble
shooted.

1. Alarms:

There are 3 types of Alarms in any system:

1- Critical alarms
 2- Major alarms

3- Minor alarms

4- Warning alarm

Mostly we check the Critical Alarms I.e. Power Alarms, most commonly AC Main
Failure as shown in the Fig. b. AC Main Failure means the light is off.

1.1- CRITICAL ALARMS

There are different types of critical alarms. Critical alarms are called critical
because they can cause damage and can stop the or become a barrier between the
services accessed by the user from PTCL. Some of the critical alarms are explained
as follows:

• AC Mains Failure:

It is the most critical alarms and is being monitored each second at the NMS.
This type of alarms can cause severe issues in PTCL services. This alarm relates to the
power (AC OR DC) which is being feeded to the MSAG to run. If the main power
fails and the DC batteries are not capable to provide power for sufficient time
to the MSAG, then the MSAG goes down and TT (trouble ticket) is being
generated and all the access services are stopped. This failure if not monitored can
cause profit loss and even it can decrease the users of PTCL.
• Uplink port down:

This alarm is caused when MSAG of an area stops working. This alarm also
deals normally with the power of the MSAG because MSAG can only stop
providing services when it power card fails or power coming from WAPDA
or DC battery power are not provided.

• Fiber Cut:

In each ring in which different MSAGs are connected, each MSAG

relates to one another or to the OLT via a fiber. This fiber provides connectivity
and services to different MSAGs. If fiber between two MSAGs breaks, then there
is a chance of MSAG to go down. This fiber cut issue is resolved as early as
possible so that the services can be brought to normal.

• Card failure issue:

An MSAG uses different cards which are installed in its racks and slots used to
provide different services to the user such as landline, DSL, IPTV etc. Shown below
are different cards installed in an MSAG;
 If a card installed in an MSAG fails, then all the services provided by that
card fail and the users cannot avail those services. If this type of failure occurs, then
the card is being refreshed, replaced, rebooted or changed.

• Battery Low Voltage (47 V):

An MSAG normally operates on 47 V DC and 220 V AC supply.

Normally this battery low voltage alarm occurs when the MSAG is operated on DC
voltage. If this voltage decreases, then this alarm is generated. This alarm is quite
serious and critical because this can cause the MSAG to go down and all the access
services are gone. So, when this alarm is generated, the team of the nearest
exchange is urgently deployed so that the AC generator can be deployed.

• Heat/Smoke/Water Alarm:

The location where the MSAG is deployed, sensors of smoke, heat, water etc. are
deployed so that in case the MSAG heats up or water comes in the MSAG during
rain, it can be detected by this sort of alarm that is being displayed on the NMS
by the help of the sensors.

1.2- MAJOR ALARMS:

Major alarms are the alarms which are generally overlooked in the
NMS due to the overloaded critical alarms. The major alarms generally are called
major because they do not cause any critical sort of damage. These major alarms are
generally solved after a passage of time when they start causing serious issues in the
MSAG or the monitoring systems which can affect the user.

1.3-MINOR ALARMS:

Minor alarms are those types of alarms that are generated when a small
less serious problem occurs. These sorts of problems are usually unacknowledged
and therefore are termed as minor by the monitoring system.
These minor alarms are usually solved automatically by just refreshing the MSAG cards or by
resetting them.

1.4-WARNING ALARMS:

Warning alarms are the least acknowledged alarms or we can say that
unacknowledged alarms. These alarms are generated when less than minor issue
takes place.

• PROBLEM MANAGEMENT:

Problem management is one of the most important thing in every

company. Management qualities are one of those qualities which every
technical person must have to reach an executive post.

1. Problem management in NMS:

In NMS, as there are a lot of problems which are to be taken care off
especially in the day time, so they have different ways to deal with problems per the
nature of those problems.

2. Acknowledged problems:

Acknowledged problems are those problems which are to be dealt as soon as

possible. These problems include the following factors:

2.1-TROUBLE TICKETING:
 Trouble tickets usually called as TT s are generated when an MSAG goes
down due to power issue, fiber cut issue or due to any other issue. This TT is being
generated via google to all the terminals at the NMS.

