THERMODYNAMICS: BASICS AND

CALORIMETRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
2ND SEMESTER
WHAT IS COMMON TO THESE PROCESSES?

 Burning of fuels
 Boiling of water
 Cooking of food
 Photosynthesis
 Cellular Respiration
THERMODYNAMICS

 Science and study of heat, its various transformations and

relationships with any other type of energy
BOUNDARIES IN THERMODYNAMICS

UNIVERSE: basically everything

SYSTEM: subset in the Universe being observed
SURROUNDINGS: every part of the Universe that IS NOT
the System
BOUNDARIES IN THERMODYNAMICS

UNIVERSE: basically everything

SYSTEM: subset in the Universe being observed
SURROUNDINGS: every part of the Universe that IS NOT
the System
SYSTEMS IN THERMODYNAMICS

OPEN: TRANSFER OF HEAT AND MASS

CLOSED: TRANSFER OF HEAT ONLY
ISOLATED: NO TRANSFER OF MATTER AND HEAT,
A.K.A. ADIABATIC SYSTEM
SYSTEMS IN THERMODYNAMICS
APPLICATION OF HEAT IN THE MANUFACTURING AND
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES: THE HEAT EXCHANGER

A heat exchanger is a system used to transfer heat between

two or more fluids. Heat exchangers are used in both
cooling and heating processes. The fluids may be separated
by a solid wall to prevent mixing or they may be in direct
contact.
APPLICATION OF HEAT IN THE MANUFACTURING AND
CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES: THE HEAT EXCHANGER
 THERMOCHEMISTRY

 Study of heat and energy changes that accompany physical

and chemical processes
 ENERGY

 Cannot be seen (at present)

 Matter has energy
 Energy can take different forms
 INTERCONVERSION OF ENERGY

 Chemical to electrical energy

 Nuclear to mechanical energy
 Mechanical to electrical energy
 Is energy lost?
 Is energy conserved?
 FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS:
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

 “ENERGY can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only

be transformed from one kind to another. The energy of the
Universe is constant.”
 KINDS OF REACTIONS

 Exothermic reactions: energy is released

 Endothermic reactions: energy is absorbed
 HEAT OF REACTION

 Total amount of heat obtained from a reaction, which is

actually the energy change when the reaction occurs (ex:
burning gasoline)
 ENTHALPY CHANGE

 Heat transferred by a process that occurs at constant pressure

 Important since many reactions that are often studied occurs
at constant pressure
UNITS OF EXPRESSING HEAT

1 cal = 4.184 J
1 kcal = 4.184 kJ
 HEAT CAPACITY

 Ability of a substance to absorb heat

 Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given
amount of substance to one degree Celsius
 J/g0C
 It is an extensive property (magnitude is dependent on amount
of substance)
 SPECIFIC HEAT
 Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of ONE
GRAM of a substance to one degree Celsius

Where: q = heat absorbed

m = mass of substance
T = temperature change
 CALORIMETRY

 Measurement of the amount of heat released or absorbed

when a process or chemical reaction occurs
 CALORIMETRY

 act of measuring changes in state variables of a body for the

purpose of deriving the heat transfer associated with changes
of its state due to chemical reactions, physical changes, or
phase transitions under specified constraints.
 CALORIMETER

 Device used to measure the heat released from a chemical

reaction
 Commonly used to determine the heat of combustion of a
material (heat released when a material is burned in oxygen)
CALORIMETER
CALORIMETER
 CALORIMETRY

ΔH = qrxn = - (qmix + q cal)

ΔH + qmix + q cal = 0
 CALORIMETRY

q mix = m mix c mix ΔT

q cal = m cal c cal ΔT;

q cal = C cal ΔT
 CALORIMETRY

Overall equation:
ΔH + m mix c mix ΔT + C cal ΔT = 0
 CALIBRATING A BOMB CALORIMETER

q warm water = - (q cold water + q cal)

q warm water + q cold water + q cal = 0
q ww = m ww c ww ΔT (heat released by ww)
q cw = m cw c cw ΔT (heat absorbed by cw);
q cal = C cal ΔT
 CALIBRATING A BOMB CALORIMETER

Overall equation:

m ww c ww ΔT + m cw c cw ΔT + C cal ΔT = 0
 PROBLEM

Fifty (50) milliliters of water at 60 oC is added to 75 mL of

water at 30 oC in a coffee cup calorimeter. The resulting
mixture was observed to have a temperature of 40 oC. What is
the calorimeter constant?
 PROBLEM

q warm water + q cold water + q cal = 0

Density of water = 1 g/mL
Specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g0C

