17/07/2019

Types of Processes: Endothermic Process

• heat has to be supplied to the system by the

surroundings
• Example: Decomposition

T(system) goes up
T (surr) goes down

1
 17/07/2019

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

2
 17/07/2019

For each of the following, define a system and its

surroundings and give the direction of energy
transfer.

a) Methane is burning in a Bunsen burner in a laboratory.

b) Water drops, sitting on your skin after swimming,
evaporate.

3
 17/07/2019

Exothermic or Endothermic?

Classify each process as exothermic or endothermic.

Also determine the heat flow in each of the situation.
a) Your hand gets cold when you touch ice.
b) The ice gets warmer when you touch it.
c) Water boils in a kettle being heated on a stove.
d) Water vapor condenses on a cold pipe.
e) Ice cream melts.

• Classify each of the following as an open system, a closed system,

or an isolated system.
(a) Milk kept in a closed thermo flask.
(b) A student reading in her dorm room.
(c) Air inside a tennis ball.

4
 17/07/2019

INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS
The scientific study of the interconversion of heat and other kinds of energy

STATE OF A SYSTEM

• The state of a system: its exact condition at a fixed

instant.
• State is determined by the kinds and amounts of matter
present, the structure of this matter at the molecular
level, and the prevailing pressure and temperature.
• defined by the values of all relevant macroscopic
properties, for example, composition, energy,
temperature, pressure, and volume.

5
 17/07/2019

STATE FUNCTIONS

• properties that are determined by the state of the

system, regardless of how that condition was achieved.
• example
• Energy,
• pressure,
• volume, and
• Temperature

When the state of a system changes, the

magnitude of change in any state function depends
only on the initial and final states of the system
and not on how the change is accomplished.

DE = Efinal – Einitial
DEreaction = Eproducts – Ereactants

6
17/07/2019

7
 17/07/2019

CALORIMETRY

CALORIMETRY

• the measurement of heat changes

• Calorie
• The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water to 1° C

1 cal = 4.184 J 1kcal = 4.184 kJ

8

Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
• The specific heat ( s ) of a
substance is the amount of
heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of
the substance by one degree
Celsius.
• It has the units J/g ● °C.
• an intensive property
Specific Heat and Heat Capacity
• where m is the mass of the substance in grams
17/07/2019
• The heat capacity ( C ) of a
substance is the amount of
heat required to raise the
temperature of a given
quantity of the substance by
one degree Celsius.
• Its units are J/°C.
• extensive property
9
 17/07/2019

HEAT CHANGE

• the amount of heat ( q ) that has been absorbed or released in a

particular process

• where ∆t is the temperature change

HEAT CHANGE

• A 466-g sample of water is heated from 8.50°C to

74.60°C. Calculate the amount of heat absorbed
(in kilojoules) by the water.

10
 17/07/2019

HEAT CHANGE

• An iron bar of mass 869 g cools from 94°C to

5°C. Calculate the heat released (in
kilojoules) by the metal.

HEAT CHANGE

• Compare the amount of heat given off by 1.40 mol of liquid water
when it cools from 100 °C to 30 °C to that heat given off when 1.40 mol
of steam cools from 200 °C to 110 °C.

11
 17/07/2019

Calorimeter

• Devices used to measure heat changes that accompany chemical

reactions
• Contains water and/or other materials of known heat capacity
• Walls are insulated so that there is no exchange of heat with the
surrounding air
• Heat flow for reaction system is equal in magnitude but opposite in
sign to that of the calorimeter

Constant-volume Bomb Calorimeter

• “Constant volume” refers to

the volume of the container,
which does not change during
the reaction. Note that the
container remains intact after
the measurement. The term
“bomb calorimeter” connotes
the explosive nature of the
reaction (on a small scale) in
the presence of excess oxygen
gas.

12
 17/07/2019

Constant - Pressure Calorimeter

• used to determine the heat

changes for noncombustion
reactions

• Calcium Chloride, CaCl2 is added to camred

vegetables to maintain the vegetables’ firmness,
when added to water, it dissolves.
CaCl2 (s) → Ca2+ (aq) + 2Cl– (aq)
A calorimeter contains 50g of water at 25 °C. When 1g
of CaCl2 is added to the calorimeter, the temperature
rises to 28.51 °C. Assuming that all heat given off by
the reaction is transferred to the water,
a. Calculate the heat q for the reaction system
b. How much CaCl2 must be added to raise the
temperature of the solution to 9 °C?

13
 17/07/2019

Thermochemical Equation

• Chemical equation that includes the amount of energy in the form

of heat, that is transferred in the reaction

• Endothermic: A + B + Heat → C
• Exothermic: A + B → C + Heat

14
 17/07/2019

Thermochemical Equations

a) Calculate the amount of heat produced from the combustion of

10g of C2H6 which burns in oxygen according to the equation:
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g)  4CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + 3135 kJ
a) What id the heat flow?
b) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?
c) Calculate Q for the reaction:
C2H6(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

ENTHALPY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

15