ENCHEM30 –

CHEMISTRY FOR
ENGINEERS
ENGR. RALPH T. CRUCILLO
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTING AND ARCHITECTURE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - DASMARINAS
THERMOCHEMISTRY
LECTURE 1
Thermochemistry

• It is the study of
chemical reactions
and energy changes
that involve heat.
 • Definition
• The system : that part of
the universe on which

Principles of attention is focused

• The surroundings: the rest
of the universe

Heat Flow • Practically speaking, it is

possible to consider
only the surroundings
that directly contact the
system
Chemical Reactions
• When we study chemical reaction, we consider
the system to be reactants and products
• The surroundings are the vessel (beaker, test
tube, flask) in which the reaction takes place
plus the air or other material in thermal
contact with the reaction system
Forms of Energy
• Two broad categories of energy: potential energy
and kinetic energy.

• Potential energy – associated with the relative

position of an object.

• Kinetic energy – associated with motion

 • Internal Energy – the combined kinetic and
potential energies of atoms and molecules
Forms of that make up an object or system

Energy
• Chemical Energy – energy released or
absorbed during a chemical reaction

• Other forms of energy include radiant,

mechanical, thermal, electrical and nuclear.
Heat and Work

Heat is the flow of energy between

Heat flows from warmer object to the cooler
two objects because of a difference in object.
temperature.

Work is the transfer of energy accomplished by a force moving a mass some

distance against resistance.
 • The state of a system is specified by
enumerating:
• Composition
• Temperature
State Properties • Pressure
• State properties depend only on the state of
the system, not on the path the system took
to reach the state.
• Mathematically for a state property in X:
• ∆X is the change in X
Direction and
Sign of Heat
Flow
• Heat is given by the symbol, q
• q is positive when heat flows into
the system from the surroundings
• q is negative when heat flows from
the system into the surroundings

• Endothermic processes have positive q

• q>0
• Exothermic processes have negative q
• q<0
Exothermic and Endothermic Processes
Magnitude of Heat Flow
• In any process, we are interested in
both the direction of heat flow and in
its magnitude
• q is expressed in joules (or
kilojoules)
• James Joule (1818-1889) ;
calorimetry
• Alternate unit: calorie
• 1 calorie = 4.184 J
• 1 kilocalorie = 4.184 kJ
• Nutritional calories are kcal
The Calorimetry Equation
• q = C x ∆t
• ∆t =
• C (uppercase) is the heat capacity of the system: it s the quantity of the heat
needed to raise the temperature of the system by 1℃

• q = m x c x ∆t
• c (lowercase) is the specific heat: the quantity of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of a substance by 1℃
• c depends on the identity and phase of the substance
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
• The amount of heat energy absorbed can be quantified

m = mass
n = molar mass
c = specific heat
Cp = molar heat capacity
Heat Capacity and Specific
Heat

• Specific heat and molar heat

capacities for some common
substances
 Heating a 24.0g
Sample aluminum can raises
Problem its temperature by
15℃. Find the value
of q for the can.
Sample Problem
• The molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.3 J/mol K. If 37.5 g of
water is cooled from 42 to 7℃, what is q for the water?
You Try
• Copper wires used to transport electrical current heat up because of
the resistance in the wire. If a 140g wire gains 280J of heat, what is
the change in temperature of the wire? Specific heat of Cu= 0.384 J/g
℃
Specific Heat

• The specific heat of a

substance, like the density
or melting point is an
intensive property that
can be used to identify a
substance or determine its
purity.
Specific Heat

• Water
• Water has an unusually
large specific heat
• A large quantity of heat
is required to raise the
temperature of water
• Climate is moderated
by the specific heat of
water
Sample Problem
• Compare the amount of heat given off by 1.40 mol of liquid water
when it cools from 100℃ to 10 ℃ to that given off when 1.40 mol of
steam cools from 200 ℃ to 110 ℃. (For steam, ∆t and m are the same
as for liquid water. Only the specific heat is different.
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY
• It is the measurement of heat released or absorbed by a chemical
reaction.
Measurement of Heat Flow: Calorimetry
• A calorimeter is a device used to measure heat flow of
a reaction
• The walls of the calorimeter are insulated to block heat
flow between the reaction and the surroundings
• The heat flow for the system is equal in magnitude and
opposite in sign from the heat flow of the calorimeter.

•
Calorimetry
• Heat flow is measured using a calorimeter

• A calorimeter measures the heat evolved or absorbed by the system

of interest by measuring the temperature change in the surroundings.
Sample Problem
• A glass contains 250.0g of warm water at 78.0℃. A piece of gold at
2.30 ℃ is placed in the water. The final temperature reached by this
system is 76.9 ℃. What was the mass of gold? The specific heat of
water is 4.184 J/g ℃, and that of gold is 0.129 J/g ℃.
Calorimetry
• There are two steps in a calorimetric measurement,

• Calibration – the calorimeter constant, , is determined by dividing the known

amount of heat released in the calorimeter by the temperature change of the
calorimeter.

• Actual Measurement – heat released or absorbed in a reaction of known

quantity of material is measured.
Calorimetry
• Actual Measurement – temperature change for the calorimeter and
the calorimeter constant are used to determine the amount of heat
released by a reaction.
Sample Problem
• A piece of unknown metal weighs 348g. When the metal piece
absorbs 6.64kJ of heat, its temperature increases from 22.4℃ to 43.6
℃. Determine the specific heat of this metal and its name/identity.
Sample Problem
• A 70g chunk of metal at 180℃ was dropped in a bucket containing
400g of water at 25 ℃. The final temperature of the mixture was 28
℃. What is the specific heat capacity of the metal?
Sample Problem
• 100g of Iron metal (c=0.45 J/ g℃) at 95 ℃ was placed in 200g of
water at 25 ℃. What is the final temperature of the mixture?