50 mL * 1 g/mL = 50 g water @ 60 oC
75 mL * 1 g/mL = 75 g water @ 30 oC
 PROBLEM

50 g (4.18 J/g0C) (40-60)0C + 75 g (4.18 J/g0C) (40-30) 0C +

Ccal (40-30)0C = 0

-4180 + 3135 + 10Ccal = 0

Ccal = 104.5 J/0C

Five grams of sodium hydroxide was dissolved in 75 mL of
water with an initial temperature of 22.5 oC contained in a
calorimeter. Upon the compound’s dissolution, the final
temperature of the resulting solution was 33.2 oC. The
calorimeter used had a calorimeter constant of 200 J/ oC. What
is the heat of solution of sodium hydroxide? What is the heat of
solution in kJ per mol?
Assume: density and specific heat of the resulting solution is near that of ‘pure’
water (density = 1.0 g/mL; specific heat = 4.18 J/oC
Molar mass of NaOH = 40.0 g/mol
50.0 mL of 1.00 M HCl was transferred into a coffee-cup
calorimeter, which had a temperature of 22.5oC. 50.0 mL of
1.00 M NaOH, which also had a temperature of 22.5oC, was
added to the HCl solution and was stirred quickly. The resulting
solution was found to have a temperature of 32.5oC. The
calorimetric constant for the coffee-cup calorimeter is 15.0 J/oC.
What is the heat of reaction?
Consider both solutions are made with ‘pure’water (density=1.0 g/mL; specific
heat=4.18 J/goC), and ASSUME that the densities and specific heats of BOTH
solutions are close to that of water.

Mass of reaction mixture

The number of moles of the LIMITING REACTANT will be used in determining
the ΔH of the final solution. Since both solutions are EQUIMOLAR (having the
same number of moles for the reaction), nHCl or nNAOH can be used.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
 WRITTEN WORK 7: HEAT OF
SOLUTION

85.0 mL of 0.1111 M HCl was transferred into a coffee-cup

calorimeter, which had a temperature of 45oC. 65.1 mL of 1.00
M KOH, which also had a temperature of 67.8oC, was added to
the HCl solution and was stirred quickly. The resulting solution
was found to have a temperature of 54.7oC. The calorimetric
constant for the coffee-cup calorimeter is 20.80 J/oC. What is
the heat of reaction?
 PERFORMANCE TASK 2: DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT

Materials needed:
4 styro cups
Thermometer (any available, glass thermometer preferred)
Empty Yakult bottle
Boiling/hot water
Cold water
Insulating cover (with two holes for the thermometer and Stirrer)
Stirrer
 PERFORMANCE TASK 2: DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT

EXPERIMENT PT2 SUBMISSION:

APRIL 4, 2022 IN
SETUP of the EDMODO
CLASSROOM
COFFEE CUP
CALORIMETER
 PERFORMANCE TASK 2: DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT

Procedure:
1. Fill the first cup with hot water, and the second one with cold water. Use the
washed and empty Yakult Bottle to measure out 65 milliliters of water for each
cup. Let them sit for 5 minutes.
2. Using the 3rd and 4th cups, follow the experiment setup as illustrated. Record
the temperatures of the hot water and cold water. Immediately combine them
in the upper part of the calorimeter and secure the stopper with the stirrer and
thermometer. Make sure that the stopper completely seals off the mouth of the
calorimeter, making it a CLOSED SYSTEM.
PERFORMANCE TASK 2: DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT

3. Stir the contents of the calorimeter for 2 minutes, making sure that the tip of the thermometer is not hit with
the stirrer.

4. Record the temperature of the contents.

5. Do 3 trials of the experiment. Use the SAME 3RD AND 4TH CUPS as the CALORIMETER. You will be
computing for the CALORIMETER’S CONSTANT.

6. Construct a DATA TABLE, showing the temperatures and calculated calorimeter constant of each Trial (there
should be three), computing the CALORIMETER CONSTANT AS THE AVERAGE OF THE THREE TRIALS.

7. Make a video of you conducting this experiment. (Not more than 3 minutes)
PERFORMANCE TASK 2: DETERMINATION OF CALORIMETER CONSTANT
(RUBRIC)
Criteria Excellent (5 points)
Content Followed the procedure as it
is. The data table is
complete.
Presentation All three experiment trials
are performed in the video.
All data are shown. Captions
are relevant.
Satisfactory (4 points)
Followed at least 75 percent
of the procedure.
At least two trials are
performed in the video.
Some of the data are shown.
Captions are somehow
relevant.
Improving (2 points)
Procedures are not clearly
followed.
One trial is performed in the
video. Some of the data are
shown. No captions.