These TTs are resolved on the very priority because till the time the MSAG remains down,
the users connected to that MSAG cannot access any PTCL service that can cause a severe
loss at the business end.

Normally, all the critical problems described above are acknowledged because the most
important target of NMS is to provide access to PTCL services to every user and for this
these critical problems must be solved.

SOFTWARE VERSION MANAGEMENT

Each vendor has his own management or monitoring software. The software of a single
company can monitor the equipment (MSAG) of its own. No vendor has the authority to
configure or monitor the MSAG of another vendor.

Different vendors have different type of monitoring software per the compatibility and
usage of their respective equipment.

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENT VENDORS:

 a. ZTE Net Numen U31 and N31 Unified Management System
b. ALCATEL AMS (ACCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM)
c. Huawei I Manager U200 Unified Management System

1) ZTE NET NUMEN U 31 AND N 31 UNIFIED MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:

ZTE management system basically comprises of two management systems

views:

1. Topology management:

As the word topology suggests that this view is basically as we can see a topology view. As
we know that maximum in PTCL and in other such companies, ring topology is used
to interconnect MSAGs with each other and with the OLTs. The figure shown is
basically a topology view of a area. Its shows ring in which these MSAGs are connected.
The ring indication in this figure is shown by an arrow.
 2. Fault management:

In fault management system, the faults(alarms) are shown that indicate that a serious
problem has occurred that is then being resolved by the team.

3. REAL TIME DATA OF MSAGs:

The real-time data of the MSAG is opened in two steps:

i. The first and foremost step is that we will open the EPM of the MSAG that is to be
checked.

ii. Then after that, the chassis view will help us open the real-time data.

The Real-time data of MSAG in which I have monitored the temperature,

Alternating Voltages, DC output, etc. If the power is off, then AC output will be zero
and the system operate on the DC.
 NEXT GENERATION NETWORK (NGN)
➢ What is NGN: The Next-Generation Network seamlessly blends the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) and the public switched data network
(PSDN), creating a single multiservice network.

Next Generation Networking (NGN) is a broad term to describe some key

architectural evolutions in telecommunication core and access networks.

The general idea behind NGN is that one network transports all information and services
(voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) by encapsulating these into packets, like it
is on the Internet. NGNs are commonly built around the Internet Protocol, and therefore the
term "all-IP" is also sometimes used to describe the transformation towards NGN.

NGN is a kind of Brand-new network integrating voice, data, fax, and video services. It is an
open and integrated network architecture.

❖ Next Generation Network (NGN) is a service-oriented network.

❖ Through the separation of service and call control, as well as call control and bearer,
the service-independent architecture is implemented, which makes services
independent of network.
❖ Independent network control layer
❖ NGN is a kind of open and integrated network architecture.
❖ NGN is a kind of brand-new network integrating voice, data, fax, and video
services.
❖ NGN is based on standard protocols and packet switching network.

➢ Description:

A Next Generation Network (NGN) is a packet-based network able to provide services

including Telecommunication Services and able to make use of multiple broadband,
QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are
independent from underlying transport-related technologies. It offers
unrestricted access by users to different service providers. It supports generalized mobility
which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.

From a practical perspective, NGN involves three main architectural changes that need to be
looked at separately:

• In the core network, NGN implies a consolidation of several (dedicated or

overlay) transport networks each historically built for a different service into one
core transport network (often based on IP and Ethernet). It implies amongst
others the migration of voice from a circuit-switched architecture (PSTN) to
VoIP, and also migration of legacy services such as X.25, Frame Relay (either
commercial migration of the customer to a new service like IP VPN, or technical
emigration by emulation of the "legacy service" on the NGN).

• In the wired access network, NGN implies the migration from the "dual" legacy
voice next to x DSL setup in the local exchanges to a converged setup in which the
DSLAMs integrate voice ports or VoIP, allowing to remove the voice switching
infrastructure from the exchange.

• In cable access network, NGN convergence implies migration of constant bit rate
voice to Cable Labs Packet Cable standards that provide VoIP and SIP services.
Both services ride over DOCSIS as the cable data layer standard.

