Practical Research 1 – Grade 11

Quarter 2 – Module 11: Guidelines and Ethics of Data Collection

First Edition, 2020

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 Practical
Research 1
11
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 11
Guidelines and Ethics of Data Collection
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 11 on

Guidelines and Ethics of Data Collection

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to Practical Research 1 Grade 11 Self-Learning Module 11 on

Guidelines and Ethics of Data Collection

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS
This module aims to enlighten you on the guidelines and ethics of data
collection. It will guide you on the process of data collection and ethics that
you should observe while collecting your data.

The module provides the guidelines of data collection and the basis for
observing ethics in data collection.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. cite the importance of ethics in research;
2. relate an experience depicting conformity to research ethics; and
3. follow the guidelines and ethics in data collection.

PRETEST

Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the best answer in
your notebook.

1. Which of the following serves as moral principles that guide individuals

to assess the rightfulness or wrongness of their actions?
A. Ethics
B. Research ethics
C. Ethical standards
D. Ethical considerations

2. Which of the following statements is true about informed consent?

A. Informed consent refers to the agreement between the researcher and
the participants of the study.
B. Informed consent serves as a gateway of the researcher to obtain data
from the participants of the study.
C. Informed consent is a written communication which asks for the
participation of the target participants.
D. Informed consent means that participants of the study are willing to
participate in the study without any intervention or force.
 3. How does a researcher observe anonymity in a research?
A. Protect the identity of the participants.
B. Respect the values and decisions of the participants.
C. Uphold the law that protects the privacy of individuals.
D. Disclose information to protect the lives of the majority.

4. How does a researcher keep confidentiality in research?

A. The researcher discloses information shared by the participants.
B. The researcher discusses the information obtained from the
participants to others.
C. The researcher ensures non-disclosure of identities of the
participants of the study.
D. The researcher reveals the names of the participants when reporting
about the data obtained from them.

5. Which of the following depicts privacy in research?

A. Keeping the information shared by the participants
B. Hiding the true identity of the participants by coding
C. Concealing the situations and experiences shared by individuals
D. Protecting any form of information shared by the participants of the
study

RECAP

In the previous module, you learned about request letters for

permission and approval. Can you still recall them?

Complete the graphic organizer below. Fill in the boxes with the features
of permission letter and approval letter. Place your answer in your notebook.
 LESSON

As individuals, you are guided by the values that you have in life. This
set of values directs you to do what you think is right or good. In research
writing, you are also expected to follow guidelines in doing research. You have
to adhere to ethics, especially when collecting data from your participants.

Read closely the guidelines and ethics of data collection.

I. ROLE OF DATA COLLECTION

Data collection is the systematic process of gathering data from

target participants to find answers to the research questions. It is an
important part of the research process as it aids in obtaining data for
the research problems that the researcher seeks to solve. It is
important to note that a valid and reliable instrument should be used
in collecting data to gain valid and reliable information. Also, the
information gathered from the data collection will be the researcher’s
foundation for analysis and interpretation, and later, will be the basis
for conclusions and recommendations. Thus, it is essential to follow
guidelines and to consider ethical principles along the process of data
collection.

II. DEFINITION OF ETHICS

Ethics is a set of moral principles that affects how people make

decisions and judgments (BBC 2014). It is usually associated to
matters of right or wrong, good or bad, acceptable or unacceptable.
In research writing, ethics plays significant part as it serves as
guiding principles to researchers. The ethical considerations in
research provide the basis of integrity of the researchers and their
work. In relation to data collection, the researcher should take into
account the different ethical principles involved in collecting data to
safeguard the accuracy of information obtained from the participants
in the research setting.
II. GUIDELINES ON DATA COLLECTION
The following guidelines on data collection. Read them carefully.
1. Get needed permission and approval to collect data from the authority
of the institution or organization where you are going to conduct the
study (Wa-Mbaleka 2019, 57).
2. Get in touch with your target participants in whatever possible means.
Let them know who you are and the research that you are conducting
(North Jersey Health Collaborative).
3. Ask your research participants about their most convenient date, time,
and place to collect data.
4. Before going to the area where you are to collect data, prepare your
instrument and tools you will use in gathering data such as notebook,
pen, camera, audio-video recording, and others.
5. “Follow the informed consent rules” (Smith 2003, 56).
6. Explain to the participants what your research is about, how and why
you have chosen them as your participants, and how long the data
collection would transpire.
7. Give them the assurance that whatever information they share will be
kept confidential and private.
8. Do not ask sensitive questions that may offend or hurt their feelings.
9. Ask permission when using voice recorder, camera or video recording
device.
10. In reporting information, keep your participants’ identity anonymous or
unknown to others.
11. Remember to follow ethical principles in collecting data in your
research.

III. ETHICS IN DATA COLLECTION

The following are ethical considerations in data collection. Read and
understand each carefully.
1. Informed Consent. Prior to collection of data, you must get the consent
of the participants of your study. This suggests that your participants
have the voluntary consent to participate in your research (Almeida et
al. 2016; Shahnazarian n.d.). It also involves informing your
participants that they have the right to choose freely whether or not to
participate as research subjects. Moreover, they also have the right to
withdraw their participation in the course of data collection. You must
also explain the purpose of the study, the duration of data collection,
the process of obtaining data from them, as well as the benefits and the
risks of the study (Informed Consent Booklet, University of Southern
California 2017, p 4). Below is an example of an informed consent.
2. Confidentiality. As a researcher, you must protect the confidentiality
any information shared by your participants in the course of your
research. Confidentiality denotes that all identifiable information
shared by the participants during the data collection process should
not be disclosed without permission (Northeast Ethics Education
Partnership 2012, 2). You have to assure them that their identity, as
well as the data they share will be kept confidential. In order to achieve
this, you should “separate or modify any identifying information given
by the participants” (SAGE Encyclopedia 2017).

