PHYSICS

FORM 4

CHAPTER 4: HEAT
 4.1Relationship between Temperature and
Heat
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE HEAT

The degree of hotness Definition A form of energy

Base Quantity Physical Quantity Derived Quantity

Kelvin/ degree celcius Unit Joule/ calorie

Thermometer Measurement No specific measuring

equipment
4.2 Thermal Equilibrium
• A condition where two objects in
thermal contact reach the same
temperature and no net heat
transfers between them.

• Two bodies are said to be in thermal

equilibrium when
a) They are at the same temperature
b) The net rate of heat flow between
the two bodies is zero or there is
no net heat flow between them.
 Thermal Equilibrium
• Temp P > Temp Q
• Heat energy is
transferred from P to Q
• Net heat transfer ǂ0

• Temp P = Temp Q
• Net heat transfer
=0
 APPLICATION OF THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
MICROWAVE OVEN REFRIGERATOR THERMOMETER
a) Oven can maintains it a) Fruit kept in refrigerator a) Used by doctor to
temperature using to maintain freshness measured body
thermostat temperature of patient
b) When raw food is put in b) Can be achieved b) Thermometer is placed
the oven, heat from the because the heat produce below the tongue of a
oven is transferred to it. from the fruit is release to patient.
the cold air in the fridge
c) This process will c) This process continue So that the thermometer is
continue until thermal until thermal equilibrium is in contact with the mouth
equilibrium is reached reached between the fruit and tongue of patient for a
between food and the and the fridge. minute to achieved
oven thermal equilibrium.
d) T food = T oven d) T fruit = T fridge Heat will flow from
Hence, fruit maintain in patient’s tongue to the
good condition. bulb of the thermometer.
 4.3 CHANGE IN THE PHYSICALS PROPERTIES OF
SOME MATERIAL WITH TEMPERATURE

• This properties called thermometric

properties
• Thermometric properties are suitable for
construction of thermometers
Eg: a) Expansion of a liquid
b) Δ in Volume of a gas
c) Δ in Pressure of a gas
d) Δ in the Resistance of a conductors
e) Δ in the Electromotive Force
CALIBRATION OF A THERMOMETER
Problem:
A thermometer without scale

Inference:
A thermometer can be calibrated by
determining the melting of ice and boiling
point of water under atmospheric pressure
MELTING POINT OF ICE
Melting point
of ice = lo
BOILING POINT OF WATER STEAM
Boiling point of
Water = l100
MEASURING ROOM TEMPERATURE
1. GRAPHICAL METHOD

2. FORMULAE
l x  lo
Tx   100o C
l100  lo
 TYPES OF THERMOMETER AND THEIR
STRUCTURE
A. Liquid in Glass thermometer
B. Thermocouple thermometer
C. Resistance thermometer
 Liquid in Glass Thermometer
• Concept: Δ in Volume of a fixed mass of
liquid (increase/decrease in volume of
liquid when Temp Δ)
• Liquid type: mercury / alcohol
• Eg: laboratory thermometer, clinical
thermometer
Thermocouple Thermometer
Resistance Thermometer
 CHECKPOINT
A student dips an un-calibrated alcohol-in-
glass thermometer in melting ice, then in the
steam of boiling water, and lastly in sea water.
Each time, the student marks the height of
alcohol column reached as shown in diagram.
What is the temperature of seawater in °C?
Solution:
l x  lo 45  10
Tx  100 C 
o
100 C  35 C
o o

l100  lo 110  10
 Specific Heat Capacity
• Heat capacity = mass x specific capacity
• Specific heat capacity of a substance is the
amount of heat that must be supplied to
increase the temperature by 1°C for a mass of
1 kg of the substance
• Specific heat capacity, c = J kg-1°C-1
• Heat energy Q = mcΔθ
 Example
Calculate the amount of heat capacity needed to
raise the temperature of 5kg of aluminum from
20°C to 100°C.
Given that caluminium = 900 J kg-1°C-1
solution:
Q = mcΔθ
= 5 x 900 x (100 -20)
= 360 000 J
= 360 kJ
 Example
A spherical ball is released from the height of 445 m to the
surface of earth. If the clead = 130 J kg-1°C-1, estimate the rise in
temperature of the lead ball when it reaches the surface of the
earth.
Solution:
Q = mcΔθ
mgh = mcΔθ
gh= cΔθ
10 x 445 = 130 x Δθ
Δθ = (10 x 445) / 130
= 35 °C