11

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics – Grade 11

Quarter 1 – Module 17: Examining Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

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 Understanding
Culture,Society, and
Politics
11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 17
Examining Cultural, Social, and
Political Institutions
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11

Self-Learning Module on Examining Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Self-

Learning Module on Examining Cultural, Social and Political Institutions!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

In this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. define family and kinship as the basic types of institutions;

2. determine the different types of kinship, family and household;
3. compare different social forms of social organization according to their
manifest and latent functions; and
4. engage in activities which are associated with any of the various
institutions in the society.

PRETEST

Direction: By connecting the dots, match the items in Column A with those in
Column B.

A B
1. Polygamy •  A. A family which extends
beyond the nuclear family.
2. Marriage •  B. A sharing of characteristics
or origins.
3. Extended  C. The formal or legal union
family • of a man and a woman as
partners in a relationship.
4. Nuclear  D. A couple with their
family • dependent children, regarded
as a basic social unit.
5. Kinship •  E. The practice or custom of
having more than one wife or
husband at the same time.

RECAP

Direction: Read the statements carefully and encircle the letter of your answer.

1. It is a social structure that exists between actors (individuals and

organization)
a. Social Hierarchy b. Social Network c. Social Media
 2. It is a small group whose members share personal and lasting relationship.
a. Primary group b. Secondary group c. Tertiary group
3. It is a group that does not agree with the perceived attitudes, norms, and
behaviors of a certain group.
a. Aspirational reference group
b. Disclaimant reference group
c. Membership reference group
4. A group where people feel that they are part of the social group.
a. In-group b. Out-group c. Reference group
5. A large group of people who share a goal which often aims to complete tasks.
a. Primary group b. Secondary group c. Tertiary group

LESSON

Examining Cultural, Social, and Political Institutions

A social institution is a complex, integrated set of social norms organized

around the preservation of a basic societal value. It is governed by a set of rules by
which it can be imposed or negotiated. Lester F. Ward regarded an institution as a
means for control and use of energy in society (Sociology Guide 2020). According to
Marshal (1998) as cited in DepED (2016), social institutions are consist of all the
structural components of society through which the main concerns and activities are
organized, and social needs are met. Moreover, Maclver n.d., regarded institution as
established forms or conditions of procedures and characteristics of group activity
(Sociology Guide 2020).

Social rule system theory notes that most human social activity is organized
and regulated by socially produced and reproduced system of rules. These policies
reflect the existence of societies – in language, customs, and code of conducts,
standards and laws, and in social institutions such as the family, community,
market, business and government agencies. Human agents (individuals, groups,
organizations, communities, and other collections) craft, carry and change these
systems of social policies, and this often happens in ways they do not intend or
expect.

More than at the same time that the social system strongly influences actions
and interactions, they are formed and modified by the actors involved. The human
agency is revealed in this dialectical process, performed by the participating actors
with their specific skills and legacy, their situational studies, interpretation, and
strategic responses to immediate pushing and pulling if where they belong.
 In addressing the needs of current institutions, the strategy of each group
within it, whether organized or not, must keep pace with the need for social
adaptation. The “new normal” situation is a proof that every institution has a
strategy in place to dominate the improvement of the majority. Each institution has
temporarily left traditional activities and extend to help the utmost needs of the
country. The unexpected response of the institutions in the country is a big thing to
facilitate suppression of the pandemic facing our country.

Primary Institution

According to sociologists, the term “institutions” refers to the normative

systems that operate in five basic areas of life, which can be designated as the
primary institutions (Sociology Guide 2020). The systems include:

1. Determining Kinship
2. Providing for the legitimate use of power
3. Regulating the distribution of goods and services
4. Transmitting knowledge from one generation to the next
5. Regulating our relation to the supernatural.

Family

Economics

Religion

Education

State

In other words, these five basic institutions are called the family,
government, economy, education and religion.