• In an NGN, there is a more defined separation between the transport

(connectivity) portion of the network and the services that run on top of that
transport. This means that whenever a provider wants to enable a new service,
they can do so by defining it directly at the service layer without considering the
transport layer - i.e. services are independent of transport details. Increasingly
applications, including voice, will tend to be independent of the access network
(de-layering of network and applications) and will reside more on end-user devices
(phone, PC, Set-top box).

CHARACTERISTICS OF NGN
1. Open and distributed network architecture
2. NGN adopts the hierarchical architecture, which is divided into media
access layer, transport layer, control layer and service/application layer.
3. Independent network control layer
4. Internetworking and gateways
5. NGN is based on standard protocols and packet switching network.

ARCHITECTURE

V OIP N EXT-GENERATION N ETWORK A RCHITECTURE

Service Management

Network Control

Core Switch
Edge Access

• Huawei NGN consists of

1. S. S Soft Switch
2. MRS Media Resources Server
3. SG Signaling Gateway
4. MG Media Gateway
5. UMG Universal Media Gateway
6. IAD Integrated Access Device
7. TMG Trunk Media Gateway
8. AMG Access Media Gateway
 Soft switch

S.S(SoftX3000)

• Introduction:

SoftX3000 is applicable to the network control layer of NGN and implements call control
and connection management of voice, data and multimedia services based on the IP
network.

SoftX3000
 Process capacity: 16Million BHCA, 2 million subscribers/360000 trunks

➢ Specifications and Summery:

• Rack specifications: 600*800*2200mm (W*D*H).

• Process capacity: 16Million BHCA, 2Million subscribers/360000 trunks.
• Carrier class reliability design: 1+1 redundancy for major components, online
software patching, hot swappable and Availability: 99.99983%.
• Protocol supported: H.248/MGCP, SIP/SIP-T, H.323,
• BICC, M2UA, M3UA, IUA, V5UA, RADIUS, SS7,
• R2, PRA and INAP.
• Built-in SG and MRS (Media resource server).
• Built-in SSP with CS2 capability.
• Class 4 application with gateway functions such as authentication, charging,
black/white list and equal access.
• Class 5 applications with PSTN, IN and value-added services.
• IP Centrex and multi-media services.
• Multi-area code.
• 3rd party API support based on SIP and PARLAY.
• Dual homing.
• Carrier-class reliability design
• Supports abundant protocols for example H.248/MGCP, SIP/SIP-T, H.323, etc.
• Built-in SSP
• Single platform with various applications: Class 4/Class 5/IP Centrex, etc.
• Multi-area code
• Dual homing
 SWOT ANALYSIS

• STRENGTH:
There are many strengths that I myself noted in PTCL. Some of them are
described as follows.
1. DSL MARKET:
PTCL is still the most used by the users nowadays. As PTCL is
The oldest company here in PTCL so it has its internet users in millions. Despite of some
major weaknesses, I believe that not just in Pakistan, in the whole world no other company
can beat the national company of any country.

2. AREA ACCESS:
PTCL is the widest used telecommunication company in Pakistan. Area
access means that PTCL has access to users more than any other country. This is a
strength of PTCL in case of access than many others in Pakistan.

3. LATEST EQUIPMENT:
One of the most major strengths of PTCL is that it used and monitors the latest
equipment available in Pakistan. The vendors hired in PTCL have the latest
equipment that improves call and internet quality so that the user can feel comfortable by
accessing PTCL services.
• WEAKNESSES OF PTCL:
There are quite major weaknesses that PTCL is suffering from. They are
discussed as follows.
1. STAFF MANAGEMENT:
Staff management is the most critical weakness that PTCL is suffering from.
This reason has caused suffering to many users and many customers leave PTCL services
only due to this reason. This reason can be solved by the taking the following
measures.
• REFRESHER COURSES:

Refresher courses can provide a solution to this problem. These refresher courses can bring
awareness in the staff especially in the staff of lower level.

• IMPROVEMENT OF WAGES AND PROMOTIONS:

An employee related to any company works as per his pay. If he has a good wage, then he
would be happy and will devote 100 percent of his attention to his work and will carefully
perform his duties. But in case of PTCL, the wages are lower than the employees deserve.
So, that is why these staff problems occur.

