THEORY ON TRANSMITTER
MUDIT AGARWAL
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
SHAH AND ANCHOR KUTCHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MUMBAI,INDIA.
mudit.agarwal@sakec.ac.in
Abstract – The three important blocks
from the electrical communication point of
view include a transmitter, receiver, and
channel. The Transmitter block collects the
incoming message and modifies the
suitable fashion so that it can be transmitted
via the chosen channel to the receiver. The
receiver block will essentially do the
reverse operation of a transmitter to recover
the message from the received weak signal.
The channel is the physical medium that
connects the transmitter and the receiver
blocks. In the case of radio communication,
message transmission and reception take
place in the radio frequency (RF) range.
The radio transmitter is an electronic
system that accepts the incoming message
and converts it into a modulated signal in
the RF range by the modulation process.
The required power levels are also added to
the modulated signal so that it can travel for
a longer distance. After adding enough
power, the modulated signal is transmitted
through the communication channel
towards the receiver.
I. Introduction
The incoming message signal may be in
non-electrical form, for instance, a speech
signal which is nothing but acoustic
pressure variation. The message signal is
converted into electrical form using a
suitable transducer. The electrical version is
the one on which the radio transmitter
operates further. The first objective is to
eliminate the fundamental limitation of the
message signal, that is, the inability to
travel for a long distance because of its low-
frequency nature. This is achieved with the
help of a suitable analog modulation
technique. For performing modulation, a
high-frequency carrier is needed. Thus, an
oscillator to generate a high-frequency
carrier and a modulator circuit to perform
modulation are the two blocks in the radio
transmitter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RADIO
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
At the next level, the required power levels
are added using power amplifiers, which is
in the third block. There may be multiple
stages of power amplifiers. The fourth
block is the antenna that radiates the signal
into the atmosphere.
II. AM Transmitters
There are two types of devices in which it
may be necessary to generate amplitude
modulation. The first of these, the AM
transmitter, generates such high powers that
its prime requirement is efficiency, so quite
complex means of the AM generation may
be used. The other device is the laboratory
AM generator. Here, AM is produced at
such a low power level that simplicity is a
more important requirement than
efficiency.
In an AM transmitter, amplitude
modulation can be generated at any point
after the radio frequency source. Even a
crystal oscillator could be amplitude
modulated, except that this would be an
unnecessary interference with its frequency
stability. If the output stage in a transmitter
is collector modulated in a low power
transmitter, the system is called high-level
modulation. If modulation is applied at any
other point, including some other electrode
of the output amplifier, then so-called low-
level modulation is produced.
III. SSB Transmitters
It has been observed that in FM, the noise
has a greater effect on the higher
modulating frequencies. This effect can be
reduced by increasing the value of the
modulation index(mf) for higher
modulating frequencies(FM). This can be
done by increasing the deviation and can be
increased by increasing the amplitude of the
modulating signal for the modulating
signals of higher frequencies. Thus if we
“boost” the amplitude of higher frequency
modulating signals artificially then it will
be possible to improve the noise immunity
at higher modulating frequencies. The
artificial boosting of higher modulating
frequencies is cas as pre-emphasis.
As FM increases, the reactance of C
decreases and modulating voltage applied
to the FM module goes on increasing.
The signal now leaves the drive unit and
enters the main transmitter. Its frequency is
raised yet again, through mixing with the
output of another crystal oscillator, or a
frequency synthesizer. This is done because
the frequency range for such transmission
lines in the HF band is, from 3 to 30 Mhz.
The resulting RF ISB signal is then
amplified by linear amplifiers, as might be
expected until it reaches the ultimate level,
at which point it is fed to a directional
antenna for transmission. The typical power
level at this point is generally between a 10-
and 60-KW peak.
REFERENCES
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Space Optical Communication: A
Communication Theory Perspective, IEEE
Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 16
(2014) 2231-2258.
DOI:10.1109/comst.2014.2329501.
3) M. Wen, X. Cheng, and L. Yang, Index
Modulation or 5G Wireless
Communications (Wireless Networks),
Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2017.
4) M.Schwartz, Information Transmission,
Modulation, and Noise,4th edition