Family
According to Macionis (2012), the family is a social institution established in
all societies that bonds people in cooperative groups to care for one another,
including any children (DepEd 2016). It is a group of people related by blood or
marriage.
Types of Family by Size or Structure

 Nuclear Family. A family unit that consists of a single couple or monogamous

family, that is – the husband, wife, and their child or children.

 Extend family. It is a family composed of parents and children as well as

other kin. It is also known as consanguine family. Filipino families living
together and support each other because this has been their way of life since
they were born.

“Often, grandparents play a large role in raising their grandchildren,

Extended family will often live relatively close to one another and will
come together during large celebrations.” (Shoope n.d.)

 Reconstituted family. A family unit that consists of one or both parents

who have a child or children from a previous relationship or past marriage,
but they have combined to form a new family often after a death of a previous
spouse, or marital separation, annulment, or divorce.

 Single parent family. A family unit which is headed by one parent (either
father or mother only) raising a child or children.

The secondary institutions derived from Family would be:

 Monogamy. It a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman.

 Polygamy. The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband
at the same time.
 Marriage. The legally or formally organized union of a man and a woman as
partners in a relationship.
 Divorce. Divorce occurs after the couple decides not to live together and that
may no longer want to be married to each other. They agree to sign legal
papers that make them each single again and allow them to marry someone
else if they wish.

Kinship. Macionis (2012) defined kinship, as “social bond based on common

ancestry, marriage, or adaptation”. Kinship can be by blood (consanguinity, or by
birth) marriage (affinity or by marital union), and ritual.

Ritual Kinship. A privilege social relationship established by ritual, such as that of

godparents, or fraternal orders. A very famous ritual kinship is the compadrazgo. A
ritual parent-child relation such as the godparent-godchild relationship established
through the baptism ceremony of Roman Catholics. At the moment of baptism,
godparents and natural parents become each other’s compadres, or for women,
comadre.
Political Kingship. The family can also be a part of political affairs. A political
dynasty is a very popular term to use when the family is in power. Political dynasty
is a family in which some members are involved in politics. Members maybe related
by blood or marriage; often many generations or numerous siblings may be involved.

Economy
The economy embedded institutions that bring individual choices to provide
an increase in the diverse movements that make up the economic process (Polany
n.d.) Macionis (2012) defined economy as the “social institution that organizes a
society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services (DepEd
2016). The economic institutions assist in the strategy and flow of decision making
of the production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services of a society
to ensure that the needs of each individual are met.

Examples of secondary institution of economics would be:

 Trading
 Credit
 Property
 Banking

Education
It is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values and beliefs. It is a social
institution where the children of society are taught basic academic knowledge,
learning skills, and cultural norms. Education is an integral part of the development
of any nation and society because it is the primary means of enlightening an
individual with every aspect of life.

The secondary institution of education is consists of:

 University
 College
 School.
Religion
It a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to the supernatural
power, whether they are gods, spirits, ghost which are supernatural beings. Religion
plays an important role in establishing our connection to the divine and developing
the belief that there is a supreme energy that acts as a regulator in our daily lives.

Examples of secondary institutions of Religions include:

 Church
 Temple
 Mosque

State
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, a state is political organization of society, or
the body politic, or more narrowly, the institution of government. It a form of human
association distinguished from other social group by its purpose, the establishment
of order and security. Its main functions are law enforcement, order and stability,
resolving various types of disputes through the legal system providing standard
defense, and seeking the welfare of the population in ways beyond individual means
such as implementing public health measures, providing education to the masses
(Mondal n.d.)

One of the important features that were found in the growth of institutions is
the expansion of state power to the other four primary institutions. The state
exercises more authority through laws and regulations.

The Other Secondary Institutions

Non-State. Non-state institution is also known as Non-state Actors. They

participate in international affair and relations. They are considered to have
sufficient power and influence to advocate and cause changes in international norms
and development practices. There are many different kinds of local and international
organizations and groups. They include civil society, nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), international NGOs, economic and social groups, and the private sector.

Mass Media Institutions. Mass media shapes communication and opinions:

Example: (internet, mobile phones, books, magazines, radio, televisions)

ACTIVITIES
Anong Ganap?

