WELCOME TO

SESSION III
PHYSICS CLASS ONLINE
FA C I L I TAT E D B Y: J D O U G L A S
SECTION
C
M E A S U R I N G H E AT
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
 Define specific heat capacity and heat capacity and recall the units
 Describe an experiment used to investigate the relationship between heat and temperature.
 Discuss the properties on which temperature rise depends
 Recall and use the formula E = mc Δθ
 Describe an experiment used to determine the specific heat capacity of a block of metal using an
electrical method
 Describe an experiment used to determine the specific heat capacity of a block of metal using the
method of mixtures
 Solve method of mixtures mathematical problems
 Describe phase changes
 Recall that changes of phase occur at constant temperatures
 Graphically describe phase changes
 Compare and contrast boiling and evaporation
OBJECTIVES CONT’D
• Recall the factors that affect melting and boiling points
• Discuss practical applications of varying melting and boiling points
• Discuss practical applications of evaporation
• Define specific latent heat of fusion
• Define specific latent heat of vaporization
• Recall and use the formula E H = m x lf or m x lv.
• Describe an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
• Describe an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

The rise in the temperature of a body which is heated, without a change of state, depends on:
The mass of the body
The nature of the substance of which the body is made
WHAT IS HEAT CAPACITY AND
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY?
H E AT C A PA C IT Y S P E C IF IC H E AT C A PA C IT Y

The heat capacity (C) of an object is The specific heat capacity (c) of a
defined as the heat required to raise its substance is the amount of heat required to
temperature by one degree. raise the temperature of 1 kg of the
substance by one degree.

The units is J K ¯¹
The units J kg ¯¹ K ¯¹ or J kg ¯¹ θ ¯¹
 QUESTION

What would you say is the relationship between Heat

Capacity (C) and specific heat capacity (c)?
Or in other words:
Write a formula relating; C, c and m.
IF YOU SAID:

c=C÷m
Or
C = cm
Or
m=C÷c
Give yourself a tap on the back: YOU ARE CORRECT!
 HOW TO DETERMINE S.H.C. OF AN
ALUMINIUM BLOCK BY ELECTRICAL
METHOD

1. Insert the immersion heater in one hole in the block as shown

and the thermometer in the other
2. Record the initial steady temperature of the block
3. Turn on the heater for a fixed time (say 5 minutes)
4. Record the steady final temperature
LOOK AT EXAMPLE ON PAGE 156
PROBLEM

The following results were obtained in

an experiment to determine the specific
heat capacity of water.

Mass of water = 0.5 kg, temperature rise

= 8.2 K, time = 360 s, power rating of
heater = 50 W.

Remember E = mc Δθ
FINDING S.H.C. USING THE METHOD
OF MIXTURES
When two objects at different temperatures are placed in thermal contact, the hot object loses heat
and the cold gains heat until both reach the same temperature. In the process:
Heat lost by the hot object = heat gained by the cold object
This method is known as the method of mixtures.
NB! The S.H.C. of the container is ignored and it is assumed that there is no heat lost to or
gained from the surroundings.
LET’S LOOK AT EXAMPLE 1 PAGE 157
HEAT AND THE
TRANSITION
BETWEEN STATES
PHASE CHANGES – IMPORTANT
POINTS TO NOTE
 When there is a change in state or ‘phase change’ there is no change in temperature.
 Heat is absorbed to overcome the attractive forces between particles in the case of melting and
evaporation
 Heat is released as particles come closer together in the case of freezing and condensation.
HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

H E AT I NG C U RV E C O O L IN G C U RV E
FACTORS AFFECTING MELTING AND
BOILING POINTS
The melting temperature of a solid is lowered by:
 The presence of impurities
 Increasing external pressure.

The boiling temperature of a liquid is raised by:

Increasing external pressure
The presence of impurities.
A COMPARISON OF BOILING AND
EVAPORATION
E VA P O R AT I O N
• Takes place only from the surface of the
liquid
• Takes place at all temperatures
• Rate increases if surface area increases
• Rate decreases if external (atm) pressure
increases
• Rate is increased by increased movement of
air over the surface of the liquid
B O IL IN G
• Takes place throughout the bulk of the
liquid
• Takes place at one fixed temperature
(constant external pressure)
• Boiling temperature is not affected by
change of surface area
• Temperature is increased by increases in
external pressure.
LATENT
(HIDDEN) HEAT
LATENT HEAT

The heat absorbed or released when a substance changes state or

phase, e.g. melting or freezing, is known as latent or hidden.
 The heat absorbed during the melting process is called latent heat
of fusion (lf). An equivalent amount of heat is released when the
liquid freezes.
 The heat needed to convert a liquid into a gas is called the latent
heat of vaporization (lv).
SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT

• Specific latent heat of fusion (lf) is the heat required to convert 1 kg of a substance at a fixed
temperature (usually its melting point) from solid to liquid state.
• Specific latent heat of vaporization (lv) is the heat required to convert 1 kg of a substance at a
fixed temperature (usually its boiling point at 1 atm pressure) from liquid to gaseous (vapour)
state.
NB! For both specific latent heat of fusion and vaporization the unit is J kg¯¹.
EH = m x lf or m x lv
TAKE NOTE OF THE TWO
EXPERIMENTS ON PAGES 162-163

Let’s look at example on page 163