3. Privacy. To safeguard the privacy of your research participants means

that information about where they live or where they work should not
be disclosed. Privacy does not only cover the participants’ geographical
information, but extends to the data from mobile phones, personal and
institutional computers and internet (Almeida et al. 2016).
 4. Anonymity. One way to protect your research participants from harm
is removing any of their identifying information such as name, age,
place of residence, ethnical group, and others from the final research
reports (Vainio 2012; Dube et al. 2014, 203). Keeping your participants
anonymous or unknown can prevent them from suffering from shame,
harm or any circumstance that may put their lives in danger.
Researchers usually practice coding or anonymization of data to keep
the information their participants shared anonymous (Almeida et al.
2016, 31).

ACTIVITIES

After what you have learned on guidelines and ethics in data collection,
you are now ready to do the following tasks. Write your answers in your
notebook.

1. What do you think would happen if a researcher does not consider any
ethical principles while gathering data for his/her study? Cite the importance
of ethics in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Have you experience doing research in the past? How was it? Can you still
recall what steps you had taken to collect data from your
participants/respondents? Have you taken into consideration the ethics in
data collection? Share your research experience and how you were able to
consider the ethics in research by writing a short narrative about it.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. You are working on a research project about the effects of early pregnancy
among teenagers. Complete the graphic organizer by enumerating the steps
you are going to take in order to obtain data from your target research
participants. Remember to consider the ethics in data collection. You can add
box/es if necessary.

MY DATA COLLECTION JOURNEY

WRAP – UP

To summarize, identify the key points that you have learned in today’s
lesson. Copy this organizer in your notebook.
 VALUING

Ponder on these questions. Write your answers in your notebook.

1. What are your considerations when making a decision? Why?
2. How do you determine if a decision is right or wrong? How about a
person who is good or bad?
3. What are the possible consequences of not following rules and
regulations?

POSTTEST

Directions: Read the statements carefully. Write the letter of the best answer
in your notebook.

1. Which of the following best describes ethics?

A. It tackles about the goodness of something.
B. It focuses primarily on acceptable behavior of people.
C. It deals with the righteousness of actions and behavior.
D. It is a moral principle that deals with what is good or bad.

2. Which of the following demonstrates informed consent?

A. The researcher conceals the identity of the participants.
B. The researcher sees to it that information shared will be confidential.
C. The researcher removes the names of the participants in the final
paper to avoid stigma.
D. The researcher explains to the participants about the study,
including its benefits and risks.

3. Which of the statements is true about informed consent?

A. The researcher explains only the benefits of the research to the
participants.
B. The researcher sets the time and date that is convenient to him/her.
C. The researcher conducts data collection without getting permission
and approval from authority.
D. The researcher discusses everything about the research that the
participants should know.
4. How is anonymity of data achieved in research?
A. The researcher uses codes in the presenting the data gathered.
B. The researcher removes participants names on the research paper.
C. The researcher asks the participants whether they wanted their
identity to be recognized or not.
D. The researcher explains to the participants about the confidentiality
of the information they will share.

5. Which of the following statements violates the principle of

confidentiality?
A. The researcher places the data gathered from the participants in a
safe place.
B. The researcher stores the files containing data gathered in a discreet
locker that only him/her can open.
C. The researcher keeps the data obtained from the participants in a
place where s/he can only access.
D. The researcher saves the data obtained from the participants in a
desktop computer which can be used by everyone in the office.
 KEY TO CORRECTION
Pretest Posttest
1. A 1. D
2. D 2. D
3. A 3. D
4. C 4. A
5. D 5. D

References
Allen, Mike, ed. 2017. Confidentiality and Anonymity of Participants. The SAGE
Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods.
doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483381411.n86.
Almeida, Adelaida B., Gaerlan, Amelita A., Manly, Norlita E. 2016. Research
Fundamentals From Concept to Output: A Guide for Researchers and Thesis
Writers. Quezon City: Adriana Publishing Co., Inc.
BBC. 2014. Ethics: A general introduction. Accessed August 9, 2020.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml.

Brown, Phil, Quigley, Dianne, ed. 2012. Privacy and Confidentialty in Research.
Comp. Deanna Talerico. Prod. Northeast Ethics Education Partnership.
April. Accessed August 10, 2020.
https://www.evergreen.edu/sites/default/files/humansubjectsreview/docs/
PrivacyConfidentiality.NEEP.May2012.pdf.
Collaborative, North Jersey Health. n.d. Ethical Considerations in Data Collection.
Accessed August 8, 2020.
http://www.njhealthmatters.org/content/sites/njhc/Ethical_Considerations
_in_Data_Collection.pdf.

Dube, Luyanda, Maned Mhlongo, and Patrick Ngulube. n.d. The Ethics of
Anonymity and Confidentialty: Reading from the University of South Africa
Policy on Research Ethics. Accessed August 8, 2020.
http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/22229/Dube%20Mhlong%
20Ngulu%202%20linga_v13_n2_a3.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Shahnazarian, Dalar, Hagemann, Jennifer, Aburto, Monica, Rose, Susan. n.d.

Informed Consent in Human Subjects Research. Comp. Office for the
Protection of Research Subjects (OPRS). Prod. University of Southern
California. Accessed August 8, 2020.
https://oprs.usc.edu/files/2017/04/Informed-Consent-Booklet-4.4.13.pdf.
Smith, Deborah. 2003. Five Principles for Research Ethics. Vol. 34. American
Psychological Association. January. Accessed August 9, 2020.
https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/principles.
Wa-Mbaleka, Safary. 2019. Research Guide for K-12 Educators, The Practical Way. Cavite:
Oikos Biblios Publishing House.