In this activity, you will describe the latent and manifest functions of different
institutions. Manifest functions involve results that you intended while latent
functions concern results that were unexpected or unintentional.

Basic Institutions Manifest Functions Latent Functions

Family

Economics

Education
 State

Religion

Process questions:

1. In this “new normal” life, how did you show your important roles in each
institution?
2. Apart from your duties and responsibilities as a citizen, what else can you do
to other people who do not extend help in the development of your institution?
Relate your answers from the lessons discussed in this lesson.

WRAP-UP
A social institution consists of a group of people who have come together for
a common purpose/goal. These institutions are part of the social order of society
and they govern behavior and expectation of individuals. In the context of education,
what common goals do teachers and students possess? Use the template below in
writing your insights.
 VALUING

“In social institutions, the whole is always less than the sum of its parts.
There will never be a state as good as its people, or a church worthy of its
congregation, or a university equal to its faculty and students.”
Edward Abby

What implication can be drawn from the quote above?

 POSTTEST

Directions: Read the statements carefully and choose the correct answer. Write
the LETTER of your choice on the space provided.

____1. Examples: Colleges, Graduate school, Junior High School, Trade schools
a. Political Institutions c. Community Service Organization
b. Mass Media Institutions d. Educational Institutions.
____2. Examples: Boy Scout, Rotary Club, Sagip Kapamilya Foundation.
a. Educational Foundation c. Community Service Organizations
b. Cultural Organization d. Government Institutions
____3. Examples: Court of Appeals, Supreme Court, Regional Trial Court.
a. Government and Legal Institutions. c. Justice System
b. Local Government Unit d. Executive Branch
____4. Community is also a group of people that shares common attitudes or
interest.
a. Villages b. Cities c. LGBT community d. School
____5. Market institutions cover the industry that buys and sells goods.
a. Banks b. Credit unions c. Insurance companies d. all
____6. These institutions influence the process of government, such as political
parties.
a. Government and legal institutions c. Political institutions
b. Mass Media institutions d. Educational Institutions
____7. Social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adaptation.
a. Tribe b. Kinship c. Band d. Tribe
____8. Social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services.
a. Education b. Family c. Religion d. Economy
____9. It is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values and beliefs. It is a social
institution where the children of society are taught basic academic
knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms.
a. Family b. Religion c. Education d. Economy
____10. Its main functions are law enforcement, order and stability, resolving various
types of disputes through the legal system providing standard defense, and
seeking the welfare of the population in ways beyond individual means such
as implementing public health measures, providing education to the masses
a. Economy b. State c. Economy d. Family
 KEY TO CORRECTION
2. c 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. c 7. b 8. d 9. c 10. b Post-test 1. d

5. b 4. a 3. b 2. a Recap : 1. b

5. B 3. A 4. D 2. C 1. E Pre-test:

References
Britannica/State. 2020. State: Sovereign political entity . Accessed 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-and-Social-Council.
DepEd. 2016. "Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics." In Understanding
Culture, Society, and Politics, by Jose Jowel Canuday, Czarnia Saloma, Nivon
N. Aquino, Kalenna Lorene S. Asis, Evelyn V. Avila, Eliza Bustamante,
Reynora Laurenciano, Jeffrey Anthony F. Reyes, Neil Vincent Sandoval Anne
Lan Candelaria, 90-93. Pasig City: Department of Education-Bureau of
Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR).
Lumen/Cultural Anthropology. n.d. Tribes.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/culturalanthropology/chapter/tribes/.
Mondal, Puja. n.d. State: Meaning and Functions of the State.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/state-meaning-and-functions-of-
the-state/31362.

Polany, Karl. n.d. The Economy as Instituted Process.

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429494338/chapters/10.432
4/9780429494338-2.
Sociology Guide. 2020. Social Institutions.

Wikepedia/Band Society. 2020. Band Society. May 21. Accessed May 21, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_society.
Wikipedia/Social Rule System Theory. 2020. Social Rule System Theory. February
18. Accessed February 18, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rule_system_theory.