2. LESS FACILITIES PROVIDED BY THE COMPANY:

Less facilities, equipment and cars for transport are provided by the company. Some times
as we know that electricity crisis is going on, so company must provide more than one or
two generators to overcome power losses. This weakness can cause loss of customers
only due to this issue.
OPPORTUNITIES:
There are many opportunities that are to be focused to improve the
infrastructure as well as the services of PTCL provided to the user.
1. IMPROVEMENT IN DSL:

As PTCL is the most widely used service in Pakistan, so they can expand there DSL as they
wish. They can target more customers especially in porch areas which have been
captured by other companies.
 2. IMPROVEMENT IN COMMUNICATION AND FACILITATION:

Many problems in PTCL can be solved and the customer rate can be increased by good
communication and facilitation to the customers. Like most of the PTCL users even do
not have information about the helpline. By good communication and facilitation, this
problem can be solved.

3. CONVERSION OF ONUs TO MSAGs:

Old technology is also hurting PTCL a lot. This old technology that is generally ONU must
be replaced with the new technology that is MSAG to provide better services to the user so
that the number of complaints can be reduced at an effective rate.

4. MORE FACILITY OF FTTH:

Naya tel company has captured a huge amount of market by just providing FTTH (fiber to
the home), and by the usage of MSAGs in all areas and also by improvement of
facilities. According to my observation, the porch market by which company of any
sort generates that most revenue can be targeted by providing good immediate facilities
and by the usage of more and more MSAGs and by the usage of FTTH to give better speed.
NAYATEL has turned into a large company by just focusing on these factors that PTCL
which is the biggest telecom providing company is lacking.

• THREATS:

OPENING OF SMALL COMPANIES:

Nowadays many small internet provider companies have been opened. The focus of these
companies is to hit porch areas so that they can capture the market as fast as possible. The
main focuses that are threatening PTCL and are highly focused by these companies like
NAYATEL, NOWATEL are:
✓ Immediate facilities
✓ Immediate response to complaints
✓ FTTH(fiber to the home) for fast internet
✓ Usage of MSAGs for users to access all facilities comfortably
 CONLUSION OF THE INTERNSHIP

My focus while joining PTCL was:

✓ I: INFORMATION ABOUT PTCL:

The first focus while entering this PTCL environment was to get information about the
company. The focus was to know that which type of people, systems and
administration will I come across soon for which I am preparing.

✓ N: NEW PRACTICAL ENVIRONMENT:

New practical environment is the most important thing for which an engineer is
preparing. New practical environment is the best area where an engineer gets exposure.
They can improve their technical skills as well.
✓ T: TRAINING ABOUT TELECOMMUNICATION:
As PTCL itself is a telecommunication company. It involves power and electronics too but
as its main services are of telecommunication, so one gets good knowledge about it.
✓ E: EXPERIENCE OF ENGINEERING:
Engineering experience is one of the most important thing an engineer should have.
This experience gives great exposure and awareness to an engineer especially an internee
which can give him help soon.
✓ R: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING/ RESOURCE UTILIZATION:

Resource utilization is the most important factor an engineer should look after
especially in our country. This can benefit a lot to an engineer especially while finding
a job after engineering and in other matters of life.

✓ N: NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
Network architecture should be kept in mind while doing internship in a company like
PTCL. This architecture helps in analyzing the practical environment.
✓ S: SKILL DEVELOPMENT OF YOURSELF:
Skill developing is itself a skill that can give an engineer the peak of his field. An
engineer, new or experienced should continue his skill development throughout.
 ✓ H: HELPFUL IN YOUR LIFE:
Nothing is a waste in life if we do not make it a waste. An engineer should learn from all
his experiences, technical or non-technical. They will benefit in life.
✓ I: INTER PERSONNEL COMMUNICATION SKILL DEVELOPMENT:
Interpersonal development usually referred as communication skill is the most
important skill and engineer should have. This skill can help an engineer reach peaks.
One should focus on these skills so that he can progress more and more.
✓ P: PERSONAL ATTITUDE BUILDING:
Personal attitude building means to develop attitude per the filed. For instance, if a person
wants to do a job in future, then in the era of internship one should learn how to make an
attitude related to job. How should one behave with seniors, juniors, rude people if
anyone comes across in any phase of his life.

===========================THE END===============================